Name: fabrication of 3d carbon microelectromechanical systems (c-mems)
Uploaded: 2017-06-17T13:00:00.000+00:00
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Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Fabrication of 3D Carbon Microelectromechanical Systems C-MEMS at JoVE.com

这项工作得到了蒙特雷工艺学院和加州大学尔湾分校的支持。

3D人造毛发碳结构制作注意:使用个人防护装备。按照实验室指导使用仪器并在实验室内工作。 <ol><li>通过用DI水洗涤并用N 2气体干燥来准备收集的人发。 </li><li>根据需要排列毛发，例如平行的股线，交叉，两根毛发缠绕在一起等。 </li><li>使用SU8将毛发连接到硅基板上，或将它们直接保留在陶瓷舟皿中。 </li><li>将头发附着的硅衬底或舟子放入炉中。 </li><li>打开炉子并打开惰性气体（N 2 ）罐的阀门。 注意:最佳气体流速取决于炉管的体积。 6L / min的流量用于管体积为6L。为了在炉管中建立完全惰性的环境，气体流量比最佳气体f前15分钟采用低速率。 </li><li> 设置参数，包括最大热解温度，温度升温速率和惰性气体流量，并运行炉。 <ol><li>例如，以5℃/ min的升温速率将温度从室温升至300℃。保持在300°C 1小时稳定。进一步将温度升高至900℃，并将其保持1小时以进行碳化。 </li><li>将炉子以10℃/ min的速度冷却至300℃，并关闭炉的加热器，因为在300℃后不需要受控的冷却。将样品放入炉中，直到温度达到室温N 2流量。 </li></ol></li><li>完成热解过程后，关闭炉子和气体流。 </li><li>将样品从炉中取出。 </li></ol> 3D聚合物结构制造:光刻<ol><li>梅使用适当的软件包来点燃所需3D光刻胶结构的2D布局并准备印刷的掩模（ 即，聚乙烯photofilm掩模）。 注意:使用商业服务来打印设计。面罩的尺寸一般取决于设计。 </li><li>在一个干净的实验室设施中，打开两个热板，将温度分别设定为65°C和95°C。 </li><li>打开旋涂机和真空泵。确保真空泵通过管道连接到旋转头。 </li><li>设置两步旋转的参数，如旋转速度，斜坡和持续时间。对于第一步，将旋转速度设置为500 rpm，斜坡至100 rpm / s，旋转时间设置为10 s以开始旋转循环。对于下一步骤，将旋转速度设置为1,000 rpm，斜坡至100 rpm / s，旋转时间设置为30 s，以均匀铺展光致抗蚀剂。 </li><li>放置基板（ 即 4英寸x 4英寸和550英寸）1;具有1μm厚SiO 2层的m±25μm厚的Si晶片）。 </li><li>将光敏聚合物（即 SU8光致抗蚀剂）直接沉积到基底的中心。足够用于覆盖表面。 </li><li>按"真空"按钮固定基板。 </li><li>按"运行"按钮用SU8涂覆基材，达到250μm的最终厚度。 </li><li>纺丝工序完成后，再次按下"真空"按钮，将涂布的基材从支架上释放出来。 </li><li>使用镊子小心地握住涂覆的基材，以保持表面光滑和清洁。将基板直接在65℃温度下转移到热板上6分钟，然后在95℃的温度下将其放置在热板上40分钟（软烘烤）。 注意:为了确保溶剂蒸发缓慢，需要在65°C烘烤，导致更好的涂层和更好的附着力在95℃下烘烤时，进一步使SU8致密化。 </li><li>同时，按开关打开UV曝光系统，并使用系统中的设置按钮将曝光时间设置为"12秒"。 注意:对于250μm厚的SU8层，曝光能量必须为360 mJ / cm 2 。 </li><li>一旦烘烤步骤（步骤2.10）完成，将基材放入UV曝光系统中，并将光掩模（来自步骤2.1）的印刷面放置在其上。使用整个面罩区域覆盖涂覆的基材，轻轻按压，以确保面罩和基材之间没有间隙。 </li><li>通过使用预定义的UV设置，通过光掩模将SU8涂覆的基材曝光于UV辐射。 </li><li>通过将其直接放置在65℃的热板上5分钟，并在95℃放置14分钟以进行后曝光烘烤（PEB），再次加热基材。 注意:PEB增加了紫外线曝光区域的交联度，在显影步骤中涂层更耐溶剂。 </li><li>将基材浸入专用显影剂溶液中，放置在烧杯中20分钟，去除未曝光的光致抗蚀剂区域。连续摇动溶液（小心）以确保完全除去未曝光的抗蚀剂区域。 </li><li>通过保持底物并将氮气或压缩空气吹入其中来干燥显影结构。 </li><li>在50倍放大倍率的显微镜下检查晶片，以将所转移到光致抗蚀剂上的图案与所需的图案进行比较。 </li></ol> 3D碳结构制造:热解<ol><li>将使用光刻（步骤2.1-2.17）制备的样品放在加压的开放式管式炉内。 </li><li>打开炉子并设置热解参数，如上述步骤1所述。重复步骤1.6-1.8中的过程。 </li><li>使用镊子仔细处理样品，并进行特征处理通货膨胀。 </li></ol>

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作者没有什么可以披露的。

在本文中，报道了基于天然前体材料或光致图案化聚合物结构的热解制备各种碳微结构的方法。由传统的和非常规的C-MEMS / C-NEMS工艺产生的碳材料通常被发现是玻璃碳。玻璃碳是广泛使用的电化学电极材料，也适用于高温应用。玻璃碳的微结构由结晶和非晶区组成。玻璃碳具有高导电性，耐高温性，低密度，低电阻，以及较高的硬度和高耐化学腐蚀性。 我们提出了一种简单?...

碳具有许多同素异形体，并且根据具体应用，可以选择以下同素异形体之一:碳纳米管（CNT），石墨，金刚石，无定形碳，代斯尼石，勃姆斯特富勒烯（C 60 ），充铁矿（C 540 ），富勒烯C 70 ）和玻璃碳1,2,3,4 。玻璃碳是最广泛使用的同素异形体之一，因为它的物理性质，包括高各向同性。它还具有以下性能:良好的导电性，低热膨胀系数和气体不渗透性。 已经不断地寻找富含碳的前体材料来获得碳结构。这些前体可以是具有特定形状的人造材料或天然产物，甚至包括废物。各种微型<html> o /纳米结构本质上是通过生物或环境过程形成的，产生了使用常规制造工具极难创造的独特特征。由于在这种情况下自然发生了图案化，使用天然和废碳氢化合物前体的纳米材料的合成可以在惰性或真空气氛中使用简单的一步热分解方法进行，称为热解5 。已经通过热分解或植物来源的前体和废物（包括种子，纤维和油类）的热分解产生了高质量的石墨烯，单壁CNT，多壁碳纳米管和碳点，例如松节油，芝麻油，楝树油（ Azadirachta indica ），桉树油，棕榈油和麻疯树油。此外，茉莉花产品，茶树提取物，废物食品，昆虫，农业废物和食品已被利用6，7 ，最近，研究人员甚至使用丝茧作为前体材料来制备多孔碳微纤维10 。这个团队最近使用人造毛，通常被认为是废料。它由约91％的多肽组成，含多于50％的碳;其余的元素如氧，氢，氮和硫11 。头发还具有许多有趣的性质，例如非常缓慢的降解，高抗拉强度，高绝热性和高弹性恢复性。最近，它已经被用于制备超级电容器12中使用的碳薄片，并且为电化学传感13创建中空碳微纤维13 。 用于制造三维（3D）结构的散装碳材料的加工是一项困难的任务，因为该材料非常脆弱。聚焦离子在这种情况下，am 14,15或反应离子蚀刻16可能是有用的，但是它们是昂贵和耗时的过程。基于图案化聚合物结构的热解的碳微机电系统（C-MEMS）技术代表了多功能的替代方案。在过去二十年中，C-MEMS和碳纳米机电系统（C-NEMS）由于涉及简单且廉价的制造步骤而受到很多关注。传统的C-MEMS制造工艺分两个步骤进行:（i）通过光刻图案化聚合物前体（ 例如，光致抗蚀剂）和（ii）图案化结构的热解。通常使用紫外（UV）可固化的聚合物前体，例如SU8光致抗蚀剂，以基于光刻法来图案化结构。通常，光刻工艺包括旋涂，软烘烤，紫外线曝光，后烘烤和烘烤的步骤lopment。在C-MEMS的情况下;硅;二氧化硅;氮化硅;石英;并且最近，蓝宝石已被用作底物。在无氧环境中，光图案化聚合物结构在高温（800-1100℃）下碳化。在真空或惰性气氛中的这些高温下，除去所有非碳元素，仅留下碳。这种技术允许实现高质量的玻璃碳结构，其对于许多应用非常有用，包括电化学传感17 ，能量存储18 ，摩擦电纳米发生19和电动粒子操作20.此外，制造具有使用C-MEMS的高纵横比变得相对容易，并且已经导致各种各样的碳电极应用18,21 ， </sup&gt; 22,23 ，经常代替贵金属电极。 在这项工作中，引入了使用非常规C-MEMS技术13从人发制造中空碳微纤维的简单和成本有效的方法的最新发展。这里也描述了常规的基于SU8聚合物的C-MEMS工艺。具体来说，高纵横比固体和中空SU8结构的制造程序描述24。

<table><tbody><tr><td>SU8-2100</td><td>Microchem</td><td>Product number-Y1110750500L</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Spinner</td><td>Laurell Technologies Corporation</td><td>Model-WS650HZB-23NPP/UD3</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hotplate</td><td>Torrey Pines Scientific</td><td>HS61</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>UV-exposer</td><td>Mercury Lamp, SYLVANIA</td><td>H44GS-100M, P/N-34-0054-01</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Photomask</td><td>CAD/Art</td><td></td><td>No number</td></tr><tr><td>Developer&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Microchem</td><td>Y020100 4000L&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>DI water system</td><td>Milli Q</td><td>ZOOQOVOTO</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>IPA</td><td>CTR Sientific</td><td>CTR 01244</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; gas</td><td>AOC Mexico</td><td></td><td>No number</td></tr><tr><td>Furnace</td><td>PEO 601, ATV Technologie GMBH</td><td>Model-PEO 601, Serial no.-195</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Si/SiO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;</td><td>Noel Technologies</td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

fabrication of 3d carbon microelectromechanical systems (c-mems)

大量的碳源可用于各种微/纳米结构配置。这里引入了一种制造从人类毛发衍生的长而中空的玻璃碳微纤维的新技术。长和中空的碳结构通过人造毛发在900℃在N 2气氛中的热解制备。使用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）和电子分散X射线光谱（EDX）分别研究天然和热解的人毛的形态和化学成分，以估计热解引起的物理和化学变化。拉曼光谱法用于证实碳微观结构的玻璃性质。引入热解的毛发碳以修饰丝网印刷的碳电极;然后将修饰的电极应用于多巴胺和抗坏血酸的电化学感测。与unmodi相比，改进的传感器的感测性能得到改善传感器。为了获得所需的碳结构设计，开发了碳微/纳米机电系统（C-MEMS / C-NEMS）技术。最常见的C-MEMS / C-NEMS制造方法包括两个步骤:（i）使用光刻法富集富含碳的基底材料，例如光敏聚合物;和（ii）在无氧环境中通过图案化聚合物的热解进行碳化。 C-MEMS / NEMS工艺已经广泛用于开发微电子器件，包括微电池，超级电容器，葡萄糖传感器，气体传感器，燃料电池和摩擦电纳米发生器等各种应用。在这里，讨论了具有SU8光致抗蚀剂的高纵横比固体和中空碳微观结构的近期发展。使用共焦显微镜和SEM研究了热解过程中的结构收缩。拉曼光谱法用于证实结构的结晶度，元素的原子百分比使用EDX测量热解前后的材料中的nt。

人头发衍生的中空碳微纤维的制造方法的示意图如图1所示 。使用SEM来表征碳化的人发，以估计收缩。由于热解，毛发直径从82.88±0.003μm缩小到31.42±0.003μm。使用毛发衍生的碳微纤维制成的各种图案的扫描电子显微镜（SEM）图像示于图2中 。在热解之前和之后毛发中存在的元素的原子百分比示于表1中 。本研究中使?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Fabrication of 3D Carbon Microelectromechanical Systems C-MEMS at JoVE.com

Fabrication of 3D Carbon Microelectromechanical Systems C-MEMS

基于天然产物，人发的热解制造长而中空的玻璃碳微纤维。碳微机电和碳纳米机电系统或C-MEMS和C-NEMS的两个制造步骤是:（i）富碳聚合物前体的光刻和（ii）图案化聚合物前体的热解。

3D碳微机电系统（C-MEMS）的制造

A wide range of carbon sources are available in nature, with a variety of micro-/nanostructure configurations. Here, a novel technique to fabricate long ...

fabrication-of-3d-carbon-microelectromechanical-systems-c-mems

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

Fabrication of 3D Carbon Microelectromechanical Systems (C-MEMS)

12.0K 次观看.  Tecnologico de Monterrey. 基于天然产物，人发的热解制造长而中空的玻璃碳微纤维。碳微机电和碳纳米机电系统或C-MEMS和C-NEMS的两个制造步骤是:（i）富碳聚合物前体的光刻和（ii）图案化聚合物前体的热解。 

视频: Fabrication of 3D Carbon Microelectromechanical Systems C-MEMS

Fabrication, Densification, and Replica Molding of 3D Carbon Nanotube Microstructures

The introduction of new materials and processes to microfabrication has, in large part, enabled many important advances in microsystems, lab-on-a-chip devices, and their applications. In particular, capabilities for cost-effective fabrication of polymer microstructures were transformed by the advent of soft lithography and other micromolding techniques 1, 2, and this led a revolution in applications of microfabrication to biomedical engineering and biology. Nevertheless, it remains challenging to fabricate microstructures with well-defined nanoscale surface textures, and to fabricate arbitrary 3D shapes at the micro-scale. Robustness of master molds and maintenance of shape integrity is especially important to achieve high fidelity replication of complex structures and preserving their nanoscale surface texture. The combination of hierarchical textures, and heterogeneous shapes, is a profound challenge to existing microfabrication methods that largely rely upon top-down etching using fixed mask templates. On the other hand, the bottom-up synthesis of nanostructures such as nanotubes and nanowires can offer new capabilities to microfabrication, in particular by taking advantage of the collective self-organization of nanostructures, and local control of their growth behavior with respect to microfabricated patterns. 
Our goal is to introduce vertically aligned carbon nanotubes (CNTs), which we refer to as CNT "forests", as a new microfabrication material. We present details of a suite of related methods recently developed by our group: fabrication of CNT forest microstructures by thermal CVD from lithographically patterned catalyst thin films; self-directed elastocapillary densification of CNT microstructures; and replica molding of polymer microstructures using CNT composite master molds. In particular, our work shows that self-directed capillary densification ("capillary forming"), which is performed by condensation of a solvent onto the substrate with CNT microstructures, significantly increases the packing density of CNTs. This process enables directed transformation of vertical CNT microstructures into straight, inclined, and twisted shapes, which have robust mechanical properties exceeding those of typical microfabrication polymers. This in turn enables formation of nanocomposite CNT master molds by capillary-driven infiltration of polymers. The replica structures exhibit the anisotropic nanoscale texture of the aligned CNTs, and can have walls with sub-micron thickness and aspect ratios exceeding 50:1. Integration of CNT microstructures in fabrication offers further opportunity to exploit the electrical and thermal properties of CNTs, and diverse capabilities for chemical and biochemical functionalization 3.

We present methods for fabrication of patterned microstructures of vertically aligned carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and their use as master molds for production of polymer microstructures with organized nanoscale surface texture. The CNT forests are densified by condensation of solvent onto the substrate, which significantly increases their packing density and enables self-directed formation of 3D shapes.

制备，致密，副本三维碳纳米管微结构成型

The introduction of new materials and processes to microfabrication has, in large part, enabled many important advances in microsystems, lab-on-a-chip ...

科研

工程学

Microfabricated Platforms for Mechanically Dynamic Cell Culture

The ability to systematically probe in vitro cellular response to combinations of mechanobiological stimuli for tissue engineering, drug discovery or fundamental cell biology studies is limited by current bioreactor technologies, which cannot simultaneously apply a variety of mechanical stimuli to cultured cells. In order to address this issue, we have developed a series of microfabricated platforms designed to screen for the effects of mechanical stimuli in a high-throughput format. In this protocol, we demonstrate the fabrication of a microactuator array of vertically displaced posts on which the technology is based, and further demonstrate how this base technology can be modified to conduct high-throughput mechanically dynamic cell culture in both two-dimensional and three-dimensional culture paradigms.

In this protocol, we demonstrate the fabrication of a microactuator array of vertically displaced posts on which the technology is based, and how this base technology can be modified to conduct high-throughput mechanically dynamic cell culture in both two-dimensional and three-dimensional culture paradigms.

微机械动态细胞培养平台

The ability to systematically probe in vitro cellular response to combinations of mechanobiological stimuli for tissue engineering, drug discovery or ...

生物工程

Micro-masonry for 3D Additive Micromanufacturing

Transfer printing is a method to transfer solid micro/nanoscale materials (herein called &#8216;inks&#8217;) from a substrate where they are generated to a different substrate by utilizing elastomeric stamps. Transfer printing enables the integration of heterogeneous materials to fabricate unexampled structures or functional systems that are found in recent advanced devices such as flexible and stretchable solar cells and LED arrays. While transfer printing exhibits unique features in material assembly capability, the use of adhesive layers or the surface modification such as deposition of self-assembled monolayer (SAM) on substrates for enhancing printing processes hinders its wide adaptation in microassembly of microelectromechanical system (MEMS) structures and devices. To overcome this shortcoming, we developed an advanced mode of transfer printing which deterministically assembles individual microscale objects solely through controlling surface contact area without any surface alteration. The absence of an adhesive layer or other modification and the subsequent material bonding processes ensure not only mechanical bonding, but also thermal and electrical connection between assembled materials, which further opens various applications in adaptation in building unusual MEMS devices.

This paper introduces a 3D additive micromanufacturing strategy (termed &#8216;micro-masonry&#8217;) for the flexible fabrication of microelectromechanical system (MEMS) structures and devices. This approach involves transfer printing-based assembly of micro/nanoscale materials in conjunction with rapid thermal annealing-enabled material bonding techniques.

微砌筑的3D添加剂Micromanufacturing

Transfer printing is a method to transfer solid micro/nanoscale materials (herein called &#8216;inks&#8217;) from a substrate where they are generated to ...

Using Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) to Develop Diagnostic Tools

Using Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems MEMS to Develop Diagnostic Tools

I'm U De Mercy, I'm the principal investigator of Bio Stick MAMs in Medicine Labs. I did my PhD at Stanford University in electrical engineering. I did a postdoc at Harvard Medical School at MGH working on bio acoustic MAMs or mostly bio MAs.And now I'm continuing as a faculty at Harvard Medical School at Harvard MIT Health Sciences and Technology. And continuing with my research that I enjoy very much. The work that I did during my PhD was very much related to droplets and using acoustics to generate precise size droplets and control their location and position to deposit very sensitive polymers.Now we apply similar technologies to encapsulate cells in droplets and then position them on the surfaces for various applications in tissue engineering to print cells on the surfaces to pattern cells. Also, there are applications where you want to see that you can encapsulate few cells or a single cell or from the same population and to see the differences between the same population from one cell to another there being able to encapsulate cells in droplets at high throughput rates like 10, 000 cells per second kind of rates becomes very important and very useful to understand biological problems. So my research currently has two legs, I would say.One is this cell encapsulation work that I just talked about. How do we pack a cell in a droplet that's, and how can we do this repeatedly and reliably and without harming the cells? So after the cell is ejected or encapsulated in the droplet, we should be able to precisely located on a surface the cell should be functional and alive and viable.It shouldn't be harmed by the effects of ejection and so forth. So currently we have a system where we use acoustic drop focused waves to generate these droplets from open pools where we can encapsulate down to single cells in these really small droplets that are comparable to the cell size. That's very exciting in terms of applying this to cell printing and tissue engineering.The other side of my research is again using these MAMs micro electromechanical system technologies to develop low cost diagnostic tools. Mostly this research uses microfluidic approaches where we can introduce whole blood, very small volumes such as blood from a prick finger prick, less than 10 microliters that you can introduce to a chip. And from that blood we can encapsulate or you can capture certain sub-cellular populations from whole blood.Why is this important? Why should this be cheap for global health applications On top of the mountain in Africa, you want to be able to tell for a HIV patient, for instance, how many CD four T lymphocytes this patient has. Because World Health Organization says that below 200 CD four cells per microliter, you have to start treating the patients In the developed world, you use hundreds of thousands dollars of vert flow cytometers to be able to get this data.And it takes of course time to use and skill of course to be able to use these like huge table size machines. Our small chip can be introduced this small finger brick 10 microliters of whole blood and it'll capture the CD four cells using the surface protein affinities. And then you can rapidly count these cells that are captured because you know that there are CD four cells which are attached to CD four proteins antibodies on the surface of the chip.By controlling the flow rates and shear, you can make sure that the specificity and efficiency for these cell types are optimized. And there's of course always non specific binding, but by our sheer approaches we minimize these effects and make sure that between plus minus 10%errors, which is sufficient to make a diagnostic or prognostic decision on top mountain in Africa. So this has interesting applications for global health as well as these low cost techniques that are disposable can impact the developed world because now these fast blood tests which are really low cost can impact the tests that we use in the developed world.If they're optimized to higher levels of efficiency and specificity, which our initial data shows that they can be, then it'll definitely impact our lives. When I first finished my PhD, I knew more about microfluidics and that in MAMs more than anything else I could see, especially with the droplet application, I could see that if I could print cells and encapsulate cells or manipulate the few cells, single cells, that it'll have great applications in biotechnology area. And I was very interested in working on things that will actually impact people's lives.I used to apply these technologies to semiconductor industry, but then I wanted to to be useful directly to people. So I, that's what directed me towards problems in healthcare. And then that's why I made a big shift and came to a hospital, mass general hospital to the postdoc.And there, you know, I got exposed more and more to problems and it seems, and it's all clear that one of the biggest problems of the world today is global health and there comes illnesses like tuberculosis, HIV that kills thousands of people per day. And these people die not because the drugs are not there, but because there aren't enough diagnostic tools which is much more expensive than the existing drugs. So I know the technology side of the things very well.I get, I got exposed to the biological problems and the more I learned about them, the more I could see that I could make an impact. And that's how it all grew from there. And it's still continuing now.Like I seen biotechnology and in medicine there are like so many problems that actually directly cause our result into loss of people's lives and the technologies, the technology aspect of it and being able to apply it to real world medical problems is a great, I think path to follow. This is like how this whole biotechnology area I think is kind of growing and it's becoming very impactful. If you think about it, HIV cancer, those are big killers in the world.And current micro technologies, current approaches could maybe benefit from early detection of cancer by capturing these cells from blood or making it really cheap, which will make it available to masses. So all these things coming together, I think this whole microtechnology applications in healthcare in medicine could impact the future of human beings. So that's how all these things kind of come together I guess.And being in the Harvard MIT health sciences and technology where on one end you have the technology and on the other end you direct aspect, direct access to patients, direct access to doctors in Brigham and Women's Hospital where I work is a great environment. cause every person that you talk to have their problems and you could maybe it's coming from a different background, provide interesting solutions to those existing real world problems. So this is, I think how I see the whole perspective of how these medical problems meet the technology side.And we try to impact people's lives in a positive way. In single cell cap encapsulation or in cell encapsulation, the major challenge is to be able to encapsulate reliably and repeatably single cells. So you're ejecting 10, 000 hundred thousand cells per second.And how do you make sure that each droplet that you eject has a single cell? This statistics where you are changing the droplet size and minimizing the, optimizing the cell size over the droplet size, which goes into the old problem of packing spheres in a volume and what is the most efficient way to do it. So that's the biggest challenge in the cell printing area for from the technological side.The other aspect of it is now you can say print and precisely locate these cells. How can you generate these three dimensional tissues and how can you keep them alive and how can you transplant them? There comes in the biological end of the problems where you want to now exactly mimic the tissue.We have current approaches to be able to print an eyelet, a pancreas eyelet, and to be able to print using smooth muscle cells, a bladder tissue, directly mimicking what is in human or red bladder so that then we can make this tissue and test how well it performs compared to the real world existing native tissues. So that's the major challenge I guess by taking these novel technologies, how can you make this the ideal tissue that can be replaced, that can be transplanted, that's the, you know, biggest problem from the beginning because the control on single cell gives you the capability to precisely locate them. And then how do you kind of grow it from there?So it's something transplantable there where the impact of human life comes. So that's on that end, what the challenges are in the tissue engineering side of the things in southern encapsulation and in diagnostics using microfluidics, the challenge is to be able to capture a cell out of billions of cells. It's like you have a sugar particle in a salt can and you're trying to pull out that sugar particle and that's like one in a billion.So you, you're processing microliters to milliliters of whole blood and you want to be able to specifically and efficiently without any technological problems like clogging or any biological problems like non-specific binding, you want to be able to isolate at one cell out of billion cells in one microliter of whole blood, you have a few millions of cells. And for the CD four T lymphocyte case in that one microliter, we are after about thousand cells per microliter. So it's like one cell in a thousand kind of a problem where we have shown that it's doable.But when you want to go after circulating tumor cells for cancer, then the challenge becomes one in a billion. So to some summarize it, the challenge is how do we capture this one cell out of billions of other cells around it? And what is the technological aspects?What are the flow rates? What is the device design? What, what are the flow rates?What, what are the volumes of blood that has to be processed and how do you make sure that the cells you capture are the ones that you actually wanted to capture? All these aspects kind formed the whole challenge that can be summarized in one sentence, which is how do you capture this one rare cell out of billion others? So it's really a needle in a haystack kind of problem, which is exciting.And I think this is moving the technologies forward to address these problems is the current technological challenge. Being able to bring them to a level where they do the job that they're supposed to do is one thing. And then taking it to the clinic and making it a product has all different expertise such as being able to start a company, being able to patent these things and all those other aspects come into the picture.And I think we as scientists primarily don't have all of those skills that takes the products from desktop to products. So there comes in again, the importance of collaborations with people who have different backgrounds. And there are many technologies out there that I think could be very impactful and useful.They sometimes don't make it to the clinic or to the use of humankind either because it just didn't happen, wasn't the right time or other effects came into the picture that I just talked about. Or sometimes there isn't a direct link that you couldn't see that the technology could actually solve that problem. And the person who deals with the problem, or let's say the biologists or people in medicine are used to doing it one way for many years.And the people on the technology side mostly if you're not having a biotechnology focus, are not aware of the problems in medicine. So bringing these two sides together is a serious interdisciplinary research. And I think in the past years, the whole emphasis both at NIH level and that we see in research labs and universities is to generate interdisciplinary research.So people end up getting PhDs where they have to know multiple fields. For instance, for my PhD, I had to know acoustics, I had to know mems, I had to know microfluidics and I had to apply this for polymers. So now you see kinda very depth of knowledge in one field where you had to know actually three other fields quite well to be able to solve that problem.So I think the answer is in interdisciplinary research combined with people with business skills to make it available to use of the people, it's a whole big process and some inefficiencies that come in at certain locations. Cause that low percent of tech transfer.

使用微机电系统（MEMS）开发诊断工具

生物学

Microfabrication of Chip-sized Scaffolds for Three-dimensional Cell cultivation

Using microfabrication technologies is a prerequisite to create scaffolds of reproducible geometry and constant quality for three-dimensional cell cultivation. These technologies offer a wide spectrum of advantages not only for manufacturing but also for different applications. The size and shape of formed cell clusters can be influenced by the exact and reproducible architecture of the microfabricated scaffold and, therefore, the diffusion path length of nutrients and gases can be controlled.1 This is unquestionably a useful tool to prevent apoptosis and necrosis of cells due to an insufficient nutrient and gas supply or removal of cellular metabolites.
Our polymer chip, called CellChip, has the outer dimensions of 2 x 2 cm with a central microstructured area. This area is subdivided into an array of up to 1156 microcontainers with a typical dimension of 300 m edge length for the cubic design (cp- or cf-chip) or of 300 m diameter and depth for the round design (r-chip).2
So far, hot embossing or micro injection moulding (in combination with subsequent laborious machining of the parts) was used for the fabrication of the microstructured chips. Basically, micro injection moulding is one of the only polymer based replication techniques that, up to now, is capable for mass production of polymer microstructures.3 However, both techniques have certain unwanted limitations due to the processing of a viscous polymer melt with the generation of very thin walls or integrated through holes. In case of the CellChip, thin bottom layers are necessary to perforate the polymer and provide small pores of defined size to supply cells with culture medium e.g. by microfluidic perfusion of the containers.
In order to overcome these limitations and to reduce the manufacturing costs we have developed a new microtechnical approach on the basis of a down-scaled thermoforming process. For the manufacturing of highly porous and thin walled polymer chips, we use a combination of heavy ion irradiation, microthermoforming and track etching. In this so called "SMART" process (Substrate Modification And Replication by Thermoforming) thin polymer films are irradiated with energetic heavy projectiles of several hundred MeV introducing so-called "latent tracks" Subsequently, the film in a rubber elastic state is formed into three dimensional parts without modifying or annealing the tracks. After the forming process, selective chemical etching finally converts the tracks into cylindrical pores of adjustable diameter.

We present two processes for the microfabrication of porous polymer chips for three-dimensional cell cultivation. The first one is hot embossing combined with a solvent vapour welding process. The second one uses a recently developed microthermoforming process combined with ion track technology leading to a significant simplification of manufacture.

芯片尺寸支架的三维细胞培养的微细

Using microfabrication technologies is a prerequisite to create scaffolds of reproducible geometry and constant quality for three-dimensional cell ...

Compact Lens-less Digital Holographic Microscope for MEMS Inspection and Characterization

A micro-electro-mechanical-system (MEMS) is a widely used component in many industries, including energy, biotechnology, medical, communications, and automotive. However, effective inspection and characterization metrology systems are needed to ensure the functional reliability of MEMS. This study presents a system based on digital holography as a tool for MEMS metrology. Digital holography has gained increasing attention in the past 20 years. With the fast development and decreasing cost of sensor arrays, resolution of such systems has increased broadening potential applications. Thus, it has attracted attention from both research and industry sides as a potential reliable tool for industrial metrology. Indeed, by recording the interference pattern between an object beam (which contains sample height information) and a reference beam on a CCD camera, one can retrieve the quantitative phase information of an object. However, most of digital holographic systems are bulky and thus not easy to implement on industry production lines. The novelty of the system presented is that it is lens-less and thus very compact. In this study, it is shown that the Compact Digital Holographic Microscope (CDHM) can be used to evaluate several characteristics typically consider as criteria in MEMS inspections. The surface profiles of MEMS in both static and dynamic conditions are presented. Comparison with AFM is investigated to validate the accuracy of the CDHM.

We present a compact reflection digital holographic system (CDHM) for inspection and characterization of MEMS devices. A lens-less design using a diverging input wave providing natural geometrical magnification is demonstrated. Both static and dynamic studies are presented.

紧凑的镜头少数字全息显微镜的MEMS检测与表征

A micro-electro-mechanical-system (MEMS) is a widely used component in many industries, including energy, biotechnology, medical, communications, and ...

Fabrication of Carbon-Based Ionic Electromechanically Active Soft Actuators

Ionic electromechanically active capacitive laminates are a type of smart material that move in response to electrical stimulation. Due to the soft, compliant and biomimetic nature of this deformation, actuators made of the laminate have received increasing interest in soft robotics and (bio)medical applications. However, methods to easily fabricate the active material in large (even industrial) quantities and with a high batch-to-batch and within-batch repeatability are needed to transfer the knowledge from laboratory to industry. This protocol describes a simple, industrially scalable and reproducible method for the fabrication of ionic carbon-based electromechanically active capacitive laminates and the preparation of actuators made thereof. The inclusion of a passive and chemically inert (insoluble) middle layer (e.g., a textile-reinforced polymer network or microporous Teflon) distinguishes the method from others. The protocol is divided into five steps: membrane preparation, electrode preparation, current collector attachment, cutting and shaping, and actuation. Following the protocol results in an active material that can, for example, compliantly grasp and hold a randomly shaped object as demonstrated in the article.

This article describes a fast and simple manufacturing process of ionic electromechanically active composite materials for actuators in biomedical, biomimetic and soft robotics applications. The key fabrication steps, their importance for the actuators&#39; final properties, and some of the main characterization techniques are described in detail.

碳基离子机电活性软执行器的制造

Ionic electromechanically active capacitive laminates are a type of smart material that move in response to electrical stimulation. Due to the soft, ...

Fabrication of Micro-Patterned Chip with Controlled Thickness for High-Throughput Cryogenic Electron Microscopy

A major limitation for the efficient and high-throughput structure analysis of biomolecules using cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) is the difficulty of preparing cryo-EM samples with controlled ice thickness at the nanoscale. The silicon (Si)-based chip, which has a regular array of micro-holes with graphene oxide (GO) window patterned on a thickness-controlled silicon nitride (SixNy) film, has been developed by applying microelectromechanical system (MEMS) techniques. UV photolithography, chemical vapor deposition, wet and dry etching of the thin film, and drop-casting of 2D nanosheet materials were used for mass-production of the micro-patterned chips with GO windows. The depth of the micro-holes is regulated to control the ice thickness on-demand, depending on the size of the specimen for cryo-EM analysis. The favorable affinity of GO toward biomolecules concentrates the biomolecules of interest within the micro-hole during cryo-EM sample preparation. The micro-patterned chip with GO windows enables high-throughput cryo-EM imaging of various biological molecules, as well as inorganic nanomaterials.

A newly developed micro-patterned chip with graphene oxide windows is fabricated by applying microelectromechanical system techniques, enabling efficient and high-throughput cryogenic electron microscopy imaging of various biomolecules and nanomaterials.

用于高通量低温电子显微镜的可控厚度微图案芯片的制备

A major limitation for the efficient and high-throughput structure analysis of biomolecules using cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) is the ...

An Additive Manufacturing Technique for the Facile and Rapid Fabrication of Hydrogel-based Micromachines with Magnetically Responsive Components

Polyethylene glycol (PEG)-based hydrogels are biocompatible hydrogels that have been approved for use in humans by the FDA. Typical PEG-based hydrogels have simple monolithic architectures and often function as scaffolding materials for tissue engineering applications. More sophisticated structures typically take a long time to fabricate and do not contain moving components. This protocol describes a photolithography method that allows for facile and rapid microfabrication of PEG structures and devices. This strategy involves an in-house developed fabrication stage that allows for the rapid fabrication of 3D structures by building upwards in a layer-by-layer fashion. Independent moving components can also be aligned and assembled onto support structures to form integrated devices. These independent components are doped with superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles that are sensitive to magnetic actuation. In this manner, the fabricated devices can be actuated using external magnets to yield movement of the components within. Hence, this technique allows for the fabrication of sophisticated MEMS-like devices (micromachines) that are composed entirely out of a biocompatible hydrogel, able to function without an onboard power source, and respond to a contact-less method of actuation. This manuscript describes the fabrication of both the fabrication set-up as well as the step-by-step method for the microfabrication of these hydrogels-based MEMS-like devices.

An additive manufacturing strategy for processing UV-crosslinkable hydrogels has been developed. This strategy allows for the layer-by-layer assembly of microfabricated hydrogel structures as well as the assembly of independent components, yielding integrated devices containing moving components that are responsive to magnetic actuation.

一种简便快速制备磁响应元件的水凝胶基微型机械的添加剂制造技术

Polyethylene glycol (PEG)-based hydrogels are biocompatible hydrogels that have been approved for use in humans by the FDA. Typical PEG-based hydrogels ...

Fabrication of a Multiplexed Artificial Cellular MicroEnvironment Array

Cellular microenvironments consist of a variety of cues, such as growth factors, extracellular matrices, and intercellular interactions. These cues are well orchestrated and are crucial in regulating cell functions in a living system. Although a number of researchers have attempted to investigate the correlation between environmental factors and desired cellular functions, much remains unknown. This is largely due to the lack of a proper methodology to mimic such environmental cues in vitro, and simultaneously test different environmental cues on cells. Here, we report an integrated platform of microfluidic channels and a nanofiber array, followed by high-content single-cell analysis, to examine stem cell phenotypes altered by distinct environmental factors. To demonstrate the application of this platform, this study focuses on the phenotypes of self-renewing human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs). Here, we present the preparation procedures for a nanofiber array and the microfluidic structure in the fabrication of a Multiplexed Artificial Cellular MicroEnvironment (MACME) array. Moreover, overall steps of the single-cell profiling, cell staining with multiple fluorescent markers, multiple fluorescence imaging, and statistical analyses, are described.

This article describes the detailed methodology to prepare a Multiplexed Artificial Cellular MicroEnvironment (MACME) array for high-throughput manipulation of physical and chemical cues mimicking in vivo cellular microenvironments and to identify the optimal cellular environment for human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) with single-cell profiling.

多路人工细胞微环境阵列的制备

Cellular microenvironments consist of a variety of cues, such as growth factors, extracellular matrices, and intercellular interactions. These cues are ...