这项工作得到了国家政府和欧洲联盟的部分支持, 通过 ENIAC JU 项目 DeNeCoR 324257 号赠款协议。作者要感谢 Prof. 乔瓦尼 Magenes, Prof. 皮托尔托利和 Dr. Giosuè Caliano 为他们宝贵的支持, 监督和有见地的意见, 使这项工作成为可能。我们也感谢 Prof. 圣埃吉迪奥和他的小组 (BCC 实验室), 连同基金会依 Neurologico c Mondino, 提供了运动跟踪和 mr 仪器, 并为 Germani 先生收购。最后, 我们要感谢 Dr. 尼可莱塔 Caramia, Dr. Dallai 和 Ms. 芭芭拉 Mauti 为他们的宝贵技术支持和 Mr. 沃尔特沃尔皮提供牛脑。

<ol>
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作者宣布, 他们没有竞争的金融利益。

在文献中介绍了一些与所提出的协议相似或相关的技术。这些技术也基于实际目标的使用, 包括固定的动物或尸体的大脑, 但它们主要是为测试各种类型的数字注册方法。
然而, 此处描述的协议具有特定的目的, 即在开发的早期阶段对美国探测器进行不同的配置测试, 因此, 它满足了收购的可再现性的基本要求, 即在同一生物标本和具有可比的姿势。该协议介绍了上述现有技术的...

<table><tbody><tr><td>ULA-OP</td><td>University of Florence</td><td>N/A</td><td>Ultrasound imaging research system</td></tr><tr><td>3D imaging piezeoelectric probe</td><td>Esaote s.p.a.</td><td>9600195000</td><td>Mechanically-swept 3D ultrasound probe, model BL-433</td></tr><tr><td>Linear-array piezoelectric probe</td><td>Esaote s.p.a.</td><td>122001100</td><td>Ultrasound linear array probe, model LA-533</td></tr><tr><td>CMUT probe</td><td>University Roma Tre</td><td>N/A</td><td>Ultrasound linear array probe based on CMUT technology</td></tr><tr><td>MAGNETOM Skyra 3T MR scanner</td><td>Siemens Healthcare</td><td>N/A</td><td>MR scanner</td></tr><tr><td>Head coil</td><td>Siemens Healthcare</td><td>N/A</td><td>32-channel head coil for MR imaging</td></tr><tr><td>NDI Polaris Vicra</td><td>NDI Medical</td><td>8700335001</td><td>Optical motion tracking system</td></tr><tr><td>Pointer tool</td><td>NDI Medical</td><td>8700340</td><td>Passive pointer tool with 4 reflecting markers</td></tr><tr><td>Clamp-equipped tool</td><td>NDI Medical</td><td>8700399</td><td>Rigid body with 4 reflecting markers and a clamp to be connected to the US probe handle</td></tr><tr><td>Bovine brain</td><td>N/A</td><td>N/A</td><td>Brain of an adult bovine, from food suppliers</td></tr><tr><td>Formalin solution</td><td>N/A</td><td>N/A</td><td>10% buffered formalin solution for bovine brain fixation - CAUTION, formalin is a toxic chemical substance and must be handled with care; specific regulations may also apply (see for instance US OSHA Standard 1910.1048 App A)</td></tr><tr><td>Plastic container for anatomical parts</td><td>N/A</td><td>N/A</td><td>Cilindrical plastic container with lid</td></tr><tr><td>Glass spheres</td><td>N/A</td><td>N/A</td><td>3 mm diameter spheres of Flint glass</td></tr><tr><td>Agar</td><td>N/A</td><td>N/A</td><td>30 g, for phantom preparation</td></tr><tr><td>Glycerine</td><td>AEFFE Farmaceutici</td><td>A908005248</td><td>100 g, for phantom preparation</td></tr><tr><td>Distilled water</td><td>Solbat Gaysol</td><td>8027391000015</td><td>870 g, for phantom preparation</td></tr><tr><td>Beaker</td><td>N/A</td><td>N/A</td><td>Beaker used for the diluition of glycerine and agar in distilled water</td></tr><tr><td>Lysoform</td><td>Lever</td><td>8000680500014</td><td>A benzalkonium chloride and water solution was used for the agar phantom preservation</td></tr><tr><td>Polystyrene mannequin head</td><td>N/A</td><td>N/A</td><td>Polyestirene model which was cutted and used to design the configuration of spheres&#039;patterns</td></tr><tr><td>Green tissue marking dye for histology</td><td>N/A</td><td>N/A</td><td>Colour used to mark the glass spheres&#039; positions on the bovine brain surface</td></tr><tr><td>Yellow enamel</td><td>N/A</td><td>N/A</td><td>Enamel used to colour the glass spheres implanted in the agar phantom</td></tr><tr><td>Water tank</td><td>N/A</td><td>N/A</td><td>50x50x30 cm plastic tank filled with degassed water up to a 15 cm height&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Mechanical arm</td><td>Esaote s.p.a.</td><td>N/A</td><td>Mechanical arm clamped to the water tank border and used to held the probe in fixed positions</td></tr><tr><td>Plate of synthetic resin</td><td>N/A</td><td>N/A</td><td>Plate used as a support for the bovine brain positioning in the water tank</td></tr><tr><td>Sewing threads</td><td>N/A</td><td>N/A</td><td>Sewing thread segments used to immobilize the brain on the resin plate</td></tr><tr><td>Adhesive tape</td><td>N/A</td><td>N/A</td><td>Adhesive tape used to fix the sewing thread extremities onto the resin plate</td></tr><tr><td>Plastic food container</td><td>N/A</td><td>N/A</td><td>Sealed food container used for the agar phantom</td></tr><tr><td>Notebook</td><td>Lenovo</td><td>Z50-70</td><td>Lenovo&amp;nbsp; Z50-70, Intel(R) Core i7-4510U @ 2.0 GHz, 8 GB RAM</td></tr><tr><td>Workstation</td><td>Dell Inc.</td><td>T5810</td><td>Intel(R) Xeon(R) CPU E3-1240v3 @ 3.40 GHz, 16 GB RAM</td></tr><tr><td>Matlab</td><td>The MathWorks</td><td>R2013a</td><td>Software tool, used for space transformation computation and 3D reconstruction from image planes</td></tr><tr><td>Paraview</td><td>Kitware Inc.</td><td>v. 4.4.1</td><td>Open-source software for 3D image processing and visualization</td></tr><tr><td>NDI Toolbox - ToolTracker Utility</td><td>NDI Medical</td><td>v. 4.007.007</td><td>Software for marker position visualization and tracking in the NDI Polaris Vicra measurement volume</td></tr><tr><td>C++ data-logging software</td><td>NDI Medical</td><td>v. 4.007.007</td><td>Software for marker position recording on a text log file</td></tr><tr><td>ULA-OP software&amp;nbsp;</td><td>University of Florence</td><td>N/A</td><td>Software for real-time display and control of the ULA-OP system</td></tr></tbody></table>

an experimental protocol for assessing the performance of new ultrasound probes based on cmut technology in application to brain imaging

对成像性能进行早期和可重复性评估的可能性是新超声 (美国) 探头设计和开发过程中的基础。特别是, 一个更现实的分析与应用特定的成像目标可能是非常宝贵的评估美国探针的预期性能在其潜在的临床应用领域。
在这项工作中提出的实验协议是特意设计的, 以提供一个应用特定的评估程序的新开发的美国探针原型基于电容式微机械超声换能器 (CMUT) 技术的相关脑部成像
该协议结合了使用的牛脑固定在福尔马林作为成像靶, 这既确保了现实主义和重复性的描述的程序, 以及神经导航技术借用从外科。美国探针实际上是连接到一个运动跟踪系统, 获取位置数据, 并使美国图像的叠加, 以参考磁共振 (MR) 的大脑图像。这为人类专家提供了一种方法, 对美国的探针成像性能进行视觉定性评估, 并比较不同探头所做的收购。此外, 该协议依赖于使用一个完整的和开放的研究和开发系统的美国图像采集,即超声高级开放平台 (ULA OP) 扫描仪。
手稿详细描述了协议中涉及的仪器和程序, 特别是对美国和 MR 图像的校准、图像采集和注册。得到的结果证明了整个协议的有效性, 这是完全开放的 (在所涉及的仪器的限制范围内), 可重复, 并涵盖了整个集的收购和处理活动的美国图像。

通过所述协议获得的主要结果是对基于 CMUT 技术的美国探针原型的2D 和3D 成像能力的一种有效且可重复的评估程序的实验验证, 在前瞻性应用于大脑成像.在实现所有描述的协议步骤之后, 专家可以应用可视化软件功能 (例如自由方向切片、子集提取、卷内插、等) 来比较注册的可视化内容美国图像与目标 MR 图像。特别是, 所获得的图像质量, 并与 MRI 的金标准直...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about An Experimental Protocol for Assessing the Performance of New Ultrasound Probes Based on CMUT Technology in Application to Brain Imaging at JoVE.com

An Experimental Protocol for Assessing the Performance of New Ultrasound Probes Based on CMUT Technology in Application to Brain Imaging

基于电容式微机械超声换能器 (CMUT) 技术的新型超声探头的研制需要对成像能力进行早期逼真的评估。我们描述了一个可重复的实验协议, 美国图像采集和与磁共振图像的比较, 使用一个前体内牛脑作为成像靶。

基于 CMUT 技术的新型超声探头在脑成像中的应用研究

The possibility to perform an early and repeatable assessment of imaging performance is fundamental in the design and development process of new ...

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10.4K 次观看.  University of Pavia. 基于电容式微机械超声换能器 (CMUT) 技术的新型超声探头的研制需要对成像能力进行早期逼真的评估。我们描述了一个可重复的实验协议, 美国图像采集和与磁共振图像的比较, 使用一个前体内牛脑作为成像靶。

视频: An Experimental Protocol for Assessing the Performance of New Ultrasound Probes Based on CMUT Technology in Application to Brain Imaging

Creating Adhesive and Soluble Gradients for Imaging Cell Migration with Fluorescence Microscopy

Cells can sense and migrate towards higher concentrations of adhesive cues such as the glycoproteins of the extracellular matrix and soluble cues such as growth factors. Here, we outline a method to create opposing gradients of adhesive and soluble cues in a microfluidic chamber, which is compatible with live cell imaging. A copolymer of poly-L-lysine and polyethylene glycol (PLL-PEG) is employed to passivate glass coverslips and prevent non-specific adsorption of biomolecules and cells. Next, microcontact printing or dip pen lithography are used to create tracks of streptavidin on the passivated surfaces to serve as anchoring points for the biotinylated peptide arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) as the adhesive cue. A microfluidic device is placed onto the modified surface and used to create the gradient of adhesive cues (100% RGD to 0% RGD) on the streptavidin tracks. Finally, the same microfluidic device is used to create a gradient of a chemoattractant such as fetal bovine serum (FBS), as the soluble cue in the opposite direction of the gradient of adhesive cues.

A method for the assembly of adhesive and soluble gradients in a microscopy chamber for live cell migration studies is described. The engineered environment combines antifouling surfaces and adhesive tracks with solution gradients and therefore allows one to determine the relative importance of guidance cues.

创建的胶粘剂和可溶性梯度荧光显微镜成像细胞迁移

Cells can sense and migrate towards higher concentrations of adhesive cues such as the glycoproteins of the extracellular matrix and soluble cues such as ...

科研

生物工程

Non-invasive Parenchymal, Vascular and Metabolic High-frequency Ultrasound and Photoacoustic Rat Deep Brain Imaging

Photoacoustics and high frequency ultrasound stands out as powerful tools for neurobiological applications enabling high-resolution imaging on the central nervous system of small animals. However, transdermal and transcranial neuroimaging is frequently affected by low sensitivity, image aberrations and loss of space resolution, requiring scalp or even skull removal before imaging. To overcome this challenge, a new protocol is presented to gain significant insights in brain hemodynamics by photoacoustic and high-frequency ultrasounds imaging with the animal skin and skull intact. The procedure relies on the passage of ultrasound (US) waves and laser directly through the fissures that are naturally present on the animal cranium. By juxtaposing the imaging transducer device exactly in correspondence to these selected areas where the skull has a reduced thickness or is totally absent, one can acquire high quality deep images and explore internal brain regions that are usually difficult to anatomically or functionally describe without an invasive approach. By applying this experimental procedure, significant data can be collected in both sonic and optoacoustic modalities, enabling to image the parenchymal and the vascular anatomy far below the head surface. Deep brain features such as parenchymal convolutions and fissures separating the lobes were clearly visible. Moreover, the configuration of large and small blood vessels was imaged at several millimeters of depth, and precise information were collected about blood fluxes, vascular stream velocities and the hemoglobin chemical state. This repertoire of data could be crucial in several research contests, ranging from brain vascular disease studies to experimental techniques involving the systemic administration of exogenous chemicals or other objects endowed with imaging contrast enhancement properties. In conclusion, thanks to the presented protocol, the US and PA techniques become an attractive noninvasive performance-competitive means for cortical and internal brain imaging, retaining a significant potential in many neurologic fields.

The present work describes a new protocol to perform non-invasive high-frequency ultrasound and photoacoustic based imaging on rat brain, to efficiently visualize deep subcortical regions and their vascular patterns by directing signals on skull foramina naturally present on animal cranium.

非侵入性的脑实质，血管和代谢高频超声和光声大鼠深脑成像

Photoacoustics and high frequency ultrasound stands out as powerful tools for neurobiological applications enabling high-resolution imaging on the central ...

神经科学

Real-Time Intravital Multiphoton Microscopy to Visualize Focused Ultrasound and Microbubble Treatments to Increase Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a key challenge for the successful delivery of drugs to the brain. Ultrasound exposure in the presence of microbubbles has emerged as an effective method to transiently and locally increase the permeability of the BBB, facilitating para- and transcellular transport of drugs across the BBB. Imaging the vasculature during ultrasound-microbubble treatment will provide valuable and novel insights on the mechanisms and dynamics of ultrasound-microbubble treatments in the brain.
Here, we present an experimental procedure for intravital multiphoton microscopy using a cranial window aligned with a ring transducer and a 20x objective lens. This set-up enables high spatial and temporal resolution imaging of the brain during ultrasound-microbubble treatments. Optical access to the brain is obtained via an open-skull cranial window. Briefly, a 3-4 mm diameter piece of the skull is removed, and the exposed area of the brain is sealed with a glass coverslip. A 0.82 MHz ring transducer, which is attached to a second glass coverslip, is mounted on top. Agarose (1% w/v) is used between the coverslip of the transducer and the coverslip covering the cranial window to prevent air bubbles, which impede ultrasound propagation. When sterile surgery procedures and anti-inflammatory measures are taken, ultrasound-microbubble treatments and imaging sessions can be performed repeatedly over several weeks. Fluorescent dextran conjugates are injected intravenously to visualize the vasculature and quantify ultrasound-microbubble induced effects (e.g., leakage kinetics, vascular changes). This paper describes the cranial window placement, ring transducer placement, imaging procedure, common troubleshooting steps, as well as advantages and limitations of the method.

This protocol describes the surgical and technical procedures that enable real-time in vivo multiphoton fluorescence imaging of the rodent brain during focused ultrasound and microbubble treatments to increase blood-brain barrier permeability.

实时活体内多光子显微镜可可视化聚焦超声和微气泡处理，以提高血脑屏障通透性

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a key challenge for the successful delivery of drugs to the brain. Ultrasound exposure in the presence of microbubbles ...

A Bedside, Single Burr Hole Approach to Multimodality Monitoring in Severe Brain Injury

Intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring is a cornerstone of the intensive care management of patients with severe acute brain injuries, including traumatic brain injury. While elevations in ICP are common, data regarding the measurement and treatment of these ICP elevations are conflicting. There is increasing recognition that changes in the balance between supply and demand of brain tissue are critically important and therefore the measurement of multiple modalities is required. Approaches are not standard, and therefore this article provides a description of a bedside, single burr hole approach to multimodality monitoring that allows the passage of probes designed to measure not only ICP but brain tissue oxygen, blood flow, and intracranial electroencephalography. Patient selection criteria, operative procedures, and practical considerations for securing probes during critical care are described. This method is readily performed, safe, secure, and flexible for the adoption of a variety of multimodality monitoring approaches aimed at detecting or preventing secondary brain injuries.

A method of recording multimodality monitoring signals in patients with severe brain injuries using a bedside, single burr hole technique is described.

一种用于重型颅脑损伤多模态监测的床边单毛刺孔方法

Intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring is a cornerstone of the intensive care management of patients with severe acute brain injuries, including traumatic ...

Whole-Brain 3D Activation and Functional Connectivity Mapping in Mice using Transcranial Functional Ultrasound Imaging

Functional ultrasound (fUS) imaging is a novel brain imaging modality that relies on the high-sensitivity measure of the cerebral blood volume achieved by ultrafast doppler angiography. As brain perfusion is strongly linked to local neuronal activity, this technique allows the whole-brain 3D mapping of task-induced regional activation as well as resting-state functional connectivity, non-invasively, with unmatched spatio-temporal resolution and operational simplicity. In comparison with fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging), a main advantage of fUS imaging consists in enabling a complete compatibility with awake and behaving animal experiments. Moreover, fMRI brain mapping in mice, the most used preclinical model in Neuroscience, remains technically challenging due to the small size of the brain and the difficulty to maintain stable physiological conditions. Here we present a simple, reliable and robust protocol for whole-brain fUS imaging in anesthetized and awake mice using an off-the-shelf commercial fUS system with a motorized linear transducer, yielding significant cortical activation following sensory stimulation as well as reproducible 3D functional connectivity pattern for network identification.

This protocol describes the quantification of volumetric cerebral hemodynamic variations in the mouse brain using functional ultrasound (fUS). Procedures for 3D functional activation map following sensory stimulation as well as resting-state functional connectivity are provided as illustrative examples, in anesthetized and awake mice.

使用经颅功能超声成像的小鼠全脑3D激活和功能连接映射

Functional ultrasound (fUS) imaging is a novel brain imaging modality that relies on the high-sensitivity measure of the cerebral blood volume achieved by ...

缺血性卒中的无创综合 PAUSAT 全脑成像

Integrated Photoacoustic, Ultrasound, and Angiographic Tomography (PAUSAT) for NonInvasive Whole-Brain Imaging of Ischemic Stroke

Presented here is an experimental ischemic stroke study using our newly developed noninvasive imaging system that integrates three acoustic-based imaging technologies: photoacoustic, ultrasound, and angiographic tomography (PAUSAT). Combining these three modalities helps acquire multi-spectral photoacoustic tomography (PAT) of the brain blood oxygenation, high-frequency ultrasound imaging of the brain tissue, and acoustic angiography of the cerebral blood perfusion. The multi-modal imaging platform allows the study of cerebral perfusion and oxygenation changes in the whole mouse brain after stroke. Two commonly used ischemic stroke models were evaluated: the permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO) model and the photothrombotic (PT) model. PAUSAT was used to image the same mouse brains before and after a stroke and quantitatively analyze both stroke models. This imaging system was able to clearly show the brain vascular changes after ischemic stroke, including significantly reduced blood perfusion and oxygenation in the stroke infarct region (ipsilateral) compared to the uninjured tissue (contralateral). The results were confirmed by both laser speckle contrast imaging and triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining. Furthermore, stroke infarct volume in both stroke models was measured and validated by TTC staining as the ground truth. Through this study, we have demonstrated that PAUSAT can be a powerful tool in noninvasive and longitudinal preclinical studies of ischemic stroke.

作者聚焦：用于缺血性卒中的无创全脑成像的集成光声、超声和血管造影断层扫描 （PAUSAT）  

This work demonstrates the use of a multimodal ultrasound-based imaging platform for noninvasive imaging of ischemic stroke. This system allows for the quantification of blood oxygenation through photoacoustic imaging and impaired perfusion in the brain through acoustic angiography.

集成光声、超声和血管造影断层扫描 （PAUSAT） 用于缺血性卒中的无创全脑成像

Presented here is an experimental ischemic stroke study using our newly developed noninvasive imaging system that integrates three acoustic-based imaging ...

高精度 TUS：使用声学和热仿真进行规划和执行

Pipeline for Planning and Execution of Transcranial Ultrasound Neuromodulation Experiments in Humans

Transcranial ultrasound stimulation (TUS) is an emerging non-invasive neuromodulation technique capable of manipulating both cortical and subcortical structures with high precision. Conducting experiments involving humans necessitates careful planning of acoustic and thermal simulations. This planning is essential to adjust for bone interference with the ultrasound beam's shape and trajectory and to ensure TUS parameters meet safety requirements. T1- and T2-weighted, along with zero-time echo (ZTE) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans with 1 mm isotropic resolution, are acquired (alternatively computed tomography x-ray (CT) scans) for skull reconstruction and simulations. Target and trajectory mapping are performed using a neuronavigational platform. SimNIBS is used for the initial segmentation of the skull, skin, and brain tissues. Simulation of TUS is carried over with the BabelBrain tool, which uses the ZTE scan to produce synthetic CT images of the skull to be converted into acoustic properties. We use a phased array ultrasound transducer with electrical steering capabilities. Z-steering is adjusted to ensure that the target depth is reached. Other transducer configurations are also supported in the planning tool. Thermal simulations are run to ensure temperature and mechanical index requirements are within the acoustic guidelines for TUS in human subjects as recommended by the FDA. During TUS delivery sessions, a mechanical arm assists in the movement of the transducer to the required location using a frameless stereotactic localization system.

作者聚焦：推进人脑调节 - 经颅超声刺激实验的优化方案

Transcranial ultrasound stimulation (TUS) is an emerging non-invasive neuromodulation technique that requires careful planning of acoustic and thermal simulations. The methodology describes an image processing and ultrasound simulation pipeline for efficient, user-friendly, streamlined planning for human TUS experimentation.

用于规划和执行人体经颅超声神经调控实验的管道

Transcranial ultrasound stimulation (TUS) is an emerging non-invasive neuromodulation technique capable of manipulating both cortical and subcortical ...

基于 CMUT 技术的新型超声探头在脑成像中的应用研究

摘要

探索更多视频

创建的胶粘剂和可溶性梯度荧光显微镜成像细胞迁移

非侵入性的脑实质，血管和代谢高频超声和光声大鼠深脑成像

实时活体内多光子显微镜可可视化聚焦超声和微气泡处理，以提高血脑屏障通透性

一种用于重型颅脑损伤多模态监测的床边单毛刺孔方法

使用经颅功能超声成像的小鼠全脑3D激活和功能连接映射

集成光声、超声和血管造影断层扫描（PAUSAT）用于缺血性卒中的无创全脑成像

集成光声、超声和血管造影断层扫描（PAUSAT）用于缺血性卒中的无创全脑成像

集成光声、超声和血管造影断层扫描（PAUSAT）用于缺血性卒中的无创全脑成像

用于规划和执行人体经颅超声神经调控实验的管道

用于规划和执行人体经颅超声神经调控实验的管道

基于 CMUT 技术的新型超声探头在脑成像中的应用研究

摘要

探索更多视频

创建的胶粘剂和可溶性梯度荧光显微镜成像细胞迁移

非侵入性的脑实质，血管和代谢高频超声和光声大鼠深脑成像

实时活体内多光子显微镜可可视化聚焦超声和微气泡处理，以提高血脑屏障通透性

一种用于重型颅脑损伤多模态监测的床边单毛刺孔方法

使用经颅功能超声成像的小鼠全脑3D激活和功能连接映射

集成光声、超声和血管造影断层扫描 （PAUSAT） 用于缺血性卒中的无创全脑成像

集成光声、超声和血管造影断层扫描 （PAUSAT） 用于缺血性卒中的无创全脑成像

集成光声、超声和血管造影断层扫描 （PAUSAT） 用于缺血性卒中的无创全脑成像

用于规划和执行人体经颅超声神经调控实验的管道

用于规划和执行人体经颅超声神经调控实验的管道

集成光声、超声和血管造影断层扫描（PAUSAT）用于缺血性卒中的无创全脑成像

集成光声、超声和血管造影断层扫描（PAUSAT）用于缺血性卒中的无创全脑成像

集成光声、超声和血管造影断层扫描（PAUSAT）用于缺血性卒中的无创全脑成像