授予国内生产总值:这项工作是由Ministero Istruzione UNIVERSITAËRicerca（2010XPMFW4_009 PRIN 2010年，协议号）的Programmi迪Ricerca Scientifica迪Rilevante Interesse Nazionale大街（PRIN）资助。我们也感谢卡特里纳贝尔蒂尼和拉法埃拉马里诺校对书稿和表演视频。

伦理声明:在本协议中描述的所有程序进行开发和测试之后，从博洛尼亚大学心理学系的伦理委员会的伦理批准（见赫尔辛基23,53宣言）。 1.参加者<ol><li>选择健康的年轻成年女性的样本。 <ol><li>征集参与者谁不节食，不服用精神药物，​​免费当前或过去的精神或神经疾病的历史决定的，天真的实验的目的。 </li></ol></li><li>邀请志愿者在安静的房间坐下，并收集他们的人口统计资料，包括性别，年龄，受教育程度，空腹小时，身高和体重。 </li><li>计算参与者的身体质量指数（BMI）45,54,55。 </li></ol> 2.饥饿和动机评级<ol><li>收集有关他们的hunge的感觉受试者的自我评估- [R在上11点李克特量表56,57那一刻。 </li><li>使用类似的比例作为对于自评的动机上一步中使用在那一刻消耗6的食品，一个接一个的之一。选择那些在女性人口高价值欲求其中58-62这些食品（基于文化背景）。 <ol><li>显示六个食物中的照片，随机地，通过使用幻灯片演示程序，从而使它们的外观和尺寸匹配尽可能那些在实字。 </li></ol></li></ol> 3.食品刺激的选择<ol><li>选择，单独为每个参与者，在前面的步骤中的两个最高额定食品。 <ol><li>确保，在集团层面，参与者也同样积极地吃两种食物，即没有在动机评级两个项目之间没有显著差异（见步骤2.2和2.2.1）。 </li></ol></li></ol> 4.尔RORS，以此来提高认知控制<ol><li>使用修改如下两个预选的刺激与两个不同的错误率相关联的错误任务24。 <ol><li>程序并运行与适当的刺激传递软件，如E-总理的任务。任务应该持续至少15分钟。见补充代码文件中的示例脚本。 </li></ol></li><li>包括两种情况，其中一个预测（ 即它提示）犯了一个错误（LE）的可能性很低，即，参与者将做一个小的一些错误，以及一个预测犯下错误的概率高（HE）即，在其中参与者将使误差更大数目的（见步骤4.5.2和4.5.3）。 <ol><li>使用这两个预选食品的线索为LE条件（LEFood）之一;使用其他食品项目为线索对HE条件（HEFood）。点缀，随机，相同数量的两种条件下的试验。 </li></ol></li><li>组任务，使每个试验开始与两个食品项目中的一个的灰度级图像，即，经过1000毫秒，变成有色（转到信号），因此要求受试者响应。 <ol><li>对于试验总数的33％，可变停止信号延迟（SSD）后叠加的彩色图像（停止信号）上的一个红色圆圈（见4.4）相对于围棋信号发生，因此需要受到不响应。 </li><li>一旦出现停止信号，都留在屏幕上通行信号发生（其中主体被允许响应时间）后的1000毫秒的最大响应时间去和停止信号。 </li><li>给予反馈后（见步骤4.4），试验可变刺激间隔（500-2000毫秒）的一个空白屏幕分开。 </li></ol></li><li>指导参与者向围棋信号尽可能快地通过按下按钮响应，并在停止信号时切莫。指导他们所有可能的反馈（ 即 ＆＃39，"正确！&#39;&#39;，&#39;&#39;错误！&#39;&#39;，&#39;&#39;太早了！&#39;&#39;）。 </li><li>通过独立地改变它们的SSD，由一个楼梯算法的装置的基础上，参加者的性能定义为LE和何条件错误可能性。勒拥有更短的固态硬盘，而他有更长的固态硬盘24。 <ol><li>在200毫秒都LE和他在第一围棋信号出现后开始的SSD。 </li><li>在LE过程中，如果对这个问题的避免了停止信号后，按下按钮成功以后的审判5毫秒增加SSD;减少了50毫秒的SSD在其后的审讯中，如果标的失败。 </li><li>在他在，增加对下试50毫秒的SSD如果主题成功，否则，由50毫秒的下一个审判降低SSD如果这个问题出现故障63。 </li></ol></li><li>用于分析，比较去和停止试验和LE和HE条件的准确性和响应时间24。难道不是Consider错过的响应。使用国家统计或其他统计软件进行数据分析。 </li></ol> 5.跨期选择的认知控制措施<ol><li>辖参与者两颞贴现任务，分别在一个平衡的顺序，错误的任务结束后不久（详见下文）。测量在一个时空贴现任务为LEFood主观值，而在其他的HEFood主观值。上运行E-总理或任何其他刺激交付软件的任务。见补充代码文件中的示例脚本。 <ol><li>在每个任务，本参加者，在每个试验中，假想食品25,64,65 40单位，可以可变延迟后得到之间的选择（ 即 ，2天，2周，1个月，3个月，6个月，和1年，总共六个延迟条件25,66,67）和呈现在眼前可用较少量相同的食物。 </li><li>包括五个选择在每个延迟条件。提供的有关六延迟条件跨学科随机顺序选择块。 </li></ol></li><li>指导参与者通过想象在指定的时间接收指定的奖励数额，使这两个选项之间进行选择，并指示按下两个按钮25,68他们的一个偏好。 <ol><li>明确地告诉他们正朝着假设的食物选择参加;有没有正确或不正确的选择，但他们可以自由选择他们最喜欢的选项;他们没有时间限制的决定，但他们应该尽快做出自己的选择，因为他们觉得喜欢一个收获比其他。 </li></ol></li><li>程序的任务，使得对于每个延迟条件下，较小的即时选项的量进行调节，通过反复试验试验的基础上，参加者之前的选择，使用在具有equival立即奖励的量收敛滴定过程耳鼻喉科主观价值作为延迟奖励25,67（参见5.3.1步骤5.3.5到）。 <ol><li>首先，始终提交参加者，对每个延迟条件，以选择20个单位可用"现在"的食物（叮咬），并可以在该特定延迟67相同的食物40单位之间，从而，在每个延迟的第一试条件参与者时刻面临这两个具体数额67之间进行选择。 </li><li>然后，降低，第一选择后，上，如果参加者选择在先前的试验中较小的选项下试越小选项的量，否则，增加下试越小选项的量如果参与者选择了较大的选项以前的审判。 </li><li>减少与连续选择较小的选项的大小调节:第一调整是较小和较大奖励之间的差的一半，而用于后续的选择是在上次调节23的一半。 </li><li>重复该步骤，以上步骤，直到参与者在一个特定的延误病​​情，之后，参与者在其他延误病情开始一个新的一系列的选择了五选择。 </li><li>对于一个块中的每个试验，考虑立即较小金额的较大后奖励的主观价值的最好的猜测。因此，采取将已提出了关于延迟块截至该延迟后奖励的主观价值的估计第六审判的直接量，并使用它为分析（ 即所谓的无差别点;见步骤5.6）25。 </li></ol></li><li>飞度，通过非线性最小二乘分析，双曲型方程V = 1 /（1 + K T）（ 即 V =主观价值; K =常数最合适的; T =时间天延迟）参与者的冷漠23点相互独立的时空贴现任务。在奥德做到这一点R以计算所考虑的每个奖励作为时间69-71功能的主观价值的折现率（K）。使用STATISTICA或者任何其他统计软件来执行该非线性估算。 </li><li>登录变换，以标准化数据的k值，然后运行参数分析23,25。 注:较大的K值对应于一个陡峭的折扣功能，从而表明该科目更倾向于选择在较大的后一个较小的直接选择。 </li><li>通过校正饥饿评级，自我报告问卷得分外部食用线索灵敏度的比较为LEFood和HEFood k个值（见步骤6），和BMI 45,54,55。使用国家统计或其他统计软件进行数据分析。 </li></ol>荷兰饮食行为6.外部饮食行为分量表问卷（DEBQ EEB） <ol><li>使用日ËDEBQ EEB 72衡量志愿者的外部食用线索的敏感性，以控制在实验过程中可能的混杂。 </li></ol> 7.述职<ol><li>汇报参与者在会议结束时实验的目的。问他们是否错误任务过程中不知何故意识到错误操作的，如果他们认为他们以不同的方式在颞贴现任务，根据两种不同的食物选择莫名其妙。 注:关于整个过程的任何印象或感觉（ 例如 ，他们是否认为有两个主要任务之间的关联）的欢迎。 </li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

本文详细介绍了一种新的协议旨在减少健康的年轻成年女性冲动的食物选择。在这个协议中的关键步骤包括从健康女性人口采样参与者，在实验的时间收集自我报告饥饿程度，选择两种食物具有同等激励值对于每个受试者，在提交参加者的错误任务，其中每个的两个不同的误差似然性（高，低，在各试验无规地散布）与两个预选食品之一相关联，并且分别测量参与者跨期选择每个预选的食物。这?...

如今，关键的是要帮助人们面临饮食失调1-4的崛起。这些疾病反映与食欲的食物，诱使个人寻求并尽快食用它相关的激励动机的高估（这已被证明特别是甜的高脂肪食物5-6）。这发生在的，可能导致被上了一段时间的饮食未来利益为代价，而是要发挥饮食控制的能力是必要的7-8。事实上，不少人显示这些异常行为已经对食用线索9-10和初级奖励11经验，增强激励值升高注意偏向。此外，即使只是在寻找的美味食品可以定位为立即消耗食物的欲望，无论是在与饮食失调的个体和在正常人群12-13。为了从即时满足避免，而不是放弃长期outco我（ 例如 ，饮食几个月后减肥），必须运动量大的自控和抵御先天之本，进化决心冲动给诱惑并立即消费。发挥自我控制，这是相互关联在神经科学领域的认知控制的概念，一个概念，指的是能够克服的先天冲动进一步审议，可能的话，实施其他更恰当的行为14。 个人如何进行自我控制战略？研究发现，人们的能力从自动应答避免错误满语境15加高年。错误是深思熟虑高度唤起和厌恶事件，当遇到，引起代偿反应16。具体来说，他们CUE在性能和实用功能衰竭/损失，以此暗示一个需要过电流和f调节控制水平uture相应的行为17。此外，错误可以提示厌恶学习，以警示方式，从易出错，适应不良行为逃脱，从而诱导的最佳选择反应18-21的实施。 本协议显示了如何美味的食物和错误之间的关系可以用信号，在一定的行为参与将导致成本（ 即 ，奖励损失），从而鼓励代偿自我控制策略的实施，从而减少冲动的食物选择20,22。在改编自23，本协议中，参与者被要求事先自行报告他们的饥饿水平在实验的时间和评价六个不同的食物。根据收视率，两种食物与每个科目等值奖励价值选择为后续任务。然后，参与者执行其中两个以前选择的食物它错误任务（见参考文献24）EMS线索不同错误率（高和低）与性能相关联:该错误任务被编程，使得在一次试验条件下，通过一种食物线索，与会者使一个小数目的错误，并在其它试验条件下，由另一线索食品，它们使错误的数目大得多。随后，参加者为两个主要奖励跨期选择测量（改编自参考25）。寻求更快，而不是满足，面对诱人的食物时，而被节食，确实是由清脆跨期选择捕获这一点至关重要较大，但延迟增援的能力范式26。的时间越长人们需要等待一个好的被接收并消耗时，更这种潜在奖励的主观评价被削弱（ 即所谓的颞贴现现象27-34）。可怜的决定（ 即更倾向于选择关闭的满足，即提高了时间对于未来收益贴现）被认为是冲动35的核心功能和众多障碍，包括吸毒和肥胖36-45的一个里程碑。在接受本协议描述的步骤后，参加展示减少不耐烦选择刺激插入字幕出错率高，选择性。该效果更加明显，当由受试者报告饥饿水平低23。这是因为饥饿通过提高初级奖励的激励值影响的食品46-49即时评价，反过来，这些奖励7,50-52未来的量的折现率。 这种方法的优点首先在于它容易适用性。前述时际决定任务的误差训练是几乎完全不费力，从而有可能在不同的临床设置中使用。第二，该方法产生具有假想食用物品的期望的效果，而不需要使用真正的食物。第三，参与者主要是不知道食品的错误关联，使得对食物的喜好正品，这可能会影响食物可靠的决策在现实生活中，以及后续效应。最后，参加者在研究23测试的都是年轻女性，但有很好的理由推测，在跨期决策食物错误搭配的效果将是对年轻男性同样也是如此，主要是因为在目前的研究对象是不知道的预期的效果。

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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">E-Prime</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">PST</td>
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			<td style="width:167px;">Stimulus Delivery Software</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Statistica</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Statsoft</td>
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			<td>Statistical Software</td>
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errors as a means of reducing impulsive food choice

Nowadays, the increasing incidence of eating disorders due to poor self-control has given rise to increased obesity and other chronic weight problems, and ultimately, to reduced life expectancy. The capacity to refrain from automatic responses is usually high in situations in which making errors is highly likely. The protocol described here aims at reducing imprudent preference in women during hypothetical intertemporal choices about appetitive food by associating it with errors. First, participants undergo an error task where two different edible stimuli are associated with two different error likelihoods (high and low). Second, they make intertemporal choices about the two edible stimuli, separately. As a result, this method decreases the discount rate for future amounts of the edible reward that cued higher error likelihood, selectively. This effect is under the influence of the self-reported hunger level. The present protocol demonstrates that errors, well known as motivationally salient events, can induce the recruitment of cognitive control, thus being ultimately useful in reducing impatient choices for edible commodities.

从上述的协议的应用的代表性结果在这里报告。 错误的任务错误任务的有效性已经通过下面的结果来确定。关于参与者犯下错误的百分比，他们表现出显著更高一些错误的HE比LE条件下，在停止审判比在围棋试验一个显著较高的一些错误，并在停止试验的一个显著更高一些错误在何...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Errors as a Means of Reducing Impulsive Food Choice at JoVE.com

Errors as a Means of Reducing Impulsive Food Choice

Giving in to temptation of tasty food may result in long-term overweight problems. This protocol describes how to reduce imprudent preference for edible commodities during hypothetical intertemporal choices in women by associating them with errors.

作为错误脉冲减少食物选择的一种手段

Nowadays, the increasing incidence of eating disorders due to poor self-control has given rise to increased obesity and other chronic weight problems, and ...

errors-as-a-means-of-reducing-impulsive-food-choice

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

8.5K 次观看.  Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen. Giving in to temptation of tasty food may result in long-term overweight problems. This protocol describes how to reduce imprudent preference for edible commodities during hypothetical intertemporal choices in women by associating them with errors.

视频: Errors as a Means of Reducing Impulsive Food Choice

The Crossmodal Congruency Task as a Means to Obtain an Objective Behavioral Measure in the Rubber Hand Illusion Paradigm

The rubber hand illusion (RHI) is a popular experimental paradigm. Participants view touch on an artificial rubber hand while the participants' own hidden hand is touched. If the viewed and felt touches are given at the same time then this is sufficient to induce the compelling experience that the rubber hand is one's own hand. The RHI can be used to investigate exactly how the brain constructs distinct body representations for one's own body. Such representations are crucial for successful interactions with the external world. To obtain a subjective measure of the RHI, researchers typically ask participants to rate statements such as "I felt as if the rubber hand were my hand". Here we demonstrate how the crossmodal congruency task can be used to obtain an objective behavioral measure within this paradigm.
The variant of the crossmodal congruency task we employ involves the presentation of tactile targets and visual distractors. Targets and distractors are spatially congruent (i.e. same finger) on some trials and incongruent (i.e. different finger) on others. The difference in performance between incongruent and congruent trials - the crossmodal congruency effect (CCE) - indexes multisensory interactions. Importantly, the CCE is modulated both by viewing a hand as well as the synchrony of viewed and felt touch which are both crucial factors for the RHI.
The use of the crossmodal congruency task within the RHI paradigm has several advantages. It is a simple behavioral measure which can be repeated many times and which can be obtained during the illusion while participants view the artificial hand. Furthermore, this measure is not susceptible to observer and experimenter biases. The combination of the RHI paradigm with the crossmodal congruency task allows in particular for the investigation of multisensory processes which are critical for modulations of body representations as in the RHI.

We demonstrate how an objective measure can be employed in the widely employed rubber hand illusion paradigm. This measure is obtained by modifying the well-established crossmodal congruency task. This task allows the investigation of multisensory processes which are critical for modulations of body representations as in the rubber hand illusion.

一致性的任务作为一种手段来获取目标行为的措施中的橡胶手错觉范式Crossmodal

The rubber hand illusion (RHI) is a popular experimental paradigm. Participants view touch on an artificial rubber hand while the participants' own hidden ...

科研

行为学

Studying Food Reward and Motivation in Humans

A key challenge in studying reward processing in humans is to go beyond subjective self-report measures and quantify different aspects of reward such as hedonics, motivation, and goal value in more objective ways. This is particularly relevant for the understanding of overeating and obesity as well as their potential treatments. In this paper are described a set of measures of food-related motivation using handgrip force as a motivational measure. These methods can be used to examine changes in food related motivation with metabolic (satiety) and pharmacological manipulations and can be used to evaluate interventions targeted at overeating and obesity. However to understand food-related decision making in the complex food environment it is essential to be able to ascertain the reward goal values that guide the decisions and behavioral choices that people make. These values are hidden but it is possible to ascertain them more objectively using metrics such as the willingness to pay and a method for this is described. Both these sets of methods provide quantitative measures of motivation and goal value that can be compared within and between individuals.

This article describes a set of methods for the measurement of food related motivation and food related goal values in humans.

研究食品奖赏和动机在人类

A key challenge in studying reward processing in humans is to go beyond subjective self-report measures and quantify different aspects of reward such as ...

The 5-Choice Serial Reaction Time Task: A Task of Attention and Impulse Control for Rodents

This protocol describes the 5-choice serial reaction time task, which is an operant based task used to study attention and impulse control in rodents. Test day challenges, modifications to the standard task, can be used to systematically tax the neural systems controlling either attention or impulse control. Importantly, these challenges have consistent effects on behavior across laboratories in intact animals and can reveal either enhancements or deficits in cognitive function that are not apparent when rats are only tested on the standard task. The variety of behavioral measures that are collected can be used to determine if other factors (i.e., sedation, motivation deficits, locomotor impairments) are contributing to changes in performance. The versatility of the 5CSRTT is further enhanced because it is amenable to combination with pharmacological, molecular, and genetic techniques.

This protocol describes the 5-choice serial reaction time task, which is an operant based task used to study attention and impulse control in rodents. Test day challenges, which are modifications of the standard task, increase flexibility of the task and can be combined with other manipulations to more fully characterize behavior.

5选择序列反应时任务:注意的任务和脉冲控制鼠害

This protocol describes the 5-choice serial reaction time task, which is an operant based task used to study attention and impulse control in rodents. ...

The Use of the Puzzle Box as a Means of Assessing the Efficacy of Environmental Enrichment

Environmental enrichment can dramatically influence the development and function of neural circuits. Further, enrichment has been shown to successfully delay the onset of symptoms in models of Huntington&#8217;s disease 1-4, suggesting environmental factors can evoke a neuroprotective effect against the progressive, cellular level damage observed in neurodegenerative disorders. The ways in which an animal can be environmentally enriched, however, can vary considerably. Further, there is no straightforward manner in which the effects of environmental enrichment can be assessed: most methods require either fairly complicated behavioral paradigms and/or postmortem anatomical/physiological analyses. This protocol describes the use of a simple and inexpensive behavioral assay, the Puzzle Box 5-7 as a robust means of determining the efficacy of increased social, sensory and motor stimulation on mice compared to cohorts raised in standard laboratory conditions. This simple problem solving task takes advantage of a rodent&#8217;s innate desire to avoid open enclosures by seeking shelter. Cognitive ability is assessed by adding increasingly complex impediments to the shelter&#8217;s entrance. The time a given subject takes to successfully remove the obstructions and enter the shelter serves as the primary metric for task performance. This method could provide a reliable means of rapidly assessing the efficacy of different enrichment protocols on cognitive function, thus paving the way for systematically determining the role specific environmental factors play in delaying the onset of neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disease.

Environmental enrichment provides a potential protective effect against neurodegenerative disorders. Currently, however, there is no easy way of determining the efficacy of enrichment procedures. This protocol describes a simple &#8220;Puzzle Box&#8221; method for assessing an animal&#8217;s cognitive function, in order to reveal the effectiveness of environmental enrichment.

该拼图方块的使用作为评价环境富集的功效的一种手段

Environmental enrichment can dramatically influence the development and function of neural circuits.  Further, enrichment has been shown to successfully ...

A Treatment Package without Escape Extinction to Address Food Selectivity

Feeding difficulties and feeding disorders are a commonly occurring problem for young children, particularly children with developmental delays including autism. Behavior analytic interventions for the treatment of feeding difficulties oftentimes include escape extinction as a primary component of treatment. The use of escape extinction, while effective, may be problematic as it is also associated with the emergence of challenging behavior (e.g., extinction burst). Such challenging behavior may be an acceptable side effect in treatment cases where feeding problems are severe and chronic (e.g., failure to thrive). However, in more acute cases (e.g., selective eating), the negative side effect may be unwarranted and undesired. More recent research on the behavioral treatment of food selectivity has begun to evaluate treatments for feeding difficulties that do not include escape extinction (e.g., demand fading, behavioral momentum), with some success. However, research to date reveals individual differences in responsiveness to such treatments and no clear preferable treatment has emerged. This manuscript describes a multi-component treatment package that includes shaping, sequential presentation and simultaneous presentation, for the treatment of food selectivity in four young children with developmental delays. This treatment package extends the literature on the behavioral treatment for food selectivity and offers a multi-component treatment protocol that may be clinically applicable across a range of treatment scenarios and settings.

Feeding difficulties are a common problem for children with developmental disorders, including autism, and behavioral interventions often include escape extinction. Recent research has begun to evaluate treatments that do not include escape extinction. This manuscript describes a multicomponent treatment package that does not use escape extinction to treat feeding difficulties.

一个疗程装没有逃脱灭绝解决粮食选择性

Feeding difficulties and feeding disorders are a commonly occurring problem for young children, particularly children with developmental delays including ...

Determining Ultrasonic Vocalization Preferences in Mice using a Two-choice Playback Test

Mice emit ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) during a variety of conditions, such as pup isolation and adult social interactions. These USVs differ with age, sex, condition, and genetic background of the emitting animal. Although many studies have characterized these differences, whether receiver mice can discriminate among objectively different USVs and show preferences for particular sound traits remains to be elucidated. To determine whether mice can discriminate between different characteristics of USVs, a playback experiment was developed recently, in which preference responses of mice to two different USVs could be evaluated in the form of a place preference.
First, USVs from mice were recorded. Then, the recorded USVs were edited, trimmed accordingly, and exported as stereophonic sound files. Next, the USV amplitudes generated by the two ultrasound emitters used in the experiment were adjusted to the same sound pressure level. Nanocrystalline silicon thermo-acoustic emitters were used to play the USVs back. Finally, to investigate the preference of subject mice to selected USVs, pairs of two differing USV signals were played back simultaneously in a two-choice test box. By repeatedly entering a defined zone near an ultrasound emitter and searching the wire mesh in front of the emitter, the mouse reveals its preference for one sound over another. This model allows comparing the attractiveness of the various features of mouse USVs, in various contexts.

Ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) in mice differ depending on age, sex, condition, and genetic background. Using two ultrasound emitters broadcasting simultaneously in different locations, this two-choice test can evaluate murine recognition and preference responses to different characteristics of USVs.

采用双选择播放测试确定超声波发声首小鼠

Mice emit ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) during a variety of conditions, such as pup isolation and adult social interactions. These USVs differ with age, ...

Protocol for Data Collection and Analysis Applied to Automated Facial Expression Analysis Technology and Temporal Analysis for Sensory Evaluation

We demonstrate a method for capturing emotional response to beverages and liquefied foods in a sensory evaluation laboratory using automated facial expression analysis (AFEA) software. Additionally, we demonstrate a method for extracting relevant emotional data output and plotting the emotional response of a population over a specified time frame. By time pairing each participant's treatment response to a control stimulus (baseline), the overall emotional response over time and across multiple participants can be quantified. AFEA is a prospective analytical tool for assessing unbiased response to food and beverages. At present, most research has mainly focused on beverages. Methodologies and analyses have not yet been standardized for the application of AFEA to beverages and foods; however, a consistent standard methodology is needed. Optimizing video capture procedures and resulting video quality aids in a successful collection of emotional response to foods. Furthermore, the methodology of data analysis is novel for extracting the pertinent data relevant to the emotional response. The combinations of video capture optimization and data analysis will aid in standardizing the protocol for automated facial expression analysis and interpretation of emotional response data.

A protocol for capturing and statistically analyzing emotional response of a population to beverages and liquefied foods in a sensory evaluation laboratory using automated facial expression analysis software is described.

协议进行数据采集和分析应用到自动人脸表情分析技术和时序分析感官评价

We demonstrate a method for capturing emotional response to beverages and liquefied foods in a sensory evaluation laboratory using automated facial ...

Feeding Experimentation Device (FED): Construction and Validation of an Open-source Device for Measuring Food Intake in Rodents

Food intake measurements are essential for many research studies. Here, we provide a detailed description of a novel solution for measuring food intake in mice: the Feeding Experimentation Device (FED). FED is an open-source system that was designed to facilitate flexibility in food intake studies. Due to its compact and battery powered design, FED can be placed within standard home cages or other experimental equipment. Food intake measurements can also be synchronized with other equipment in real-time via FED's transistor-transistor logic (TTL) digital output, or in post-acquisition processing as FED timestamps every event with a real-time clock. When in use, a food pellet sits within FED's food well where it is monitored via an infrared beam. When the pellet is removed by the mouse, FED logs the timestamp onto its internal secure digital (SD) card and dispenses another pellet. FED can run for up to 5 days before it is necessary to charge the battery and refill the pellet hopper, minimizing human interference in data collection. Assembly of FED requires minimal engineering background, and off-the-shelf materials and electronics were prioritized in its construction. We also provide scripts for analysis of food intake and meal patterns. Finally, FED is open-source and all design and construction files are online, to facilitate modifications and improvements by other researchers.

Feeding Experimentation Device FED: Construction and Validation of an Open-source Device for Measuring Food Intake in Rodents

Feeding Experimentation Device (FED) is an open-source device for measuring food intake in mice. FED can also synchronize food intake measurements with other techniques via a real-time digital output. Here, we provide a step-by-step tutorial for the construction, validation, and usage of FED.

饲养实验装置（FED）:建筑和验​​证的开源设备的在鼠害测量摄食

Food intake measurements are essential for many research studies. Here, we provide a detailed description of a novel solution for measuring food intake in ...

Ultrasound Images of the Tongue: A Tutorial for Assessment and Remediation of Speech Sound Errors

Diagnostic ultrasound imaging has been a common tool in medical practice for several decades. It provides a safe and effective method for imaging structures internal to the body. There has been a recent increase in the use of ultrasound technology to visualize the shape and movements of the tongue during speech, both in typical speakers and in clinical populations. Ultrasound imaging of speech has greatly expanded our understanding of how sounds articulated with the tongue (lingual sounds) are produced. Such information can be particularly valuable for speech-language pathologists. Among other advantages, ultrasound images can be used during speech therapy to provide (1) illustrative models of typical (i.e.&#160;&#34;correct&#34;) tongue configurations for speech sounds, and (2) a source of insight into the articulatory nature of deviant productions. The images can also be used as an additional source of feedback for clinical populations learning to distinguish their better productions from their incorrect productions, en route to establishing more effective articulatory habits.
Ultrasound feedback is increasingly used by scientists and clinicians as both the expertise of the users increases and as the expense of the equipment declines. In this tutorial, procedures are presented for collecting ultrasound images of the tongue in a clinical context. We illustrate these procedures in an extended example featuring one common error sound, American English /r/. Images of correct and distorted /r/ are used to demonstrate (1) how to interpret ultrasound images, (2) how to assess tongue shape during production of speech sounds, (3), how to categorize tongue shape errors, and (4), how to provide visual feedback to elicit a more appropriate and functional tongue shape. We present a sample protocol for using real-time ultrasound images of the tongue for visual feedback to remediate speech sound errors. Additionally, example data are shown to illustrate outcomes with the procedure.

Ultrasound imaging can be used to display the shape and movements of the tongue in real time during speech. The images can be used to determine the nature of speech sound errors. Visual feedback of the tongue can be used to facilitate improvements in speech sound production in clinical populations.

舌的超声图像:一个教程评估和修复声音讲话的错误

Diagnostic ultrasound imaging has been a common tool in medical practice for several decades. It provides a safe and effective method for imaging ...

Reducing State Anxiety Using Working Memory Maintenance

The purpose of this protocol is to explain how to examine the relationship between working memory processes and anxiety by combining the Sternberg Working Memory (WM) and the threat of shock paradigms. In the Sternberg WM paradigm, subjects are required to maintain a series of letters in the WM for a brief interval and respond by identifying whether the position of a given letter in the series matches a numerical prompt. In the threat of shock paradigm, subjects are exposed to alternating blocks where they are either at risk of receiving unpredictable presentations of a mild electric shock or are safe from the shock. Anxiety is probed throughout the safe and threat blocks using the acoustic startle reflex, which is potentiated under threat (Anxiety-Potentiated Startle (APS)). By conducting the Sternberg WM paradigm during the threat of shock and probing the startle response during either the WM maintenance interval or the intertrial interval, it is possible to determine the effect of WM maintenance on APS.

This protocol demonstrates how to measure anxiety-potentiated startle during the Sternberg Working Memory paradigm.

使用工作记忆维护降低状态焦虑

The purpose of this protocol is to explain how to examine the relationship between working memory processes and anxiety by combining the Sternberg Working ...

作为错误脉冲减少食物选择的一种手段

摘要

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此视频中的章节

一致性的任务作为一种手段来获取目标行为的措施中的橡胶手错觉范式Crossmodal

研究食品奖赏和动机在人类

5选择序列反应时任务:注意的任务和脉冲控制鼠害

该拼图方块的使用作为评价环境富集的功效的一种手段

一个疗程装没有逃脱灭绝解决粮食选择性

采用双选择播放测试确定超声波发声首小鼠

协议进行数据采集和分析应用到自动人脸表情分析技术和时序分析感官评价

饲养实验装置（FED）:建筑和验证的开源设备的在鼠害测量摄食

舌的超声图像:一个教程评估和修复声音讲话的错误

使用工作记忆维护降低状态焦虑

作为错误脉冲减少食物选择的一种手段

摘要

探索更多视频

此视频中的章节

一致性的任务作为一种手段来获取目标行为的措施中的橡胶手错觉范式Crossmodal

研究食品奖赏和动机在人类

5选择序列反应时任务:注意的任务和脉冲控制鼠害

该拼图方块的使用作为评价环境富集的功效的一种手段

一个疗程装没有逃脱灭绝解决粮食选择性

采用双选择播放测试确定超声波发声首小鼠

协议进行数据采集和分析应用到自动人脸表情分析技术和时序分析感官评价

饲养实验装置（FED）:建筑和验​​证的开源设备的在鼠害测量摄食

舌的超声图像:一个教程评估和修复声音讲话的错误

使用工作记忆维护降低状态焦虑

饲养实验装置（FED）:建筑和验证的开源设备的在鼠害测量摄食