우리는 워렐 워터 테크놀로지, LLC에서 제공하는 재정 지원을 감사드립니다. 상표 또는 독점적 인 제품에 대한 언급은 식별하고 미국 농무부의 보증 또는 제품의 보증을 의미하지는 않습니다.

닫힌 상공 회의소의 헤드 스페이스에서 기체 C10의 2 1. 측정 <ol><li> 물질을 구 C10의 2 파우치 (그 방출 속도에 대해 선택된 중합체 필름의 C10의 2 슬러리 (9.5 % AI) 0.5 g (6cm 미터)의 총 표면적, 정확한 성분 독점) 유리 챔버 (19.14을 L) 및 스위칭 가능한 가스 유입구와 유출구를 갖는 뚜껑. </li><li> 양면 테이프를 사용하여 뚜껑에 C10의 2 파우치를 부착합니다. </li><li> 석유 젤리 뚜껑을 밀봉하여 챔버를 닫습니다. </li><li> 상기 챔버에 대한 C10의 가스 검출기의 입구와 출구를 연결한다. 참고 :이 가스 순환 시스템, 그리고 측정을하는 경우에는 가스의 손실이 발생하지 않았다. </li><li> 배양 한 후, 입구 및 출구의 가스 흐름을 전환하여 챔버 내의 C10의 2 농도 측정은 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 24, 26, 28, 및 48 시간. </li><li> 성질과 챔버의 온도와 상대 습도 (RH)를 모니터ature 및 RH 데이터 로거. </li></ol> 2. 과일 제조 및 보관 <ol><li> 현지 판매점에서 신선한 포도 토마토 (까 lycopersicum VAR. cerasiforme)의 15kg를 얻습니다. 과일이 건강하고 시각적 결함이 없는지 확인합니다. </li><li> 균액의 제조 <ol><li> 접종 감귤 류의 과일 표면 (27)에서 대장균 (야생형)와 A.의 alternata의 균주를 사용합니다. </li><li> 배양 후 대장균 일일 27 ~ 35 ° C에서 대장균 한천 (ECA)에 대장균과 1 일 동안 새로운 플레이트에 다시 배양 미생물. 하는 BAC 루프와 ECA 플레이트 샘플링 메틸렌 블루 (EMB) 한천 에오신 레빈에 박테리아 줄무늬, 35 ° C에서 24 시간 동안 배양하여 미생물을 확인; 반사, 금속 녹색을 켜 문화 대장균에 긍정적이다. </li><li> 감자 덱 스트로스 한천에 문화 A.의 alternata (PDA) 25 °에서; C는 포자가 나타날 때까지. </li><li> 상기 추정 된 농도 맥팔랜드 등가 탁도 표준과 비교하여 9 로그 CFU / ㎖에 도달 할 때까지 멸균 증류수 50 ㎖로 한천 접시에서 대장균 세포를 긁어. 0.1 %를 함유하는 멸균 물 1,950 mL를 넣고 트윈 -20 최종 접종 물 2 L의 합계를 만들기 위해. </li><li> EC 아가 플레이트에 플레이 팅 희석하여 세포 농도를 확인한다. 배양액에서의 A. alternata 포자 긁어 0.1 % 트윈 20을 함유하는 멸균 증류수 2 L로 중단. 참고 : 최종 대장균 인구는 7.5 로그 CFU / g이었고, A.의 alternata 인구는 5.5 로그 CFU / g이었다. </li></ol></li><li> 완전히 멸균 봉지에 포함 된 10 L의 스테인레스 스틸 팬에 토마토 7kg을 놓는다. 안전 후드에서 가방과 팬을 놓습니다. 부드럽게 교반하면서 상부에서인가되는 트리거 분사기를 사용하는 열매 접종 용액 (2 L)를 적용장갑을 낀 손으로 과일. <ol><li> 5 분 후, 멸균 시트상의 단일 층에서 토마토를 배치하고 2 시간 동안 공기 건조 할 수있다. twent 1 개의 LB (~ 1.14 L)에 천공 된 클램 쉘 과일 각각 약 200g을 넣어. </li></ol></li><li> 조심스럽게 오염 된 호일을 접어 강철 팬에 배치합니다. 장갑을 제거하고 팬에 넣어. 멸균 봉지 감싸 25 분 동안 121 ° C에서 오염 된 물품을 오토 클레이브. </li><li> (12) 조개 껍질의 뚜껑에 C10의 2 개 파우치를 부착합니다. 컨트롤과 같은 다른 (12) 조개 껍질을 사용합니다. 각 전체 대합 조개 껍질의 무게. 14 일 동안 20 ° C에서 과일을 보관합니다. </li><li> 하루에 처리 당 3 개 복제를 나타내는, 일 3, 7, 10에서 샘플을 채취하고, 14 샘플 세 개의 조가비. </li></ol> 조가에서 C10의 2 농도의 3. 모니터링 <ol><li> 클램 쉘의 중앙에 C10의 가스 검출기의 입구 및 출구 관을 삽입 WI양단 사이 2cm 거리 번째 및 3 일, 7, 10, 14의 C10의 2 측정을 수행. </li></ol> 미생물 인구와 과일 품질 특성 4. 결정 <ol><li> 각 5 개 과일 (약 60 g)을 교반 오비탈 진탕 멸균 인산 칼륨 완충액 99 mL를 따라 샘플링 멸균 봉지에 1 시간 (0.01 M, pH를 7.2), 100 rpm으로 복제. <ol><li> 버퍼 세정 접시 연속 희석 (1, 10, 100 배), 50 μL 각각 ECA에 나선 도금 공을 사용하고 (A. alternata의 경우) PDA (E. 콜라이의 경우). </li><li> 3 일간 25 ℃에서 24 시간 동안 35 ° C에서 ECA 판과 PDA 플레이트를 인큐베이션. 광 플레이트 판독기를 사용하여 미생물의 콜로니 수를 읽는다. 사용 후 오염 된 과일과 접촉하는 모든 장비를 소독합니다. </li></ol></li><li> 제조업체의 프로토콜을 사용하여 과일의 경도 시험기 과일의 경도를 측정한다. 전에 테스터를 보정각각의 사용. 각 복제 20 과일을 측정 1mm로 열매를 압축하는 데 필요한 가압력 뉴턴 (N)과 같은 결과를 표현 (N · m으로 변환 - 1). </li><li> 의 시작과 저장 동안 과일 전체 대합 조개 껍질의 무게를 측정하고 초기 체중에 비해 체중 감량을 계산합니다. </li></ol> 5. 통계 분석 <ol><li> 세중의 모든 실험을 복제합니다. 변동 (ANOVA) 분석을 사용하여 데이터를 분석한다. 던컨의 다중 범위 시험에 의한 평균 분리를 결정; 중요성은 P &lt;0.05로 정의된다. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Van Duyn, M. S., Pivonka, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Overview+of+the+health+benefits+of+fruit+and+vegetable+consumption+for+the+dietetics+professional:+Selected+literature.">Overview of the health benefits of fruit and vegetable consumption for the dietetics professional: Selected literature.</a> J Am Diet Assoc. 100 (12), 1511-1521 (2000).</li><li>Beuchat, L. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ecological+factors+influencing+survival+and+growth+of+human+pathogens+on+raw+fruits+and+vegetables.">Ecological factors influencing survival and growth of human pathogens on raw fruits and vegetables.</a> Microbes Infect. 4 (4), 413-423 (2002).</li><li>Mahmoud, B. S. M., Bhagat, A. R., Linton, R. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inactivation+kinetics+of+inoculated+Escherichia+coli+O157+:+H7,+Listeria+monocytogenes+and+Salmonella+enterica+on+strawberries+by+chlorine+dioxide+gas.">Inactivation kinetics of inoculated Escherichia coli O157 : H7, Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella enterica on strawberries by chlorine dioxide gas.</a> Food Microbiol. 24 (7-8), 736-744 (2007).</li><li>Bean, N. H., Griffin, P. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Foodborne+disease+outbreaks+in+the+United-States,+1973-1987+-+pathogens,+vehicles,+and+trends.">Foodborne disease outbreaks in the United-States, 1973-1987 - pathogens, vehicles, and trends.</a> J Food Protect. 53 (9), 804-817 (1990).</li><li>Calder, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+outbreak+of+hepatitis+A+associated+with+consumption+of+raw+blueberries.">An outbreak of hepatitis A associated with consumption of raw blueberries.</a> Epidemiol Infect. 131 (1), 745-751 (2003).</li><li>Chen, Z., Zhu, C. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Combined+effects+of+aqueous+chlorine+dioxide+and+ultrasonic+treatments+on+postharvest+storage+quality+of+plum+fruit+(Prunus+salicina+L.).">Combined effects of aqueous chlorine dioxide and ultrasonic treatments on postharvest storage quality of plum fruit (Prunus salicina L.).</a> Postharvest Biol Technol. 61 (2-3), 117-123 (2011).</li><li>Mmbaga, M. T., Shi, A. N., Kim, M. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+of+Alternaria+alternata+as+a+causal+agent+for+leaf+blight+in+syringa+species.">Identification of Alternaria alternata as a causal agent for leaf blight in syringa species.</a> Plant Pathology J. 27 (2), 120-127 (2011).</li><li>Fagundes, C., Palou, L., Monteiro, A. R., Perez-Gago, M. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hydroxypropyl+methylcellulose-beeswax+edible+coatings+formulated+with+antifungal+food+additives+to+reduce+alternaria+black+spot+and+maintain+postharvest+quality+of+cold-stored+cherry+tomatoes.">Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose-beeswax edible coatings formulated with antifungal food additives to reduce alternaria black spot and maintain postharvest quality of cold-stored cherry tomatoes.</a> Sci Hortic-Amsterdam. 193, 249-257 (2015).</li><li>Akhtar, K. P., Saleem, M. Y., Asghar, M., Haq, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=New+report+of+Alternaria+alternata+causing+leaf+blight+of+tomato+in+Pakistan.">New report of Alternaria alternata causing leaf blight of tomato in Pakistan.</a> Plant Pathol. 53 (6), 816 (2004).</li><li>Spalding, D. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+ozone+on+appearance+and+decay+of+strawberries+peaches+and+lettuce.">Effect of ozone on appearance and decay of strawberries peaches and lettuce.</a> Phytopathology. 56, 586 (1966).</li><li>Bialka, K. L., Demirci, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Decontamination+of+Escherichia+coli+O157+:+H7+and+Salmonella+enterica+on+blueberries+using+ozone+and+pulsed+UV-Light.">Decontamination of Escherichia coli O157 : H7 and Salmonella enterica on blueberries using ozone and pulsed UV-Light.</a> J Food Sci. 72 (9), M391-M396 (2007).</li><li>Kim, J. G., Yousef, A. E., Dave, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Application+of+ozone+for+enhancing+the+microbiological+safety+and+quality+of+foods:+A+review.">Application of ozone for enhancing the microbiological safety and quality of foods: A review.</a> J Food Protect. 62 (9), 1071-1087 (1999).</li><li>Crowe, K. M., Bushway, A., Davis-Dentici, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Impact+of+postharvest+treatments,+chlorine+and+ozone,+coupled+with+low-temperature+frozen+storage+on+the+antimicrobial+quality+of+lowbush+blueberries+(Vaccinium+angustifolium).">Impact of postharvest treatments, chlorine and ozone, coupled with low-temperature frozen storage on the antimicrobial quality of lowbush blueberries (Vaccinium angustifolium).</a> LWT-Food Sci Technol. 47 (1), 213-215 (2012).</li><li>Richardson, S. D., Plewa, M. J., Wagner, E. D., Schoeny, R., DeMarini, D. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Occurrence,+genotoxicity,+and+carcinogenicity+of+regulated+and+emerging+disinfection+by-products+in+drinking+water:+A+review+and+roadmap+for+research.">Occurrence, genotoxicity, and carcinogenicity of regulated and emerging disinfection by-products in drinking water: A review and roadmap for research.</a> Mutat Res-Rev Mutat. 636 (1-3), 178-242 (2007).</li><li>Soliva-Fortuny, R. C., Martin-Belloso, O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=New+advances+in+extending+the+shelf-life+of+fresh-cut+fruits:+a+review.">New advances in extending the shelf-life of fresh-cut fruits: a review.</a> Trends Food Sci Tech. 14 (9), 341-353 (2003).</li><li>Zhu, C. H., Chen, Z., Yu, G. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fungicidal+mechanism+of+chlorine+dioxide+on+Saccharomyces+cerevisiae.">Fungicidal mechanism of chlorine dioxide on Saccharomyces cerevisiae.</a> Ann Microbiol. 63 (2), 495-502 (2013).</li><li>Han, Y., Sherman, D. M., Linton, R. H., Nielsen, S. S., Nelson, P. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effects+of+washing+and+chlorine+dioxide+gas+on+survival+and+attachment+of+Escherichia+coli+O157+:+H7+to+green+pepper+surfaces.">The effects of washing and chlorine dioxide gas on survival and attachment of Escherichia coli O157 : H7 to green pepper surfaces.</a> Food Microbiol. 17 (5), 521-533 (2000).</li><li>Chen, Z., Zhu, C. H., Han, Z. Q. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+aqueous+chlorine+dioxide+treatment+on+nutritional+components+and+shelf-life+of+mulberry+fruit+(Morus+alba+L).">Effects of aqueous chlorine dioxide treatment on nutritional components and shelf-life of mulberry fruit (Morus alba L).</a> J Biosci Bioeng. 111 (6), 675-681 (2011).</li><li>Gordon, G., Rosenblatt, A. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chlorine+dioxide:+The+current+state+of+the+art.">Chlorine dioxide: The current state of the art.</a> Ozone-Sci Eng. 27 (3), 203-207 (2005).</li><li>Park, S. H., Kang, D. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Antimicrobial+effect+of+chlorine+dioxide+gas+against+foodborne+pathogens+under+differing+conditions+of+relative+humidity.">Antimicrobial effect of chlorine dioxide gas against foodborne pathogens under differing conditions of relative humidity.</a> LWT-Food Sci Technol. 60 (1), 186-191 (2015).</li><li>Wu, V. C. H., Kim, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+a+simple+chlorine+dioxide+method+for+controlling+five+foodborne+pathogens,+yeasts+and+molds+on+blueberries.">Effect of a simple chlorine dioxide method for controlling five foodborne pathogens, yeasts and molds on blueberries.</a> Food Microbiol. 24 (7-8), 794-800 (2007).</li><li>Mahmoud, B. S., Bhagat, A. R., Linton, R. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inactivation+kinetics+of+inoculated+Escherichia+coli+O157:H7,+Listeria+monocytogenes+and+Salmonella+enterica+on+strawberries+by+chlorine+dioxide+gas.">Inactivation kinetics of inoculated Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella enterica on strawberries by chlorine dioxide gas.</a> Food Microbiol. 24 (7-8), 736-744 (2007).</li><li>Popa, I., Hanson, E. J., Todd, E. C., Schilder, A. C., Ryser, E. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Efficacy+of+chlorine+dioxide+gas+sachets+for+enhancing+the+microbiological+quality+and+safety+of+blueberries.">Efficacy of chlorine dioxide gas sachets for enhancing the microbiological quality and safety of blueberries.</a> J Food Protect. 70 (9), 2084-2088 (2007).</li><li>Jin, Y. Y., Kim, Y. J., Chung, K. S., Won, M., Bin Song, ., K, <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+aqueous+chlorine+dioxide+treatment+on+the+microbial+growth+and+qualities+of+strawberries+during+storage.">Effect of aqueous chlorine dioxide treatment on the microbial growth and qualities of strawberries during storage.</a> Food Sci Biotechnol. 16 (6), 1018-1022 (2007).</li><li>Sun, X. X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Antimicrobial+activity+of+controlled-release+chlorine+dioxide+gas+on+fresh+blueberries.">Antimicrobial activity of controlled-release chlorine dioxide gas on fresh blueberries.</a> J Food Protect. 77 (7), 1127-1132 (2014).</li><li>Wang, Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Improving+storability+of+fresh+strawberries+with+controlled+release+chlorine+dioxide+in+perforated+clamshell+packaging.">Improving storability of fresh strawberries with controlled release chlorine dioxide in perforated clamshell packaging.</a> Food Bioprocess Technol. 7 (12), 3516-3524 (2014).</li><li>Narciso, J. A., Ference, C. M., Ritenour, M. A., Widmer, W. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+copper+hydroxide+sprays+for+citrus+canker+control+on+wild-type+Escherichia+coli.">Effect of copper hydroxide sprays for citrus canker control on wild-type Escherichia coli.</a> Lett Appl Microbiol. 54 (2), 108-111 (2012).</li><li>Lee, S. Y., Costello, M., Kang, D. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Efficacy+of+chlorine+dioxide+gas+as+a+sanitizer+of+lettuce+leaves.">Efficacy of chlorine dioxide gas as a sanitizer of lettuce leaves.</a> J Food Protect. 67 (7), 1371-1376 (2004).</li><li>Shinb, H. S., Jung, D. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Determination+of+chlorine+dioxide+in+water+by+gas+chromatography-mass+spectrometry.">Determination of chlorine dioxide in water by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.</a> J Chromatogr A. 1123, 92-97 (2006).</li><li>Tzanavaras, P. D., Themelis, D. G., Kika, F. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Review+of+analytical+methods+for+the+determination+of+chlorine+dioxide.">Review of analytical methods for the determination of chlorine dioxide.</a> Cent Eur J Chem. 5 (1), 1-12 (2007).</li><li>Sy, K. V., Murray, M. B., Harrison, M. D., Beuchat, L. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+gaseous+chlorine+dioxide+as+a+sanitizer+for+killing+Salmonella,+Escherichia+coli+O157+:+H7,+Listeria+monocytogenes,+and+Yeasts+and+molds+on+fresh+and+fresh-cut+produce.">Evaluation of gaseous chlorine dioxide as a sanitizer for killing Salmonella, Escherichia coli O157 : H7, Listeria monocytogenes, and Yeasts and molds on fresh and fresh-cut produce.</a> J Food Protect. 68 (6), 1176-1187 (2005).</li><li>Du, J., Han, Y., Linton, R. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Efficacy+of+chlorine+dioxide+gas+in+reducing+Escherichia+coli+O157+:+H7+on+apple+surfaces.">Efficacy of chlorine dioxide gas in reducing Escherichia coli O157 : H7 on apple surfaces.</a> Food Microbiol. 20 (5), 583-591 (2003).</li><li>Wang, Y. Z., Wu, J., Ma, D. W., Ding, J. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Preparation+of+a+cross-linked+gelatin/bacteriorhodopsin+film+and+its+photochromic+properties.">Preparation of a cross-linked gelatin/bacteriorhodopsin film and its photochromic properties.</a> Sci China Chem. 54 (2), 405-409 (2011).</li><li>Guo, Q., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chlorine+dioxide+treatment+decreases+respiration+and+ethylene+synthesis+in+fresh-cut+'Hami'+melon+fruit.">Chlorine dioxide treatment decreases respiration and ethylene synthesis in fresh-cut 'Hami' melon fruit.</a> Int J Food Sci Tech. 48 (9), 1775-1782 (2013).</li><li>Aday, M. S., Caner, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+applications+of+'active+packaging+and+chlorine+dioxide'+for+extended+shelf+life+of+fresh+strawberries.">The applications of 'active packaging and chlorine dioxide' for extended shelf life of fresh strawberries.</a> Packag Technol Sci. 24 (3), 123-136 (2011).</li><li>Paniagua, A. C., East, A. R., Hindmarsh, J. P., Heyes, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Moisture+loss+is+the+major+cause+of+firmness+change+during+postharvest+storage+of+blueberry.">Moisture loss is the major cause of firmness change during postharvest storage of blueberry.</a> Postharvest Biol Technol. 79, 13-19 (2013).</li><li>Gomez-Lopez, V. M., Ragaert, P., Jeyachchandran, V., Debevere, J., Devlieghere, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Shelf-life+of+minimally+processed+lettuce+and+cabbage+treated+with+gaseous+chlorine+dioxide+and+cysteine.">Shelf-life of minimally processed lettuce and cabbage treated with gaseous chlorine dioxide and cysteine.</a> Int J Food Microbiol. 121 (1), 74-83 (2008).</li><li>Mahovic, M. J., Tenney, J. D., Bartz, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Applications+of+chlorine+dioxide+gas+for+control+of+bacterial+soft+rot+in+tomatoes.">Applications of chlorine dioxide gas for control of bacterial soft rot in tomatoes.</a> Plant Dis. 91 (10), 1316-1320 (2007).</li><li>Tan, H. K., Wheeler, W. B., Wei, C. I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reaction+of+chlorine+dioxide+with+amino-acids+and+peptides+-+kinetics+and+mutagenicity+studies.">Reaction of chlorine dioxide with amino-acids and peptides - kinetics and mutagenicity studies.</a> Mutat Res. 188 (4), 259-266 (1987).</li></ol>

The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

이산화 염소는 음식의 부패를 방지 할 수있는 이상적인 살 생물이다. 그러나, 비싼 발전기 또는 비효율적 인 두 부분으로 혼합 분말을 필요 고농도 비 수송에서 불안정하다. 이 연구는 식품의 부패 및 식품 매개 질환의 발생을 줄이기 위해 이산화 염소의 안정, 즉시 사용 가능한 형태의 응용 프로그램을 조사했다. 현재 사용중인 다른 이산화 염소의 응용 기술과는 대조적으로, 여기에 사용되는 상?...

신선한 과일과 야채가 풍부한 식단은 관상 동맥 심장 질환과 암 (1)의 특정 유형을 포함하여 많은 질병의 위험을 줄이기 위해 도움이 될 수 있습니다. 그러나 농산물이 오염 먹는 소비자들 사이에서 질병이나 사망을 일으킬 수있는 신선한 과일과 야채의 섭취로 인한 대장균, 살모넬라 엔테 리스테리아 균 등 식중독 미생물 병원균의 숫자가 있습니다. 예를 들어, 대장균 O157 : H7의 발생은 포도, 토마토, 딸기 3, 4와 관련이 있고, A 형 간염의 발생은 신선한 블루 베리 (5)와 관련되어있다. 또한, 미생물 오염은 수확 후 부패 6을 통해 실질적인 제품의 손실이 발생할 수 있습니다. 알터 alternata 중요한 식물 병원성 곰팡이 t이다<html> 모자는 식물 (7) (380)를 통해 호스트 종에서 잎 반점 및 기타 질병을 일으키는 것으로 알려져있다. 는 알터 검은 점 8, 줄기 구강 질환과 토마토 (9)의 잎 마름병의 원인이 될 것으로 나타났다. 따라서, 안전하고 효과적인 수확 후 오염 제거 처리는 모두 제어 인성 병원균에 필요하고 신선한 농산물의 수확 후 부패를 방지 할 수 있습니다. 저와 비 잔류 기술은 다른 살균제에 대한 새로운 트렌드입니다. 수확 살균제의 다양한 부패 미생물을 줄이고 식중독을 방지하기 위해 사용되어왔다. 오존, 강한 항균제는, 딸기, 블루 베리 (10), (11)의 품질과 신선도를 유지하는 것으로 나타났다. 그러나, 오존은 과일 표면 조직의 산화를 유발할 수 있고 변색 맛 품질이 저하 될 수있다S = &quot;외부 참조&quot;&gt; 12. 염소는 같은 블루 베리, 사과 (13)로, 신선한 농산물을 소독하는 데 사용되었습니다. 효과적인 반면, 염소 신선한 과일 (15)의 살균을 위해 사용될 때, 특히 발암 부산물 (14)의 결과로, 질소 함유 화합물이나 암모니아와 반응 할 수있다. 이산화 염소 (C10의 2), 소독제 대안은 과일과 야채 (16)의 수확 후 치료를 위해 중국과 미국 모두에 의해 승인되었다. C10의 2 자유 염소 (17)의 그것보다 2.5 배 더 큰 산화 용량 수용성 산화제이다. C10의 2 저농도 및 단시간 접촉 (18)이 매우 효과적이다. C10의 2 소독에 사용되는 농도에서 독성이 최소한 부식성을 가지며, 그것은 가장 효과적인 살균제로 인식되고설정 및 19, 20, 21의 다양한 용도 진균 제제. 많은 연구 결과 C10의 2가 인성 병원균 및 수확 후 붕괴 (16)를 제어 할 수 있음을 보여 주었다. H7 딸기, 블루 베리 및 부패 (22) (23)을 방지하기 위해 예를 들어, C10의 가스는 리스테리아 모노 사이토 겐, 살모넬라, 대장균 O157을 비활성화하기 위해 사용되었다. 신선한 과일의 특성을 유지하면서 C10의 2 가스가 미생물 오염의 위험을 감소하고, 딸기 (24)의 수확 후 부패를 제어에 효과적이었다. 그러나 역사적 사이트 또는 비효율적 인 두 부분 분말 혼합에 필요한 비싼 발전기 고농도 비 수송 불안정하다. 그러나, 새로운 C10의기성품, 제어 방출 형 제제 (예, 그것은 발전기 또는 성분의 예비 혼합을 필요로하지 않습니다) 2 제품은 예비 실험 25에서 식품 부패 미생물과 병원균을 제어에 매우 효과적인 것으로 나타났다. 그것은 환경에 어떤 부작용, C10의 2의 안전하고 비용 효율적, 비 부식성, 쉽게 수송 및 제어 방출 형태이다. 이전 실험 여과 재료에 싸여 대합 조개 껍질 포장에 배치이 서방 C10의 2 분말은 크게, 신선한 블루 베리와 딸기의 부패를 감소 베리의 수분 손실을 감소하고, 수확 후 저장 25 일 26시 과일 탄력을 유지하고 있음을 증명하고있다. 최근, 제어 방출 C10의 2 패킷은 반투과성 폴리머 필름 C10의 2 슬러리 형태로 밀봉하여 개발되었다. 이 연구의 목적이었다: 1)로 모두 밀폐 용기 C10의 가스 방출 특성을 모니터링하고 천공 클램 쉘에, 2) C10의 2 파우치 인성 병원균에 용기 포도 토마토의 붕괴로 묶여 제어 방출의 효과를 조사하고, 3) 포도 토마토의 저장 품질에 서방 C10의 2의 효과를 평가한다.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Curoxin chlorine dioxide pouch</td>
			<td>Worrell Water Technologies</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Slurry, a.i. 9.5% in sealed permeable polymer film</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Grape tomato</td>
			<td>Santa Sweets, Inc</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Santa Sweets Authentic&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ClO2 gas detector</td>
			<td>Analytical Technology, Inc., Collegeville, PA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>PortaSens II&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Perforated clamshell</td>
			<td>Packaging Plus LLC, Yakima, WA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>OSU #1, 1 lb</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Escherichia coli&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Wild Type (WT) from fruit surface</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alternaria alternata</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>from fruit surface</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>E. coli agar&#160;</td>
			<td>EC Broth, Oxoid, UK</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>EC Broth with 1.5% agar</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potato dextrose agar&#160;</td>
			<td>BD Difco, Sparks, MD</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Levine eosin methylene blue agar</td>
			<td>BD Difco, Sparks, MD</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trigger spray bottle&#160;</td>
			<td>Impact Products, LLC., Toledo, OH</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sterilized sampling bag&#160;</td>
			<td>Fisherbrand, Fisher Scientific, Pittsburgh, PA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Orbit shaker&#160;</td>
			<td>New Brunswick Scientific, New Brunswick, NJ</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Innova 2100</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IUL Instruments Neutec Eddy jet spiral plater inoculation plating system</td>
			<td>Neutec Group Inc., Farmingdale, NY</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EZ micro optical plate reader&#160;</td>
			<td>Synoptics, Ltd., Cambridge, UK</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>ProtoCOL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fruit firmness tester&#160;</td>
			<td>Bioworks Inc, Wamego, KS</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>FirmTech 2&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tinytag temperature and RH data logger</td>
			<td>Gemini Data Loggers, West Sussex, UK</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>McFarland equivalence turbidity standard</td>
			<td>Fisherbrand, Fisher Scientific, Pittsburgh, PA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

controlled-release of chlorine dioxide in a perforated packaging system to extend the storage life and improve the safety of grape tomatoes

파우치 반투과성 폴리머 필름으로 C10의 2 슬러리 형태로 밀봉하여 개발 된 제어 방출 이산화 염소 (C10의 2); 주머니의 방출 특성 또는 과실이없는 용기에 관찰 하였다. 파우치는 포도, 토마토를 포함하는 천공 된 클램 쉘의 내부 및 미생물 군, 경도에 미치는 영향에 부착하고, 중량 손실은 20 ° C에서 14 일의 저장 기간을 평가 하였다. 3 일 이내에는 클램 쉘의 C10의 2 농도 / 3.5 PPM에 도달 한 후, 날 (10), 그것은 3.08 로그 CFU 의해 대장균 개체수를 감소 2 파우치 강한 항균 활성을 나타내 일 14 C10의 약 2 ppm으로 감소 될 때까지 일정하게 유지 저장 14 일 후 2.85 로그 CFU / g에 의해 g 및 알터 alternata 집단. C10의 2 처리는 연화 중량 손실 감소 및 토마토의 전체 수명을 연장. 우리의 결과C10의 2 치료가 수명을 연장하고 품질을 손상시키지 않고 저장하는 동안 토마토의 미생물 안전성을 향상하는 데 유용하는 것이 좋습니다.

C10의 2 릴리스 처음 몇 시간에 걸쳐 선형 패턴을 나타내었다. 농도는 상기 제 4 시간에 걸쳐 약 2.38 PPM / h로 증가 하였다. 방출 속도는 24 시간 배양 한 후 감속 및 C10의 2 농도는 25.4 ppm의 이르렀다. 그러나, 농도는 24 시간 배양 (도 1) 후 안정한 경향이 있었다. 포도 토마토 클램 쉘의 상부 공간 C10의 ?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Controlled-release of Chlorine Dioxide in a Perforated Packaging System to Extend the Storage Life and Improve the Safety of Grape Tomatoes at JoVE.com

Controlled-release of Chlorine Dioxide in a Perforated Packaging System to Extend the Storage Life and Improve the Safety of Grape Tomatoes

Here, we describe a protocol for the application of a novel, slow-release ClO2 product that reduces spoilage and extends the shelf life of fresh fruit. The slow-release ClO2 product was added to standard commercial grape tomato packaging and tested against Escherichia coli and Alternaria alternata.

천공 포장 시스템에서 이산화 염소의 제어 릴리스는 저장 수명을 연장하고 포도 토마토의 안전을 개선하기 위해

A controlled-release chlorine dioxide (ClO2) pouch was developed by sealing a slurry form of ClO2 into semipermeable polymer film; the release properties ...

controlled-release-chlorine-dioxide-perforated-packaging-system-to

Universidad San Sebastian

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

10.9K 조회수.  USDA, ARS, USHRL. Here, we describe a protocol for the application of a novel, slow-release ClO2 product that reduces spoilage and extends the shelf life of fresh fruit. The slow-release ClO2 product was added to standard commercial grape tomato packaging and tested against Escherichia coli and Alternaria alternata.

비디오: Controlled-release of Chlorine Dioxide in a Perforated Packaging System to Extend the Storage Life and Improve the Safety of Grape Tomatoes

Automated Gel Size Selection to Improve the Quality of Next-generation Sequencing Libraries Prepared from Environmental Water Samples

Next-generation sequencing of environmental samples can be challenging because of the variable DNA quantity and quality in these samples. High quality DNA libraries are needed for optimal results from next-generation sequencing. Environmental samples such as water may have low quality and quantities of DNA as well as contaminants that co-precipitate with DNA. The mechanical and enzymatic processes involved in extraction and library preparation may further damage the DNA. Gel size selection enables purification and recovery of DNA fragments of a defined size for sequencing applications. Nevertheless, this task is one of the most time-consuming steps in the DNA library preparation workflow. The protocol described here enables complete automation of agarose gel loading, electrophoretic analysis, and recovery of targeted DNA fragments. 
In this study, we describe a high-throughput approach to prepare high quality DNA libraries from freshwater samples that can be applied also to other environmental samples. We used an indirect approach to concentrate bacterial cells from environmental freshwater samples; DNA was extracted using a commercially available DNA extraction kit, and DNA libraries were prepared using a commercial transposon-based protocol. DNA fragments of 500 to 800 bp were gel size selected using Ranger Technology, an automated electrophoresis workstation. Sequencing of the size-selected DNA libraries demonstrated significant improvements to read length and quality of the sequencing reads.

This manuscript describes an automated gel size selection approach for purifying DNA fragments for next-generation sequencing. The Ranger Technology provides complete automation of the entire process of agarose gel loading, electrophoretic analysis, and recovery of targeted DNA fragments allowing for high-throughput and high quality next-generation sequencing libraries.

자동 젤 사이즈 선택은 환경 물 샘플에서 준비 차세대 시퀀싱 라이브러리의 질을 향상시키기 위해

Next-generation sequencing of environmental samples can be challenging because of the variable DNA quantity and quality in these samples. High quality DNA ...

연구

환경과학

The Use of an Automated System (GreenFeed) to Monitor Enteric Methane and Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Ruminant Animals

Ruminant animals (domesticated or wild) emit methane (CH4) through enteric fermentation in their digestive tract and from decomposition of manure during storage. These processes are the major sources of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from animal production systems. Techniques for measuring enteric CH4 vary from direct measurements (respiration chambers, which are highly accurate, but with limited applicability) to various indirect methods (sniffers, laser technology, which are practical, but with variable accuracy). The sulfur hexafluoride (SF6)&#160;tracer gas method is commonly used to measure enteric CH4 production by animal scientists and more recently, application of an Automated Head-Chamber System (AHCS) (GreenFeed, C-Lock, Inc., Rapid City, SD), which is the focus of this experiment, has been growing. AHCS is an automated system to monitor CH4 and carbon dioxide (CO2) mass fluxes from the breath of ruminant animals. In a typical AHCS operation, small quantities of baiting feed are dispensed to individual animals to lure them to AHCS multiple times daily. As the animal visits AHCS, a fan system pulls air past the animal&#8217;s muzzle into an intake manifold, and through an air collection pipe where continuous airflow rates are measured. A sub-sample of air is pumped out of the pipe into non-dispersive infra-red sensors for continuous measurement of CH4 and CO2 concentrations. Field comparisons of AHCS to respiration chambers or SF6 have demonstrated that AHCS produces repeatable and accurate CH4 emission results, provided that animal visits to AHCS are sufficient so emission estimates are representative of the diurnal rhythm of rumen gas production. Here, we demonstrate the use of AHCS to measure CO2 and CH4 fluxes from dairy cows given a control diet or a diet supplemented with technical-grade cashew nut shell liquid.

The Use of an Automated System GreenFeed to Monitor Enteric Methane and Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Ruminant Animals

Accuracy and precision of the techniques used to measure methane emissions from ruminant animals are critically important for the success of greenhouse gas mitigation efforts. This manuscript describes the principles and operation of an automated system to monitor methane and carbon dioxide mass fluxes from the breath of ruminant animals.

자동화 시스템 (GreenFeed)의 사용 반추 동물의 장내 메탄과 이산화탄소 배출량을 모니터링하려면

Ruminant animals (domesticated or wild) emit methane (CH4) through enteric fermentation in their digestive tract and from decomposition of manure during ...

Methods of Soil Resampling to Monitor Changes in the Chemical Concentrations of Forest Soils

Recent soils research has shown that important chemical soil characteristics can change in less than a decade, often the result of broad environmental changes. Repeated sampling to monitor these changes in forest soils is a relatively new practice that is not well documented in the literature and has only recently been broadly embraced by the scientific community. The objective of this protocol is therefore to synthesize the latest information on methods of soil resampling in a format that can be used to design and implement a soil monitoring program. Successful monitoring of forest soils requires that a study unit be defined within an area of forested land that can be characterized with replicate sampling locations. A resampling interval of 5 years is recommended, but if monitoring is done to evaluate a specific environmental driver, the rate of change expected in that driver should be taken into consideration. Here, we show that the sampling of the profile can be done by horizon where boundaries can be clearly identified and horizons are sufficiently thick to remove soil without contamination from horizons above or below. Otherwise, sampling can be done by depth interval. Archiving of sample for future reanalysis is a key step in avoiding analytical bias and providing the opportunity for additional analyses as new questions arise.

Repeated soil sampling has recently been shown to be an effective way to monitor forest soil change over years and decades. To support its use, a protocol is presented that synthesizes the latest information on soil resampling methods to aid in the design and implementation of successful soil monitoring programs.

Recent soils research has shown that important chemical soil characteristics can change in less than a decade, often the result of broad environmental ...

A Flow-through Exposure System for Evaluating Suspended Sediments Effects on Aquatic Life

This paper describes the Fish Larvae and Egg Exposure System (FLEES). The flow-through exposure system is used to investigate the effects of suspended sediment on various aquatic species and life stages in the laboratory by using pumps and automating delivery of sediment and water to simulate suspension of sediment. FLEES data are used to develop exposure-response curves between the effects on aquatic organisms and suspended sediment concentrations at the desired exposure duration. The effects data are used to evaluate management practices used to reduce the interactions between aquatic organisms and anthropogenic causes of suspended sediments. The FLEES is capable of generating total suspended solids (TSS) concentrations as low as 30 to as high as 800 mg/L, making this system an ideal choice for evaluating the effects of TSS resulting from many activities including simulating low ambient levels of TSS to evaluating sources of suspended sediments from dredging operations, vessel traffic, freshets, and storms.

A robust and flexible flow-through exposure system designed to maintain sediment in suspension is presented. The system is used to investigate the effects of suspended sediment on various aquatic species and life stages in the laboratory.

수산 생명에 일시 중지를 평가하면 퇴적물 효과에 대한 플로우를 통해 노출 시스템

This paper describes the Fish Larvae and Egg Exposure System (FLEES). The flow-through exposure system is used to investigate the effects of suspended ...

Measurement of the Rheology of Crude Oil in Equilibrium with CO2 at Reservoir Conditions

A rheometer system to measure the rheology of crude oil in equilibrium with carbon dioxide (CO2) at high temperatures and pressures is described. The system comprises a high-pressure rheometer which is connected to a circulation loop. The rheometer has a rotational flow-through measurement cell with two alternative geometries: coaxial cylinder and double gap. The circulation loop contains a mixer, to bring the crude oil sample into equilibrium with CO2, and a gear pump that transports the mixture from the mixer to the rheometer and recycles it back to the mixer. The CO2 and crude oil are brought to equilibrium by stirring and circulation and the rheology of the saturated mixture is measured by the rheometer. The system is used to measure the rheological properties of Zuata crude oil (and its toluene dilution) in equilibrium with CO2 at elevated pressures up to 220 bar and a temperature of 50 &#176;C. The results show that CO2 addition changes the oil rheology significantly, initially reducing the viscosity as the CO2 pressure is increased and then increasing the viscosity above a threshold pressure. The non-Newtonian response of the crude is also seen to change with the addition of CO2.

Measurement of the Rheology of Crude Oil in Equilibrium with CO2 at Reservoir Conditions

A method for measuring the rheology of crude oil in equilibrium with carbon dioxide at reservoir conditions is presented.

CO와 평형 상태에있는 원유의 레올로 지의 측정<sub&gt; 2</sub&gt; 저수지 조건

A rheometer system to measure the rheology of crude oil in equilibrium with carbon dioxide (CO2) at high temperatures and pressures is described. The ...

Measuring and Mapping Patterns of Soil Erosion and Deposition Related to Soil Carbonate Concentrations Under Agricultural Management

Spatial patterns of soil erosion and deposition can be inferred from differences in ground elevation mapped at appropriate time increments. Such changes in elevation are related to changes in near-surface soil carbonate (CaCO3) profiles. The objective is to describe a simple conceptual model and detailed protocol for repeatable field and laboratory measurements of these quantities. Here, accurate elevation is measured using a ground-based differential global positioning system (GPS); other data acquisition methods could be applied to the same basic method. Soil samples are collected from prescribed depth intervals and analyzed in the lab using an efficient and precise modified pressure-calcimeter method for quantitative analysis of inorganic carbon concentration. Standard statistical methods are applied to point data, and representative results show significant correlations between changes in soil surface layer CaCO3 and changes in elevation consistent with the conceptual model; CaCO3 generally decreased in depositional areas and increased in erosional areas. Maps are derived from point measurements of elevation and soil CaCO3 to aid analyses. A map of erosional and depositional patterns at the study site, a rain-fed winter wheat field cropped in alternating wheat-fallow strips, shows the interacting effects of water and wind erosion affected by management and topography. Alternative sampling methods and depth intervals are discussed and recommended for future work relating soil erosion and deposition to soil CaCO3.

Spatial patterns of soil erosion and deposition can be inferred from differences in ground elevation mapped at appropriate time increments. Such changes in elevation are related to changes in near-surface soil carbonates. Repeatable methods for field and laboratory measurements of these quantities and data analysis methods are described here.

측정 및 토양 침식과 토양 탄산 농도 농업 관리에 관련 된 증 착 패턴 매핑

Spatial patterns of soil erosion and deposition can be inferred from differences in ground elevation mapped at appropriate time increments. Such changes ...

Methodology for Developing Life Tables for Sessile Insects in the Field Using the Whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, in Cotton As a Model System

Life tables provide a means of measuring the schedules of birth and death from populations over time. They also can be used to quantify the sources and rates of mortality in populations, which has a variety of applications in ecology, including agricultural ecosystems. Horizontal, or cohort-based, life tables provide for the most direct and accurate method of quantifying vital population rates because they follow a group of individuals in a population from birth to death. Here, protocols are presented for conducting and analyzing cohort-based life tables in the field that takes advantage of the sessile nature of the immature life stages of a global insect pest, Bemisia tabaci. Individual insects are located on the underside of cotton leaves and are marked by drawing a small circle around the insect with a non-toxic pen. This insect can then be observed repeatedly over time with the aid of hand lenses to measure development from one stage to the next and to identify stage-specific causes of death associated with natural and introduced mortality forces. Analyses explain how to correctly measure multiple mortality forces that act contemporaneously within each stage and how to use such data to provide meaningful population dynamic metrics. The method does not directly account for adult survival and reproduction, which limits inference to dynamics of immature stages. An example is presented that focused on measuring the impact of bottom-up (plant quality) and top-down (natural enemies) effects on the mortality dynamics of B. tabaci in the cotton system.

Methodology for Developing Life Tables for Sessile Insects in the Field Using the Whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, in Cotton As a Model System

Life tables allow quantification of the sources and rates of mortality in insect populations and contribute to understanding, predicting and manipulating population dynamics in agroecosystems. Methods for conducting and analyzing cohort-based life tables in the field for an insect with sessile immature life stages are presented.

Life tables provide a means of measuring the schedules of birth and death from populations over time. They also can be used to quantify the sources and ...

Techniques for Investigating the Anatomy of the Ant Visual System

This article outlines a suite of techniques in light microscopy (LM) and electron microscopy (EM) which can be used to study the internal and external eye anatomy of insects. These include traditional histological techniques optimized for work on ant eyes and adapted to work in concert with other techniques such as transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). These techniques, although vastly useful, can be difficult for the novice microscopist, so great emphasis has been placed in this article on troubleshooting and optimization for different specimens. We provide information on imaging techniques for the entire specimen (photo-microscopy and SEM) and discuss their advantages and disadvantages. We highlight the technique used in determining lens diameters for the entire eye and discuss new techniques for improvement. Lastly, we discuss techniques involved in preparing samples for LM and TEM, sectioning, staining, and imaging these samples. We discuss the hurdles that one might come across when preparing samples and how best to navigate around them.

This article outlines a suite of techniques in light and electron microscopy to study the internal and external eye anatomy of insects. These include several traditional techniques optimized for work on ant eyes, detailed troubleshooting, and suggestions for optimization for different specimens and regions of interest.

개미 비주얼 시스템의 조사 기법

This article outlines a suite of techniques in light microscopy (LM) and electron microscopy (EM) which can be used to study the internal and external eye ...

The Effect of the Application of Thyme Essential Oil on Microbial Load During Meat Drying

Meat is a high protein meal that is used in the preparation of jerky, a popular food snack, where preservation and safety are important. To assure food safety and to extend the shelf life of meat and meat products, the use of either synthetic or natural preservatives have been applied to control and eliminate foodborne bacteria. A growing interest in the application of natural food additives for meat has increased. Microorganisms, such as Escherichia coli, contaminate meat and meat products, causing foodborne illnesses. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the meat conservation process. However, the use of essential oils when the meat is being dried has not been deeply studied. In this regard, there is an opportunity to increase the value of dried meat and reduce the risk of foodborne illnesses by applying essential oils during the drying process. In this protocol, we present a novel method of applying thyme essential oil (TEO) during meat drying, specifically in vapor form directly in a drying chamber. For evaluation, we use Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) to detect the number of harmful bacteria in the treated samples compared to raw samples. The preliminary results show that this method is a viable and alternative option to synthetic preservatives and that it significantly reduces microbial load in dried meat.

Microorganisms such as Escherichia coli that contaminate meat products cause foodborne illnesses. The use of essential oils in the meat drying process has not been deeply studied. Here, we present a novel method of applying thyme essential oil to meat during drying to reduce the microbial load in dried meat.

고기 건조 하는 동안 미생물 부하에 백 리 향 에센셜 오일의 응용 프로그램의 효과

Meat is a high protein meal that is used in the preparation of jerky, a popular food snack, where preservation and safety are important. To assure food ...

A Precise and Autonomous System for the Detection of Insect Emergence Patterns

Existing systems to measure insect emergence patterns have limitations; they are only partially automated and are limited in the maximum number of emerging insects they can detect. In order to obtain precise measurement of insect emergence, it is necessary for systems to be semi-automated and able to measure large numbers of emerging insects. We addressed these issues by designing and building a system that is automated and can measure emergence of up to 1200 insects. We modified the existing &#34;falling-ball&#34; system using Arduino microcontrollers to automate data collection and expand the sample size through multiple data channels. Multiple data channels enable the user to not only increase their sample size, but also allows for multiple treatments to be run simultaneously in a single experiment. Furthermore, we created an R script to automatically visualize the data as a bubble plot, while also calculating the median day and time of emergence. The current system was designed using 3D printing so the user can modify the system to be adjusted for different species of insects. The goal of this protocol is to investigate important questions in chronobiology and stress physiology, using this precise and automated system to measure insect emergence patterns.

Measurement of insect emergence patterns requires precision. Existing systems are only semi-automated and sample size is limited. We addressed these issues by designing a system using microcontrollers to precisely measure the time of emergence of large numbers of emerging insects.