Name: use of a linear accelerator for conducting in vitro radiobiology experiments
Uploaded: 2019-05-26T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Use of a Linear Accelerator for Conducting In Vitro Radiobiology Experiments at JoVE.com

We thank the Cleveland Clinic Department of Radiation Oncology for use of the linear accelerators. We thank Dr. Jeremy Rich for his generous gift of glioma stem-like cells. This research was supported by the Cleveland Clinic.

1. Cell preparation for suspension cell culture
<ol>
	<li>Culture glioma stem-like cells in stem cell culture media at approximately 5 x 106 cell/10 cm plates in a cell culture incubator with 5% CO2, 95% relative humidity at 37 &#176;C. 
	NOTE: The cell culture condition is the same throughout all the procedures. The media used in the protocol are complete media.</li>
	<li>Two days before scheduled irradiation, collect glioma stem-like cells from the culture plate with a sterile 5 mL pipette ...

<ol>
	<li>Stupp, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Radiotherapy+plus+concomitant+and+adjuvant+temozolomide+for+glioblastoma.">Radiotherapy plus concomitant and adjuvant temozolomide for glioblastoma.</a> The New England Journal of Medicine. 352 (10), 987-996 (2005).</li><li>Stupp, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+radiotherapy+with+concomitant+and+adjuvant+temozolomide+versus+radiotherapy+alone+on+survival+in+glioblastoma+in+a+randomised+phase+III+study:+5-year+analysis+of+the+EORTC-NCIC+trial.">Effects of radiotherapy with concomitant and adjuvant temozolomide versus radiotherapy alone on survival in glioblastoma in a randomised phase III study: 5-year analysis of the EORTC-NCIC trial.</a> The Lancet Oncology. 10 (5), 459-466 (2009).</li><li>Tao, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hypoxia+imaging+in+upper+gastrointestinal+tumors+and+application+to+radiation+therapy.">Hypoxia imaging in upper gastrointestinal tumors and application to radiation therapy.</a> Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology. 9 (6), 1044-1053 (2018).</li><li>Gajiwala, S., Torgeson, A., Garrido-Laguna, I., Kinsey, C., Lloyd, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Combination+immunotherapy+and+radiation+therapy+strategies+for+pancreatic+cancer-targeting+multiple+steps+in+the+cancer+immunity+cycle.">Combination immunotherapy and radiation therapy strategies for pancreatic cancer-targeting multiple steps in the cancer immunity cycle.</a> Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology. 9 (6), 1014-1026 (2018).</li><li>Liney, G. P., Whelan, B., Oborn, B., Barton, M., Keall, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=MRI-Linear+accelerator+raiotherapy+systems.">MRI-Linear accelerator raiotherapy systems.</a> Clinical Oncology Journal | The Royal College of Radiologists. 30 (11), 686-691 (2018).</li><li>Hall, E. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Radiation+dose-rate:+a+factor+of+importance+in+radiobiology+and+radiotherapy.">Radiation dose-rate: a factor of importance in radiobiology and radiotherapy.</a> The British Journal of Radiology. 45 (530), 81-97 (1972).</li><li>Steel, G. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+dose-rate+effect+in+human+tumour+cells.">The dose-rate effect in human tumour cells.</a> Radiotherapy &amp; Oncology. 9 (4), 299-310 (1987).</li><li>Ling, C. C., Gerweck, L. E., Zaider, M., Yorke, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dose-rate+effects+in+external+beam+radiotherapy+redux.">Dose-rate effects in external beam radiotherapy redux.</a> Radiotherapy &amp; Oncology. 95 (3), 261-268 (2010).</li><li>Castro, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Amotosalen/UVA+treatment+inactivates+T+cells+more+effectively+than+the+recommended+gammadose+for+prevention+of+transfusion-associated+graft-versus-host+disease.">Amotosalen/UVA treatment inactivates T cells more effectively than the recommended gammadose for prevention of transfusion-associated graft-versus-host disease.</a> Transfusion. 58 (6), 1506-1515 (2018).</li><li>Gaddini, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Exposing+primary+rat+retina+cell+cultures+to+&#947;-rays:+An+in+vitro+model+for+evaluating+radiation+responses.">Exposing primary rat retina cell cultures to &#947;-rays: An in vitro model for evaluating radiation responses.</a> Experimental Eye Research. 166, 21-28 (2018).</li><li>Simara, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=DNA+double-strand+breaks+in+human+induced+pluripotent+stem+cell+reprogramming+and+long-term+in+vitro+culturing.">DNA double-strand breaks in human induced pluripotent stem cell reprogramming and long-term in vitro culturing.</a> Stem Cell Research &amp; Therapy. 8 (1), 73 (2017).</li><li>Wang, Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+comparison+of+the+biological+effects+of+125I+seeds+continuous+low-dose-rate+radiation+and+60Co+high-dose-rate+gamma+radiation+on+non-small+cell+lung+cancer+cells.">A comparison of the biological effects of 125I seeds continuous low-dose-rate radiation and 60Co high-dose-rate gamma radiation on non-small cell lung cancer cells.</a> PLoS One. 10 (8), 0133728 (2015).</li><li>Lasio, G., Guerrero, M., Goetz, W., Lima, F., Baulch, J. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+varying+dose-per-pulse+and+average+dose+rate+in+X-ray+beam+irradiation+on+cultured+cell+survival.">Effect of varying dose-per-pulse and average dose rate in X-ray beam irradiation on cultured cell survival.</a> Radiation and Environmental Biophysics. 53 (4), 671-676 (2014).</li><li>Karan, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Radiobiological+effects+of+altering+dose+rate+in+filter-free+photon+beams.">Radiobiological effects of altering dose rate in filter-free photon beams.</a> Physics in Medicine and Biology. 58 (4), 1075-1082 (2013).</li><li>Sarojini, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+combination+of+high+dose+rate+(10X+FFF/2400+MU/min/10+MV+X-rays)+and+total+low+dose+(0.5+Gy)+induces+a+higher+rate+of+apoptosis+in+melanoma+cells+in+vitro+and+superior+preservation+of+normal+melanocytes.">A combination of high dose rate (10X FFF/2400 MU/min/10 MV X-rays) and total low dose (0.5 Gy) induces a higher rate of apoptosis in melanoma cells in vitro and superior preservation of normal melanocytes.</a> Melanoma Research. 25 (5), 376-389 (2015).</li><li>Hao, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effects+of+extra+high+on+glioma+stem-like+cells.">The effects of extra high on glioma stem-like cells.</a> PLoS One. 13 (8), 0202533 (2018).</li><li>Liu, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Radiation-induced+G2/M+arrest+rarely+occurred+in+glioblastoma+stem-like+cells.">Radiation-induced G2/M arrest rarely occurred in glioblastoma stem-like cells.</a> International Journal of Radiation Biology. 94 (4), 394-402 (2018).</li><li>Mcdermott, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> The Physics and Technology of Radiation Therapy. , (2010).</li><li>Lohse, I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+high+dose+per+pulse+flattening+filter-free+beams+on+cancer+cell+survival.">Effect of high dose per pulse flattening filter-free beams on cancer cell survival.</a> Radiotherapy &amp; Oncology. 101 (1), 226-232 (2011).</li></ol>

Radiotherapy is an integral part of cancer management. Ongoing efforts seek to improve the efficacy and efficiency of radiation treatment. Advancements in linear accelerator technology have provided the opportunity to treat patients with unprecedented accuracy and safety. Because most patients are treated with high energy X-rays from linear accelerators, studies examining the biologic effects of a large range of dose rates performed on linear accelerators may be readily applied to patients. There have been several report...

Radiotherapy is an effective treatment for many types of cancer1,2,3,4. Extra high dose rate irradiation is relatively new in radiation therapy and is made possible by recent technological advances in linear accelerators5. Clinical advantages of extra high dose rate over standard dose rate irradiation include shortened treatment time and improved patient experience. Linear accelerators also provide a clinical setting for cell culture based radiation biology studies. The biological and therapeutic implications of radiation dose and dose rates have been a focus of interest of radiation oncologists and biologists for decades6,7,8. But, the radiobiology of extra high dose rate irradiation and flash irradiation - an extremely high dose rate of radiation - has yet to be thoroughly investigated.
Gamma ray irradiation is widely used in cell culture based radiation biology9,10,11. Radiation is achieved by gamma-rays emitted from decaying radioactive isotope sources, typically Cesium-137. Use of radioactive sources is highly regulated and often restricted. With source-based irradiation, it is challenging to test a wide range of dose rates, limiting its utility in the analysis of the biologic effects of clinical achievable dose rates12.
There have been several studies that illustrate both dose and dose rate effects12,13,14,15,16,17. In these studies, both gamma-irradiation generated from radioactive isotopes or X-rays generated from linear accelerators were used. A variety of cell lines representing lung cancer, cervical cancer, glioblastoma, and melanoma were used. Radiation effects on cell survival, cell cycle arrest, apoptosis and DNA damage were evaluated as readouts12,13,14,15,16,17. Here, we describe a method to define the biological effects of clinically relevant radiation dose and dose rates by delivering X-ray based radiation using a linear accelerator. These studies should be performed with close collaboration between the biologist, radiation oncologist and medical physicist.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:925px;" width="924">
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	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:307px;">Material</td>
			<td style="width:269px;"></td>
			<td style="width:183px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:307px;">glioma stem-like cell 4121</td>
			<td style="width:269px;"></td>
			<td style="width:183px;"></td>
			<td>gift from Dr. Jeremy Rich</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:307px;">293 cells</td>
			<td style="width:269px;">ATCC</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">CRL-1573</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:307px;">neuron stem cell culture media</td>
			<td style="width:269px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">21103049</td>
			<td>NeurobasalTM media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:307px;">DMEM</td>
			<td style="width:269px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">10569044</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:307px;">Fetal Bovine Serum</td>
			<td style="width:269px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">16000044</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:307px;">Penicillin/Streptomycin</td>
			<td style="width:269px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">15140-122</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:307px;">Recombinant Human EGF Protein</td>
			<td style="width:269px;">R&#38;D Systems</td>
			<td>236-EG-01M</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:307px;">Recombinant Human FGF basic</td>
			<td style="width:269px;">R&#38;D Systems</td>
			<td>4114-TC-01M</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:307px;">B-27&#8482; Supplement</td>
			<td style="width:269px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">17504044</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:307px;">Sodium Pyruvate</td>
			<td style="width:269px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">11360070</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:307px;">L-Glutamine</td>
			<td style="width:269px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">25030164</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:307px;">Tripsin-EDTA</td>
			<td style="width:269px;">Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">25200056</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:307px;">extracellular proten matrix</td>
			<td style="width:269px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">354277</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">MatrigelTM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:307px;">Ethanol</td>
			<td style="width:269px;">Fisher chemical</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">A4094</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:307px;">Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:269px;"></td>
			<td style="width:183px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:307px;">10 cm cell culture dish</td>
			<td style="width:269px;">Denville</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">T1110</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:307px;">3.5 cm cell culture dish</td>
			<td style="width:269px;">USA Scientific Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">CC7682-3340</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:307px;">22x22mm glass cover slip</td>
			<td style="width:269px;">electron microscopy sciences</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">72210-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:307px;">15 ml centrifuge tube</td>
			<td style="width:269px;">Thomas Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">1159M36</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:307px;">50 ml centrifuge tube</td>
			<td style="width:269px;">Thomas Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">1158R10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:307px;">5 ml Pipette</td>
			<td style="width:269px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">14-955-233</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:307px;">pipet aid</td>
			<td style="width:269px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">13-681-06</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:307px;">Vortex mixer</td>
			<td style="width:269px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">02-215-414</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:307px;">Centrifuge</td>
			<td style="width:269px;">Eppendorf</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">5810R</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:307px;">Linear Accelerator</td>
			<td style="width:269px;">Varian</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">n/a</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:307px;">water equivalent material</td>
			<td style="width:269px;">Sun Nuclear corporation</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">557</td>
			<td>Solid waterTM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:307px;">Reagent preparation</td>
			<td style="width:269px;"></td>
			<td style="width:183px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="84">
			<td height="84" style="height:84px;width:307px;">DMEM media</td>
			<td style="width:269px;">10% fetal bovine serum (FBS), 2 mM L-glutamine, 100 units/mL penicillin G, 100 &#181;g/mL streptomycin in 500 ml DMEM media</td>
			<td style="width:183px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="105">
			<td height="105" style="height:105px;width:307px;">stem cell culture media</td>
			<td style="width:269px;">10 ml B27 supplement, 20 &#181;g hFGF, 20 &#181;g hEGF, 2 mM L-glutamine, 100 units/mL penicillin G, 100 &#181;g/mL streptomycin in 500 ml Neurobasal media</td>
			<td style="width:183px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

use of a linear accelerator for conducting in vitro radiobiology experiments

Radiation therapy remains one of the cornerstones of cancer management. For most cancers, it is the most effective, nonsurgical therapy to debulk tumors. Here, we describe a method to irradiate cancer cells with a linear accelerator. The advancement of linear accelerator technology has improved the precision and efficiency of radiation therapy. The biological effects of a wide range of radiation doses and dose rates continue to be an intense area of investigation. Use of linear accelerators can facilitate these studies using clinically relevant doses and dose rates.

To investigate the cell cycle effect of standard dose rate and extra high dose rate irradiation by a linear accelerator, three samples of glioma stem-like cells were prepared using this protocol and collected 24 h after irradiation17: one control sample that was not irradiated (Figure 2A), one sample irradiated with 400 MU/min (monitor unit, 4.2 Gy/min standard dose rate, Figure 2B) to 4 Gy, and another s...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Use of a Linear Accelerator for Conducting In Vitro Radiobiology Experiments at JoVE.com

Use of a Linear Accelerator for Conducting In Vitro Radiobiology Experiments

Clinical linear accelerators can be used to determine biologic effects of a wide range of dose rates on cancer cells. We discuss how to set up a linear accelerator for cell-based assays and assays for cancer stem-like cells grown as tumorspheres in suspension and cell lines grown as adherent cultures.

Radiation therapy remains one of the cornerstones of cancer management. For most cancers, it is the most effective, nonsurgical therapy to debulk tumors. ...

Radiation therapy is most frequently delivered using linear accelerators. This protocol allows researchers to assess the biological effects of radiation on cells using a linear accelerator. The advantage of this technique is that by using a linear accelerator, researchers can study a wide range of clinically relevant doses and dose rates.Furthermore, this protocol can be used for all types of cancer cells. This method can be performed using similar equipment to that shown here. For example, linear accelerators manufactured by other vendors.Individuals not experienced in performing dosimetric calculations using a linear accelerator may struggle to calculate the correct number of monitor units required to deliver the desired dose to the sample. They would benefit by seeking advice from an experience medical physicist or dosimetrist. Delivering dose to the sample accurately using a linear accelerator requires careful placement.Two days before scheduled irradiation, working in a culture hood, use a sterile five milliliter pipette to collect glioma stem-like cells from a culture plate into a 15 milliliter centrifuge tube. Centrifuge the cells at 200 times g for three minutes in a countertop centrifuge. Discard the supernatant and resuspend the cell pellet with one milliliter of trypsin-EDTA.Incubate at room temperature for five minutes to digest the pellet and make a single cell suspension in trypsin-EDTA. Every two minutes during digestion, gently shake the bottom of the centrifuge tube to make sure the cells are thoroughly digested. Then add three milliliters of stem cell culture media to quench trypsin, gently mix, and centrifuge at 200 times g for three minutes in a countertop centrifuge.After discarding the supernatant, resuspend the cell pellet with five milliliters of cell culture media and count the cells with a hemocytometer. Plate five million cells divided in two 10 centimeter plates containing 10 milliliters of cell culture media and incubate 48 hours at 37 degrees Celsius. Right before the scheduled irradiation, collect the cells and centrifuge as done before.Discard the supernatant and resuspend the cell pellet with five milliliters of cell culture media. Transfer one milliliter of cell suspension into a 35 millimeter plate containing two milliliters of cell culture medium, making sure that the medium reaches a height of one centimeter. Transfer the plated cells to a secondary container to reduce the risk of contamination and bring the cells in the container on a utility cart to the irradiation facility to irradiate the cells.One day before irradiation, working in the cell culture hood, use a Pasteur pipette connected to a vacuum to remove DMEM medium from the cell culture plate to the attached cell line. Then wash the cells with five milliliters of sterile PBS to rinse off residual medium. Add one milliliter of trypsin-EDTA into the culture dish and gently tilt the culture plate to make sure that the entire dish is covered.After incubating at room temperature for five minutes, quench the trypsin-EDTA reaction with three milliliters of DMEM media. Use a five milliliter pipette to collect the cells into 15 milliliter centrifuge tube, centrifuge, and then culture the cells as described in the manuscript. To irradiate these previously prepared cells using the LINAC's console software, set the accelerator gantry and collimator to zero degrees, open the x and y jaws to a symmetrical five by five square centimeters field size, and retract the multileaf collimators.Add at least five centimeters of water-equivalent material on the treatment couch and place the cell dish to be irradiated onto it at the center of the LINAC crosshairs. Place the cells at a depth of maximum dose in a six megavolt X-ray beam around 1.5 centimeters and add an additional one centimeter of water-equivalent material on top of the dish. Affix the front pointer to the head of the LINAC and extend it until it touches the surface of the buildup material.Adjust the table height until the distance from the source to the buildup surface is 100 centimeters. Leave the treatment vault, making sure that all other individuals have left. Verify that there are no other cells in the room, and then close the vault door.Confirm the field size, monitor units, and monitor units per minute at the console, and then enable the beam for a cell of radiation. Three samples of glioma stem-like cells were prepared using this protocol and collected 24 hours after irradiation. There cell cycle profiles were calculated and shown with the percentages of cells in different phases of the cell cycle.G2 cell cycle arrest was observed after irradiation of glioma stem cells with either a standard dose rate or an extra high dose rate, compared with non-irradiated control cells. In order to have the right dose delivered, it is most important to measure the height of the media in the culture dish to make sure it reaches one centimeter. Following this procedure, other biological assays can be performed, such as immunostaining, western blot, and cell cycle analysis.Since this procedure provides the researchers clinically relevant dose and dose rate settings, it can be used to evaluate the radiation effect on many cell culture based models.

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	The lower urinary tract (LUT) functions as a  dynamic reservoir that is able to store urine and to efficiently expel it at a  convenient time. While ...

Heterotypic Three-dimensional In Vitro Modeling of Stromal-Epithelial Interactions During Ovarian Cancer Initiation and Progression

Heterotypic Three-dimensional In Vitro Modeling of Stromal-Epithelial Interactions During Ovarian Cancer Initiation and Progression

Epithelial ovarian cancers (EOCs) are the leading cause of death from gynecological malignancy in Western societies. Despite advances in surgical ...

Carotid Artery Infusions for Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Analysis of Taxanes in Mice

When proposing the use of a drug, drug combination, or drug delivery into a novel system, one must assess the pharmacokinetics of the drug in the study ...

Setting Up a Stroke Team Algorithm and Conducting Simulation-based Training in the Emergency Department - A Practical Guide

Time is of the essence when caring for an acute stroke patient. The ultimate goal is to restore blood flow to the ischemic brain. This can ...

Use of a Central Venous Line for Fluids, Drugs and Nutrient Administration in a Mouse Model of Critical Illness

This protocol describes a centrally catheterized mouse model of prolonged critical illness. We combine the cecal ligation and puncture method to induce ...

Preparation of Herbal Medicine: Er-Xian Decoction and Er-Xian-containing Serum for In Vivo and In Vitro Experiments

Preparation of Herbal Medicine: Er-Xian Decoction and Er-Xian-containing Serum for In Vivo and In Vitro Experiments

Traditional herbal medicine, an alternative medicine in the clinical setting, has received increased attention in recent years. Before delivery to the ...

Conducting Maximal and Submaximal Endurance Exercise Testing to Measure Physiological and Biological Responses to Acute Exercise in Humans

Regular physical activity has a positive effect on human health, but the mechanisms controlling these effects remain unclear. The physiologic and biologic ...

Preparation Of Gushukang (GSK) Granules for In Vivo and In Vitro Experiments

Preparation Of Gushukang GSK Granules for In Vivo and In Vitro Experiments

Traditional Chinese herbal medicine plays a role as an alternative method in treating many diseases, such as postmenopausal osteoporosis (POP). Gushukang ...