Name: inducing acute lung injury in mice by direct intratracheal lipopolysaccharide instillation
Uploaded: 2019-07-06T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Inducing Acute Lung Injury in Mice by Direct Intratracheal Lipopolysaccharide Instillation at JoVE.com

The authors wish to thank Jan Kleiner and Susanne Schulz for providing technical support. The authors acknowledge the excellent support of the flow cytometry core facility at the medical faculty of Bonn University. The authors received no funding from any external organization. &#160;Part of the data given in the results section and depicted in Figure 3 has already been shown in a previous publication8.

This animal protocol was approved by the local committee for animal care (LANUV, Recklinghausen, Germany; protocol no. 84-02.04.2015) and was performed in accordance with the National Institutes of Health guidelines for the use of live animals (NIH publication No. 85-23, revised 1996).
1. ALI induction
<ol>
	<li>Use adult&#160;C57BL/6 mice at ages of about 10-12&#160;weeks. House the animals in individually ventilated cages with free access to water and standard rodent chow. However, it is p...

<ol>
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Minimal invasiveness, simple handling, and good reproducibility are key features of the presented approach to induce ALI in a small rodent model. The use of LPS instead of whole bacteria in animal models has advantages. It is a stable and pure compound and can be stored in lyophilized form until use. It is a potent stimulant for innate immune responses via the TLR4 pathway, and its biological activity may readily be quantified, facilitating the titration of disease severity with good reproducibility. Moreover, the use of...

Experimental animal models are indispensable in basic immune research. Administration of whole bacteria or microbial components has been frequently used in small animal models to induce local or systemic inflammation1. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS, or bacterial endotoxin) is a cell wall component and surface antigen of gram-negative bacteria (e.g., Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas spp., or Legionella spp.). The thermostable and large molecule (molecular weight 1-4 x 106 kDa) consists of a lipid moiety (Lipid A), core region (oligosaccharide), and an O polysaccharide (or O antigen). Lipid A, with its hydrophobic fatty acid chains, anchors the molecule into a bacterial membrane and mediates (upon degradation of bacteria) the immunological activity and toxicity of LPS. Following binding to the LPS binding protein (LBP), LPS:LBP complexes ligate the CD14/TLR4/MD2 receptor complex located on the surface of many cell types, inducing a strong proinflammatory reaction with NF-&#954;B nuclear translocation and subsequent upregulation of cytokine expression2.
Acute lung injury (ALI) is defined as acute hypoxemic respiratory failure with bilateral pulmonary edema in the absence of heart failure3. Airway administration of LPS is a common way to induce pulmonary inflammation and ALI4,5,6,7. Although the sterile substance is not suitable to study pharmacologic interventions in infectious diseases, mechanistic immunological questions may be answered with adequate precision. Instillation of LPS into the trachea induces a robust inflammatory reaction with leukocyte invasion, upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines, and disruption of the alveolo-capillary barrier within hours to days, depending on the LPS dosage3,6,7.
The presented protocol describes a detailed step-by-step procedure to induce ALI in mice by intratracheal LPS instillation. The model has been validated by assessing cytokine expression, neutrophil granulocyte invasion, and intra-alveolar albumin leakage as previously described8.&#160;

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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:653px;">1 ml syringes</td>
			<td style="width:289px;">BD, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA</td>
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			<td>25-4801-82</td>
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			<td>BD Biosciences, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA</td>
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			<td>BD Biosciences, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA</td>
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			<td>1148089</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Deoxyribonuclease II</td>
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			<td>D8764&#160;</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Dulbecco&#39;s Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS), sterile</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA</td>
			<td>D8662</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Dulbecco&#8217;s Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS), without calcium chloride and magnesium chloride, sterile</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) solution</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA</td>
			<td>E7889</td>
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			<td>Sarstedt, N&#252;mbrecht, Germany</td>
			<td>551579</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Fetal calf serum (FCS)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA</td>
			<td>F2442</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Forceps</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools, Heidelberg, Germany</td>
			<td>11049-10</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from Escherichia coli O111:B4</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA</td>
			<td>L2630</td>
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			<td>Thermo Fisher, Waltham, MA, USA</td>
			<td>L23101</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Purified Rat Anti-Mouse CD16/CD32 (Mouse BD Fc Block&#8482;), Clone 2.4G2</td>
			<td>BD, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA</td>
			<td>553141</td>
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			<td>Thermo Fisher, Waltham, MA, USA</td>
			<td>00-4333-57</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">RPMI-1640, with L-glutamine and sodium bicarbonate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA</td>
			<td>R8758</td>
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			<td>Fine Science Tools, Heidelberg, Germany</td>
			<td>14060-09</td>
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			<td>Fine Science Tools, Heidelberg, Germany</td>
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			<td>Fine Science Tools, Heidelberg, Germany</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:653px;">Tubes</td>
			<td>Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany</td>
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			<td>B.Braun, Melsungen, Germany</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Xylazine hydrochloride</td>
			<td>Serumwerk Bernburg, Bernburg, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
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inducing acute lung injury in mice by direct intratracheal lipopolysaccharide instillation

Airway administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a common way to study pulmonary inflammation and acute lung injury (ALI) in small animal models. Various approaches have been described, such as the inhalation of aerosolized LPS as well as nasal or intratracheal instillation. The presented protocol describes a detailed step-by-step procedure to induce ALI in mice by direct intratracheal LPS instillation and perform FACS analysis of blood samples, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid, and lung tissue. After intraperitoneal sedation, the trachea is exposed and LPS is administered via a 22 G venous catheter. A robust and reproducible inflammatory reaction with leukocyte invasion, upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines, and disruption of the alveolo-capillary barrier is induced within hours to days, depending on the LPS dosage used. Collection of blood samples, BAL fluid, and lung harvesting, as well as the processing for FACS analysis, are described in detail in the protocol. Although the use of the sterile LPS is not suitable to study pharmacologic interventions in infectious diseases, the described approach offers minimal invasiveness, simple handling, and good reproducibility to answer mechanistic immunological questions. Furthermore, dose titration as well as the use of alternative LPS preparations or mouse strains allow modulation of the clinical effects, which can exhibit different degrees of ALI severity or early vs. late onset of disease symptoms.

The described approach to induce ALI in mice was validated by assessing cytokine expression, neutrophil granulocyte infiltration, and alveolo-capillary barrier disruption 24 h and 72 h after LPS instillation. PBS-injected animals served as control. Intratracheal LPS administration induced a robust pulmonary proinflammatory response. Expression of TNF-&#945; in lung tissue was significantly upregulated, reaching a sustained and more than 50-fold increase compared to the control animals [RQ (TNF-&#945;/18s); 24 h: 53.7 (SD...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Inducing Acute Lung Injury in Mice by Direct Intratracheal Lipopolysaccharide Instillation at JoVE.com

Inducing Acute Lung Injury in Mice by Direct Intratracheal Lipopolysaccharide Instillation

Presented here is a step-by-step procedure to induce acute lung injury in mice by direct intratracheal lipopolysaccharide instillation and to perform FACS analysis of blood samples, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and lung tissue. Minimal invasiveness, simple handling, good reproducibility, and titration of disease severity are advantages of this approach.

Airway administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a common way to study pulmonary inflammation and acute lung injury (ALI) in small animal models. ...

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