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Bir Kapalı Odası kafa kısmında Gaz ClO 2 1. Ölçüm <ol><li> Malzeme elde edilir: ClO2 kesenin (serbest bırakma oranı için bir polimer film içinde ClO2 bulamaç (% 9.5 AI), 0.5 g (6 cm2) &#39;nin toplam yüzey alanı; tam bileşenler özel olan), bir cam bölme (19.14 L) ve değiştirilebilir gaz giriş ve çıkışı olan bir kapak. </li><li> Çift taraflı bir bantı kullanarak, kapağa ClO2 kese takın. </li><li> vazelin ile kapak sızdırmazlık odacığı kapatın. </li><li> Bölmeye bir ClO2 gaz detektörü giriş ve çıkışını bağlayın. NOT: Bu bir gaz dolaşım sistemi ve ölçüm yaparken gaz kaybı meydana geldi. </li><li> Için inkübe edildikten sonra, giriş ve çıkış gaz akışını açın ve odasında ClO2 konsantrasyonunun ölçülmesi, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 24, 26, 28, ve 48 saat. </li><li> katkılı odasındaki sıcaklık ve bağıl nem (RH) denetlenmesiSıcaklı ve bağıl nem veri kayıt cihazları. </li></ol> 2. Meyve Hazırlama ve Saklama <ol><li> Yerel bir perakendeci taze üzüm domates (Solanum lycopersicum var. Cerasiforme) 15 kg elde edin. meyveler sağlıklı ve hiçbir görsel kusurları olduğundan emin olun. </li><li> Inokulum hazırlanması <ol><li> Inokülasyon için narenciye yüzeyleri 27, E. coli (vahşi tip) ve A. alternata suşları kullanın. </li><li> Daha sonra kültür, E. 1 gün 27 boyunca 35 ° C &#39;de, E. coli agar (ECA) ile E. coli ve 1 gün için yeni bir plaka üzerinde yeniden kültür organizmalardır. Bir bac döngü ECA plakaları örnekleme metilen mavisi (EMB) agar eozin Levine bakteriler üzerinde çizgiler ve 35 ° C&#39;de 24 saat boyunca inkübe edilerek organizmaları teyit; yansıtıcı, metalik yeşillenirsin kültürler E. coli için olumludur. </li><li> Patates dekstroz agar üzerindeki kültür A. alternata (PDA) 25 ° &#39;deC sporlar görünene kadar. </li><li> Tahmin edilen konsantrasyon McFarland eşdeğerlik türbidite standartları ile karşılaştırma ile 9 günlük CFU / mL ulaşana kadar steril distile su ile 50 mL&#39;lik agar plakasından E.coli hücreleri Pençe. % 0.1 steril su 1.950 mL ekleme Tween-20 nihai bir inokulum 2 L toplam yapmak. </li><li> EC agar plakaları üzerinde seyreltme kaplama ile hücre konsantrasyonunu kontrol edin. Kültür ortamından A. alternata sporlarını kazıyın ve% 0.1 Tween-20 içeren steril damıtılmış su, 2 L içine askıya. NOT: Son E.coli nüfus 7.5 log CFU / g, ve A. alternata nüfus 5.5 log CFU / g idi. </li></ol></li><li> Tamamen otoklavlanabilir torbasıyla kaplanmış olan 10 L&#39;lik bir paslanmaz çelik tava içine domates 7 kg yerleştirin. Bir güvenlik kabini çanta ve tava koyun. Yavaşça karıştırılırken üstten uygulamalı bir tetikleme püskürtücüsü kullanılarak meyve inokülüm çözeltisi (2 L) uygulanırBir eldivenli eliyle meyve. <ol><li> 5 dakika sonra, sterilize edilmiş levhalar üzerinde tek bir tabaka içinde domates yerleştirmek ve bunları, 2 saat boyunca kuru hava sağlar. Twent dört 1 lb (~ 1.14 L), delikli kabuklu içine meyve her biri yaklaşık 200 g koyun. </li></ol></li><li> Dikkatle kirlenmiş folyolar katlayın ve çelik tavaya koyun. eldiven çıkarıp tavaya koyun. Otoklava torba sarın ve 25 dakika boyunca 121 ° C &#39;de Kirlenmiş malzemeleri otoklav. </li><li> 12 kabuklu olan kapaklarla ClO2 torbalar takın. kontroller olarak diğer 12 clamshells kullanın. Her bütün kapaklı tartın. 14 gün boyunca 20 ° C&#39;de meyve saklayın. </li><li> günlük muamele başına, 3 suret temsil eden 3, 7, 10, numune almak ve 14. Örnek üç clamshells. </li></ol> Kabuklu olarak ClO2 Konsantrasyon 3. İzleme <ol><li> Kabuklu olan merkezine ClO2 gaz detektörü giriş ve çıkış boru takma wiiki uç arasında 2 cm&#39;lik bir mesafe th ve 3, 7, 10, ve 14 ClO2 ölçüm yapılmalıdır. </li></ol> Mikrobiyal Nüfus ve Meyve Kalite Öznitelikler 4. Belirlenmesi <ol><li> Her bir 5 meyve (yaklaşık 60 g) çalkalayın orbital bir karıştırıcı üzerinde steril potasyum fosfat tampon maddesi 99 mL ile birlikte steril numune torbası içinde 1 saat (0.01 M, pH 7.2) 100 rpm&#39;de çoğaltma. <ol><li> Tampon yıkama Plaka seri seyreltileri (1, 10, ve 100-kat), 50 uL her ECA, bir spiral plater kullanılarak ve (A. alternata için) PDA (E. coli). </li><li> 3 gün boyunca 25 ° C &#39;de 24 saat boyunca 35 ° C&#39;de ECA plakaları ve PDA plakaları inkübe edin. bir optik plaka okuyucusu kullanılarak mikrobiyal koloni sayımı okuyun. Kullandıktan sonra Kirlenmiş meyve temas tüm ekipmanı sanitize. </li></ol></li><li> Üreticinin protokolü kullanılarak bir meyve sertliği test cihazı ile meyve sıkılığını ölçün. önce test kalibreHer bir kullanım. Her bir çoğaltma için 20 meyve ölçün ve 1 mm meyve sıkıştırmak için gerekli baskı kuvveti, Newton (N) olarak sonuçlarını ifade (N dönüştürülür · m - 1). </li><li> başında ve depolama sırasında meyve ile bütün kapaklı tartılır ve başlangıç ​​ağırlığı ile karşılaştırıldığında, kilo kaybını hesaplayın. </li></ol> 5. İstatistiksel Analiz <ol><li> üç kopya tüm deneyleri yineler. varyans analizi (ANOVA) analizini kullanarak verileri analiz edin. Duncan&#39;ın çoklu karşılaştırma testi ile ortalama ayırma belirlemek; p &lt;0.05 anlamlı olarak tanımlanır. </li></ol>

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M., Ragaert, P., Jeyachchandran, V., Debevere, J., Devlieghere, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Shelf-life+of+minimally+processed+lettuce+and+cabbage+treated+with+gaseous+chlorine+dioxide+and+cysteine.">Shelf-life of minimally processed lettuce and cabbage treated with gaseous chlorine dioxide and cysteine.</a> Int J Food Microbiol. 121 (1), 74-83 (2008).</li><li>Mahovic, M. J., Tenney, J. D., Bartz, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Applications+of+chlorine+dioxide+gas+for+control+of+bacterial+soft+rot+in+tomatoes.">Applications of chlorine dioxide gas for control of bacterial soft rot in tomatoes.</a> Plant Dis. 91 (10), 1316-1320 (2007).</li><li>Tan, H. K., Wheeler, W. B., Wei, C. I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reaction+of+chlorine+dioxide+with+amino-acids+and+peptides+-+kinetics+and+mutagenicity+studies.">Reaction of chlorine dioxide with amino-acids and peptides - kinetics and mutagenicity studies.</a> Mutat Res. 188 (4), 259-266 (1987).</li></ol>

The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

Klor dioksit besin çürümesini önlemek için ideal biosittir. Bununla birlikte, pahalı jeneratörleri ya da etkisiz, iki parçalı toz karıştırma gerektiren yüksek konsantrasyonları ve olmayan taşınabilir en stabil değildir. Bu çalışma, gıda bozulma ve gıda kaynaklı hastalık insidansının azaltılması için bir klorin dioksit kararlı, kullanıma hazır kullanımlı formunun uygulanmasını incelenmiştir. Şu anda kullanımda olan diğer klor dioksit uygulama teknolojilerinin aksine, burada kullan?...

Taze meyve ve sebze açısından zengin bir diyet, koroner kalp hastalığı ve kanser 1 belirli türleri de dahil olmak üzere birçok hastalık riskini azaltmaya yardımcı olabilir. Ancak, üretmek 2 kontamine yediğimiz tüketiciler arasında hastalığa ve hatta ölüme neden olabilir taze sebze ve meyve tüketimi ile ilişkilidir, Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica ve Listeria monocytogenes olarak gıda kaynaklı mikrobiyal patojenler, bir dizi vardır. Örneğin, E. coli O157: H7 vakaları üzüm, domates, çilek, 3, 4 ile ilişkilendirilmiştir ve hepatit A salgınları taze yaban mersini 5 ile ilişkilendirilmiştir. Buna ek olarak, mikrobik kirlenme hasat sonrası çürüme 6 aracılığıyla önemli ürün kaybına neden olabilir. Alternaria alternata önemli bitki patojenik mantar t,<html> şapka bitkiler 7 380 üzerinde bir ev sahibi türünden yaprak lekeleri ve diğer hastalıkların neden olduğu bilinmektedir. Bir Alternaria siyah nokta 8, bir kök pamukçuk hastalığı ve domates 9 bir yaprak yanıklığı neden olduğu gösterilmiştir. Bu nedenle, güvenli ve etkili hasat-sonrası dekontaminasyon işlem, her iki kontrol gıda kaynaklı patojenler için gerekli olan ve taze ürün olarak hasat sonrası çürüme önlemek için kullanılırlar. Düşük ve olmayan kalıntı teknolojiler, alternatif ilaçlardan için yeni eğilimleri vardır. Hasat sonrası mantar öldürücü ilaçların çeşitli bozulma organizmalarının azaltmak ve gıda kaynaklı hastalıkların önlenmesi için kullanılmaktadır. Ozon kuvvetli bir antimikrobiyal madde, çilek ve yaban mersini 10, 11, kalite ve tazeliği korumak için gösterilmiştir. Bununla birlikte, ozon, meyve yüzeyi doku oksidasyonuna neden olabilir ve renk ve tat kalitesinin bozulmasına neden olabilirs = &quot;xref&quot;&gt; 12. Klor yaban mersini ve elma 13 olarak, taze ürün sterilize etmek için kullanılmıştır. Etkili olmakla birlikte, klor, taze meyve 15 sanitasyon için kullanılan, özellikle kanserojen yan 14 ile sonuçlanan, nitrojen-ihtiva eden bileşikler ya da amonyak ile reaksiyona girebilir. Klorin dioksit (ClO2), temizleyici alternatif, meyve ve sebze 16 hasat sonrası tedavi için, Çin ve ABD tarafından onaylanmıştır. ClO2 serbest klor 17&#39;dekine 2.5 kat daha yüksek bir oksidasyon kapasitesi olan bir suda-çözünür bir oksitleme maddesidir. ClO2 düşük konsantrasyonlarda ve kısa bir temas süresi 18 ile son derece etkilidir. ClO 2 dezenfeksiyon için kullanılan konsantrasyonlarda, düşük toksisite ve minimum aşındırıcılık sahiptir ve en etkili bir bakteri öldürücü biri olarak kabul edilmektedirve ayarları 19, 20, 21 çeşitli kullanılmak üzere mantar öldürücü ajanlar. Çok sayıda araştırma sonuçları ClO2 gıda kaynaklı patojenler ve hasat sonrası çürüme 16 kontrol göstermiştir. H7 ve yaban mersini bozulma 22, 23 önlemek için: Örneğin, ClO2 gaz L. monocytogenes, Salmonella, E. coli O157 etkisiz hale getirmek üzere kullanılmaktadır. Taze meyve özelliklerini korurken ClO2 gaz mikrobik kontaminasyon riskini azaltır ve çilek 24 hasat sonrası çürüme kontrol altına etkiliydi. Bununla birlikte, geçmişte bir siteye ya da etkisiz, iki parçalı toz karıştırma yüksek maliyetli jeneratörler gerektiren, yüksek konsantrasyonlarda ve olmayan taşınabilir en stabil değildir. Ancak, yeni bir ClOHazır bir kontrollü salım formülasyonu (örneğin, bir jeneratör veya bileşenlerin önceden karıştırılmasını gerektirmez) 2 ile ürün hazırlık deneylerinde 25 gıda bozucu organizmalar ve patojenleri kontrol etmek son derece etkili olduğu gösterilmiştir. Bu çevre üzerinde olumsuz etkileri olan, ClO 2 güvenli, düşük maliyetli, aşındırıcı olmayan, kolay taşınabilir ve kontrollü salım formudur. Önceki deneyler, bir filtrasyon malzemesi ile sarılmış ve kapaklı paket olarak yerleştirilen bu yavaş salınımlı ClO2 toz önemli ölçüde taze yaban mersini ve çilek çürümesi, indirgenmiş meyve suyu kaybına da yol açmaktadır ve hasat sonrası depolama 25, 26 boyunca meyve sertliğini muhafaza olduğunu göstermiştir. Son zamanlarda, bir kontrollü salım ClO2 paket yarı geçirgen bir polimer film içinde ClO 2&#39;nin bir bulamaç formunu sızdırmazlık tarafından geliştirilmiştir. Bu çalışmanın amaçları vardı: 1) hem de kapalı bir kap içinde ClO2 gaz salınım özelliklerini izlemek ve delikli kabuklu olarak, 2) ClO2 kese gıda patojeni bakteriler üzerinde bir kap ve üzüm domates çürüme içine kontrollü-salım etkisini incelemek, ve 3) üzüm domates depolama kalitesi üzerinde kontrollü salım ClO2 etkilerini değerlendirir.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Curoxin chlorine dioxide pouch</td>
			<td>Worrell Water Technologies</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Slurry, a.i. 9.5% in sealed permeable polymer film</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Grape tomato</td>
			<td>Santa Sweets, Inc</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Santa Sweets Authentic&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ClO2 gas detector</td>
			<td>Analytical Technology, Inc., Collegeville, PA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>PortaSens II&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Perforated clamshell</td>
			<td>Packaging Plus LLC, Yakima, WA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>OSU #1, 1 lb</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Escherichia coli&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Wild Type (WT) from fruit surface</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alternaria alternata</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>from fruit surface</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>E. coli agar&#160;</td>
			<td>EC Broth, Oxoid, UK</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>EC Broth with 1.5% agar</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potato dextrose agar&#160;</td>
			<td>BD Difco, Sparks, MD</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Levine eosin methylene blue agar</td>
			<td>BD Difco, Sparks, MD</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trigger spray bottle&#160;</td>
			<td>Impact Products, LLC., Toledo, OH</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sterilized sampling bag&#160;</td>
			<td>Fisherbrand, Fisher Scientific, Pittsburgh, PA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Orbit shaker&#160;</td>
			<td>New Brunswick Scientific, New Brunswick, NJ</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Innova 2100</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IUL Instruments Neutec Eddy jet spiral plater inoculation plating system</td>
			<td>Neutec Group Inc., Farmingdale, NY</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EZ micro optical plate reader&#160;</td>
			<td>Synoptics, Ltd., Cambridge, UK</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>ProtoCOL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fruit firmness tester&#160;</td>
			<td>Bioworks Inc, Wamego, KS</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>FirmTech 2&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tinytag temperature and RH data logger</td>
			<td>Gemini Data Loggers, West Sussex, UK</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>McFarland equivalence turbidity standard</td>
			<td>Fisherbrand, Fisher Scientific, Pittsburgh, PA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

controlled-release of chlorine dioxide in a perforated packaging system to extend the storage life and improve the safety of grape tomatoes

Kese yarı geçirgen polimer film haline ClO 2&#39;nin bir bulamaç formunu sızdırmazlık tarafından geliştirilen bir kontrollü salım klorin dioksit (ClO2); torbanın salma özellikleri olan ya da meyve olmayan kaplar içinde izlenmiştir. Kese üzüm domates ihtiva eden bir delikli kapaklı iç ve mikrobiyal popülasyon, sertlik üzerindeki etkisine takıldı ve kilo kaybı 20 ° C &#39;de 14 günlük bir depolama süresi boyunca değerlendirildi. 3 gün içinde, kabuklu olarak ClO2 konsantrasyonu / 3.5 ppm ulaşmış, daha sonra gün 10, bu 3.08 log CFU Escherichia coli popülasyonlarının düşürülmesinde, 2 kese güçlü antimikrobiyal aktivite göstermiştir gün 14. ClO 2 ppm düşene kadar sabit kalmıştır depolama 14 gün sonra 2.85 log CFU / g g Alternaria alternata popülasyonu. ClO2 tedavi ayrıca yumuşatıcı ve kilo kaybı indirgenmiş ve domates genel raf ömrünü uzatmıştır. SonuçlarımızClO2 tedavi raf ömrü ve kalitesini bozmadan depolama sırasında domates mikrobiyal güvenliğini geliştirmek için yararlı olduğunu göstermektedir.

ClO 2 salımı ilk birkaç saat boyunca doğrusal deseni sergilemiştir. konsantrasyonu, ilk 4 saat içinde, yaklaşık 2.38 ppm / saat&#39;e artırıldı. Salma hızı 24 saat inkübasyondan sonra yavaşladı ve ClO2 konsantrasyonu 25.4 ppm olmuştur. Ancak bu konsantrasyon 24 saat inkübasyondan (Şekil 1) sonra stabil olma eğilimindeydi. Üzüm domates kapaklı üst katman ClO2</...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Controlled-release of Chlorine Dioxide in a Perforated Packaging System to Extend the Storage Life and Improve the Safety of Grape Tomatoes at JoVE.com

Controlled-release of Chlorine Dioxide in a Perforated Packaging System to Extend the Storage Life and Improve the Safety of Grape Tomatoes

Here, we describe a protocol for the application of a novel, slow-release ClO2 product that reduces spoilage and extends the shelf life of fresh fruit. The slow-release ClO2 product was added to standard commercial grape tomato packaging and tested against Escherichia coli and Alternaria alternata.

Bir Delikli Ambalaj Sistemde Klor Dioksit Kontrollü salım Depolama ömrünü uzatmak ve Üzüm Domates Güvenliğini Artırmak İçin

A controlled-release chlorine dioxide (ClO2) pouch was developed by sealing a slurry form of ClO2 into semipermeable polymer film; the release properties ...

controlled-release-chlorine-dioxide-perforated-packaging-system-to

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

10.9K Görüntüleme.  USDA, ARS, USHRL. Here, we describe a protocol for the application of a novel, slow-release ClO2 product that reduces spoilage and extends the shelf life of fresh fruit. The slow-release ClO2 product was added to standard commercial grape tomato packaging and tested against Escherichia coli and Alternaria alternata.

Video: Controlled-release of Chlorine Dioxide in a Perforated Packaging System to Extend the Storage Life and Improve the Safety of Grape Tomatoes

Automated Gel Size Selection to Improve the Quality of Next-generation Sequencing Libraries Prepared from Environmental Water Samples

Next-generation sequencing of environmental samples can be challenging because of the variable DNA quantity and quality in these samples. High quality DNA libraries are needed for optimal results from next-generation sequencing. Environmental samples such as water may have low quality and quantities of DNA as well as contaminants that co-precipitate with DNA. The mechanical and enzymatic processes involved in extraction and library preparation may further damage the DNA. Gel size selection enables purification and recovery of DNA fragments of a defined size for sequencing applications. Nevertheless, this task is one of the most time-consuming steps in the DNA library preparation workflow. The protocol described here enables complete automation of agarose gel loading, electrophoretic analysis, and recovery of targeted DNA fragments. 
In this study, we describe a high-throughput approach to prepare high quality DNA libraries from freshwater samples that can be applied also to other environmental samples. We used an indirect approach to concentrate bacterial cells from environmental freshwater samples; DNA was extracted using a commercially available DNA extraction kit, and DNA libraries were prepared using a commercial transposon-based protocol. DNA fragments of 500 to 800 bp were gel size selected using Ranger Technology, an automated electrophoresis workstation. Sequencing of the size-selected DNA libraries demonstrated significant improvements to read length and quality of the sequencing reads.

This manuscript describes an automated gel size selection approach for purifying DNA fragments for next-generation sequencing. The Ranger Technology provides complete automation of the entire process of agarose gel loading, electrophoretic analysis, and recovery of targeted DNA fragments allowing for high-throughput and high quality next-generation sequencing libraries.

Otomatik Jel Boyut Seçimi Çevre Su Örneklerinden hazırlanmıştır nesil Sıralama Kütüphaneler Kalitesi Geliştirmek için

Next-generation sequencing of environmental samples can be challenging because of the variable DNA quantity and quality in these samples. High quality DNA ...

Çevre

The Use of an Automated System (GreenFeed) to Monitor Enteric Methane and Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Ruminant Animals

Ruminant animals (domesticated or wild) emit methane (CH4) through enteric fermentation in their digestive tract and from decomposition of manure during storage. These processes are the major sources of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from animal production systems. Techniques for measuring enteric CH4 vary from direct measurements (respiration chambers, which are highly accurate, but with limited applicability) to various indirect methods (sniffers, laser technology, which are practical, but with variable accuracy). The sulfur hexafluoride (SF6)&#160;tracer gas method is commonly used to measure enteric CH4 production by animal scientists and more recently, application of an Automated Head-Chamber System (AHCS) (GreenFeed, C-Lock, Inc., Rapid City, SD), which is the focus of this experiment, has been growing. AHCS is an automated system to monitor CH4 and carbon dioxide (CO2) mass fluxes from the breath of ruminant animals. In a typical AHCS operation, small quantities of baiting feed are dispensed to individual animals to lure them to AHCS multiple times daily. As the animal visits AHCS, a fan system pulls air past the animal&#8217;s muzzle into an intake manifold, and through an air collection pipe where continuous airflow rates are measured. A sub-sample of air is pumped out of the pipe into non-dispersive infra-red sensors for continuous measurement of CH4 and CO2 concentrations. Field comparisons of AHCS to respiration chambers or SF6 have demonstrated that AHCS produces repeatable and accurate CH4 emission results, provided that animal visits to AHCS are sufficient so emission estimates are representative of the diurnal rhythm of rumen gas production. Here, we demonstrate the use of AHCS to measure CO2 and CH4 fluxes from dairy cows given a control diet or a diet supplemented with technical-grade cashew nut shell liquid.

The Use of an Automated System GreenFeed to Monitor Enteric Methane and Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Ruminant Animals

Accuracy and precision of the techniques used to measure methane emissions from ruminant animals are critically important for the success of greenhouse gas mitigation efforts. This manuscript describes the principles and operation of an automated system to monitor methane and carbon dioxide mass fluxes from the breath of ruminant animals.

Bir Otomatik Sistem (GreenFeed) Kullanımı Ruminant Animals Enterik Metan ve Karbon Dioksit Emisyonları izlemek için

Ruminant animals (domesticated or wild) emit methane (CH4) through enteric fermentation in their digestive tract and from decomposition of manure during ...

Methods of Soil Resampling to Monitor Changes in the Chemical Concentrations of Forest Soils

Recent soils research has shown that important chemical soil characteristics can change in less than a decade, often the result of broad environmental changes. Repeated sampling to monitor these changes in forest soils is a relatively new practice that is not well documented in the literature and has only recently been broadly embraced by the scientific community. The objective of this protocol is therefore to synthesize the latest information on methods of soil resampling in a format that can be used to design and implement a soil monitoring program. Successful monitoring of forest soils requires that a study unit be defined within an area of forested land that can be characterized with replicate sampling locations. A resampling interval of 5 years is recommended, but if monitoring is done to evaluate a specific environmental driver, the rate of change expected in that driver should be taken into consideration. Here, we show that the sampling of the profile can be done by horizon where boundaries can be clearly identified and horizons are sufficiently thick to remove soil without contamination from horizons above or below. Otherwise, sampling can be done by depth interval. Archiving of sample for future reanalysis is a key step in avoiding analytical bias and providing the opportunity for additional analyses as new questions arise.

Repeated soil sampling has recently been shown to be an effective way to monitor forest soil change over years and decades. To support its use, a protocol is presented that synthesizes the latest information on soil resampling methods to aid in the design and implementation of successful soil monitoring programs.

Toprak Yeniden örnekleme yöntemleri Orman Topraklarının Kimyasal Konsantrasyonlarına Değişiklik Monitör

Recent soils research has shown that important chemical soil characteristics can change in less than a decade, often the result of broad environmental ...

A Flow-through Exposure System for Evaluating Suspended Sediments Effects on Aquatic Life

This paper describes the Fish Larvae and Egg Exposure System (FLEES). The flow-through exposure system is used to investigate the effects of suspended sediment on various aquatic species and life stages in the laboratory by using pumps and automating delivery of sediment and water to simulate suspension of sediment. FLEES data are used to develop exposure-response curves between the effects on aquatic organisms and suspended sediment concentrations at the desired exposure duration. The effects data are used to evaluate management practices used to reduce the interactions between aquatic organisms and anthropogenic causes of suspended sediments. The FLEES is capable of generating total suspended solids (TSS) concentrations as low as 30 to as high as 800 mg/L, making this system an ideal choice for evaluating the effects of TSS resulting from many activities including simulating low ambient levels of TSS to evaluating sources of suspended sediments from dredging operations, vessel traffic, freshets, and storms.

A robust and flexible flow-through exposure system designed to maintain sediment in suspension is presented. The system is used to investigate the effects of suspended sediment on various aquatic species and life stages in the laboratory.

Sucul Life Asma değerlendirmek Sedimanlar Etkileri için Flow-through Pozlama Sistemi

This paper describes the Fish Larvae and Egg Exposure System (FLEES). The flow-through exposure system is used to investigate the effects of suspended ...

Measurement of the Rheology of Crude Oil in Equilibrium with CO2 at Reservoir Conditions

A rheometer system to measure the rheology of crude oil in equilibrium with carbon dioxide (CO2) at high temperatures and pressures is described. The system comprises a high-pressure rheometer which is connected to a circulation loop. The rheometer has a rotational flow-through measurement cell with two alternative geometries: coaxial cylinder and double gap. The circulation loop contains a mixer, to bring the crude oil sample into equilibrium with CO2, and a gear pump that transports the mixture from the mixer to the rheometer and recycles it back to the mixer. The CO2 and crude oil are brought to equilibrium by stirring and circulation and the rheology of the saturated mixture is measured by the rheometer. The system is used to measure the rheological properties of Zuata crude oil (and its toluene dilution) in equilibrium with CO2 at elevated pressures up to 220 bar and a temperature of 50 &#176;C. The results show that CO2 addition changes the oil rheology significantly, initially reducing the viscosity as the CO2 pressure is increased and then increasing the viscosity above a threshold pressure. The non-Newtonian response of the crude is also seen to change with the addition of CO2.

Measurement of the Rheology of Crude Oil in Equilibrium with CO2 at Reservoir Conditions

A method for measuring the rheology of crude oil in equilibrium with carbon dioxide at reservoir conditions is presented.

Ham Petrol Reolojisinin CO İle Dengesinde Ölçümü<sub&gt; 2</sub&gt; Rezervuar Koşullarında

A rheometer system to measure the rheology of crude oil in equilibrium with carbon dioxide (CO2) at high temperatures and pressures is described. The ...

Measuring and Mapping Patterns of Soil Erosion and Deposition Related to Soil Carbonate Concentrations Under Agricultural Management

Spatial patterns of soil erosion and deposition can be inferred from differences in ground elevation mapped at appropriate time increments. Such changes in elevation are related to changes in near-surface soil carbonate (CaCO3) profiles. The objective is to describe a simple conceptual model and detailed protocol for repeatable field and laboratory measurements of these quantities. Here, accurate elevation is measured using a ground-based differential global positioning system (GPS); other data acquisition methods could be applied to the same basic method. Soil samples are collected from prescribed depth intervals and analyzed in the lab using an efficient and precise modified pressure-calcimeter method for quantitative analysis of inorganic carbon concentration. Standard statistical methods are applied to point data, and representative results show significant correlations between changes in soil surface layer CaCO3 and changes in elevation consistent with the conceptual model; CaCO3 generally decreased in depositional areas and increased in erosional areas. Maps are derived from point measurements of elevation and soil CaCO3 to aid analyses. A map of erosional and depositional patterns at the study site, a rain-fed winter wheat field cropped in alternating wheat-fallow strips, shows the interacting effects of water and wind erosion affected by management and topography. Alternative sampling methods and depth intervals are discussed and recommended for future work relating soil erosion and deposition to soil CaCO3.

Spatial patterns of soil erosion and deposition can be inferred from differences in ground elevation mapped at appropriate time increments. Such changes in elevation are related to changes in near-surface soil carbonates. Repeatable methods for field and laboratory measurements of these quantities and data analysis methods are described here.

Ölçme ve toprak erozyon ve toprak karbonat konsantrasyonları tarım Yönetimi'nin altında ilgili ifade eşleme

Spatial patterns of soil erosion and deposition can be inferred from differences in ground elevation mapped at appropriate time increments. Such changes ...

Methodology for Developing Life Tables for Sessile Insects in the Field Using the Whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, in Cotton As a Model System

Life tables provide a means of measuring the schedules of birth and death from populations over time. They also can be used to quantify the sources and rates of mortality in populations, which has a variety of applications in ecology, including agricultural ecosystems. Horizontal, or cohort-based, life tables provide for the most direct and accurate method of quantifying vital population rates because they follow a group of individuals in a population from birth to death. Here, protocols are presented for conducting and analyzing cohort-based life tables in the field that takes advantage of the sessile nature of the immature life stages of a global insect pest, Bemisia tabaci. Individual insects are located on the underside of cotton leaves and are marked by drawing a small circle around the insect with a non-toxic pen. This insect can then be observed repeatedly over time with the aid of hand lenses to measure development from one stage to the next and to identify stage-specific causes of death associated with natural and introduced mortality forces. Analyses explain how to correctly measure multiple mortality forces that act contemporaneously within each stage and how to use such data to provide meaningful population dynamic metrics. The method does not directly account for adult survival and reproduction, which limits inference to dynamics of immature stages. An example is presented that focused on measuring the impact of bottom-up (plant quality) and top-down (natural enemies) effects on the mortality dynamics of B. tabaci in the cotton system.

Methodology for Developing Life Tables for Sessile Insects in the Field Using the Whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, in Cotton As a Model System

Life tables allow quantification of the sources and rates of mortality in insect populations and contribute to understanding, predicting and manipulating population dynamics in agroecosystems. Methods for conducting and analyzing cohort-based life tables in the field for an insect with sessile immature life stages are presented.

Metodoloji geliştirme yaşam tabloları alanını kullanarak Whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, pamuk gibi bir Model sistemi içinde sesil böcekler için için

Life tables provide a means of measuring the schedules of birth and death from populations over time. They also can be used to quantify the sources and ...

Techniques for Investigating the Anatomy of the Ant Visual System

This article outlines a suite of techniques in light microscopy (LM) and electron microscopy (EM) which can be used to study the internal and external eye anatomy of insects. These include traditional histological techniques optimized for work on ant eyes and adapted to work in concert with other techniques such as transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). These techniques, although vastly useful, can be difficult for the novice microscopist, so great emphasis has been placed in this article on troubleshooting and optimization for different specimens. We provide information on imaging techniques for the entire specimen (photo-microscopy and SEM) and discuss their advantages and disadvantages. We highlight the technique used in determining lens diameters for the entire eye and discuss new techniques for improvement. Lastly, we discuss techniques involved in preparing samples for LM and TEM, sectioning, staining, and imaging these samples. We discuss the hurdles that one might come across when preparing samples and how best to navigate around them.

This article outlines a suite of techniques in light and electron microscopy to study the internal and external eye anatomy of insects. These include several traditional techniques optimized for work on ant eyes, detailed troubleshooting, and suggestions for optimization for different specimens and regions of interest.

Karınca görsel sistem anatomisi soruşturma teknikleri

This article outlines a suite of techniques in light microscopy (LM) and electron microscopy (EM) which can be used to study the internal and external eye ...

The Effect of the Application of Thyme Essential Oil on Microbial Load During Meat Drying

Meat is a high protein meal that is used in the preparation of jerky, a popular food snack, where preservation and safety are important. To assure food safety and to extend the shelf life of meat and meat products, the use of either synthetic or natural preservatives have been applied to control and eliminate foodborne bacteria. A growing interest in the application of natural food additives for meat has increased. Microorganisms, such as Escherichia coli, contaminate meat and meat products, causing foodborne illnesses. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the meat conservation process. However, the use of essential oils when the meat is being dried has not been deeply studied. In this regard, there is an opportunity to increase the value of dried meat and reduce the risk of foodborne illnesses by applying essential oils during the drying process. In this protocol, we present a novel method of applying thyme essential oil (TEO) during meat drying, specifically in vapor form directly in a drying chamber. For evaluation, we use Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) to detect the number of harmful bacteria in the treated samples compared to raw samples. The preliminary results show that this method is a viable and alternative option to synthetic preservatives and that it significantly reduces microbial load in dried meat.

Microorganisms such as Escherichia coli that contaminate meat products cause foodborne illnesses. The use of essential oils in the meat drying process has not been deeply studied. Here, we present a novel method of applying thyme essential oil to meat during drying to reduce the microbial load in dried meat.

Kekik esans uygulama etkisi et kurutma sırasında mikrobiyal yükü

Meat is a high protein meal that is used in the preparation of jerky, a popular food snack, where preservation and safety are important. To assure food ...

A Precise and Autonomous System for the Detection of Insect Emergence Patterns

Existing systems to measure insect emergence patterns have limitations; they are only partially automated and are limited in the maximum number of emerging insects they can detect. In order to obtain precise measurement of insect emergence, it is necessary for systems to be semi-automated and able to measure large numbers of emerging insects. We addressed these issues by designing and building a system that is automated and can measure emergence of up to 1200 insects. We modified the existing &#34;falling-ball&#34; system using Arduino microcontrollers to automate data collection and expand the sample size through multiple data channels. Multiple data channels enable the user to not only increase their sample size, but also allows for multiple treatments to be run simultaneously in a single experiment. Furthermore, we created an R script to automatically visualize the data as a bubble plot, while also calculating the median day and time of emergence. The current system was designed using 3D printing so the user can modify the system to be adjusted for different species of insects. The goal of this protocol is to investigate important questions in chronobiology and stress physiology, using this precise and automated system to measure insect emergence patterns.

Measurement of insect emergence patterns requires precision. Existing systems are only semi-automated and sample size is limited. We addressed these issues by designing a system using microcontrollers to precisely measure the time of emergence of large numbers of emerging insects.

Bir Delikli Ambalaj Sistemde Klor Dioksit Kontrollü salım Depolama ömrünü uzatmak ve Üzüm Domates Güvenliğini Artırmak İçin

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