Name: well-aligned vertically oriented zno nanorod arrays and their application in inverted small molecule solar cells
Uploaded: 2018-04-25T12:30:00.000+00:00
Duration: 9 min 32 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Well-aligned Vertically Oriented ZnO Nanorod Arrays and their Application in Inverted Small Molecule Solar Cells at JoVE.com

作者感谢中国国家科学委员会在合同号下对本研究的财政支持。最多 106-2221-239-035, 最多106-2119 米033-00。

1. ITO 基片上偶氮溅射种子层的生长
<ol><li>在铟锡氧化物 (ITO) 基体的一侧贴上4条防腐胶带 (0.3 x 1.5 厘米), 形成正方形 (1.5 x 1.5 厘米)。将 ito 加入盐酸15分钟, 以蚀刻 ito 的暴露面积。</li>
	<li>取下胶带, 用 sonicator 清洁样品;油脂实验与去离子 (DI) 水, 丙酮, 乙醇和异丙醇依次为30分钟。用压缩氮气枪吹干花纹的 ITO。</li>
	<li>用胶带将已清洗过的 ITO 基板附着在衬底架上, 并将该支架装入射频溅射系统的主腔内。通过机械和扩散泵将燃烧室压力泵至低于 4 x 10-6乇, 以确保环境纯度。</li>
	<li>将纯氩气 (流速:30 sccm) 插入主腔内, 控制泵在 1 mtorr 保持室压力。</li>
	<li>根据报告的方法13, 使用 RF (13.56 MHz) 溅射方法制备偶氮染料层。使用2的尺寸偶氮 (2 wt% Al2O3在 ZnO) 陶瓷靶将其存放在预清洁的 ITO 玻璃基板上。保持目标到基板的距离在10厘米。</li>
	<li>保持工作压力在 1 mtorr 和射频功率在 40 W 在沉积过程中。在室温下控制衬底温度。将所应用的直流偏置率和沉积速率分别设置为187伏和 4 nm/分钟, 以沉积偶氮薄膜。根据石英晶体厚度监测, 偶氮种子层厚度应控制在 40 nm。</li>
	<li>样品冷却到30摄氏度后, 关闭泵并将氮气插入主腔, 直到打开燃烧室。从衬底架上取出样品。</li>
</ol>2. 溶胶-凝胶加工 ZnO 种子层在 ITO 基体上的生长
<ol><li>用溶胶-凝胶自旋涂层法将氧化锌种子层沉积在花纹 ITO 基体上,14。乙酸锌二水合物, 2-methoxethanol 和单乙醇胺 (多边环境协定) 分别用作起始材料、溶剂和稳定剂。<ol>
<li>将醋酸锌 (4.39 克) 溶解在 2-methoxethanol (40 毫升) 和多边环境 (1.22 克) 的混合物中, 获得醋酸锌浓度为 0.5 m。</li>
		<li>搅拌产生的混合物在60°c 2 小时。让溶胶坐12小时, 形成清晰透明的均匀溶液。</li>
		<li>使用自旋涂层法将氧化锌种子层存入经过清洗的 ITO 图案玻璃基底上。在基板上添加0.1 毫升溶胶-凝胶溶液, 在三十年代用旋转涂布机旋转 3000 rpm。</li>
		<li>自旋涂层后, 将薄膜在热板上干燥200摄氏度30分钟, 以使溶剂蒸发并去除有机残留物。氧化锌种子层的厚度应约为 40 nm14。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>3. 在种子层上生长氧化锌 NR 阵列
<ol><li>用热液法生长氧化锌 NR 阵列。<ol>
<li>混合1.49 克硝酸锌六水合物 (无3)2· 6H2) 和 0.7 g hexamethylenetetramine (HMT) (C6H12N4) 在100毫升 DI 水。将所产生的混合物在室温下搅拌30分钟。</li>
		<li>将偶氮溅射种子层的 ITO 侧与 ZnO 溶胶-凝胶样品结合使用, 用胶带将其附着在盖玻璃上。将样品放入50毫升聚丙烯锥形管中, 填充50毫升的锌溶液 (NO3)2· 6H2O 和 HMT。</li>
		<li>在生长过程中, 将聚丙烯锥形管加热, 将其水平放置在实验室烤箱中, 并将其向下旋转, 并将温度保持在90摄氏度90分钟。</li>
		<li>在生长期结束时, 从溶液中取出基板, 并立即用 DI 水和乙醇 (在两个洗涤瓶内) 冲洗样品表面, 依次为1分钟, 从表面除去残余盐分。用压缩氮气枪吹干样品, 在250摄氏度的热板上烘烤10分钟。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>4. 倒小分子太阳电池的制备和测量
<ol><li>将 ITO 基体与氧化锌 NR 阵列加载到 glovebox 的旋转涂布机上。混合1毫升的甲苯含有15毫克的 SMPV1 和11.25 毫克的 PC71BM. 添加 0.1 mL 解决方案, 四十年代用旋转涂布机旋转样品 2000 rpm, 并将其退火60摄氏度2分钟。</li>
	<li>退火过程后, 将基体置于热蒸发系统中。泵真空室最初使用机械泵, 直到压力达到 4 x 10-2乇, 然后切换到涡轮泵, 使环境压力 < 4 x 10-6乇。</li>
	<li>通过在电阻钼船中加热 moo3粉, 将 moo3层存入 0.1 nm/秒, 其 Z 型1.0 和输入电流的比值 105 a. 在电阻 t 中加热银锭, 在沉积速率下沉积银层 0.5 nm/秒ungsten 船与 Z 比率0.529 和输入电流 190 a。该系统应包括用于控制蒸发过程的石英晶体蒸发率监测器。应将 MoO3和 Ag 层的厚度控制为5和 150 nm, 分别基于石英晶体厚度监视器。</li>
	<li>样品冷却到30摄氏度后, 关闭泵, 将氮气插入腔室, 直到打开腔室。从衬底架上取出样品, 并将样品装入 glovebox。</li>
	<li>打开太阳模拟器系统, 等待20分钟直到系统的光源稳定。使用空气质量1.5 全球 (AM 1.5G) 过滤器从太阳模拟器上照亮100兆瓦/厘米2的样品。同时, 使用分析器将设备从-1 v 扫描到 +1 v 以获得电流密度-电压 (J V) 曲线14,15。</li>
</ol>5. 表征技术
<ol><li>用铜 Kα源进行 X 射线衍射测量16 , 研究 zno 卢比的结构、偶氮溅射种子层和 zno 溶胶-凝胶处理的种子层。扫描速度应为1°/分钟, 扫描范围应为10-90 ° (2θ)。</li>
	<li>通过将工作电压设置为10伏, 通过场发射扫描电子显微镜17来表征样品的表面形貌和横断面图像。</li>
	<li>获得所有样品的微光致发光 (PL) 光谱, 使用 325 nm 的他-Cd 连续激光器 (20 兆瓦) 作为励磁源与2400凹槽/毫米光栅在后向几何。AllPL 测量18应在室温下执行。</li>
</ol>

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作者声明他们没有竞争的财政利益。

通过使用卢比夹层, 可以提高设备的 Jsc和 FF。然而, 卢比的表面粗糙度也会影响后续的过程。因此, 卢比的取向和表面形貌应小心操作。长期以来, 溶胶-凝胶处理 ETL, 如 PSCs2和氧化锌是常用的, 由于其简单的程序。然而, 溶胶-凝胶处理层的结晶一般是无定形的, 在大多数情况下, 层的表面形貌是粗糙的。因此, 在本研究中, 为了精确控制种子层的膜质量, 选用溅射种子层代替溶胶-凝胶?...

有机光伏 (脊髓灰质炎) 装置最近在应用可再生能源方面取得了显著的进展。这种有机器件有许多优点, 包括溶液处理兼容性、低成本、轻量、灵活性、等1、2、3、4、5直到现在,利用与 PC71BM6混合的共轭聚合物, 开发了10% 多氯乙烯的聚合物太阳能电池 (PSCs)。与聚合物基 PSCs 相比, 小分子基 OPVs (SM-OPVs) 由于其独特的化学结构、简便的合成和纯化等优点, 在制造 OPVs 方面引起了越来越多的关注, 并一般较高的开路电压 (Voc)7,8,9。目前, 2 维结构共轭小分子 SMPV1 (26-双 [25-双 (3-octylrhodanine)-(33-二辛-22 ':52 "-terthiophene)"-48-双 (5-己基) thiophen 2 基) 苯并 [12-b:45-b '] dithiophene) 与电信 (苯并 [12-b:45-b ']dithiophene) 作为核心单元和 3-octylrodanine 作为电子退出端组10已设计并用于与 PC71BM 混合, 以实现有前景的可持续 OPVs 应用。基于 SMPV1 与 PC71BM 混合的常规小分子太阳能电池 (SM-OPVs) 的四氯乙烯已达到 8.0%10,11。
在过去, PSCs 可以通过调整活动层的厚度来提高和优化。然而, 与 PSCs 不同, SM-OPVs 一般具有较短的扩散长度, 这大大限制了活性层的厚度。因此, 为了进一步增加 sm-OPVs 的短电流密度 (Jsc), 利用纳米结构的12或卢比9来提高 sm OPVs 的光吸收成为必要的。
在这些方法中, 抗反射卢比结构通常是有效的光收获的活动层在广泛的波长范围;因此, 知道如何生长良好的垂直取向氧化锌 (氧化锌) 卢比是非常关键的。氧化锌卢比层下面的种子层表面粗糙度对 NR 阵列的取向有很大影响;因此, 为了卢比良好的矿床, 种子层的结晶需要精确控制9。
在这项工作中, 偶氮薄膜是用 theRadio-频率 (RF) 溅射技术制备的。与其它技术相比, 射频溅射技术是一种高效的、可转移到工业中的工艺, 它是一种可靠的沉积技术, 允许合成高纯度、均匀、平滑、自可持续的偶氮薄膜生长大面积的基底。利用射频溅射沉积, 可以形成高质量的偶氮薄膜, 表现出高结晶性, 表面粗糙度降低。因此, 在随后的生长层中, 与溶胶-凝胶法制备的 ZnO 薄膜相比, 卢比的取向高度一致。利用该技术, 基于垂直定向的 ZnO NR 阵列的倒置小分子太阳能电池的四氯乙烯能达到6.01%。

<table><tbody><tr><td>AZO target</td><td>Ultimate Materials Technology Co., Ltd.</td><td>none</td><td>AZO (2 wt% Al2O3 in ZnO) , 3&amp;rdquo;&amp;psi;x 3mmt&lt;br/&gt; + 3mmt Cu B/P + Bonding</td></tr><tr><td>SMPV1</td><td>Luminescence Technology Corp.</td><td>1651168-29-4</td><td>2,6-Bis[2,5-bis(3-octylrhodanine)-(3,3-dioctyl-2,2&#039;:5,2&#039;&#039;-terthiophene)]-4,8-bis((5-ethylhexyl)thiophen-2-yl)benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b&#039;]dithiophene</td></tr><tr><td>RF sputtering system</td><td>Kao Duen Technology Co., Ltd</td><td>none</td><td>http://www.kaoduen.com.tw/index.php?action=product</td></tr><tr><td>Zinc Acetate Dihydrate</td><td>J. T. Baker</td><td>5970456</td><td>4.39 g</td></tr><tr><td>Monoethanolamine</td><td>J. T. Baker</td><td>141435</td><td>1.22 g</td></tr><tr><td>2-methoxyethanol</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>109864</td><td>40 mL</td></tr><tr><td>Zinc Nitrate Hexahydrate</td><td>J. T. Baker</td><td>10196186</td><td>1.49 g</td></tr><tr><td>Hexamethylenetetramine</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>100-97-0</td><td>0.7 g</td></tr><tr><td>Indium tin oxide (ITO)</td><td>RiTdisplay</td><td>none</td><td>coated glass substrates (&amp;lt;10 &amp;Omega; sq&amp;ndash;1)</td></tr><tr><td>AFM</td><td>Veeco</td><td>Innova SPM</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>SEM</td><td>FEI</td><td>Nova 200 NanoSEM</td><td>operation voltage: 10 kV</td></tr><tr><td>XRD</td><td>Bruker</td><td>D8 X-ray diffractometer</td><td>2&amp;theta; range: 10&amp;ndash;90 &amp;deg;; step size: 0.008 &amp;deg;</td></tr><tr><td>PL</td><td>Horiba</td><td>Jobin-Yvon HR800</td><td>excitation source: 325 nm UV Laser 20 mW</td></tr><tr><td>solar simulator</td><td>Newport</td><td>91192A</td><td>AM 1.5G</td></tr><tr><td>Precision Semiconductor Parameter Analyzer</td><td>Keysight Technologies</td><td>Agilent 4156C</td><td>sweep from -1 to +1 V</td></tr><tr><td>toluene</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>108-88-3</td><td>1 mL</td></tr><tr><td>PC&lt;sub&gt;71&lt;/sub&gt;BM</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>609771-63-3</td><td>11.25 mg</td></tr><tr><td>Thermal evaporation system</td><td>Kao Duen Technology Co., Ltd</td><td>Kao Duen PVD System</td><td>http://www.kaoduen.com.tw/index.php?action=product</td></tr><tr><td>HCl</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>7647-01-0</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MoO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;</td><td>Alfa Aesar</td><td>1313-27-5</td><td>99.50%</td></tr><tr><td>silver ingot</td><td>ADMAT Inc.</td><td>none</td><td>100.00%</td></tr><tr><td>Thin Film Deposition Controller</td><td>INFICON</td><td>XTC</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>anti-corrosion tape (Polyimide Film)</td><td>3M Taiwan Corporation</td><td>none</td><td>http://solutions.3m.com.tw/wps/portal/3M/zh_TW/InsulatingTape/home/product/Polyimide/</td></tr><tr><td>spin-coater</td><td>Chemat Technology, Inc</td><td>KW-4A</td><td>http://www.chemat.com/chematscientific/KW-4A.aspx</td></tr></tbody></table>

well-aligned vertically oriented zno nanorod arrays and their application in inverted small molecule solar cells

这篇手稿描述如何设计和制造高效的倒置太阳能电池, 这是基于二维共轭小分子 (SMPV1) 和 [66] 苯基-C71 丁酸甲酯 (PC71BM), 利用 ZnO 纳米棒 (卢比)生长在高质量的铝掺杂氧化锌 (偶氮染料) 种子层上。在溅射和溶胶-凝胶处理的偶氮种子层上生长的 ZnO 卢比的倒置 SMPV1:PC71BM 太阳能电池。与溶胶-凝胶法制备的偶氮薄膜相比, 溅射偶氮薄膜具有更好的结晶和较低的表面粗糙度, 可根据 x 射线衍射 (XRD) 和原子力显微镜 (AFM) 测量。在溅射偶氮种子层上生长的氧化锌卢比的取向表现出较好的垂直对准, 有利于后续活性层的沉积, 形成较好的表面形貌。通常, 活性层的表面形貌主要控制器件的填充因子 (FF)。因此, 良好的 ZnO 卢比可用于改善主动层的载流子收集, 增加太阳能电池的 FF。此外, 作为一种抗反射结构, 也可用于提高吸收层的光采收率, 使太阳能电池的功率转换效率达到 6.01%, 高于溶胶-凝胶型太阳能电池, 效率达4.74%.

该装置的分层结构由 ITO 基底/偶氮 (40 nm)/氧化锌卢比层、SMPV1:PC71BM (80 nm)/MoO3 (5 nm)/Ag (150 nm) 组成, 如图 1所示。通常, 偶氮或氧化锌种子层广泛用于 PSCs 器件中的电子传输层 (ETL)。除了 PSCs, SM-OPVs 通常有一个较短的活动层, 受较短的扩散长度8的限制。为此, 为了进一步提高器件的光采能力, 在种子层上引入氧化锌卢比?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Well-aligned Vertically Oriented ZnO Nanorod Arrays and their Application in Inverted Small Molecule Solar Cells at JoVE.com

Well-aligned Vertically Oriented ZnO Nanorod Arrays and their Application in Inverted Small Molecule Solar Cells

定向定向 ZnO 纳米阵列及其在倒小分子太阳电池中的应用

本手稿描述如何设计和制造高效的倒置 SMPV1:PC71BM 太阳能电池与 zno 纳米棒 (卢比) 生长在一个高质量的铝掺杂氧化锌 (偶氮染料) 种子层。排列良好的垂直取向 ZnO 卢比表现出高结晶性能。太阳能电池的功率转换效率可达6.01%。

This manuscript describes how to design and fabricate efficient inverted solar cells, which are based on a two-dimensional conjugated small molecule ...

well-aligned-vertically-oriented-zno-nanorod-arrays-their-application

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

8.6K 次观看.  National United University. 本手稿描述如何设计和制造高效的倒置 SMPV1:PC71BM 太阳能电池与 zno 纳米棒 (卢比) 生长在一个高质量的铝掺杂氧化锌 (偶氮染料) 种子层。排列良好的垂直取向 ZnO 卢比表现出高结晶性能。太阳能电池的功率转换效率可达6.01%。

视频: Well-aligned Vertically Oriented ZnO Nanorod Arrays and their Application in Inverted Small Molecule Solar Cells

Polycrystalline Silicon Thin-film Solar cells with Plasmonic-enhanced Light-trapping

One of major approaches to cheaper solar cells is reducing the amount of semiconductor material used for their fabrication and making cells thinner. To compensate for lower light absorption such physically thin devices have to incorporate light-trapping which increases their optical thickness. Light scattering by textured surfaces is a common technique but it cannot be universally applied to all solar cell technologies. Some cells, for example those made of evaporated silicon, are planar as produced and they require an alternative light-trapping means suitable for planar devices. Metal nanoparticles formed on planar silicon cell surface and capable of light scattering due to surface plasmon resonance is an effective approach.
The paper presents a fabrication procedure of evaporated polycrystalline silicon solar cells with plasmonic light-trapping and demonstrates how the cell quantum efficiency improves due to presence of metal nanoparticles.
To fabricate the cells a film consisting of alternative boron and phosphorous doped silicon layers is deposited on glass substrate by electron beam evaporation. An Initially amorphous film is crystallised and electronic defects are mitigated by annealing and hydrogen passivation. Metal grid contacts are applied to the layers of opposite polarity to extract electricity generated by the cell. Typically, such a ~2 &mu;m thick cell has a short-circuit current density (Jsc) of 14-16 mA/cm2, which can be increased up to 17-18 mA/cm2 (~25% higher) after application of a simple diffuse back reflector made of a white paint.
To implement plasmonic light-trapping a silver nanoparticle array is formed on the metallised cell silicon surface. A precursor silver film is deposited on the cell by thermal evaporation and annealed at 23&deg;C to form silver nanoparticles. Nanoparticle size and coverage, which affect plasmonic light-scattering, can be tuned for enhanced cell performance by varying the precursor film thickness and its annealing conditions. An optimised nanoparticle array alone results in cell Jsc enhancement of about 28%, similar to the effect of the diffuse reflector. The photocurrent can be further increased by coating the nanoparticles by a low refractive index dielectric, like MgF2, and applying the diffused reflector. The complete plasmonic cell structure comprises the polycrystalline silicon film, a silver nanoparticle array, a layer of MgF2, and a diffuse reflector. The Jsc for such cell is 21-23 mA/cm2, up to 45% higher than Jsc of the original cell without light-trapping or ~25% higher than Jsc for the cell with the diffuse reflector only.
Introduction
Light-trapping in silicon solar cells is commonly achieved via light scattering at textured interfaces. Scattered light travels through a cell at oblique angles for a longer distance and when such angles exceed the critical angle at the cell interfaces the light is permanently trapped in the cell by total internal reflection (Animation 1: Light-trapping). Although this scheme works well for most solar cells, there are developing technologies where ultra-thin Si layers are produced planar (e.g. layer-transfer technologies and epitaxial c-Si layers) 1 and or when such layers are not compatible with textures substrates (e.g. evaporated silicon) 2. For such originally planar Si layer alternative light trapping approaches, such as diffuse white paint reflector 3, silicon plasma texturing 4 or high refractive index nanoparticle reflector 5 have been suggested.
Metal nanoparticles can effectively scatter incident light into a higher refractive index material, like silicon, due to the surface plasmon resonance effect 6. They also can be easily formed on the planar silicon cell surface thus offering a light-trapping approach alternative to texturing. For a nanoparticle located at the air-silicon interface the scattered light fraction coupled into silicon exceeds 95% and a large faction of that light is scattered at angles above critical providing nearly ideal light-trapping condition (Animation 2: Plasmons on NP). The resonance can be tuned to the wavelength region, which is most important for a particular cell material and design, by varying the nanoparticle average size, surface coverage and local dielectric environment 6,7. Theoretical design principles of plasmonic nanoparticle solar cells have been suggested 8. In practice, Ag nanoparticle array is an ideal light-trapping partner for poly-Si thin-film solar cells because most of these design principle are naturally met. The simplest way of forming nanoparticles by thermal annealing of a thin precursor Ag film results in a random array with a relatively wide size and shape distribution, which is particularly suitable for light-trapping because such an array has a wide resonance peak, covering the wavelength range of 700-900 nm, important for poly-Si solar cell performance. The nanoparticle array can only be located on the rear poly-Si cell surface thus avoiding destructive interference between incident and scattered light which occurs for front-located nanoparticles 9. Moreover, poly-Si thin-film cells do not requires a passivating layer and the flat base-shaped nanoparticles (that naturally result from thermal annealing of a metal film) can be directly placed on silicon further increases plasmonic scattering efficiency due to surface plasmon-polariton resonance 10.
The cell with the plasmonic nanoparticle array as described above can have a photocurrent about 28% higher than the original cell. However, the array still transmits a significant amount of light which escapes through the rear of the cell and does not contribute into the current. This loss can be mitigated by adding a rear reflector to allow catching transmitted light and re-directing it back to the cell. Providing sufficient distance between the reflector and the nanoparticles (a few hundred nanometers) the reflected light will then experience one more plasmonic scattering event while passing through the nanoparticle array on re-entering the cell and the reflector itself can be made diffuse - both effects further facilitating light scattering and hence light-trapping. Importantly, the Ag nanoparticles have to be encapsulated with an inert and low refractive index dielectric, like MgF2 or SiO2, from the rear reflector to avoid mechanical and chemical damage 7. Low refractive index for this cladding layer is required to maintain a high coupling fraction into silicon and larger scattering angles, which are ensured by the high optical contrast between the media on both sides of the nanoparticle, silicon and dielectric 6. The photocurrent of the plasmonic cell with the diffuse rear reflector can be up to 45% higher than the current of the original cell or up to 25% higher than the current of an equivalent cell with the diffuse reflector only.

Polycrystalline silicon thin-film solar cells on glass are fabricated by deposition of boron and phosphorous doped silicon layers followed by crystallisation, defect passivation and metallisation. Plasmonic light-trapping is introduced by forming Ag nanoparticles on the silicon cell surface capped with a diffused reflector resulting in ~45% photocurrent enhancement.

多晶硅薄膜太阳能电池电浆增强光捕获

One of major approaches to cheaper solar cells is reducing the amount of semiconductor material used for their fabrication and making cells thinner. To ...

科研

工程学

Harvesting Solar Energy by Means of Charge-Separating Nanocrystals and Their Solids

Conjoining different semiconductor materials in a single nano-composite provides synthetic means for the development of novel optoelectronic materials offering a superior control over the spatial distribution of charge carriers across material interfaces. As this study demonstrates, a combination of donor-acceptor nanocrystal (NC) domains in a single nanoparticle can lead to the realization of efficient photocatalytic1-5 materials, while a layered assembly of donor- and acceptor-like nanocrystals films gives rise to photovoltaic materials.
Initially the paper focuses on the synthesis of composite inorganic nanocrystals, comprising linearly stacked ZnSe, CdS, and Pt domains, which jointly promote photoinduced charge separation. These structures are used in aqueous solutions for the photocatalysis of water under solar radiation, resulting in the production of H2 gas. To enhance the photoinduced separation of charges, a nanorod morphology with a linear gradient originating from an intrinsic electric field is used5. The inter-domain energetics are then optimized to drive photogenerated electrons toward the Pt catalytic site while expelling the holes to the surface of ZnSe domains for sacrificial regeneration (via methanol). Here we show that the only efficient way to produce hydrogen is to use electron-donating ligands to passivate the surface states by tuning the energy level alignment at the semiconductor-ligand interface. Stable and efficient reduction of water is allowed by these ligands due to the fact that they fill vacancies in the valence band of the semiconductor domain, preventing energetic holes from degrading it. Specifically, we show that the energy of the hole is transferred to the ligand moiety, leaving the semiconductor domain functional. This enables us to return the entire nanocrystal-ligand system to a functional state, when the ligands are degraded, by simply adding fresh ligands to the system4.
To promote a photovoltaic charge separation, we use a composite two-layer solid of PbS and TiO2 films. In this configuration, photoinduced electrons are injected into TiO2 and are subsequently picked up by an FTO electrode, while holes are channeled to a Au electrode via PbS layer6. To develop the latter we introduce a Semiconductor Matrix Encapsulated Nanocrystal Arrays (SMENA) strategy, which allows bonding PbS NCs into the surrounding matrix of CdS semiconductor. As a result, fabricated solids exhibit excellent thermal stability, attributed to the heteroepitaxial structure of nanocrystal-matrix interfaces, and show compelling light-harvesting performance in prototype solar cells7.

A general strategy for the development of charge-separating semiconductor nanocrystal composites deployable for solar energy production is presented. We show that assembly of donor-acceptor nanocrystal domains in a single nanoparticle geometry gives rise to a photocatalytic function, while bulk-heterojunctions of donor-acceptor nanocrystal films can be used for photovoltaic energy conversion.

通过电荷分离纳米晶及其固体收获太阳能

Conjoining different semiconductor materials in a single nano-composite provides synthetic means for the development of novel optoelectronic materials ...

Ultrahigh Density Array of Vertically Aligned Small-molecular Organic Nanowires on Arbitrary Substrates

In recent years &pi;-conjugated organic semiconductors have emerged as the active material in a number of diverse applications including large-area, low-cost displays, photovoltaics, printable and flexible electronics and organic spin valves. Organics allow (a) low-cost, low-temperature processing and (b) molecular-level design of electronic, optical and spin transport characteristics. Such features are not readily available for mainstream inorganic semiconductors, which have enabled organics to carve a niche in the silicon-dominated electronics market. The first generation of organic-based devices has focused on thin film geometries, grown by physical vapor deposition or solution processing. However, it has been realized that organic nanostructures can be used to enhance performance of above-mentioned applications and significant effort has been invested in exploring methods for organic nanostructure fabrication.	
A particularly interesting class of organic nanostructures is the one in which vertically oriented organic nanowires, nanorods or nanotubes are organized in a well-regimented, high-density array. Such structures are highly versatile and are ideal morphological architectures for various applications such as chemical sensors, split-dipole nanoantennas, photovoltaic devices with radially heterostructured "core-shell" nanowires, and memory devices with a cross-point geometry. Such architecture is generally realized by a template-directed approach. In the past this method has been used to grow metal and inorganic semiconductor nanowire arrays. More recently &pi;-conjugated polymer nanowires have been grown within nanoporous templates. However, these approaches have had limited success in growing nanowires of technologically important &pi;-conjugated small molecular weight organics, such as tris-8-hydroxyquinoline aluminum (Alq3), rubrene and methanofullerenes, which are commonly used in diverse areas including organic displays, photovoltaics, thin film transistors and spintronics.	
Recently we have been able to address the above-mentioned issue by employing a novel "centrifugation-assisted" approach. This method therefore broadens the spectrum of organic materials that can be patterned in a vertically ordered nanowire array. Due to the technological importance of Alq3, rubrene and methanofullerenes, our method can be used to explore how the nanostructuring of these materials affects the performance of aforementioned organic devices. The purpose of this article is to describe the technical details of the above-mentioned protocol, demonstrate how this process can be extended to grow small-molecular organic nanowires on arbitrary substrates and finally, to discuss the critical steps, limitations, possible modifications, trouble-shooting and future applications.

We report a simple method for fabricating an ultrahigh density array of vertically ordered small-molecular organic nanowires. This method allows for synthesis of complex heterostructured hybrid nanowire geometries, which can be inexpensively grown on arbitrary substrates. These structures have potential applications in organic electronics, optoelectronics, chemical sensing, photovoltaics and spintronics.

超高密度垂直对齐的任意基质的小分子有机纳米线阵列

In  recent years &pi;-conjugated  organic semiconductors have emerged as the active material in a number of  diverse applications including large-area, ...

Ambient Method for the Production of an Ionically Gated Carbon Nanotube Common Cathode in Tandem Organic Solar Cells

A method of fabricating organic photovoltaic (OPV) tandems that requires no vacuum processing is presented. These devices are comprised of two solution-processed polymeric cells connected in parallel by a transparent carbon nanotubes (CNT) interlayer. This structure includes improvements in fabrication techniques for tandem OPV devices. First the need for ambient-processed cathodes is considered. The CNT anode in the tandem device is tuned via ionic gating to become a common cathode. Ionic gating employs electric double layer charging to lower the work function of the CNT electrode. Secondly, the difficulty of sequentially stacking tandem layers by solution-processing is addressed. The devices are fabricated via solution and dry-lamination in ambient conditions with parallel processing steps. The method of fabricating the individual polymeric cells, the steps needed to laminate them together with a common CNT cathode, and then provide some representative results are described. These results demonstrate ionic gating of the CNT electrode to create a common cathode and addition of current and efficiency as a result of the lamination procedure.

A method of fabricating, in ambient conditions, organic photovoltaic tandem devices in a parallel configuration is presented. These devices feature an air-processed, semi-transparent, carbon nanotube common cathode.

对于一个以离子门控碳纳米管共阴极的串联有机太阳能电池的生产环境法

A method of fabricating organic photovoltaic (OPV) tandems that requires no vacuum processing is presented. These devices are comprised of two ...

Integration of Light Trapping Silver Nanostructures in Hydrogenated Microcrystalline Silicon Solar Cells by Transfer Printing

One of the potential applications of metal nanostructures is light trapping in solar cells, where unique optical properties of nanosized metals, commonly known as plasmonic effects, play an important role. Research in this field has, however, been impeded owing to the difficulty of fabricating devices containing the desired functional metal nanostructures. In order to provide a viable strategy to this issue, we herein show a transfer printing-based approach that allows the quick and low-cost integration of designed metal nanostructures with a variety of device architectures, including solar cells. Nanopillar poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) stamps were fabricated from a commercially available nanohole plastic film as a master mold. On this nanopatterned PDMS stamps, Ag films were deposited, which were then transfer-printed onto block copolymer (binding layer)-coated hydrogenated microcrystalline Si (&#181;c-Si:H) surface to afford ordered Ag nanodisk structures. It was confirmed that the resulting Ag nanodisk-incorporated &#181;c-Si:H solar cells show higher performances compared to a cell without the transfer-printed Ag nanodisks, thanks to plasmonic light trapping effect derived from the Ag nanodisks. Because of the simplicity and versatility, further device application would also be feasible thorough this approach.

A viable transfer printing-based methodology to introduce plasmonic metal nanostructures in solar cells is described. Using nanopillar poly(dimethylsiloxane) stamps, an Ag-based ordered nanodisk array was integrated with standard hydrogenated microcrystalline Si solar cells, which led to improved device performances due to plasmonic light trapping.

灯光诱杀银纳米结构通过转移印花在氢化微晶硅太阳能电池集成

One of the potential applications of metal nanostructures is light trapping in solar cells, where unique optical properties of nanosized metals, commonly ...

Preparation of ZnO Nanorod/Graphene/ZnO Nanorod Epitaxial Double Heterostructure for Piezoelectrical Nanogenerator by Using Preheating Hydrothermal

Well-aligned ZnO nanostructures have been intensively studied over the last decade for remarkable physical properties and enormous applications. Here, we describe a one-step fabrication technique to synthesis freestanding ZnO nanorod/graphene/ZnO nanorod double heterostructure. The preparation of the double heterostructure is performed by using thermal chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and preheating hydrothermal technique. In addition, the morphological properties were characterized by using the scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The utility of freestanding double heterostructure is demonstrated by fabricating the piezoelectric nanogenerator. The electrical output is improved up to 200% compared to that of a single heterostructure owing to the coupling effect of the piezoelectricity between the arrays of ZnO nanorods on the top and bottom of graphene. This unique double heterostructure have a tremendous potential for applications of electrical and optoelectrical devices where the high number density and specific surface area of nanorod are needed, such as pressure sensor, immuno-biosensor and dye-sensitized solar cells.

One-step fabrication method for obtaining freestanding epitaxial double heterostructure is presented. This approach could achieve ZnO coverage with a higher number density than that of the epitaxial single heterostructure, leading to a piezoelectric nanogenerator with an increased output electrical performance.

利用预热水热氧化锌纳米棒/石墨烯/氧化锌纳米棒外延双异质结的机压电纳米发电机的研制

Well-aligned ZnO nanostructures have been intensively studied over the last decade for remarkable physical properties and enormous applications. Here, we ...

Printing Fabrication of Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells and In Situ Morphology Characterization

Polymer-based materials hold promise as low-cost, flexible efficient photovoltaic devices. Most laboratory efforts to achieve high performance devices have used devices prepared by spin coating, a process that is not amenable to large-scale fabrication. This mismatch in device fabrication makes it difficult to translate quantitative results obtained in the laboratory to the commercial level, making optimization difficult. Using a mini-slot die coater, this mismatch can be resolved by translating the commercial process to the laboratory and characterizing the structure formation in the active layer of the device in real time and in situ as films are coated onto a substrate. The evolution of the morphology was characterized under different conditions, allowing us to propose a mechanism by which the structures form and grow. This mini-slot die coater offers a simple, convenient, material efficient route by which the morphology in the active layer can be optimized under industrially relevant conditions. The goal of this protocol is to show experimental details of how a solar cell device is fabricated using a mini-slot die coater and technical details of running in situ structure characterization using the mini-slot die coater.

Printing Fabrication of Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells and In Situ Morphology Characterization

Here, we present a protocol to fabricate organic thin film solar cells using a mini-slot die coater and related in-line structure characterizations using synchrotron scattering techniques.

散装异质结太阳能电池的印刷和制作<em&gt;原位</em&gt;形态特征

Polymer-based materials hold promise as low-cost, flexible efficient photovoltaic devices. Most laboratory efforts to achieve high performance devices ...

Fabrication of Fully Solution Processed Inorganic Nanocrystal Photovoltaic Devices

We demonstrate a method for the preparation of fully solution processed inorganic solar cells from a spin and spray coating deposition of nanocrystal inks. For the photoactive absorber layer, colloidal CdTe and CdSe nanocrystals (3-5 nm) are synthesized using an inert hot injection technique and cleaned with precipitations to remove excess starting reagents. Similarly, gold nanocrystals (3-5 nm) are synthesized under ambient conditions and dissolved in organic solvents. In addition, precursor solutions for transparent conductive indium tin oxide (ITO) films are prepared from solutions of indium and tin salts paired with a reactive oxidizer. Layer-by-layer, these solutions are deposited onto a glass substrate following annealing (200-400 &#176;C) to build the nanocrystal solar cell (glass/ITO/CdSe/CdTe/Au). Pre-annealing ligand exchange is required for CdSe and CdTe nanocrystals where films are dipped in NH4Cl:methanol to replace long-chain native ligands with small inorganic Cl- anions. NH4Cl(s) was found to act as a catalyst for the sintering reaction (as a non-toxic alternative to the conventional CdCl2(s) treatment) leading to grain growth (136&#177;39 nm) during heating. The thickness and roughness of the prepared films are characterized with SEM and optical profilometry. FTIR is used to determine the degree of ligand exchange prior to sintering, and XRD is used to verify the crystallinity and phase of each material. UV/Vis spectra show high visible light transmission through the ITO layer and a red shift in the absorbance of the cadmium chalcogenide nanocrystals after thermal annealing. Current-voltage curves of completed devices are measured under simulated one sun illumination. Small differences in deposition techniques and reagents employed during ligand exchange have been shown to have a profound influence on the device properties. Here, we examine the effects of chemical (sintering and ligand exchange agents) and physical treatments (solution concentration, spray-pressure, annealing time and annealing temperature) on photovoltaic device performance.

This protocol describes the synthesis and solution deposition of inorganic nanocrystals layer by layer to produce thin film electronics on non-conductive surfaces. Solvent-stabilized inks can produce complete photovoltaic devices on glass substrates via spin and spray coating following post-deposition ligand exchange and sintering.

全面解决方案处理的无机纳米晶体光伏器件的制造

We demonstrate a method for the preparation of fully solution processed inorganic solar cells from a spin and spray coating deposition of nanocrystal ...

Synthesis of Hierarchical ZnO/CdSSe Heterostructure Nanotrees

A two-step chemical vapor deposition procedure is here employed to prepare tree-like hierarchical ZnO/CdSSe hetero-nanostructures. The structures are composed of CdSSe branches grown on ZnO nanowires that are vertically aligned on a transparent sapphire substrate. The morphology was measured via scanning electron microscopy. The crystal structure was determined by X-ray powder diffraction analysis. Both the ZnO stem and CdSSe branches have a predominantly wurtzite crystal structure. The mole ratio of S and Se in the CdSSe branches was measured by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The CdSSe branches result in strong visible light absorption. Photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy showed that the stem and branches form a type-II heterojunction. PL lifetime measurements showed a decrease in the lifetime of emission from the trees when compared to emission from individual ZnO stems or CdSSe branches and indicate fast charge transfer between CdSSe and ZnO. The vertically aligned ZnO stems provide a direct electron transport pathway to the substrate and allow for efficient charge separation after photoexcitation by visible light. The combination of the abovementioned properties makes ZnO/CdSSe nanotrees promising candidates for applications in solar cells, photocatalysis, and opto-electronic devices.

Here, we prepare and characterize novel tree-like hierarchical ZnO/CdSSe nanostructures, where CdSSe branches are grown on vertically aligned ZnO nanowires. The resulting nanotrees are a potential material for solar energy conversion and other opto-electronic devices.

分层的ZnO / CdSSe异质Nanotrees的合成

A two-step chemical vapor deposition procedure is here employed to prepare tree-like hierarchical ZnO/CdSSe hetero-nanostructures. The structures are ...

化学

Probe Type II Band Alignment in One-Dimensional Van Der Waals Heterostructures Using First-Principles Calculations

Computational tools based on density-functional theory (DFT) enable the exploration of the qualitatively new, experimentally attainable nanoscale compounds for a targeted application. Theoretical simulations provide a profound understanding of the intrinsic electronic properties of functional materials. The goal of this protocol is to search for photocatalyst candidates by computational dissection. Photocatalytic applications require suitable band gaps, appropriate band edge positions relative to the redox potentials. Hybrid functionals can provide accurate values of these properties but are computationally expensive, whereas the results at the Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof (PBE) functional level could be effective for suggesting strategies for band structure engineering via electric field and tensile strain aiming to enhance the photocatalytic performance. To illustrate this, in the present manuscript, the DFT based simulation tool VASP is used to investigate the band alignment of nanocomposites in combinations of nanotubes and nanoribbons in the ground state. To address the lifetime of photogenerated holes and electrons in the excited state, nonadiabatic dynamics calculations are needed.

Calculations performed by the Vienna Ab initio Simulation Package can be used to identify the intrinsic electronic properties of nanoscale materials and predict the potential water-splitting photocatalysts.

定向定向 ZnO 纳米阵列及其在倒小分子太阳电池中的应用

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