Name: controlled cortical impact model of mouse brain injury with therapeutic transplantation of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neural cells
Uploaded: 2019-07-10T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Controlled Cortical Impact Model of Mouse Brain Injury with Therapeutic Transplantation of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Neural Cells at JoVE.co

This work was supported by a grant from the Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine (CNRM, grant number G170244014). We appreciate the assistance of Mahima Dewan and Clara Selbrede in adhesive removal pilot studies. Kryslaine Radomski performed preliminary brain injury and cell transplantation surgeries. Amanda Fu and Laura Tucker of the USU CNRM Preclinical Studies core laboratory provided valuable advice on animal surgeries and behavior testing, respectively.

All experiments described in this protocol were reviewed and approved by the Uniformed Services University Animal Care and Use Committee.&#160;
1. Craniectomy and controlled cortical impact
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	<li>Preparation of the controlled cortical impact device and surgical supplies.
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		<li>Load a 1 mL slip-tip syringe with 0.5 mL of sterile saline for wound irrigation. Attach a 25 G needle to the syringe to control irrigation.</li>
		<li>Prepare a dilute solution of CsA in DMSO to final concent...

<ol>
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A., Cahill, H., Nathans, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Emergence+of+novel+color+vision+in+mice+engineered+to+express+a+human+cone+photopigment.">Emergence of novel color vision in mice engineered to express a human cone photopigment.</a> Science. 315, 1723-1725 (2007).</li><li>Lundell, T. G., Zhou, Q., Doughty, M. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neurogenin1+expression+in+cell+lineages+of+the+cerebellar+cortex+in+embryonic+and+postnatal+mice.">Neurogenin1 expression in cell lineages of the cerebellar cortex in embryonic and postnatal mice.</a> Developmental Dynamics: An Official Publication of the American Association of Anatomists. 238, 3310-3325 (2009).</li><li>Kempermann, G., Kuhn, H. G., Gage, F. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=More+hippocampal+neurons+in+adult+mice+living+in+an+enriched+environment.">More hippocampal neurons in adult mice living in an enriched environment.</a> Nature. 386, 493-495 (1997).</li><li>Piltti, K. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transplantation+dose+alters+the+dynamics+of+human+neural+stem+cell+engraftment,+proliferation+and+migration+after+spinal+cord+injury.">Transplantation dose alters the dynamics of human neural stem cell engraftment, proliferation and migration after spinal cord injury.</a> Stem Cell Research. 15, 341-353 (2015).</li><li>Yu, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Severity+of+controlled+cortical+impact+traumatic+brain+injury+in+rats+and+mice+dictates+degree+of+behavioral+deficits.">Severity of controlled cortical impact traumatic brain injury in rats and mice dictates degree of behavioral deficits.</a> Brain Research. 1287, 157-163 (2009).</li><li>Kabadi, S. V., Hilton, G. D., Stoica, B. A., Zapple, D. N., Faden, A. 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Mild CCI as a model system for testing experimental regenerative therapy 
The CCI model is a valuable tool for investigating mechanisms of tissue dysfunction after mechanical injury to the cortex. The tunability of the injury parameters is an attractive feature of this model. Altering the Z depth of impact, the velocity, or dwell time can increase or decrease severity of the injury as desired by the investigator10,25. The mild CCI model of c...

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a general term for the acquired injury to the brain due to either indirect mechanical forces (rotational acceleration/deceleration or contra-coup) from blows to the head or direct damage from objects or blast waves. TBI has been estimated to be the cause of roughly 9% of worldwide deaths and observed in an estimated 50 million cases per year1,2. A 2017 report from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimated that in 2013, there were a total of 2.8 million hospital visits and deaths due to TBI in the United States3. Many milder TBIs go unreported every year. Serious TBI can lead to lifelong impairment of cognition, motor function, and overall quality of life. The consequences of mild TBI, especially repetitive sport-related TBI, have been only recently appreciated for their insidious health effects4,5. &#160;
Preclinical modeling is a vital component of developing new mechanistic insights and potential restorative therapy for TBI. The controlled cortical impact (CCI) model of TBI is an open-head model of mechanical contusion injury to the cortex. The impact parameters can be modified to produce CCI injuries that range from mild to severe6. CCI injuries are focal rather than diffuse, as seen with other closed head models of TBI. CCI can be performed to induce a unilateral injury, such that the contralateral cortex can serve as an internal comparator. This protocol demonstrates the characteristics of a mild CCI to a portion of the cortex that encompasses primary somatosensory and motor regions. This cortical area was chosen for its involvement in sensorimotor behaviors for which numerous behavior tests can detect injury-induced deficits7. Behavioral improvements due to therapeutic interventions for TBI can be detected, as well.
A hallmark of TBI is widespread neural dysfunction in the injured region. Injured neurons undergo cell death, and neuronal network connectivity is disrupted8,9. TBI disrupts recruitment of endogenous stem cells, which leads to further downstream behavior deficits10,11.&#160; Transplantation of neural stem cells and stem cell-derived cells has been explored as a possibility to restore function in the injured brain. In addition to the potential to restore damaged neural circuitry, transplanted cells exert paracrine effects that promote neuronal survival and functional recovery from TBI12. A variety of cell types have been transplanted preclinically to evaluate their restorative potential in models of neurologic disorders13,14,15. The recent popularization of induced pluripotent stem cell technology16 has facilitated the development of numerous human stem cell lines for experimental use. Preclinical testing with hiPSC-derived cells is an important first step to characterizing a given cell line&#8217;s potential therapeutic efficacy against human diseases. This laboratory has developed protocols for differentiating hiPSCs to neural phenotypes17 in pursuit of transplantable cells to aid recovery from traumatic brain injury.
Experiments in this protocol use a unilateral CCI to induce TBI to the left somatosensory and motor cortex of adult mice. A mild CCI injury results in a sustained functional deficit in the right forepaw that is used to track the effects of hiPSC-derived neural cell engraftment on functional recovery. Forepaw sensorimotor testing in this protocol was adapted from the methodology established by Bouet and colleagues18 and demonstrated previously by Fleming and colleagues19.&#160; This protocol outlines a complete workflow for performing an experimental brain injury, therapeutic transplantation of hiPS cells, and behavioral and histologic analysis of experimental outcome measures.

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			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:238px;">1 ml syringes</td>
			<td style="width:201px;">Becton Dickinson (BD)</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">&#160;309659</td>
			<td style="width:212px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:238px;">1.7 ml flip top test tubes</td>
			<td>Denville</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">C2170</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:238px;">10 microliter syringe</td>
			<td>Hamilton</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">7635-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:238px;">25G Precision Glide syringe needles</td>
			<td>Becton Dickinson (BD)</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">&#160;305122</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:238px;">70% ethanol</td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:123px;"></td>
			<td>Product of choice; varies by region</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:238px;">acetaminophen oral suspension</td>
			<td>Tylenol (Children&#39;s)</td>
			<td style="width:123px;"></td>
			<td>Dilute to 1 mg/ml in water</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:238px;">anesthetic vaporizer</td>
			<td>Vetland</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">521-11-22</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:238px;">animal handling cloth</td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:123px;"></td>
			<td>Purchase from department store</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:238px;">Betadine</td>
			<td>Purdue Products</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">NDC-67618-151-32</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:238px;">compressed oxygen</td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:123px;"></td>
			<td>Product of choice; varies by region</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:238px;">cyclosporine A</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">30024-100mg</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:238px;">DAB staining kit</td>
			<td>Vector Laboratories</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">SK-4100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:238px;">dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">D8418-500ml</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:238px;">DMEM</td>
			<td>Invitrogen (ThermoFisher)</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">A14430-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">donkey anti-mouse IgG antibody, HRP conjugated</td>
			<td>Jackson ImmunoResearch</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">715-035-151</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:238px;">electrical tape</td>
			<td>3M Corporation</td>
			<td style="width:123px;"></td>
			<td>Purchase from department store</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:238px;">fine tweezers</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">11254-20</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:238px;">forceps</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">91106-12</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:238px;">glass capillary pipettes, 1 mm OD, 0.58 mm ID</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">1B100F-3</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:238px;">High Speed Rotary Micromotor Kit</td>
			<td>Foredom Electric Co.&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">K.1070 - K.107018</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:238px;">Ideal Micro Drill Burr Set Of 5</td>
			<td>Cell Point Scientific&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">60-1000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:238px;">Impact One Stereotaxic Impactor for CCI&#160;</td>
			<td>Leica Biosystems</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">39463920</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:238px;">isoflurane</td>
			<td>Baxter</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">NDC-10019-360-60</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:238px;">lab bench timers</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">14-649-17</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Micropipette puller</td>
			<td>MicroData Instruments, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">PMP-102</td>
			<td>Any puller will suffice</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:238px;">Microscope cover slips</td>
			<td>Fisherbrand</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">12-545-E</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:238px;">Microscope slide mounting medium</td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:123px;"></td>
			<td style="width:212px;">Product of choice</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:238px;">mirror</td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:123px;"></td>
			<td>Purchase from department store</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">mouse anti-human nuclear antigen antibody</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">MAB1281</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:238px;">Mouse on Mouse blocking kit</td>
			<td>Vector Laboratories</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">BMK-2202</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:238px;">needle holder hemostat</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">12002-12</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:238px;">ophthalmic ointment</td>
			<td>Falcon Pharmaceuticals</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">NDC-61314-631-36</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:238px;">ophthalmic spring scissors</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">15018-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:238px;">plastic box</td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:123px;"></td>
			<td>Purchase from department store</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:238px;">plastic cylinder</td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:123px;"></td>
			<td>Purchase from department store</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:238px;">QSI motorized syringe pump</td>
			<td>Stoelting</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">53311</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:238px;">Removable needle compression fitting</td>
			<td>Hamilton</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">55750-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:238px;">small rodent stereotaxic frame</td>
			<td>Stoelting</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">51925</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:238px;">small scissors</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">14060-09</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:238px;">StemPro Accutase</td>
			<td>Invitrogen (ThermoFisher)</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">A1110501</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:238px;">Sterile alcohol prep pads</td>
			<td>Fisherbrand</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">06-669-62</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:238px;">sterile cotton swabs/Kendall Q-tips</td>
			<td>Tyco Healthcare</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">540500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:238px;">Sterile saline</td>
			<td>Hospira</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">NDC-0409-1966-07</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:238px;">Stopwatches (2)</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">06-662-56</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:238px;">Superfrost Plus Gold microscope slides</td>
			<td>Fisherbrand</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">15-188-48</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:238px;">sutures - 5.0 silk with curved needle</td>
			<td>Oasis</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">MV-682</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

controlled cortical impact model of mouse brain injury with therapeutic transplantation of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neural cells

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Disease pathology due to TBI progresses from the primary mechanical insult to secondary injury processes, including apoptosis and inflammation. Animal modeling has been valuable in the search to unravel injury mechanisms and evaluate potential neuroprotective therapies. This protocol describes the controlled cortical impact (CCI) model of focal, open-head TBI. Specifically, parameters for producing a mild unilateral cortical injury are described. Behavioral consequences of CCI are analyzed using the adhesive tape removal test of bilateral sensorimotor integration. Regarding experimental therapy for TBI pathology, this protocol also illustrates a process for transplanting cultured cells into the brain. Neural cell cultures derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) were chosen for their potential to show superior functional restoration in human TBI patients. Chronic survival of hiPSCs in the host mouse brain tissue is detected using a modified DAB immunohistochemical process.

Craniectomy surgery facilitates experimental brain injury and therapeutic cell transplantation: the controlled cortical impact model of brain injury and subsequent cell transplantation therapy require careful removal of the overlying skull. The craniectomy may be performed on any dorsal surface of the skull to permit manipulations to the brain region of interest. The diagram in Figure 1 depicts a 5 mm diameter craniectomy schematic to uncover primary somatosensory and motor ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Controlled Cortical Impact Model of Mouse Brain Injury with Therapeutic Transplantation of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Neural Cells at JoVE.co

Controlled Cortical Impact Model of Mouse Brain Injury with Therapeutic Transplantation of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Neural Cells

This protocol demonstrates methodologies for a mouse model of open-skull traumatic brain injury and transplantation of cultured human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cells into the injury site. Behavioral and histologic tests of outcomes from these procedures are also described in brief.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Disease pathology due to TBI progresses from the primary mechanical ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

Culturing Human Pluripotent and Neural Stem Cells in an Enclosed Cell Culture System for Basic and Preclinical Research

This paper describes how to use a custom manufactured, commercially available enclosed cell culture system for basic and preclinical research. Biosafety ...

Rapid Neuronal Differentiation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells for Measuring Network Activity on Micro-electrode Arrays

Neurons derived from human induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (hiPSCs) provide a promising new tool for studying neurological disorders. In the past decade, ...

Pluripotent Stem Cell Derived Cardiac Cells for Myocardial Repair

Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) must be fully differentiated into specific cell types before administration, but conventional protocols for ...

Differentiating Chondrocytes from Peripheral Blood-derived Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

In this study, we used peripheral blood cells (PBCs) as seed cells to produce chondrocytes via induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) in an ...

Generation of Standardized and Reproducible Forebrain-type Cerebral Organoids from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

The human cortex is highly expanded and exhibits a complex structure with specific functional areas, providing higher brain function, such as cognition. ...

Using Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-derived Hepatocyte-like Cells for Drug Discovery

The ability to differentiate human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) into hepatocyte-like cells (HLCs) provides new opportunities to study inborn ...

A Familial Hypercholesterolemia Human Liver Chimeric Mouse Model Using Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-derived Hepatocytes

Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is mostly caused by low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) mutations and results in an increased risk of early-onset ...

Microfluidic Assay for the Assessment of Leukocyte Adhesion to Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-derived Endothelial Cells (hiPSC-ECs)

Microfluidic Assay for the Assessment of Leukocyte Adhesion to Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-derived Endothelial Cells hiPSC-ECs

Endothelial cells (ECs) are essential for the regulation of inflammatory responses by either limiting or facilitating leukocyte recruitment into affected ...

Generation of 3D Skin Organoid from Cord Blood-derived Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

The skin is the body&#8217;s largest organ and has many functions. The skin acts as a physical barrier and protector of the body and regulates bodily ...

In Vitro Generation of Somite Derivatives from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

In response to signals such as WNTs, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), and sonic hedgehog (SHH) secreted from surrounding tissues, somites (SMs) give ...