Diese Arbeit wurde teilweise durch die nationalen Regierungen und der Europäischen Union im Rahmen des Projekts ENIAC JU DeNeCoR unter Grant Vertragsnummer 324257 unterstützt. Die Autoren möchten danke Prof. Giovanni Magenes, Prof. Piero Tortoli und Dr. Giosuè Caliano für ihre wertvolle Unterstützung, Überwachung und aufschlussreiche Kommentare, die diese Arbeit möglich gemacht. Wir sind auch dankbar, Prof. Egidio D'Angelo und seine Gruppe (BCC Lab), zusammen mit der Fondazione Istituto Neurologico C. Mondino, für die Bereitstellung der Motion-tracking und Herr Instrumentierung und Giancarlo Germani für Herrn übernahmen. Zu guter Letzt möchten wir danken Dr. Nicoletta Caramia, Dr. Alessandro Dallai und Frau Barbara Mauti für ihre wertvolle technische Unterstützung und Herrn Walter Volpi für die Bereitstellung der bovinen Gehirns.

<ol>
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S., Caliano, G., Magenes, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Delay+Multiply+and+Sum+beamforming+algorithm+in+medical+ultrasound+imaging.">The Delay Multiply and Sum beamforming algorithm in medical ultrasound imaging.</a> IEEE Trans. Med. Imag. 34, 940-949 (2015).</li><li>Savoia, A. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Improved+lateral+resolution+and+contrast+in+ultrasound+imaging+using+a+sidelobe+masking+technique.">Improved lateral resolution and contrast in ultrasound imaging using a sidelobe masking technique.</a> Proc. IEEE Int. Ultrasonics Symp. , 1682-1685 (2014).</li><li>Gy&#246;ngy, G., Makra, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Experimental+validation+of+a+convolution-+based+ultrasound+image+formation+model+using+a+planar+arrangement+of+micrometer-scale+scatterers.">Experimental validation of a convolution- based ultrasound image formation model using a planar arrangement of micrometer-scale scatterers.</a> IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control. 62 (6), 1211-1219 (2015).</li><li>Shapoori, K., Sadler, J., Wydra, A., Malyarenko, E. V., Sinclair, A. N., Maev, R. 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Die Autoren erklären, dass sie keine konkurrierenden finanziellen Interessen haben.

Mehrere Werke wurden in der Literatur beschreibt Techniken, die ähnliche oder Verwandte des Protokolls vorgestellt werden vorgestellt. Diese Techniken basieren ebenfalls auf den Einsatz von realistischen Zielen, einschließlich feste Tier oder Kadaver Gehirne, aber sie sind vor allem für die Erprobung von digitale Erfassung der verschiedensten Art konzipiert.
Das Protokoll, die hier beschrieben wird, hat jedoch den konkreten Zweck der Prüfung USA Sonden in verschiedenen Konfigurationen in d...

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="925">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:240px;">ULA-OP</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">University of Florence</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:415px;">Ultrasound imaging research system</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:240px;">3D imaging piezeoelectric probe</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Esaote s.p.a.</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">9600195000</td>
			<td>Mechanically-swept 3D ultrasound probe, model BL-433</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:240px;">Linear-array piezoelectric probe</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Esaote s.p.a.</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">122001100</td>
			<td>Ultrasound linear array probe, model LA-533</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:240px;">CMUT probe</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">University Roma Tre</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">N/A</td>
			<td>Ultrasound linear array probe based on CMUT technology</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:240px;">MAGNETOM Skyra 3T MR scanner</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Siemens Healthcare</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">N/A</td>
			<td>MR scanner</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:240px;">Head coil</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Siemens Healthcare</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">N/A</td>
			<td>32-channel head coil for MR imaging</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:240px;">NDI Polaris Vicra</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">NDI Medical</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">8700335001</td>
			<td>Optical motion tracking system</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:240px;">Pointer tool</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">NDI Medical</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">8700340</td>
			<td>Passive pointer tool with 4 reflecting markers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:240px;">Clamp-equipped tool</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">NDI Medical</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">8700399</td>
			<td>Rigid body with 4 reflecting markers and a clamp to be connected to the US probe handle</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:240px;">Bovine brain</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">N/A</td>
			<td>Brain of an adult bovine, from food suppliers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:240px;">Formalin solution</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">N/A</td>
			<td>10% buffered formalin solution for bovine brain fixation - CAUTION, formalin is a toxic chemical substance and must be handled with care; specific regulations may also apply (see for instance US OSHA Standard 1910.1048 App A)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:240px;">Plastic container for anatomical parts</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">N/A</td>
			<td>Cilindrical plastic container with lid</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:240px;">Glass spheres</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">N/A</td>
			<td>3mm diameter spheres of Flint glass</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:240px;">Agar</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">N/A</td>
			<td>30 g, for phantom preparation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:240px;">Glycerine</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">AEFFE Farmaceutici</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">A908005248</td>
			<td>100 g, for phantom preparation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:240px;">Distilled water</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Solbat Gaysol</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">8027391000015</td>
			<td>870 g, for phantom preparation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:240px;">Beaker</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">N/A</td>
			<td>Beaker used for the diluition of glycerine and agar in distilled water</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:240px;">Lysoform</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Lever</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">8000680500014</td>
			<td>A benzalkonium chloride and water solution was used for the agar phantom preservation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:240px;">Polystyrene mannequin head</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">N/A</td>
			<td>Polyestirene model which was cutted and used to design the configuration of spheres&#39;patterns</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Green tissue marking dye for histology</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">N/A</td>
			<td>Colour used to mark the glass spheres&#39; positions on the bovine brain surface</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:240px;">Yellow enamel</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">N/A</td>
			<td>Enamel used to colour the glass spheres implanted in the agar phantom</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:240px;">Water tank</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">N/A</td>
			<td>50x50x30 cm plastic tank filled degassed water up to a 15cm height&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:240px;">Mechanical arm</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Esaote s.p.a.</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">N/A</td>
			<td>Mechanical arm clamped to the water tank border and used to held the probe in fixed positions</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:240px;">Plate of synthetic resin</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">N/A</td>
			<td>Plate used as a support for the bovine brain positioning in the water tank</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:240px;">Sewing threads</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">N/A</td>
			<td>Sewing thread segments used to immobilize the brain on the resin plate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:240px;">Adhesive tape</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">N/A</td>
			<td>Adhesive tape used to fix the sewing thread extremities onto the resin plate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:240px;">Plastic food container</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">N/A</td>
			<td>Sealed food container used for the agar phantom</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:240px;">Notebook</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Lenovo</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">Z50-70</td>
			<td>Lenovo&#160; Z50-70, Intel(R) Core i7-4510U @ 2.0 GHz, 8 GB RAM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:240px;">Workstation</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Dell Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">T5810</td>
			<td>Intel(R) Xeon(R) CPU E3-1240v3 @ 3.40 GHz, 16 GB RAM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:240px;">Matlab</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">The MathWorks</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">R2013a</td>
			<td>Software tool, used for space transformation computation and 3D reconstruction from image planes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:240px;">Paraview</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Kitware Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">v. 4.4.1</td>
			<td>Open-source software for 3D image processing and visualization</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:240px;">NDI Toolbox - ToolTracker Utility</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">NDI Medical</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">v. 4.007.007</td>
			<td>Software for marker position visualization and tracking in the NDI Polaris Vicra measurement volume</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:240px;">C++ data-logging software</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">NDI Medical</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">v. 4.007.007</td>
			<td>Software for marker position recording on a text log file</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:240px;">ULA-OP software&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">University of Florence</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">N/A</td>
			<td>Software for real-time display and control of the ULA-OP system</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

an experimental protocol for assessing the performance of new ultrasound probes based on cmut technology in application to brain imaging

Die Möglichkeit, eine frühe und reproduzierbare Beurteilung der Abbildungsleistung auszuführen ist von grundlegender Bedeutung bei der Gestaltung und Entwicklungsprozess der neuen Ultraschall (US)-Sonden. Insbesondere kann eine realistische Analyse mit anwendungsspezifischen bildgebenden Ziele zur Beurteilung der erwarteten Leistung der US-Sonden in ihren potenziellen klinischen Anwendungsbereich äußerst wertvoll sein.
In dieser Arbeit vorgestellten experimentellen Protokolls wurde absichtlich zur Verfügung, eine anwendungsspezifische Bewertungsverfahren für neu entwickelte uns Sonde Prototypen auf Basis kapazitiver Micromachined Ultraschall Wandler (CMUT) Technologie in Bezug auf Bildgebung des Gehirns.
Das Protokoll verbindet die Verwendung eines bovinen Gehirns als bildgebende Ziel, sorgt für Realismus und Wiederholbarkeit der beschriebenen Verfahren und Neuronavigation Techniken entlehnt Neurochirurgie in Formalin fixiert. Die US-Sonde ist in der Tat ein Motion-tracking-System erwirbt Positionsdaten und ermöglicht die Überlagerung der US Bilder verweisen Magnetresonanz (MR) Bilder des Gehirns verbunden. Dies bietet eine Möglichkeit für menschliche Experten, führen Sie eine visuelle qualitative Bewertung der US-Sonde Abbildungsleistung und Akquisitionen mit verschiedenen Sonden zu vergleichen. Darüber hinaus beruht das Protokoll auf der Verwendung eines Systems vollständig und offene Forschung und Entwicklung für die US-Bildaufnahme, d. h. den Ultraschall Advanced öffnen Platform (ULA-OP) Scanner.
Das Manuskript beschreibt im Detail die Instrumente und Verfahren des Protokolls, insbesondere für die Kalibrierung, Bildaufnahme und Registrierung von USA und Herr Bilder beteiligt. Die erzielten Ergebnisse belegen die Wirksamkeit des gesamten Protokolls vorgestellt, die völlig offen (innerhalb der Grenzen der Instrumentierung beteiligt), wiederholbar, und umfasst die Gesamtheit der Erfassung und Verarbeitung Aktivitäten für US-Bilder.

Das wichtigste Ergebnis erreicht über das beschriebene Protokoll ist die experimentelle Validierung der eine effektive und reproduzierbare Bewertungsverfahren für die 2D und 3D imaging-Funktionen von uns Sonde Prototypen basierend auf CMUT Technologie in die prospektive Anwendung zum Gehirn Imaging. Nach der Implementierung alle beschriebenen Protokoll, Experte dann anwenden kann, Visualisierung Software-Funktionen (z.B. freie Ausrichtung schneiden, Teilmenge Extraktion, Volume...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about An Experimental Protocol for Assessing the Performance of New Ultrasound Probes Based on CMUT Technology in Application to Brain Imaging at JoVE.com

An Experimental Protocol for Assessing the Performance of New Ultrasound Probes Based on CMUT Technology in Application to Brain Imaging

Die Entwicklung der neuen (US) Ultraschallsonden basierend auf kapazitive Micromachined Ultraschall Wandler (CMUT) Technologie erfordert eine frühzeitige realistische Bewertung von imaging-Funktionen. Wir beschreiben ein wiederholbares experimentelle Protokoll für US-Bildaufnahme und Vergleich mit Magnet-Resonanz-Bilder, mit einem ex Vivo bovine Gehirn als bildgebende Ziel.

Ein experimentelles Protokoll zur Bewertung der Leistung des neuen Ultraschallsonden basierend auf CMUT Technologie in Anwendung auf die Bildgebung des Gehirns

The possibility to perform an early and repeatable assessment of imaging performance is fundamental in the design and development process of new ...

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10.3K Aufrufe.  University of Pavia. Die Entwicklung der neuen (US) Ultraschallsonden basierend auf kapazitive Micromachined Ultraschall Wandler (CMUT) Technologie erfordert eine frühzeitige realistische Bewertung von imaging-Funktionen. Wir beschreiben ein wiederholbares experimentelle Protokoll für US-Bildaufnahme und Vergleich mit Magnet-Resonanz-Bilder, mit einem ex Vivo bovine Gehirn als bildgebende Ziel.