Quest'opera è stata parzialmente sostenuta da governi nazionali e l'Unione europea attraverso il progetto ENIAC JU DeNeCoR sotto la concessione numero di contratto 324257. Gli autori vorrei ringraziare il professor Giovanni Magenes, Prof. ssa Piero Tortoli e Dr. Giosuè Caliano per il loro prezioso sostegno, supervisione e penetranti osservazioni che hanno reso possibile questo lavoro. Siamo anche grati al Prof Egidio D'Angelo e il suo gruppo (BCC Lab.), insieme a Fondazione Istituto Neurologico C. Mondino, per la fornitura di strumentazione di MR e il tracciamento del movimento e a Giancarlo Germani per acquisizioni di MR. Infine, vorremmo ringraziare Dr. Nicoletta Caramia, Dr. Alessandro Dallai e Sig. ra Barbara Mauti per il loro prezioso supporto tecnico e il signor Walter Volpi per fornire il cervello bovino.

<ol>
	<li>Matrone, G., Savoia, A. S., Terenzi, M., Caliano, G., Quaglia, F., Magenes, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Volumetric+CMUT-Based+Ultrasound+Imaging+System+Simulator+With+Integrated+Reception+and+&#181;-Beamforming+Electronics+Models.">A Volumetric CMUT-Based Ultrasound Imaging System Simulator With Integrated Reception and &#181;-Beamforming Electronics Models.</a> IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control. 61 (5), 792-804 (2014).</li><li>Pappalardo, M., Caliano, G., Savoia, A. S., Caronti, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Micromachined ultrasonic transducers. 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Microeng. 25 (1), (2015).</li><li>Savoia, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Design+and+fabrication+of+a+cMUT+probe+for+ultrasound+imaging+of+fingerprints.">Design and fabrication of a cMUT probe for ultrasound imaging of fingerprints.</a> Proc. IEEE Int. Ultrasonics Symp. , 1877-1880 (2010).</li><li>Fenster, A., Downey, D. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Three-dimensional+ultrasound+imaging.">Three-dimensional ultrasound imaging.</a> Annu. Rev. Biomed. Eng. 2, 457-475 (2000).</li><li>Matrone, G., Ramalli, A., Savoia, A. 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S., Caliano, G., Magenes, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Depth-of-field+enhancement+in+Filtered-Delay+Multiply+and+Sum+beamformed+images+using+Synthetic+Aperture+Focusing.">Depth-of-field enhancement in Filtered-Delay Multiply and Sum beamformed images using Synthetic Aperture Focusing.</a> Ultrasonics. 75, 216-225 (2017).</li><li>Boni, E., Cellai, A., Ramalli, A., Tortoli, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+high+performance+board+for+acquisition+of+64-channel+ultrasound+RF+data.">A high performance board for acquisition of 64-channel ultrasound RF data.</a> Proc. IEEE Int. Ultrasonics Symp. , 2067-2070 (2012).</li><li>Matrone, G., Savoia, A. S., Caliano, G., Magenes, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Delay+Multiply+and+Sum+beamforming+algorithm+in+medical+ultrasound+imaging.">The Delay Multiply and Sum beamforming algorithm in medical ultrasound imaging.</a> IEEE Trans. Med. Imag. 34, 940-949 (2015).</li><li>Savoia, A. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Improved+lateral+resolution+and+contrast+in+ultrasound+imaging+using+a+sidelobe+masking+technique.">Improved lateral resolution and contrast in ultrasound imaging using a sidelobe masking technique.</a> Proc. IEEE Int. Ultrasonics Symp. , 1682-1685 (2014).</li><li>Gy&#246;ngy, G., Makra, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Experimental+validation+of+a+convolution-+based+ultrasound+image+formation+model+using+a+planar+arrangement+of+micrometer-scale+scatterers.">Experimental validation of a convolution- based ultrasound image formation model using a planar arrangement of micrometer-scale scatterers.</a> IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control. 62 (6), 1211-1219 (2015).</li><li>Shapoori, K., Sadler, J., Wydra, A., Malyarenko, E. V., Sinclair, A. N., Maev, R. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+Ultrasonic-Adaptive+Beamforming+Method+and+Its+Application+for+Trans-skull+Imaging+of+Certain+Types+of+Head+Injuries;+Part+I:+Transmission+Mode.">An Ultrasonic-Adaptive Beamforming Method and Its Application for Trans-skull Imaging of Certain Types of Head Injuries; Part I: Transmission Mode.</a> IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 62 (5), 1253-1264 (2015).</li><li>Salles, S., Liebgott, H., Basset, O., Cachard, C., Vray, D., Lavarello, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Experimental+evaluation+of+spectral-based+quantitative+ultrasound+imaging+using+plane+wave+compounding.">Experimental evaluation of spectral-based quantitative ultrasound imaging using plane wave compounding.</a> IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. 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Gli autori dichiarano che non hanno nessun concorrenti interessi finanziari.

Diversi lavori sono stati presentati nella letteratura che descrivono le tecniche simili o correlate al protocollo presentato. Queste tecniche sono basate anche sull'uso di obiettivi realistici, tra cui animale fissa o cervelli di cadavere, ma sono concepiti principalmente per il test dei metodi di registrazione digitale di vario genere.
Il protocollo descritto qui, tuttavia, ha lo scopo specifico di test US sonde in diverse configurazioni nelle prime fasi di sviluppo e, a causa di questo, ess...

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="925">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:240px;">ULA-OP</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">University of Florence</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:415px;">Ultrasound imaging research system</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:240px;">3D imaging piezeoelectric probe</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Esaote s.p.a.</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">9600195000</td>
			<td>Mechanically-swept 3D ultrasound probe, model BL-433</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:240px;">Linear-array piezoelectric probe</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Esaote s.p.a.</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">122001100</td>
			<td>Ultrasound linear array probe, model LA-533</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:240px;">CMUT probe</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">University Roma Tre</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">N/A</td>
			<td>Ultrasound linear array probe based on CMUT technology</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:240px;">MAGNETOM Skyra 3T MR scanner</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Siemens Healthcare</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">N/A</td>
			<td>MR scanner</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:240px;">Head coil</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Siemens Healthcare</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">N/A</td>
			<td>32-channel head coil for MR imaging</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:240px;">NDI Polaris Vicra</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">NDI Medical</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">8700335001</td>
			<td>Optical motion tracking system</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:240px;">Pointer tool</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">NDI Medical</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">8700340</td>
			<td>Passive pointer tool with 4 reflecting markers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:240px;">Clamp-equipped tool</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">NDI Medical</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">8700399</td>
			<td>Rigid body with 4 reflecting markers and a clamp to be connected to the US probe handle</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:240px;">Bovine brain</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">N/A</td>
			<td>Brain of an adult bovine, from food suppliers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:240px;">Formalin solution</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">N/A</td>
			<td>10% buffered formalin solution for bovine brain fixation - CAUTION, formalin is a toxic chemical substance and must be handled with care; specific regulations may also apply (see for instance US OSHA Standard 1910.1048 App A)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:240px;">Plastic container for anatomical parts</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">N/A</td>
			<td>Cilindrical plastic container with lid</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:240px;">Glass spheres</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">N/A</td>
			<td>3mm diameter spheres of Flint glass</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:240px;">Agar</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">N/A</td>
			<td>30 g, for phantom preparation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:240px;">Glycerine</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">AEFFE Farmaceutici</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">A908005248</td>
			<td>100 g, for phantom preparation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:240px;">Distilled water</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Solbat Gaysol</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">8027391000015</td>
			<td>870 g, for phantom preparation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:240px;">Beaker</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">N/A</td>
			<td>Beaker used for the diluition of glycerine and agar in distilled water</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:240px;">Lysoform</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Lever</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">8000680500014</td>
			<td>A benzalkonium chloride and water solution was used for the agar phantom preservation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:240px;">Polystyrene mannequin head</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">N/A</td>
			<td>Polyestirene model which was cutted and used to design the configuration of spheres&#39;patterns</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Green tissue marking dye for histology</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">N/A</td>
			<td>Colour used to mark the glass spheres&#39; positions on the bovine brain surface</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:240px;">Yellow enamel</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">N/A</td>
			<td>Enamel used to colour the glass spheres implanted in the agar phantom</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:240px;">Water tank</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">N/A</td>
			<td>50x50x30 cm plastic tank filled degassed water up to a 15cm height&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:240px;">Mechanical arm</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Esaote s.p.a.</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">N/A</td>
			<td>Mechanical arm clamped to the water tank border and used to held the probe in fixed positions</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:240px;">Plate of synthetic resin</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">N/A</td>
			<td>Plate used as a support for the bovine brain positioning in the water tank</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:240px;">Sewing threads</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">N/A</td>
			<td>Sewing thread segments used to immobilize the brain on the resin plate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:240px;">Adhesive tape</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">N/A</td>
			<td>Adhesive tape used to fix the sewing thread extremities onto the resin plate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:240px;">Plastic food container</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">N/A</td>
			<td>Sealed food container used for the agar phantom</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:240px;">Notebook</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Lenovo</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">Z50-70</td>
			<td>Lenovo&#160; Z50-70, Intel(R) Core i7-4510U @ 2.0 GHz, 8 GB RAM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:240px;">Workstation</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Dell Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">T5810</td>
			<td>Intel(R) Xeon(R) CPU E3-1240v3 @ 3.40 GHz, 16 GB RAM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:240px;">Matlab</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">The MathWorks</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">R2013a</td>
			<td>Software tool, used for space transformation computation and 3D reconstruction from image planes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:240px;">Paraview</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Kitware Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">v. 4.4.1</td>
			<td>Open-source software for 3D image processing and visualization</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:240px;">NDI Toolbox - ToolTracker Utility</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">NDI Medical</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">v. 4.007.007</td>
			<td>Software for marker position visualization and tracking in the NDI Polaris Vicra measurement volume</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:240px;">C++ data-logging software</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">NDI Medical</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">v. 4.007.007</td>
			<td>Software for marker position recording on a text log file</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:240px;">ULA-OP software&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">University of Florence</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">N/A</td>
			<td>Software for real-time display and control of the ULA-OP system</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

an experimental protocol for assessing the performance of new ultrasound probes based on cmut technology in application to brain imaging

La possibilità di effettuare una valutazione precoce e ripetibile di prestazioni di imaging è fondamentale nella progettazione e processo di sviluppo di nuova ecografia (US) sonde. In particolare, un'analisi più realistica con formazione immagine target specifici dell'applicazione può essere estremamente utile per valutare le prestazioni previste di sonde US nel loro potenziale clinico campo di applicazione.
Il protocollo sperimentale presentato in questo lavoro appositamente studiato per fornire una procedura di valutazione di applicazioni specifiche per la nuova concezione ci sonda prototipi basati su tecnologia capacitivo microlavorato trasduttore ad ultrasuoni (CMUT) in relazione a formazione immagine del cervello.
Il protocollo combina l'uso di un cervello bovino fissato in formalina come destinazione dell'imaging, che assicura il realismo e la ripetibilità delle procedure descritte e delle tecniche di neuronavigazione preso in prestito da neurochirurgia. La sonda statunitense è infatti collegata a un sistema che acquisisce i dati di posizione e consente la sovrapposizione di immagini US per fare riferimento a immagini di risonanza magnetica (RM) del cervello di tracciamento del movimento. Questo fornisce un mezzo per esperti umani per eseguire una valutazione qualitativa visiva della sonda US prestazioni di imaging e per confrontare le acquisizioni effettuate con differenti sonde. Inoltre, il protocollo si basa sull'uso di un sistema completo e aperto di ricerca e sviluppo per acquisizione di immagini di Stati Uniti, vale a dire lo scanner ad ultrasuoni avanzato Open Platform (ULA-OP).
Il manoscritto descrive in dettaglio gli strumenti e le procedure coinvolte nel protocollo, in particolare per la calibrazione, acquisizione di immagini e registrazione di immagini di Stati Uniti e MR. I risultati ottenuti dimostrano l'efficacia del protocollo globale presentato, che è completamente aperto (entro i limiti della strumentazione coinvolti), ripetibile e copre l'intero set di attività di acquisizione ed elaborazione immagini US.

Il principale risultato ottenuto tramite il protocollo descritto è la validazione sperimentale di una procedura di valutazione efficace e ripetibile per il 2D e 3D funzionalità di imaging di noi sonda prototipi basati su tecnologia CMUT, nell'applicazione prospettica al cervello di imaging. Dopo aver implementato tutte le fasi del protocollo descritto, un esperto può quindi applicare le funzioni del software di visualizzazione (ad es. suddivisione libero orientamento, estrazio...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about An Experimental Protocol for Assessing the Performance of New Ultrasound Probes Based on CMUT Technology in Application to Brain Imaging at JoVE.com

An Experimental Protocol for Assessing the Performance of New Ultrasound Probes Based on CMUT Technology in Application to Brain Imaging

Lo sviluppo di nuove sonde ad ultrasuoni (US), basato sulla tecnologia capacitivo microlavorato trasduttore ad ultrasuoni (CMUT) richiede una valutazione realistica precoce della funzionalità di imaging. Descriviamo un protocollo sperimentale ripetibile per acquisizione di immagini di US e confronto con le immagini a risonanza magnetica, usando un cervello bovino ex vivo come una destinazione di imaging.

Un protocollo sperimentale per valutare le prestazioni delle nuove sonde ad ultrasuoni basato sulla tecnologia CMUT nell'applicazione di formazione immagine del cervello

The possibility to perform an early and repeatable assessment of imaging performance is fundamental in the design and development process of new ...

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10.3K Views.  University of Pavia. Lo sviluppo di nuove sonde ad ultrasuoni (US), basato sulla tecnologia capacitivo microlavorato trasduttore ad ultrasuoni (CMUT) richiede una valutazione realistica precoce della funzionalità di imaging. Descriviamo un protocollo sperimentale ripetibile per acquisizione di immagini di US e confronto con le immagini a risonanza magnetica, usando un cervello bovino ex vivo come una destinazione di imaging.