这项研究是有可能的启动资金从阿卡迪亚大学和埃尔姆赫斯特学院授予穆罕穆德, 一个学生-教师合作补助金从埃尔姆赫斯特学院到 E.A.W. 和穆罕穆德, 和阿卡迪亚大学师资发展补助金穆罕穆德我们要感谢丹尼尔 h. 魏斯曼, 它是使用本议定书版本的以前出版物的协作者。我们还要感谢更多的学生, 他们收集了本议定书以前版本的数据, 包括马歇尔 O ' 摩尔, 帕特丽夏, 阿曼达, 爱丽丝亲爱的, 艾瑞卡 Pinsker, 醒悟李, 席琳桑托斯, Greg 拉莫斯, 凯瑟琳 Trencheny。

这里描述的所有方法都是由阿卡迪亚大学机构审查委员会批准的。
1. 设计和准备数据收集实验
注: 有关设计和试用类型的一般信息, 请参阅介绍。有关可在每个子步骤中进行的特定选项的详细信息, 请参阅讨论。有关任务的动态视图的视频 1 , 以及视频 2 , 请参阅该任务的慢速版本。
<ol><li>选择试用类型 (即单独的目标, 相同的目标颜色分心, 和不同的目标颜色分心, 以及单独或两个分心者或非目标有色分心), 并在每种试验类型的首选试验次数7,20。</li>
	<li>在每个包含干扰项和目标 (例如,滞后1、2、3和4或仅滞后1和4等) 的试验类型中, 选择目标干扰的滞后长度.</li>
	<li>选择字母的颜色-目标颜色、外围干扰物颜色和中央填充色;必须至少有两个目标颜色。确保颜色空间中的目标颜色由至少一个出现在中央 RSVP 中的 "填充" 颜色分隔。请参见图 2 , 例如刺激颜色。</li>
	<li>使用灵活可靠的刺激演示软件包 (例如, 在 MATLAB39中实现的 Psychtoolbox) 计划任务。 注: 请参阅软件教程, 了解如何创建刺激演示文稿并收集响应。</li>
	<li>确保字母刺激精密测距 2.07 x 1.88 度的视觉角度, 并以 Arial 字体书写。将外围字母显示在中心字母的右边和左侧4.22 度的视角。</li>
	<li>呈现每帧显示116毫秒。 注: 每帧显示有三个字母: 中央字母和两个外围字母。</li>
	<li>除了目标出现时, 将 "填充" 颜色分配给中央 RSVP 中的字母 (见图 1)。随机分配这些颜色, 并告诫在 RSVP 序列中没有出现相邻的两个字母具有相同的颜色。</li>
	<li>除了出现彩色外围干扰项外, 还要将颜色灰色分配给外围位置的字母。</li>
	<li>每次试用后收集键盘响应1740毫秒。</li>
	<li>在整个实验中随机化所有试验的顺序。</li>
	<li>在实验开始时包括两部分练习单元, 使参与者能够轻松完成任务并将其公开给所有试用类型。<ol>
<li>在第一部分中, 至少包括16个目标单独的试验, 在所有目标颜色中呈现, 甚至表示每种颜色。</li>
		<li>通过在 RSVP 显示上方显示这些颜色的颜色补丁, 并将其固定在整个练习的第一部分, 提醒参与者要搜索的目标颜色。</li>
		<li>以较慢的 RSVP 速度开始练习, 每帧250毫秒。每次提出目标直到达到最后的实验速度时, 增加速度 (降低帧速率) 10 毫秒。</li>
		<li>在第二部分中, 删除颜色补丁并引入带有外围干扰的试用类型。总共至少包括12项试验, 并确保所有试验类型至少提交一次。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>每分钟为参与者提供自我节奏的休息。经过32次试验, 停止连续的 RSVP 序列, 并显示一个屏幕上说, "请休息一下。按空格键继续。在这个屏幕上, 提醒参与者他们正在寻找的颜色。呈现此文本: "作为提醒, 这些是您的目标颜色:" 并按照每个目标颜色写的 "ABCXYZ"。</li>
</ol>2. 设置设备
<ol><li>使用具有60赫兹刷新率的计算机和用于提供计时精度的监视器和图形卡组合 (请参阅材料表)。</li>
	<li>确保键盘、显示器和参与者椅处于固定位置, 因为从参与者到计算机屏幕的适当和一致的间距很重要。如果使用共享空间, 请使用掩蔽带标记桌面/表上所需设备的位置。</li>
</ol>3. 招聘实验参与者。
<ol><li>招募18岁35岁, 没有神经系统状况的参与者, 矫正正常视力, 不色盲。</li>
	<li>使用以前发布的结果和/或试验参与者执行功率计算, 以确定适当的样本大小。40,41
</li>
</ol>4. 测试参与者
<ol><li>根据授权审查委员会的政策取得必要的同意。</li>
	<li>座位参加者在 57 cm 的距离从显示器, 距离 1 cm 在屏幕对应于1程度视觉角度。使用下巴休息或实验者监督来实施这种观察距离。</li>
	<li>检查 colorblindness, 通过要求参加者完成在线 colorblindness 测试42。不要分析被视为色盲的参与者的数据。</li>
	<li>打开软件, 导航到实验文件夹, 然后键入实验脚本 (根据1节的指导原则设计) 到命令窗口中, 然后按 enter 键;程序将运行。</li>
	<li>帮助参与者通过指示, 这是打印在一系列的屏幕上, 可以阅读的自我节奏的方式。除了阅读屏幕上的说明外, 请说明以下内容: "这项任务非常困难, 性能平均约为75% 正确。如果你觉得自己犯了很多错误, 不要气馁。</li>
	<li>在实验过程中监督参与者, 确保他/她保持与显示器一致的观察距离, 正确完成任务 (例如使用正确的应答键), 并且不会入睡或分心。</li>
	<li>在练习单元中提供反馈和鼓励。<ol>
<li>提醒参与者关键反应。告诉他们: "记住," J "响应键是从字母表的前半部分来的任何目标字母," K "响应键是从字母表的后半部分来的任何目标字母。不要按 "J" 为一个目标颜色和 "K" 为另一个。</li>
		<li>提醒参加者在识别一封信后要放慢速度, 并考虑哪一种反应, 并且即使不立即发生, 也要把反应记录为 "正确"。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>当程序结束时, 汇报并开除参与者。解释实验的目的并回答问题。询问参加者在实验或完成任务时是否有任何困难。</li>
</ol>

作者没有什么可透露的。

使用此方法有几个注意事项。要采取的最重要的步骤是确保设计要求参与者一次搜索两个或多个目标, 并且有 "STC" 和 "DTC" 干扰项试验类型, 因为这将为研究员提供特定于集合的捕获 (stc-DTC).有一个 "NTC" 试验类型来适当测量特遣队注意捕获 (ntc) 也很有帮助, 不过, 如果有必要, 你可以估计 ntc 的性能和目标单独的性能。为了达到最强的效果, 必须包括滞后1试验, 并告诫 lag-1 保留可能在使用中心分心而?...

偶然注意捕获指的是当参与者错误地将注意力指向与搜索目标类似的干扰项时发生的性能成本 (慢反应时间和较低的精确度)。索引自顶向下定向的注意, 只发生在与目标相关的分心物 (如搜索绿色字母的绿色数字) 时, 但不存在与目标无关的刺激时 (例如,蓝色数字)。对特遣队注意捕获的研究是理解自上而下定向和信息处理的局限性的一个组成部分, 即一旦刺激引起关注, 它将以串行和刻苦方式处理1,2,3. 经常注意捕获最常用的方法是使用模拟普通视觉搜索的静态显示, 例如在杂货店3、4的生产部分搜索红辣椒。在此示例中, 与目标 (如红苹果) 的项目共享功能可能会引起注意, 减慢搜索速度。可观察到颜色3、5、6、7、形状8、运动9、时间10和语义相关性11,12. 除了静态显示器外, 还使用动态显示来测量特遣队注意捕获, 如在行驶道路时搜索地标, 或在快速移动的人群中寻找一个人13 ,14。
最近, 研究人员调查了当多个搜索目标处于活动状态时参与干扰的后果 (如搜索红辣椒和大蒜的同时,7,8,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23.) 在这种情况下, 分心费用尤其具有破坏性。虽然有证据表明, 多目标搜索是否会在不存在分心的情况下影响性能, 但与目标相关的干扰物的注意力捕获可能会导致性能上的巨大缺陷。特别是, 我们确定了一种新的注意捕获形式, 称为 "特定集合捕获", 在同时维护多个目标时发生。在集特定捕获的情况下, 当类似目标目标 (例如苹果) 的干扰对象从与另一个目标匹配的目标项目 (如大蒜)7中吸引注意力时, 性能成本尤其大。 20,21,22。请参见图 1 , 以解释典型的发现, 使用这个杂货店的例子。
与特遣队注意捕获的情况一样, 集合特定捕获显示信息是以串行和刻苦的方式处理的: 当一个干扰对象捕捉到注意力时, 注意力资源就会从目标中提取出来。另外, 集合特定的捕获表明, 将注意力放在干扰干扰的特性上会导致工作记忆中相关目标的增强。因此, 当同时维护多个目标时, 此目标增强以牺牲任何其他当前目标7、21、22为代价。集特定捕获是多任务处理的结果, 类似于切换成本和在任务转换研究中发现的混合成本, 但也有别于这些措施24。重要的是, 今后的研究将研究这一多任务成本, 以便根据实际原因了解损害的严重性和性质 (例如,涉及双重任务的安全情况), 并改进我们的了解视觉搜索的机制以及目标的维护。例如, 特定于 set 的捕获提供了对一个目标可以集中在一个目标或目标类似的干扰对象的想法的支持, 但在可视化搜索25中, 有更多的目标保持在一个附属状态中,26,27。
本方法提供了一种在单一范式中测量特遣队注意捕获和集特定捕获的健壮方法。它使用一个动态显示, 启发了以前的工作对注意眨眼和特遣队注意捕获与快速串行视觉演示 (回函) 的刺激13,14,28,29, 30。这种类型的显示比静态显示任务产生的影响要大得多, 后者通常依赖于反应时间作为依赖度量值, 而不是精度3、31、32。这些更大的效果允许研究人员使用这个范式来测量对特定集合捕获的更敏感的操作, 例如练习20的效果。
在这项任务中, 参与者搜索异种地色的、集中位置的 RSVP, 以查找两个 "目标" 墨迹颜色中的任何一种 (如绿色和橙色). 参见图 2 , 例如刺激颜色)。每当参与者检测到显示在中央显示屏中的目标色字母时, 它们都指示字母是否来自字母表的前半部分 ("按" J "键") 或字母表的后半部分 ("按" K 键 ")。同时, 参与者忽略两个 RSVP 显示, 其中主要是显示在中央显示屏两侧的灰色字母。因此, 在任何给定的时间, 屏幕上都有三封信-一个中央定位和两个外围设备。字母改变身份和颜色每 116 ms。
实验可能包括以下试验类型:单独目标,单独干扰,非目标有色干扰 (NTC),相同目标有色干扰 (STC)和不同的目标有色干扰 (DTC).在目标单独的试用类型中, 目标字母 (如绿色 C) 出现在中央 RSVP 中, 而在其前面的外围回函中不会发生任何颜色更改。在单独的 "干扰对象" 试用类型中, 一个目标颜色的项目出现在一个外围 RSVP 显示中, 而没有出现目标项目。此试验类型的目的是防止参与者使用外围颜色变化来预测即将到来的目标, 方法是包括一些试验, 其中一个干扰器没有预测目标。在 NTC、STC 和 DTC 试用类型中, 在目标集中显示之前, 一个外围显示器中会出现一个彩色字母干扰, 其中 "滞后" 1-4 显示帧 (116-464 ms) 与目标的外观之间。对于 NTC 试验, 干扰对象不是目标色 (例如,紫色 ' V ')。在 STC 试验中, 干扰者 (如橙色的 B) 与以下目标 (如橙色的 "T") 的颜色相同。在 DTC 试验中, 干扰 (例如,橙色 ' C ') 是目标色的, 但与即将到来的目标 (例如,绿色 ' V ') 的颜色不同。有关任务的示意图, 请参见图 3 , 其中包括每个试用类型的示例。有关该任务的示例, 请参见视频 1 (视频)。在循环中查看, 该示例包含两个目标。视频 2(视频) 是相同的视频在降低速度, 以清晰。
临时注意捕获是由 NTC 和 STC 性能之间的差异所表明的, 因为目标有色项目只在与当前目标之一 (即不在 NTC 试验中, 通常产生相同精确度水平作为目标单独试验)。Set 特定捕获是通过 STC 和 DTC 性能的差异来表示的。我们已经出版了这项任务的几个版本, 有轻微不同的试验类型的配置 (即,有或没有 NTC 和干扰因素单独试验; 仅滞后1和 3, 具有各种目标颜色, 有三个目标,等等.7,20,21,22)。
此方法的一个显著特点是它使用连续显示。每个试验包括代表该试验类型的最小分量 (例如,外围干扰因素、目标以及在干扰对象和目标之间及时出现的任何字母)。"填充" 刺激连接一个试验到下一个无缝, 参与者在这个 intertrial 的时间间隔, 每当他们发现一个目标的反应。间隔持续时间为 15-21 帧 (1740-2436 毫秒), 这是充分的响应时机;大多数反应发生在700毫秒以内. 这种方法的优点是机会性能接近 0%;参与者没有明确地意识到, 如果他们错过了目标项目, 审判就结束了。这允许三种类型的结果: 1) 确定的字母, 这将导致正确的响应, 2) 检测到但未识别的项目 (例如, "我看到了绿色的东西"), 这将导致50% 的机会正确的反应, 和 3) 一个未被发现/错过项, 导致没有响应 (编码为不准确)。这三结果提供了有关刺激处理程度的更多信息, 而不是具有两种替代强制选择响应的任务, 它不能区分检测无标识 (即响应错误) 和彻底的错过 (即遗漏错误)。
我们在这里描述的方法, 因为我们已经在发布的工作中使用它, 参与者搜索有色字母。但是, 它可以被修改, 以用于图像33和潜在的其他刺激, 如文字34。此外, 干扰可以显示为其他有色项目在中央显示, 而不是像彩色字母出现在外围 (例如,在中央显示的目标色的数字)21。也可能在静态显示中识别特定于集合的捕获。这种方法的扩展的进一步发展将使研究人员能够调查诸如奖励和动机对分心35的影响, 或者分心成本是否被同时维持的目标数量所调节的话题。33. 其他应用程序可以包括在现实环境中测量分心成本, 例如完成苛刻的视觉搜索任务 (例如,机场行李检查或放射检查)36、37,38。

<table><tbody><tr><td>MATLAB</td><td>Mathworks</td><td>R2014b</td><td>General computing platform</td></tr><tr><td>Psychtoolbox</td><td>Psychtoolbox</td><td>PTB-3</td><td>Toolbox of routines for use with MATLAB</td></tr><tr><td>G*Power</td><td>Universit&amp;auml;t D&amp;uuml;sseldorf</td><td>G*Power 3.1.9.2 for Windows</td><td>Software to assist with performing power calculations</td></tr><tr><td>24&amp;rdquo; HDMI Gaming Monitor</td><td>ASUS</td><td>VG248QE</td><td>High quality LCD monitor with excellent timing</td></tr></tbody></table>

using rapid serial visual presentation to measure set-specific capture, a consequence of distraction while multitasking

此方法使用快速串行可视化演示 (RSVP) 范式来测量参与者维护多个搜索目标时分心的成本。该议定书确定了在单个任务--偶然注意捕获和特定集合捕获中的两种分心类型--表示认知处理的不同类型的限制。参与者在异种地彩色字母的连续 RSVP 流中搜索两个或多个 "目标" 墨迹颜色 (如绿色和橙色) 中的字母, 同时忽略两个外围回函的字母。在检测到目标时, 参与者要识别这封信。在一些试验中, 目标色干扰物出现在目标显示之前的外围, 导致目标识别性能下降。通过检查试验的性能来观察到或注意捕获, 在这些实验中, 外围干扰者与试验对象的颜色相同 (如橙色)。集特定捕获由测试的性能表示, 在这些试验中, 外围干扰对象是目标色 (如橙色), 但与该试验中的目标 (如绿色) 的颜色不同。通过改变干扰者与目标的呈现之间的时间 (即出现的刺激数量), 研究人员可以观察参与者如何从这些分心成本中恢复过来。与通常用来测量特遣队注意捕获的静态显示器相比, 动态显示产生了更大的效果, 使得研究人员能够识别较小操作的细微影响。我们设计的一个不寻常的方面是, 它采用连续显示;"填充" 刺激将一个试验连接到下一个无缝, 参与者在这个时间间隔内, 每当他们检测到一个目标。连续显示将机会性能降低到接近零的水平 (而不是 50%), 并为研究人员提供了更敏感的测试类型之间的性能差异度量。

我们报告几个代表性数据的例子。在第一个示例中, 有两个滞后 (1 和 3), 两个干扰试验类型 (STC 和 DTC) 和57个参与者。也有目标单独和干扰者单独试验类型。在反复测量中, 影响试验类型和滞后因素的方差分析, 各因子的主要作用以及两者之间的相互作用。性能更好的滞后 3 (平均 (M) = 0.655, 标准误差 (SE) = 0.018) 比在滞后 1 (M = 0.484, SE = 0.018), F...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Using Rapid Serial Visual Presentation to Measure Set-Specific Capture, a Consequence of Distraction While Multitasking at JoVE.com

Using Rapid Serial Visual Presentation to Measure Set-Specific Capture, a Consequence of Distraction While Multitasking

使用快速串行可视化演示来测量集特定捕获, 这是在多任务时分心的结果。

此方法使用动态视觉显示来索引视觉搜索过程中分心的成本, 包括 "偶然注意捕获" 和 "特定集合捕获", 这是当参与者维护多个搜索时发生分心的代价。目标同时进行。该方法揭示了视觉注意的基本机制和局限性。

This method uses a rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) paradigm to measure the cost of distraction when participants maintain multiple search goals. ...

using-rapid-serial-visual-presentation-to-measure-set-specific

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

8.8K 次观看.  Arcadia University. 此方法使用动态视觉显示来索引视觉搜索过程中分心的成本, 包括 "偶然注意捕获" 和 "特定集合捕获", 这是当参与者维护多个搜索时发生分心的代价。目标同时进行。该方法揭示了视觉注意的基本机制和局限性。

视频: Using Rapid Serial Visual Presentation to Measure Set-Specific Capture, a Consequence of Distraction While Multitasking

Measuring Attentional Biases for Threat in Children and Adults

Investigators have long been interested in the human propensity for the rapid detection of threatening stimuli. However, until recently, research in this domain has focused almost exclusively on adult participants, completely ignoring the topic of threat detection over the course of development. One of the biggest reasons for the lack of developmental work in this area is likely the absence of a reliable paradigm that can measure perceptual biases for threat in children. To address this issue, we recently designed a modified visual search paradigm similar to the standard adult paradigm that is appropriate for studying threat detection in preschool-aged participants. Here we describe this new procedure. In the general paradigm, we present participants with matrices of color photographs, and ask them to find and touch a target on the screen. Latency to touch the target is recorded. Using a touch-screen monitor makes the procedure simple and easy, allowing us to collect data in participants ranging from 3 years of age to adults. Thus far, the paradigm has consistently shown that both adults and children detect threatening stimuli (e.g., snakes, spiders, angry/fearful faces) more quickly than neutral stimuli (e.g., flowers, mushrooms, happy/neutral faces). Altogether, this procedure provides an important new tool for researchers interested in studying the development of attentional biases for threat.

Here we describe a touch-screen visual search paradigm that can be used to study threat detection across the lifespan. The paradigm has already been used in various studies demonstrating that both children and adults detect threatening stimuli like snakes, spiders, and angry faces faster than non-threatening stimuli.

测量注意偏向对威胁儿童和成人

Investigators have long been interested in the human propensity for the rapid detection of threatening stimuli. However, until recently, research in this ...

科研

行为学

A Cognitive Paradigm to Investigate Interference in Working Memory by Distractions and Interruptions

Goal-directed behavior is often impaired by interference from the external environment, either in the form of distraction by irrelevant information that one attempts to ignore, or by interrupting information that demands attention as part of another (secondary) task goal. Both forms of external interference have been shown to detrimentally impact the ability to maintain information in working memory (WM). Emerging evidence suggests that these different types of external interference exert different effects on behavior and may be mediated by distinct neural mechanisms. Better characterizing the distinct neuro-behavioral impact of irrelevant distractions versus attended interruptions is essential for advancing an understanding of top-down attention, resolution of external interference, and how these abilities become degraded in healthy aging and in neuropsychiatric conditions. This manuscript describes a novel cognitive paradigm developed the Gazzaley lab that has now been modified into several distinct versions used to elucidate behavioral and neural correlates of interference, by to-be-ignored distractors versus to-be-attended interruptors. Details are provided on variants of this paradigm for investigating interference in visual and auditory modalities, at multiple levels of stimulus complexity, and with experimental timing optimized for electroencephalography (EEG) or functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies. In addition, data from younger and older adult participants obtained using this paradigm is reviewed and discussed in the context of its relationship with the broader literatures on external interference and age-related neuro-behavioral changes in resolving interference in working memory.

A novel cognitive paradigm is developed to elucidate behavioral and neural correlates of interference by to-be-ignored distractors versus interference by to-be-attended interruptors during a working memory task. In this manuscript, several variants of this paradigm are detailed, and data obtained with this paradigm in younger/older adult participants is reviewed.

认知范式调查干扰工作记忆的干扰和中断

Goal-directed behavior is often impaired by interference from the external environment, either in the form of distraction by irrelevant information that ...

A Dual Task Procedure Combined with Rapid Serial Visual Presentation to Test Attentional Blink for Nontargets

When viewers search for targets in a rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) stream, if two targets are presented within about 500 msec of each other, the first target may be easy to spot but the second is likely to be missed. This phenomenon of attentional blink (AB) has been widely studied to probe the temporal capacity of attention for detecting visual targets. However, with the typical procedure of AB experiments, it is not possible to examine how the processing of non-target items in RSVP may be affected by attention. This paper describes a novel dual task procedure combined with RSVP to test effects of AB for nontargets at varied stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs). In an exemplar experiment, a target category was first displayed, followed by a sequence of 8 nouns. If one of the nouns belonged to the target category, participants would respond &#8216;yes&#8217; at the end of the sequence, otherwise participants would respond &#8216;no&#8217;. Two 2-alternative forced choice memory tasks followed the response to determine if participants remembered the words immediately before or after the target, as well as a random word from another part of the sequence. In a second exemplar experiment, the same design was used, except that 1) the memory task was counterbalanced into two groups with SOAs of either 120 or 240 msec and 2) three memory tasks followed the sequence and tested remembrance for nontarget nouns in the sequence that could be anywhere from 3 items prior the target noun position to 3 items following the target noun position. Representative results from a previously published study demonstrate that our procedure can be used to examine divergent effects of attention that not only enhance targets but also suppress nontargets. Here we show results from a representative participant that replicated the previous finding.&#160;

This paper describes a novel dual task procedure combined with Rapid Serial Visual Presentation to look at attentional blink at varied stimulus onset asynchronies. This experimental procedure differed from others in that it tested attentional blink for nontargets.

的双任务过程结合快速系列视觉呈现到测试的注意闪烁Nontargets

When viewers search for targets in a rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) stream, if two targets are presented within about 500 msec of each other, the ...

Methods to Test Visual Attention Online

Online data collection methods have particular appeal to behavioral scientists because they offer the promise of much larger and much more representative data samples than can typically be collected on college campuses. However, before such methods can be widely adopted, a number of technological challenges must be overcome &#8211; in particular in experiments where tight control over stimulus properties is necessary. Here we present methods for collecting performance data on two tests of visual attention. Both tests require control over the visual angle of the stimuli (which in turn requires knowledge of the viewing distance, monitor size, screen resolution, etc.) and the timing of the stimuli (as the tests involve either briefly flashed stimuli or stimuli that move at specific rates). Data collected on these tests from over 1,700 online participants were consistent with data collected in laboratory-based versions of the exact same tests. These results suggest that with proper care, timing/stimulus size dependent tasks can be deployed in web-based settings.

To replicate laboratory settings, online data collection methods for visual tasks require tight control over stimulus presentation. We outline methods for the use of a web application to collect performance data on two tests of visual attention.

方法在线测试视觉注意

Online data collection methods have particular appeal to behavioral scientists because they offer the promise of much larger and much more representative ...

Measuring Attention and Visual Processing Speed by Model-based Analysis of Temporal-order Judgments

This protocol describes how to conduct temporal-order experiments to measure visual processing speed and the attentional resource distribution. The proposed method is based on a new and synergistic combination of three components: the temporal-order judgments (TOJ) paradigm, Bundesen&#39;s Theory of Visual Attention (TVA), and a hierarchical Bayesian estimation framework. The method provides readily interpretable parameters, which are supported by the theoretical and neurophysiological underpinnings of TVA. Using TOJs, TVA-based estimates can be obtained for a broad range of stimuli, whereas traditional paradigms used with TVA are mainly limited to letters and digits. Finally, the meaningful parameters of the proposed model allow for the establishment of a hierarchical Bayesian model. Such a statistical model allows assessing results in one coherent analysis both on the subject and the group level.
To demonstrate the feasibility and versatility of this new approach, three experiments are reported with attention manipulations in synthetic pop-out displays, natural images, and a cued letter-report paradigm.

Temporal-order judgments can be used to estimate processing speed parameters and attentional weights and thereby to infer the mechanisms of attentional processing. This methodology can be applied to a wide range of visual stimuli and works with many attention manipulations.

通过颞阶判决的基于模型的分析测量注意力和视觉处理速度

This protocol describes how to conduct temporal-order experiments to measure visual processing speed and the attentional resource distribution. The ...

Central and Divided Visual Field Presentation of Emotional Images to Measure Hemispheric Differences in Motivated Attention

Two dominant theories on lateralized processing of emotional information exist in the literature. One theory posits that unpleasant emotions are processed by right frontal regions, while pleasant emotions are processed by left frontal regions. The other theory posits that the right hemisphere is more specialized for the processing of emotional information overall, particularly in posterior regions.
Assessing the different roles of the cerebral hemispheres in processing emotional information can be difficult without the use of neuroimaging methodologies, which are not accessible or affordable to all scientists. Divided visual field presentation of stimuli can allow for the investigation of lateralized processing of information without the use of neuroimaging technology. 
This study compared central versus divided visual field presentations of emotional images to assess differences in motivated attention between the two hemispheres. The late positive potential (LPP) was recorded using electroencephalography (EEG) and event-related potentials (ERPs) methodologies to assess motivated attention. Future work will pair this paradigm with a more active behavioral task to explore the behavioral impacts on the attentional differences found.

This study compared central versus divided visual field presentations of emotional images to assess differences in motivated attention between the two hemispheres. The late positive potential (LPP) was recorded using electroencephalography (EEG) and event-related potentials (ERPs) methodologies to assess motivated attention.

中央和分割的视觉场表现的情绪图像, 以测量半球的差异, 激发注意

Two dominant theories on lateralized processing of emotional information exist in the literature. One theory posits that unpleasant emotions are processed ...

研究视觉持续时间感知任务中的动眼神经反应

Eye Movements in Visual Duration Perception: Disentangling Stimulus from Time in Predecisional Processes

Eye-tracking methods may allow the online monitoring of cognitive processing during visual duration perception tasks, where participants are asked to estimate, discriminate, or compare time intervals defined by visual events like flashing circles. However, and to our knowledge, attempts to validate this possibility have remained inconclusive so far, and results remain focused on offline behavioral decisions made after stimulus appearance. This paper presents an eye-tracking protocol for exploring the cognitive processes preceding behavioral responses in an interval comparison task, where participants viewed two consecutive intervals and had to decide whether it speeded up (first interval longer than second) or slowed down (second interval longer). 
Our main concern was disentangling oculomotor responses to the visual stimulus itself from correlates of duration related to judgments. To achieve this, we defined three consecutive time windows based on critical events: baseline onset, the onset of the first interval, the onset of the second interval, and the end of the stimulus. We then extracted traditional oculomotor measures for each (number of fixations, pupil size) and focused on time-window-related changes to separate the responses to the visual stimulus from those related to interval comparison per se. As we show in the illustrative results, eye-tracking data showed significant differences that were consistent with behavioral results, raising hypotheses on the mechanisms engaged. This protocol is embryonic and will require many improvements, but it represents an important step forward in the current state of art.

作者聚焦：探索视觉刺激的时间感知与阅读技能之间的联系

We present a protocol that employs eye tracking to monitor eye movements during an interval comparison (duration perception) task based on visual events. The aim is to provide a preliminary guide to separate oculomotor responses to duration perception tasks (comparison or discrimination of time intervals) from responses to the stimulus itself.

视觉持续时间感知中的眼球运动：在决策前过程中将刺激与时间解开

Eye-tracking methods may allow the online monitoring of cognitive processing during visual duration perception tasks, where participants are asked to ...

Stimulus-specific Cortical Visual Evoked Potential Morphological Patterns

This paper presents a methodology for the recording and analysis of cortical visual evoked potentials (CVEPs) in response to various visual stimuli using 128-channel high-density electroencephalography (EEG). The specific aim of the described stimuli and analyses is to examine whether it is feasible to replicate previously reported CVEP morphological patterns elicited by an apparent motion stimulus, designed to simultaneously stimulate both ventral and dorsal central visual networks, using object and motion stimuli designed to separately stimulate ventral and dorsal visual cortical networks.&#160; Four visual paradigms are presented: 1. Randomized visual objects with consistent temporal presentation. 2. Randomized visual objects with inconsistent temporal presentation (or jitter).&#160; 3. Visual motion via a radial field of coherent central dot motion without jitter.&#160; 4. Visual motion via a radial field of coherent central dot motion with jitter.&#160; These four paradigms are presented in a pseudo-randomized order for each participant.&#160; Jitter is introduced in order to view how possible anticipatory-related effects may affect the morphology of the object-onset and motion-onset CVEP response.&#160; EEG data analyses are described in detail, including steps of data exportation from and importation to signal processing platforms, bad channel identification&#160;and removal, artifact rejection, averaging, and categorization of average CVEP morphological pattern type based upon latency ranges of component peaks. Representative data show that the methodological approach is indeed sensitive in eliciting differential object-onset and motion-onset CVEP morphological patterns and may, therefore, be useful in addressing the larger research aim. Given the high temporal resolution of EEG and the possible application of high-density EEG in source localization analyses, this protocol is ideal for the investigation of distinct CVEP morphological patterns and the underlying neural mechanisms which generate these differential responses.&#160; &#160; &#160;&#160;

In this paper, we present a protocol to investigate differential cortical visual evoked potential morphological patterns through stimulation of ventral and dorsal networks using high-density EEG. Visual object and motion stimulus paradigms, with and without temporal jitter, are described. Visual evoked potential morphological analyses are also outlined.&#160;&#160;

刺激特定的皮质视觉引发潜在形态模式

This paper presents a methodology for the recording and analysis of cortical visual evoked potentials (CVEPs) in response to various visual stimuli using ...

使用快速串行可视化演示来测量集特定捕获, 这是在多任务时分心的结果。

摘要

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此视频中的章节

测量注意偏向对威胁儿童和成人

认知范式调查干扰工作记忆的干扰和中断

的双任务过程结合快速系列视觉呈现到测试的注意闪烁Nontargets

方法在线测试视觉注意

通过颞阶判决的基于模型的分析测量注意力和视觉处理速度

中央和分割的视觉场表现的情绪图像, 以测量半球的差异, 激发注意

视觉持续时间感知中的眼球运动：在决策前过程中将刺激与时间解开

视觉持续时间感知中的眼球运动：在决策前过程中将刺激与时间解开

视觉持续时间感知中的眼球运动：在决策前过程中将刺激与时间解开

刺激特定的皮质视觉引发潜在形态模式