作者感谢夏明翰博士和美国加藤的好意提供试剂和老鼠。我们感谢邹实验室的成员进行了有益的讨论。这项工作部分是由中国科学技术部 (大多数) [2014CB964704 和 2015CB964503] 的973项目资助的, 上海交通大学医学院第九人民医院临床研究计划。感谢为细胞生物学核心设施和化学生物学核心设施的帮助, 中国科学院分子细胞科学中心, 上海生物化学与细胞生物学, 中国科学院。

所有与动物有关的程序都是根据斯坦福大学动物护理行政小组 (亚太) 批准的议定书进行的, 并由上海生物化学和细胞研究所动物保育和使用委员会批准。生物学.
1. 准备
<ol><li>生成破骨细胞特定的猛禽删除鼠标 (猛禽fl/佛罗里达州;Ctsk, 此后RapCtsk) 通过交配猛禽fl/佛罗里达州小鼠与Ctsk 的小鼠。在本研究中, 使用猛禽fl/fl 小鼠作为小波控制。</li>
	<li>有一个带冰块的容器来保持孤立的骨骼。</li>
	<li>
准备培养基。
	<ol>
<li>用1x 谷氨酰胺、青霉素-链霉素和10% 胎小牛血清补充最低必需培养基α (α), 制备α-记忆培养基。</li>
		<li>制备骨髓巨噬细胞诱导介质, 由50毫升的α-记忆介质和脑脊液, 在 20 ng/毫升。</li>
		<li>在50毫升的α记忆培养基中, 分别制备 20 RANKL 的破骨细胞诱导培养基。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
在陷阱染色前准备以下缓冲器。
	<ol>
<li>准备解决方案, 包括6.5 毫升丙酮, 2.5 毫升柠檬酸溶液和0.8 毫升 37% (卷/卷) 甲醛溶液。</li>
		<li>准备陷阱染色液。<ol>
<li>Prewarm 去离子水到37°c。</li>
			<li>将100µL 的快速石榴 GBC 碱溶液和100µL 亚硝酸钠溶液加入1.5 毫升微细, 并在三十年代进行温和反转. 让混合物站立2分钟。</li>
			<li>Prewarm 9 毫升去离子水到37°c。添加200µL diazotized 快速石榴石 GBC 基溶液从步骤 1.4.2.2, 100 µL 的萘酚为双磷酸盐溶液, 400 µL 醋酸溶液, 200 µL 的酒石酸溶液。</li>
			<li>在37摄氏度的水浴中保持陷阱染色混合物溶液。</li>
		</ol>
</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
在培养培养基的疏水阀活动量化前准备以下缓冲区。
	<ol>
<li>准备酒石酸缓冲液 (50 毫升): 2 毫升0.33 米 l-酒石酸, 48 毫升的酒石酸钠二元脱水。将 pH 值调整为4.9。</li>
		<li>制备 4-硝基苯基磷酸二钠 (pNPP) 缓冲液 (200 毫升): 1.502 克甘氨酸, 41 毫克氯化镁2, 27.2 毫克 ZnCl2, 和180毫升去离子水。调整 pH 值为10.4 与 3 M 氢氧化钠和容量到200毫升与去离子水。</li>
		<li>用磷酸酶基质制备 pNPP 缓冲液 (用于一个96井板): 49.37 毫克磷酸酶基底和175µL pNPP 缓冲液1.5.2。</li>
		<li>准备基板缓冲器 (9 mL/96-well 板): 6.24 毫升去离子水, 360 ul 醋酸溶液, 和2.4 毫升酒石酸缓冲液。采用涡流混合, 预热37摄氏度。</li>
		<li>添加 90 ul 的 pNPP 缓冲器与磷酸酶基底 (1.5. 3) 到9ml 预热基板缓冲 (1.5. 4), 使基板混合物和漩涡十年代。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>2. 解剖 (天-1)
<ol><li>弄死3个月大的女性和说唱Ctsk 小鼠由 CO2分开。通过训练有素的人员执行 CO2吸入适当的设备。</li>
	<li>在烧杯中浸泡6只老鼠, 100 毫升75% 乙醇 (卷/卷) 5 分钟, 以防止细菌污染, 然后放置在解剖板上仰卧位。垂直切开胫骨远端的切口, 用眼科剪刀解剖皮肤。</li>
	<li>用剪刀切开髋关节关节韧带, 将后肢从树干上脱臼。</li>
	<li>切开膝关节关节韧带, 并小心解除膝关节与胫骨和股骨的分离。用剪刀轻轻地取下软组织。</li>
	<li>将一个基因型的所有骨骼放置在一只老鼠的每一个六井板中, 在冰上有2毫升的α记忆。 注意: 为了保持细胞的生存能力, 这些骨骼应该保持在这些条件下少于1小时。</li>
</ol>3. 隔离 (天-1)
<ol><li>用75% 乙醇 (3 毫升) 和其他5口井 (3 毫升) 填充六井板的一个井。</li>
	<li>将一个基因型的所有骨骼在乙醇洗涤十五年代和洗涤骨头5次以α记忆培养基为十年代每次。</li>
	<li>用剪刀切断骨骺, 将0.45 毫米注射器针插入到骨腔中, 用α-记忆介质将骨髓冲洗成50毫升离心管。</li>
	<li>用与骨骼另一端相同的方法冲洗骨腔。重复至少两次, 彻底冲洗骨腔, 直到骨骼苍白。</li>
	<li>离心机骨髓获得细胞颗粒在 800 x g 和4°c 5 分钟。</li>
	<li>将3毫升的红细胞裂解缓冲液放入离心管中, 轻轻并用重悬骨髓。将离心管放在冰上8分钟, 溶解红细胞。</li>
	<li>在离心管中加入6毫升的α-记忆介质, 以阻止细胞裂解。离心机在 500 x g 和4°c 为10分钟和吸入上清。</li>
	<li>并用重悬在3毫升的α-记忆培养基中, 将细胞放入一个六井板中 (通常每井一只老鼠)。</li>
	<li>一夜之间在 5% CO2孵化器孵化37摄氏度。</li>
</ol>4. 电镀 (0 天)
<ol><li>将上清液转移到15毫升离心管, 第二天早上收集不连接的细胞。</li>
	<li>离心机在 800 x g 和4°c 为5分钟和吸入上清。</li>
	<li>并用重悬4毫升的α-记忆培养基。</li>
	<li>取20µL 的细胞溶液, 并与20µL 的台盼蓝混合。将混合物的10µL 添加到计数室, 并获得每毫升溶液的细胞计数。</li>
	<li>添加适当数量的α-记忆培养基, 以获得50万细胞/毫升细胞溶液。</li>
	<li>将500µL 和50µL 骨髓巨噬细胞诱导介质分别添加到24井板和96井板的每个井中。</li>
	<li>分别将500µL 和50µL 的细胞溶液添加到24井板和96井板的每个井中。</li>
	<li>在 5% CO2孵化器中孵育37°c 3 天。</li>
</ol>5. 区别 (天 3-7)
<ol><li>电镀三天后, 从96井板的每个井中收集50µL 介质, 并在-20 摄氏度处冷冻, 然后吸入残余介质。</li>
	<li>分别在24井板和96井板中加入1毫升和100µL 破骨细胞诱导介质入井。</li>
	<li>孵育37°c 2 天。</li>
	<li>从每个井中收集50µL 的培养基, 并吸取残余培养基。</li>
	<li>在每个井中加入破骨细胞诱导介质。</li>
	<li>孵育37°c 1 天。 注意: 在这个时间点, 大的, 多核破骨细胞应该看到在倒置显微镜下 (图2A)。</li>
	<li>如果未发现破骨细胞, 改变破骨细胞诱导培养基, 每天观察直到发现破骨细胞。</li>
	<li>在破骨细胞形成后, 从96井板中的每个井中收集50µL。</li>
</ol>6. 酒石酸耐酸性磷酸酶 (诱捕器) 染色
注: 成熟的破骨细胞在体外培养6-7 天后可能出现 (步骤 4)。
<ol><li>吸入培养基, 并轻轻洗涤3倍 1x PBS。</li>
	<li>用100µL 的固定溶液在室温下修复96井板的每个井中的细胞。</li>
	<li>固定后, 吸入修复液并轻轻地洗涤3次, 用去离子水 prewarmed 到37摄氏度。吸入去离子水。</li>
	<li>在96井板的每个井中添加100µL 的陷印, 并将板材放在孵化器中37°c 30 分钟, 并从光中屏蔽。</li>
	<li>染色后, 吸入陷阱污渍, 并轻轻洗3次与去离子水。</li>
	<li>图像破骨细胞使用倒置显微镜在40X 放大。</li>
</ol>7. 培养基的诱捕活动量化
<ol><li>从步骤5.1、5.4 和 5.8, 从96井板块的每个井中收集30µL 文化上清液;以30µL 非培养型破骨细胞诱导培养基为阴性对照。把样品放在一个新的96井板上。</li>
	<li>添加 90 ul 的基材混合物 (1.5. 5) 入每井96井板材。</li>
	<li>将盘子放在37摄氏度的孵化器中, 1 小时, 然后从光线中屏蔽。</li>
	<li>将50µL 3 米的氢氧化钠加入96井板的每一个井中, 停止反应。</li>
	<li>测量 theabsorbance 在波长405毫微米。</li>
</ol>8. 西方印迹
注: 在 24-井板中6-7 天的体外培养后, 成熟的破骨细胞应可见。
<ol><li>吸入培养基。</li>
	<li>用预冷 1x PBS 轻轻清洗3次。</li>
	<li>吸入 PBS</li>
	<li>添加100µL 含蛋白酶抑制剂鸡尾酒的 1x SDS 裂解缓冲液。</li>
	<li>热裂解物在105°c 10 分钟和离心机在 1.2万 x g 和4°c 为10分钟. 收集含有蛋白质的上清液。</li>
	<li>将含有30µg 蛋白质的裂解物与 10% SDS 页11分开, 然后转移到聚偏氟乙烯 (PVDF) 膜.</li>
	<li>用5% 脱脂牛奶阻挡膜30分钟。</li>
	<li>用抗猛禽, anti-P-S6, anti-S6, 抗β肌动蛋白孵化膜, 在 1:1, 000 稀释5% 脱脂牛奶在4°c 过夜。</li>
	<li>用 Tween-20 (TBST) 在室温下用三缓冲盐水冲洗膜, 10 分钟。</li>
	<li>重复步骤8.9 两次。</li>
	<li>在室温下, 用辣根过氧化物酶 (HRP)-共轭抗鼠或兔 IgG 抗体在 1:5, 000 稀释5% 脱脂牛奶中, 在室温下孵育膜。</li>
	<li>在室温下用 TBST 3 次冲洗膜10分钟。</li>
	<li>在化学发光检测中, 在膜上加入西方化学发光酶基质, 室温孵育5分钟。将多余的衬底排出, 并将污点暴露在 x 射线胶片上。</li>
</ol>

<ol>
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所有作者都说他们没有利益冲突。

osteoclastogenic 检测是最广泛使用的方法, 以分离和培养破骨细胞在体外12,13。虽然已描述了几个基于 RANKL 的破骨细胞归纳13、14、15, 但本研究描述了一种基于先前方法的修改协议。
在上一项研究中, BMMs 在隔离后立即电镀14,<sup class=...

骨骼是一个不断变化的器官, 在整个生命中被成骨细胞和破骨鼠重塑。破骨细胞负责矿化基质的吸收和成骨体的合成和分泌新的骨基质1。骨吸收与骨形成之间的平衡是骨骼健康的关键, 包括骨质量的维持和对刺激和损伤的反应。如果这种平衡被打乱, 可能会发生一系列的骨代谢疾病, 包括骨质疏松和牙周疾病。在这些疾病中, 破骨吸收引起的骨量损失超过成骨细胞的骨形成能力2,3。因此, 为了发展治疗骨质疏松等骨骼疾病的药物靶点, 了解破骨细胞的生成和生物学是至关重要的4。
破骨细胞是位于骨表面或附近的独特的巨大多核, 属于单核细胞/巨噬细胞家族的 1.罗格·伊博森 k.j. et 。报告了一种在体外生成破骨样细胞的方法, 其中含有 125-二羟基维生素 D35的培养基。核因子-κ B 配体 (RANKL) 的巨噬细胞集落刺激因子 (M CSF) 和受体活化剂的鉴定是破骨体形成的重要因素, 极大地提高了 osteoclastogenesis 的效率. 1,6,7. 培养破骨细胞体外的能力提高了我们对破骨细胞生成和调控的认识。
雷帕霉素 (mTOR) 的哺乳动物/机械靶在两个结构上和功能上不同的复合体中起作用, 即 mTORC1 和 mTORC28,9。两种多蛋白复合物由于其不同的成分和下游基质而相互区别。mTORC1 包含 mTOR (猛禽) 的独特的调控相关蛋白, 而 mTORC2 包含 mTOR (Rictor)9的雷帕霉素不敏感的伴侣。mTORC1 可以整合和传递重要信号, 调节细胞的生长、增殖和分化。最近, 我们表明, mTORC1 在分解骨吸收网络中发挥关键作用, 通过删除猛禽, 以禁用破骨细胞10中的 mTORC1。然而, 基本机制需要进一步研究。本研究采用 RANKL osteoclastogenic 法从野生型 () 和说唱 Ctsk 小鼠骨髓源性巨噬细胞 (BMMs) 中生成破骨瘤, 并研究 mTORC1 灭活对破骨瘤的影响. 形成.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Raptorfl/fl mice</td>
			<td>The Jackson Laboratory</td>
			<td>013188</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ctsk-cre mice</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>a gift from S. Kato, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#945;-MEM</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>10-022-CVR</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glutamine</td>
			<td>Gibico</td>
			<td>25030081</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin streptomycin</td>
			<td>Gibico</td>
			<td>15140122</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal calf serum</td>
			<td>BioInd</td>
			<td>04-001-1A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Recombinant mouse M-CSF protein</td>
			<td>R&#38;D</td>
			<td>Q3U4F9</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Recombinant mouse RANKL protein</td>
			<td>R&#38;D</td>
			<td>Q3TWY5</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RBC lysis buffer</td>
			<td>Beyotime</td>
			<td>C3702</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypan blue</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>302643</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acetone</td>
			<td>Shanghai Chemical Co. Ltd.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Citrate solution</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>915</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Formaldehyde solution</td>
			<td>Shanghai Chemical Co. Ltd.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acid Phosphatase, Leukocyte (TRAP) Kit</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>387A-1KT</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fast Garnet GBC Base solution</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>3872</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Nitrite Solution</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>914</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Naphthol AS-BI Phosphate Solution</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>3871</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acetate solution</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>3863</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tartrate solution</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>3873</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dulbecco&#39;s phosphate-buffered saline</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>21-031-CVR</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-tartaric acid</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>251380</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium tartrate dibasic dehydrate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>s4797</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glycine</td>
			<td>Shanghai Chemical Co. Ltd.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MgCl2</td>
			<td>Shanghai Chemical Co. Ltd.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ZnCl2</td>
			<td>Shanghai Chemical Co. Ltd.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaOH</td>
			<td>Shanghai Chemical Co. Ltd.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphatase substrate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P4744</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-Raptor</td>
			<td>Cell Signaling Technology</td>
			<td>2280</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-P-ribosomal protein S6 (S235/236)</td>
			<td>Cell Signaling Technology</td>
			<td>2317</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-ribosomal protein S6</td>
			<td>Cell Signaling Technology</td>
			<td>2211</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-&#946;-actin</td>
			<td>Santa Cruz Biotechnology</td>
			<td>sc-130300</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>37% formaldehyde</td>
			<td>Xilong scientific</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Western Chemiluminescent HRP Substrate (ECL)</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>00000367MSDS</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IX71</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Envision</td>
			<td>Perkin Elmer</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.45-mm Syringe</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scissor</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mosquito forcep</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a rankl-based osteoclast culture assay of mouse bone marrow to investigate the role of mtorc1 in osteoclast formation

破骨细胞是独特的骨吸收单元, 区别于单核细胞/巨噬细胞血统的骨髓。破骨细胞的功能障碍可能导致一系列的骨代谢疾病, 包括骨质疏松症。为预防病理性骨质量损失, 制定药物靶点, 必须了解破骨细胞与前体区分的机制。为了确定特定基因在破骨细胞分化中的作用, 在体外分离和培养大量破骨细胞的能力是至关重要的。雷帕霉素复合 1 (TORC1) 在破骨细胞中的哺乳动物/机械靶的失活可减少破骨细胞数量, 增加骨量;然而, 基本机制需要进一步研究。本研究以 RANKL 为基础, 对小鼠骨髓破骨细胞进行分离培养, 研究 mTORC1 灭活对破骨细胞形成的影响。该协议成功地导致了大量的巨型破骨细胞, 通常在一周之内。删除猛禽受损破骨细胞的形成和减少分泌酒石酸耐酸性磷酸酶的活性, 表明 mTORC1 对破骨细胞形成至关重要。

使用本议定书, 在6天看到大量的巨型破骨细胞;如果没有发现巨型破骨细胞, 可能需要再多一天的破骨细胞分化 (图 1)。成功的破骨细胞形成通过陷阱染色确认 (图 2A)。破骨细胞是巨大的葡萄酒红/紫色, 有3多个细胞核。在 BMMs (图 4A) 中, 96 井板的每个井中都有超过250只破骨细胞获得。
<p class="jove_content" fo:...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A RANKL-based Osteoclast Culture Assay of Mouse Bone Marrow to Investigate the Role of mTORC1 in Osteoclast Formation at JoVE.com

A RANKL-based Osteoclast Culture Assay of Mouse Bone Marrow to Investigate the Role of mTORC1 in Osteoclast Formation

本手稿描述了一种从小鼠骨髓中分离和培养破骨细胞的体外的协议, 并研究雷帕霉素复合物1在破骨细胞形成中的作用。

RANKL 小鼠骨髓破骨细胞培养法研究 mTORC1 在破骨细胞形成中的作用

Osteoclasts are unique bone-resorbing cells that differentiate from the monocyte/macrophage lineage of bone marrow. Dysfunction of osteoclasts may result ...

a-rankl-based-osteoclast-culture-assay-mouse-bone-marrow-to

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

12.7K 次观看.  National Clinical Research Center of Stomatology. 本手稿描述了一种从小鼠骨髓中分离和培养破骨细胞的体外的协议, 并研究雷帕霉素复合物1在破骨细胞形成中的作用。

视频: A RANKL-based Osteoclast Culture Assay of Mouse Bone Marrow to Investigate the Role of mTORC1 in Osteoclast Formation

An Optogenetic Approach for Assessing Formation of Neuronal Connections in a Co-culture System

Here we describe a protocol to generate a co-culture consisting of 2 different neuronal populations. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are reprogrammed from human fibroblasts using episomal vectors. Colonies of iPSCs can be observed 30 days after initiation of fibroblast reprogramming. Pluripotent colonies are manually picked and grown in neural induction medium to permit differentiation into neural progenitor cells (NPCs). iPSCs rapidly convert into neuroepithelial cells within 1 week and retain the capability to self-renew when maintained at a high culture density. Primary mouse NPCs are differentiated into astrocytes by exposure to a serum-containing medium for 7 days and form a monolayer upon which embryonic day 18 (E18) rat cortical neurons (transfected with channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2)) are added. Human NPCs tagged with the fluorescent protein, tandem dimer Tomato (tdTomato), are then seeded onto the astrocyte/cortical neuron culture the following day and allowed to differentiate for 28 to 35 days. We demonstrate that this system forms synaptic connections between iPSC-derived neurons and cortical neurons, evident from an increase in the frequency of synaptic currents upon photostimulation of the cortical neurons. This co-culture system provides a novel platform for evaluating the ability of iPSC-derived neurons to create synaptic connections with other neuronal populations.

A protocol to generate a co-culture system consisting of neurons derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), primary cortical neurons and astrocytes is described. This co-culture system allows detection of the formation of synaptic contacts and circuits between new, iPSC-derived neurons and pre-existing cortical neurons expressing channelrhodopsin-2.

评定神经连接的形成在共培养体系的光遗传学方法

Here we describe a protocol to generate a co-culture consisting of 2 different neuronal populations. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are ...

科研

发育生物学

An Enzymatic Method to Rescue Mesenchymal Stem Cells from Clotted Bone Marrow Samples

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) - usually obtained from bone marrow - often require expansion culture. Our protocol uses clinical grade urokinase to degrade clots in the bone marrow and release MSCs for further use. This protocol provides a rapid and inexpensive alternative to bone marrow resampling. Bone marrow is a major source of MSCs, which are interesting for tissue engineering and autologous stem cell therapies. Upon withdrawal bone marrow may clot, as it comprises all of the hematopoietic system. The resulting clots contain also MSCs that are lost for expansion culture or direct stem cell therapy. We experienced that 74% of canine bone marrow samples contained clots and yielded less than half of the stem cell number expected from unclotted samples. Thus, we developed a protocol for enzymatic digestion of those clots to avoid labor-intense and costly bone marrow resampling. Urokinase - a clinically approved and readily available thrombolytic drug &#8211; clears away the bone marrow clots almost completely. As a consequence, treated bone marrow aspirates yield similar numbers of MSCs as unclotted samples. Also, after urokinase treatment the cells kept their metabolic activity and the ability to differentiate into chondrogenic, osteogenic and adipogenic lineages. Our protocol salvages clotted blood and bone marrow samples without affecting the quality of the cells. This obsoletes resampling, considerably reduces sampling costs and enables the use of clotted samples for research or therapy.

Mesenchymal stem cells are usually obtained from bone marrow and require expansion culture. When samples clot before processing, a protocol using the (enzymatic) thrombolytic drug urokinase can be applied to degrade the clot. Thus, cells are released and available for expansion culture. This protocol provides a rapid and inexpensive alternative to resampling.

酶法从凝块骨髓样本拯救间充质干细胞

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) - usually obtained from bone marrow - often require expansion culture. Our protocol uses clinical grade urokinase to degrade ...

Using Confocal Analysis of Xenopus laevis to Investigate Modulators of Wnt and Shh Morphogen Gradients

This protocol describes a method to visualise ligands distributed across a field of cells. The ease of expressing exogenous proteins, together with the large size of their cells in early embryos, make Xenopus laevis a useful model for visualising GFP-tagged ligands. Synthetic mRNAs are efficiently translated after injection into early stage Xenopus embryos, and injections can be targeted to a single cell. When combined with a lineage tracer such as membrane tethered RFP, the injected cell (and its descendants) that are producing the overexpressed protein can easily be followed. This protocol describes a method for the production of fluorescently tagged Wnt and Shh ligands from injected mRNA. The methods involve the micro dissection of ectodermal explants (animal caps) and the analysis of ligand diffusion in multiple samples. By using confocal imaging, information about ligand secretion and diffusion over a field of cells can be obtained. Statistical analyses of confocal images provide quantitative data on the shape of ligand gradients. These methods may be useful to researchers who want to test the effects of factors that may regulate the shape of morphogen gradients.

Using Confocal Analysis of Xenopus laevis to Investigate Modulators of Wnt and Shh Morphogen Gradients

The manuscript here provides a simple set of methods for analysing the secretion and diffusion of fluorescently tagged ligands in Xenopus. This provides a context for testing the ability of other proteins to modify ligand distribution and allowing experiments that may give insight into mechanisms regulating morphogen gradients.

利用共聚焦分析<em&gt;非洲爪蟾</em&gt;调查的Wnt和Shh形态发生素梯度的调节剂

This protocol describes a method to visualise ligands distributed across a field of cells. The ease of expressing exogenous proteins, together with the ...

Isolating Mesangiogenic Progenitor Cells (MPCs) from Human Bone Marrow

In a research study aimed to isolate human bone marrow (hBM)-derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells (MSCs) for clinical applications, we identified a novel cell population specifically selected for growth in human serum supplemented medium. These cells are characterized by morphological, phenotypic, and molecular features distinct from MSCs and we named them Mesodermal Progenitor Cells (MPCs). MPCs are round, with a thick highly refringent core region; they show strong, trypsin resistant adherence to plastic. Failure to expand MPCs directly revealed that they are slow in cycling. This is as also suggested by Ki-67 negativity. On the other hand, culturing MPCs in standard medium designed for MSC expansion, gave rise to a population of exponentially growing MSC-like cells. Besides showing mesenchymal differentiation capacity MPCs retained angiogenic potential, confirming their multiple lineage progenitor nature. Here we describe an optimized highly reproducible protocol to isolate and characterize hBM-MPCs by flow cytometry (CD73, CD90, CD31, and CD45), nestin expression, and F-actin organization. Protocols for mesengenic and angiogenic differentiation of MPCs are also provided. Here we also suggest a more appropriate nomenclature for these cells, which has been re-named as "Mesangiogenic Progenitor Cells".

Isolating Mesangiogenic Progenitor Cells MPCs from Human Bone Marrow

Here we describe an optimized, highly reproducible protocol to isolate Mesodermal Progenitor Cells (MPCs) from human bone marrow (hBM). MPCs were characterized by flow cytometry and nestin expression. They showed the ability to give rise to exponentially growing MSC-like cell cultures while retaining their angiogenic potential.

从人骨髓分离Mesangiogenic祖细胞（多用途储值卡）

In a research study aimed to isolate human bone marrow (hBM)-derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells (MSCs) for clinical applications, we identified a novel ...

Culture of Murine Embryonic Metatarsals: A Physiological Model of Endochondral Ossification

The fundamental process of endochondral ossification is under tight regulation in the healthy individual so as to prevent disturbed development and/or longitudinal bone growth. As such, it is imperative that we further our understanding of the underpinning molecular mechanisms involved in such disorders so as to provide advances towards human and animal patient benefit. The mouse metatarsal organ explant culture is a highly physiological ex vivo model for studying endochondral ossification and bone growth as the growth rate of the bones in culture mimic that observed in vivo. Uniquely, the metatarsal organ culture allows the examination of chondrocytes in different phases of chondrogenesis and maintains cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions, therefore providing conditions closer to the in vivo situation than cells in monolayer or 3D culture. This protocol describes in detail the intricate dissection of embryonic metatarsals from the hind limb of E15 murine embryos and the subsequent analyses that can be performed in order to examine endochondral ossification and longitudinal bone growth.

We present a protocol to dissect and culture embryonic day 15 (E15) murine metatarsal bones. This highly physiological ex vivo model of endochondral ossification provides conditions closer to the in vivo situation than cells in monolayer or 3D culture and is a vital tool for investigating bone growth and development.

小鼠胚胎跖骨文化:软骨内骨化的生理模型

The fundamental process of endochondral ossification is under tight regulation in the healthy individual so as to prevent disturbed development and/or ...

Drug Treatment and In Vivo Imaging of Osteoblast-Osteoclast Interactions in a Medaka Fish Osteoporosis Model

Bone-forming osteoblasts interact with bone-resorbing osteoclasts to coordinate the turnover of bone matrix and to control skeletal homeostasis. Medaka and zebrafish larvae are widely used to analyze the behavior of bone cells during bone formation, degeneration, and repair. Their optical clarity allows the visualization of fluorescently labeled bone cells and fluorescent dyes bound to the mineralized skeletal matrix. Our lab has generated transgenic medaka fish that express the osteoclast-inducing factor Receptor Activator of Nuclear-factor &#954;B Ligand (RANKL) under the control of a heat&#160;shock-inducible promoter. Ectopic expression of RANKL results in the excess formation of activated osteoclasts, which can be visualized in reporter lines with nlGFP expression under the control of the cathepsin K (ctsk) promoter. RANKL induction and ectopic osteoclast formation leads to severe osteoporosis-like phenotypes. Compound transgenic medaka lines that express ctsk:nlGFP in osteoclasts, as well as mCherry under the control of the osterix (osx) promoter in premature osteoblasts, can be used to study the interaction of both cell types. This facilitates the in vivo observation of cellular behavior under conditions of bone degeneration and repair. Here, we describe the use of this system to test a drug commonly used in human osteoporosis therapy and describe a protocol for live imaging. The medaka model complements studies in cell culture and mice, and offers a novel system for the in vivo analysis of drug action in the skeletal system.

Drug Treatment and In Vivo Imaging of Osteoblast-Osteoclast Interactions in a Medaka Fish Osteoporosis Model

Small laboratory fish have become popular models for bone research on the mechanisms underlying human bone disorders and for the screening of bone-modulating drugs. In this report, we describe a protocol to assess the effect of alendronate on bone cells in medaka larvae with osteoporotic lesions.

戒毒治疗和<em&gt;在体内</em&gt;在青鳉鱼骨质疏松模型成骨破骨细胞相互作用的成像

Bone-forming osteoblasts interact with bone-resorbing osteoclasts to coordinate the turnover of bone matrix and to control skeletal homeostasis. Medaka ...

Temporal Ordering of Dynamic Expression Data from Detailed Spatial Expression Maps

During somitogenesis, pairs of epithelial somites form in a progressive manner, budding off from the anterior end of the pre-somitic mesoderm (PSM) with a strict species-specific periodicity. The periodicity of the process is regulated by a molecular oscillator, known as the "segmentation clock," acting in the PSM cells. This clock drives the oscillatory patterns of gene expression across the PSM in a posterior-anterior direction. These so-called clock genes are key components of three signaling pathways: Wnt, Notch, and fibroblast growth factor (FGF). In addition, Notch signaling is essential for synchronizing intracellular oscillations in neighboring cells. We recently gained insight into how this may be mechanistically regulated. Upon ligand activation, the Notch receptor is cleaved, releasing the intracellular domain (NICD), which moves to the nucleus and regulates gene expression. NICD is highly labile, and its phosphorylation-dependent turnover acts to restrict Notch signaling. The profile of NICD production (and degradation) in the PSM is known to be oscillatory and to resemble that of a clock gene. We recently reported that both the Notch receptor and the Delta ligand, which mediate intercellular coupling, themselves exhibit dynamic expression at both the mRNA and protein levels. In this article, we describe the sensitive detection methods and detailed image analysis tools that we used, in combination with the computational modeling that we designed, to extract and overlay expression data from distinct points in the expression cycle. This allowed us to construct a spatio-temporal picture of the dynamic expression profile for the receptor, the ligand, and the Notch target clock genes throughout an oscillation cycle. Here, we describe the protocols used to generate and culture the PSM explants, as well as the procedure to stain for the mRNA or protein. We also explain how the confocal images were subsequently analyzed and temporally ordered computationally to generate ordered sequences of clock expression snapshots, hereafter defined as "kymographs," for the visualization of the spatiotemporal expression of Delta-like1 (Dll1) and Notch1 throughout the PSM.

The segmentation clock drives oscillatory gene expression across the pre-somitic mesoderm (PSM). Dynamic Notch activity is key to this process. We use imaging and computational analyses to extract temporal dynamics from spatial expression data to demonstrate that Delta ligand and Notch receptor expression oscillate in the vertebrate PSM.

从详细的空间表达图谱的动态表达数据的时间排序

During somitogenesis, pairs of epithelial somites form in a progressive manner, budding off from the anterior end of the pre-somitic mesoderm (PSM) with a ...

Stimulation of Notch Signaling in Mouse Osteoclast Precursors

Notch signaling is a key component of multiple physiological and pathological processes. The nature of Notch signaling, however, makes in vitro investigation of its varying and sometimes contradictory roles a challenge. As a component of direct cell-cell communication with both receptors and ligands bound to the plasma membrane, Notch signaling cannot be activated in vitro by simple addition of ligands to culture media, as is possible with many other signaling pathways. Instead, Notch ligands must be presented to cells in an immobilized state. 
Variations in methods of Notch signaling activation can lead to different outcomes in cultured cells. In osteoclast precursors, in particular, differences in methods of Notch stimulation and osteoclast precursor culture and differentiation have led to disagreement over whether Notch signaling is a positive or negative regulator of osteoclast differentiation. While closer comparisons of osteoclast differentiation under different Notch stimulation conditions in vitro and genetic models have largely resolved the controversy regarding Notch signaling and osteoclasts, standardized methods of continuous and temporary stimulation of Notch signaling in cultured cells could prevent such discrepancies in the future.
This protocol describes two methods for stimulating Notch signaling specifically in cultured mouse osteoclast precursors, though these methods should be applicable to any adherent cell type with minor adjustments. The first method produces continuous stimulation of Notch signaling and involves immobilizing Notch ligand to a tissue culture surface prior to the seeding of cells. The second, which uses Notch ligand bound to agarose beads allows for temporary stimulation of Notch signaling in cells that are already adhered to a culture surface. This protocol also includes methods for detecting Notch activation in osteoclast precursors as well as representative transcriptional markers of Notch signaling activation.

Notch signaling is a form of cellular communication that relies upon direct contact between cells. To properly induce Notch signaling in vitro, Notch ligands must be presented to cells in an immobilized state. This protocol describes methods for in vitro stimulation of Notch signaling in mouse osteoclast precursors.

在鼠标破骨细胞前体Notch信号的刺激

Notch signaling is a key component of multiple physiological and pathological processes. The nature of Notch signaling, however, makes in vitro ...

A 5-mC Dot Blot Assay Quantifying the DNA Methylation Level of Chondrocyte Dedifferentiation In Vitro

The dedifferentiation of hyaline chondrocytes into fibroblastic chondrocytes often accompanies monolayer expansion of chondrocytes in vitro. The global DNA methylation level of chondrocytes is considered to be a suitable biomarker for the loss of the chondrocyte phenotype. However, results based on different experimental methods can be inconsistent. Therefore, it is important to establish a precise, simple, and rapid method to quantify global DNA methylation levels during chondrocyte dedifferentiation.
Current genome-wide methylation analysis techniques largely rely on bisulfite genomic sequencing. Due to DNA degradation during bisulfite conversion, these methods typically require a large sample volume. Other methods used to quantify global DNA methylation levels include high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). However, HPLC requires complete digestion of genomic DNA. Additionally, the prohibitively high cost of HPLC instruments limits HPLC&#39;s wider application.
In this study, genomic DNA (gDNA) was extracted from human chondrocytes cultured with varying number of passages. The gDNA methylation level was detected using a methylation-specific dot blot assay. In this dot blot approach, a gDNA mixture containing the methylated DNA to be detected was spotted directly onto an N+ membrane as a dot inside a previously drawn circular template pattern. Compared with other gel electrophoresis-based blotting approaches and other complex blotting procedures, the dot blot method saves significant time. In addition, dot blots can detect overall DNA methylation level using a commercially available 5-mC antibody. We found that the DNA methylation level differed between the monolayer subcultures, and therefore could play a key role in chondrocyte dedifferentiation. The 5-mC dot blot is a reliable, simple, and rapid method to detect the general DNA methylation level to evaluate chondrocyte phenotype.

A 5-mC Dot Blot Assay Quantifying the DNA Methylation Level of Chondrocyte Dedifferentiation In Vitro

We present a method to quantify DNA methylation based on the 5-methylcytosine (5-mC) dot blot. We determined the 5-mC levels during chondrocyte dedifferentiation. This simple technique could be used to quickly determine the chondrocyte phenotype in ACI treatment.

5-mC点印迹测定定量软骨细胞去分化的DNA甲基化水平<em&gt;体外</em

The dedifferentiation of hyaline chondrocytes into fibroblastic chondrocytes often accompanies monolayer expansion of chondrocytes in vitro. The global ...

Bioengineering of Humanized Bone Marrow Microenvironments in Mouse and Their Visualization by Live Imaging

Human hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) reside in the bone marrow (BM) niche, an intricate, multifactorial network of components producing cytokines, growth factors, and extracellular matrix. The ability of HSCs to remain quiescent, self-renew or differentiate, and acquire mutations and become malignant depends upon the complex interactions they establish with different stromal components. To observe the crosstalk between human HSCs and the human BM niche in physiological and pathological conditions, we designed a protocol to ectopically model and image a humanized BM niche in immunodeficient mice. We show that the use of different cellular components allows for the formation of humanized structures and the opportunity to sustain long-term human hematopoietic engraftment. Using two-photon microscopy, we can live-image these structures in situ at the single-cell resolution, providing a powerful new tool for the functional characterization of the human BM microenvironment and its role in regulating normal and malignant hematopoiesis.

A method to create and live-image different humanized bone-marrow niches in mice is presented. Based on the supportive niche created by human mesenchymal cells, the addition of human endothelial cells induces the formation of human vessels, while the addition of rhBMP-2 induces the formation of human-mouse chimeric mature bone tissue.

人类骨髓微环境在小鼠中的生物工程及其通过实时成像的可视化

Human hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) reside in the bone marrow (BM) niche, an intricate, multifactorial network of components producing cytokines, growth ...