Name: fabrication of compressed hosiery and measurement of its pressure characteristic exerted on the lower limbs
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作者披露了本文研究、作者和/或出版获得以下财政支持:中国国家重点研发计划、2018YFC2000900赠款、中国国家自然科学基金、11802171资助、上海高等院校特聘教授（东方学者）计划、上海工程科学大学人才计划。

1. 制造 CH
<ol><li>编程<ol>
<li>打开 STAT-Ds 615 MP 丝袜软件，选择 普通织物 以创建新的袜子结构。</li>
		<li>按顺序选择以下内容: 双韦尔特1饲料， 转移无模式， 平原医疗腿从双welt 1饲料， 开始脚跟从普通医疗腿， 脚跟和普通医脚的末端， 从普通脚1f开始脚趾， 平原脚趾与罗索和剪辑， 袜子释放不转动设备，和 袜子结束。按 下 OK 按钮以完成袜子设计。</li>
		<li>为针头选择200，并将程序文件导出到 USB 闪存盘上。</li>
		<li>切换到Quasar以更改制造参数，然后单击毕业行中的任何蓝色按钮以打开新窗口。要用不同的结构构建 CH，请在圆柱 S和E列中输入500，然后单击OK以完成设置。</li>
		<li>单击弹性电机行中的任何一个蓝色按钮，打开新窗口，在WELT行和圆柱 S和E柱中输入800个。在医疗腿行中，在S列中输入800，在E列中输入650。然后在脚踝行和S和E列中输入650，然后单击OK以完成设置。</li>
		<li>重复步骤 1.1.4 和 1.1.5。调整毕业时分别输入350和650。分别进入1000和1200在WELT行，并保持脚踝行作为650调整弹性电机。 注:弹性电机可以控制弹性纱线的张力。捏造的 CH 应确保紧绷度逐渐从膝盖增加到脚踝。在这里， 脚踝 中的弹性电机编号是固定的（650），而 WELT 中的弹性电机编号是更改 （800、1000、1200） 以制造不同紧实度的 CH 示例。毕业可以控制整个 CH 样本的环径大小。较大的回路通常会导致较宽松的 CH，而较小的环总是生成紧密的 CH 示例。因此，我们分别输入350，500和650作为毕业。最后，生成具有更改弹性电机和毕业的程序文件。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>针织<ol>
<li>在 CH 制造机上准备地面纱线和弹性烷纱。</li>
		<li>打开机器，插入 USB 闪存盘，并选择从步骤 1.1.3 获得的程序文件。机器将自动制造 CH 样品。按字母顺序排列这些样本从 A 到 I。 注: 表1 显示这些CH样品的制造参数。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>2. 直接测量
注:在测量前，所有 CH 样品应在标准大气环境中（23 °C，65% 相对湿度 [RH]）条件下进行 24 小时的调节。CH 样本穿在人造下肢上以测试压力值。所有测量应执行三次，以计算平均值并减少误差。
<ol><li>标记 CH 示例上的行。<ol>
<li>将样品放在人工下肢上。</li>
		<li>标记六，均匀间隔，圆线压缩袜子样品敷料从膝盖到脚踝。将这些行编号为 6 行、5 行、4.这些线将 CH 样本分为五个部分，如图 1a 所示。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>压力测量<ol>
<li>要执行压力测量，请将接口压力传感器置于压缩袜子样品前部、后部、中后期和横向方向的第 1 部分之下。</li>
		<li>在测量软件中，选择适当的串行端口COM，并将最低阈值设置为0。</li>
		<li>单击 "开始测量"。实时通道 1+4 将显示压力数据</li>
		<li>当压力稳定时，单击 "停止测量"。该软件将自动导出压力数据。</li>
		<li>将接口按压传感器置于 CH 样品的其他部分下方，并重复步骤 2.2.1=2.2.4。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>对整个 CH 样本进行压力测量后，取出 CH 样本，然后在人工下肢上再装上一个 CH 样本，为下一次测量做好准备。</li>
</ol>3. 间接测量
注:这里的实验测量了圆锥体和圆柱体模型的必要参数。这些参数包含敷料和脱衣 CH 样品的变形和结构参数、厚度、张力。在测量前，所有 CH 样品应在标准大气环境中（23 °C，65% RH）中调节 24 小时。所有测量应执行三次，以计算平均值并减少误差。
<ol><li>CH 样品的结构参数测量<ol>
<li>将 CH 样本放在人工下肢上。</li>
		<li>使用测量带测量样品的总长度 （L）。</li>
		<li>使用拾取玻璃测量每个分区的课程密度和威尔士密度。</li>
		<li>用测量带测量每个圆线的周长（c）。然后，通过平均相邻圆线的周长 （c） 来计算 CH 样本中每个分裂部分的周长 （w）。</li>
		<li>当获得所有结构参数测量后，从肢体中取出样品。然后在人造下肢上再装一个样品，为下一次测量做准备。</li>
		<li>测量脱衣服 CH 样品的每个圆线的周长 （c'）。然后，通过平均相邻圆线的周长来计算 CH 样本中每个分裂部分的周长 （w'）。</li>
		<li>测量脱衣 CH 样本中同一分裂部分的课程密度和威尔士密度。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>厚度测量<ol>
<li>将压缩的袜子样品平滑到厚度表的钢圆桌上。</li>
		<li>打开厚度计，让另一个钢轮慢慢下降，按压到样品片上。屏幕将显示厚度数据 （t）。</li>
		<li>移动示例并重复步骤 3.2.1 和 3.2.2 以测试其他部件的厚度。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>拉伸实验<ol>
<li>沿着标记的圆线切割所有 CH 样本。</li>
		<li>将一块样品夹入拉伸测试仪器中。</li>
		<li>打开软件进行拉伸实验，输入5N作为初始张力，60毫米/分钟作为拉伸速度，200毫米作为初始拉伸长度。保留其他字段的默认设置。</li>
		<li>设置所有测量参数后，单击 START 自动运行拉伸实验。计算机会在屏幕上输出实时应力和应变。当 CH 片被损坏时，拉伸实验将自动停止。</li>
		<li>然后用新的样品片替换破碎的样品，进行下一轮测试，并重复步骤 3.3.3+3.3.4。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>4. 理论计算
注:在间接测量中采用气缸模型和锥体模型来计算施加的压力。每个 CH 样本被分成五个部分，从膝盖到脚踝。在圆柱体模型中，人肢被描述为具有恒定半径的圆柱体，而圆锥体模型中四肢的半径是可变的。示意图在图 1b 和图 1c 中进行了说明。所有计算步骤都在 Matlab 2018a 中执行，计算程序可以在补充编码文件中找到。
<ol><li>气缸模型<ol>
<li>根据从第 3.1.3=3.1.5 步获得的测量结果，使用以下方程计算穿衣 CH 和脱衣服 CH 之间的周长差（D）: <img alt="Equation 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/60852/60852equ01.jpg"> 我就是被标记的圆线分开的 CH 片的数量。它根据圆线号编号进行编号。</li>
		<li>使用适当的线性方程，适合第 3.3.4 步获得的压力应变曲线。线性方程的斜度是拉伸模组E。</li>
		<li>使用方程计算敷料 CH（T）中的张力: <img alt="Equation 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/60852/60852equ02.jpg"> 注:补充表1显示获得的原始拉伸模态E和张力T。</li>
		<li>基于气缸模型和薄壁假设15，表示CH片 i 施加的压力为: <img alt="Equation 3" src="/files/ftp_upload/60852/60852equ03.jpg"> r是分裂部分的半径，等于 <img alt="Equation 5" src="/files/ftp_upload/60852/60852equ05.jpg"> ，t是CH样本的厚度，T是从第4.1.3步计算的张力。</li>
		<li>计算以下步骤 4.1.1=4.1.4 后 CH 件的所有施加压力。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>锥体模型<ol>
<li>通过以下方程14计算 CH 片i施加的压力: <img alt="Equation 4" src="/files/ftp_upload/60852/60852equ04.jpg"> r c是圆线的半径，等于 <img alt="Equation 6" src="/files/ftp_upload/60852/60852equ06.jpg"> ，T是从第 4.1.3 步计算的张力，l是每个分段的长度，可以按l = L/5计算（此处，L是按照步骤 3.1.2 测量的）。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>

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作者没有什么可透露的。

在这项研究中，我们提供了两种方法来测量CH样品的施加压力，这些方法可用于测量其他服装敷料对皮肤施加的压力。在直接方法中，CH 样本穿在人工下肢上，界面传感器放置在 CH 样本下。压力值可以使用数据收集软件显示在屏幕上。与直接方法相比，我们还提供间接方法。采用了两种涉及气缸模型和锥体模型的理论来计算压力。为了获得压力分布，CH样本通过标记六条均匀间隔的圆线（图1a）被分成五个部分。必要的结构参数，包括课程密度，威尔士密度，长度，周长和厚度测量每个 CH 部分穿着人造下肢，以及每个脱衣服 CH 部分。为了获得拉伸模态分布，CH样本沿着圆线被切成五块，每块在拉伸实验中拉伸，直到被打破。结合拉伸模组和结构参数，提供锥体模型和气缸模型计算的压力值。
我们还演示了直接方法与间接方法之间的相关性分析（图4）。相关分析证实，由于圆锥体模型中肢体半径的变化，圆锥体模型是预测压力特性的更好模型。因此，可以采用锥体模型来有效预测压缩服装的压力分布。本文所提及的方法也为压缩服装的压力测量提供实验思路和指南。
此外，我们制造 CH 样品，而不是以商业性购买。因此，我们可以进一步探讨CH结构与其制造之间的关系。在丝袜制造机的软件中，我们调整毕业和弹性电机，以改变最终CH的结构。毕业设置为350，500和650:弹性电机设置为 650-800、650-1，000 和 650-1，200（扭伤脚踝）。在编织过程中，使用 130、155、190 tex 的弹性纱线。制造参数列在表1中。通过ANOVA方法，研究制造参数对结构的影响。由于实验条件的限制，毕业和弹性电机的其他值不被使用，其他细度的纱线也不适用。今后，我们将进一步研究每个制造参数的细节。本研究中提出的方法和相应的成果在针织领域具有实验意义。

压缩袜子 （CH） 对下肢造成压力。它可以按下皮肤，并进一步改变静脉半径。因此，当患者穿着压缩袜子时，静脉血流速度会提高。CH和其他压缩服装可以改善下肢1，2，3，4的静脉循环。治疗性能取决于CH5的压力特性。人们普遍认为，原材料和CH结构对CH压力特性有较大影响。根据一些发表的研究6，CH中的弹性纱线是压力特性的主要原因。例如，Chattopadhyay7通过调整弹性纱线的进料张力，报告了针织圆形拉伸织物的压力特性。此外，Ozbayraktar8还确定弹性烷纱的密度增加，而CH的可扩展性降低。此外，环长9、针织图案9、线性密度的纱线7、10也表现出对压力特性的影响。
提出了一个数值模型来检查CH.拉普拉斯法的压力特性的生成机制，用于预测压力值。托马斯11 号通过将压力、张力和肢体大小相结合，将拉普拉斯法引入压力预测。马克莱夫斯卡12日也报告了类似的工作。为了精确预测织物施加的压力值，他们提出了一个半经验方程，由合适的应力应变方程和Laplace定律组成。此外，梁13 还介绍了杨的模态，以描述CH的拉长。
上述数值研究表明，由于对CH厚度14的无知，实验结果出现了偏差。此外，一些研究人员认为，拉普拉斯定律中涉及的假想圆柱体不适合描述身体四肢，因为从大腿到脚踝的下肢半径不是恒定的，而是逐渐减少。通过结合厚圆柱体理论和拉普拉斯法则，戴尔14和Al Khaburi15，16分别提出了数值模型，以调查CH施加的压力与多层。Sikka17提出了一个新的圆锥体模型，从大腿到脚踝的半径逐渐缩小。
CH固有的压力特性很难定量研究，因为以前研究中的大多数实验性CH通常是商业购买的。图案、纱线、原材料等影响是无法控制的。因此，在这项研究中，实验性CHs是在家里控制制造的。此外，本研究旨在提供两种方法，包括直接方法和间接方法来测量压力特性。在直接方法中，在皮肤和纺织品之间放置一个接口传感器（材料表），以直接测量压力值。另一方面，在间接方法中，首先测量人工下肢上CH样品敷料的张力和一些结构参数。然后，结果被替换到圆锥体模型和气缸模型中以计算压力值。对两种方法获得的压力值进行对比和分析，以找到更合适的模型。所呈现的方法为压缩服装施加的压力的实验测量提供了指导。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Artificial lower limb</td><td>Dayuan, Laizhou Electron Instrument Co., Ltd.</td><td>YG065C</td><td>Used for measuring the strength of stockings. The employing test standard is ISO 13934-1-2013, metioned this in section 3.3</td></tr><tr><td>CH fabrication machine</td><td>Hongda, Co., Ltd.</td><td>YG14N</td><td>Used for measuring the thickness of stockings, the test standard is ISO 5084:1996, metioned this in section 3.2</td></tr><tr><td>Elastane yarn</td><td>MathWorks, Co., Ltd.</td><td>2018a</td><td>Used for calculating the pressure, mentioned this in section 4.</td></tr><tr><td>FlexiForce interface pressure sensors</td><td>Qile, Co., Ltd.</td><td>Y115B</td><td>It is composed of magnifying glass with a fixed ruler. Used for counting the loops number per cm in the fabricated CH, metioned this in the sction 3.1.3 and 3.1.7.</td></tr><tr><td>FlexiForce measurement software</td><td>Santoni, Co., Ltd.</td><td>GOAL 615MP</td><td>Used for fabricating stockings, metioned this in section 1.2</td></tr><tr><td>Ground yarn</td><td>Santoni, Co., Ltd.</td><td></td><td>It is a kind of coverd yarn which is composed of 80% rubber and 20% viscose, metioned this in section 1.2.1</td></tr><tr><td>Matlab software</td><td>Santoni, Co., Ltd.</td><td></td><td>It is a kind of coverd yarn which is composed of 30% polyamide and 70% cotton, metioned this in section 1.2.1</td></tr><tr><td>Mechanical testing instrument and software</td><td>Santoni, Co., Ltd.</td><td>GOAL 615MP</td><td>Used for programing the fabrication parameters, metioned this in section.1.1</td></tr><tr><td>Pick glass</td><td>Shenmei, Inc.</td><td>F002</td><td>A standard artificial femal with 160 cm height. The size was consited with Chinese Standard GB 10000-1988. The artificial femal was made by glass-reinforced plywood and covered by fabric. Mentioned this in section 2.1.</td></tr><tr><td>STAT-Ds 615 MP stocking software</td><td>Tekscan, Inc.</td><td>A201</td><td>Used for measuring the pressure on the skin, metioned this in section 2.2.1</td></tr><tr><td>Thickness gauge</td><td>Weike, Co., Ltd.</td><td>1lbs</td><td>Used for recording the pressure, metioned this in section 2.2.2-2.2.4.</td></tr></tbody></table>

fabrication of compressed hosiery and measurement of its pressure characteristic exerted on the lower limbs

本文通过直接和间接的方法报告了压缩袜子的压力特性测量。在直接方法中，使用接口传感器测量对下肢的压力值。在间接方法中，测试圆锥体和气缸模型所提及的必要参数以计算压力值。必要的参数涉及过程密度、威尔士密度、周长、长度、厚度、张力和压缩袜子的变形。与直接方法的结果相比，间接方法中的锥体模型更适合计算压力值，因为锥体模型考虑了下肢半径从膝盖到脚踝的变化。基于此测量，进一步研究了制造、结构和压力之间的关系。我们发现毕业是改变威尔士密度的主要影响因素。另一方面，弹性电机直接影响课程密度和丝袜的周长。我们报告的工作提供了制造结构压力关系和逐渐压缩的袜子的设计指南。

课程密度逐渐增加，从膝盖到脚踝在 图2a。这是由弹性电机的影响解释的。从膝盖到脚踝，增加的弹性电机逐渐产生从第 5 部分到 CH 制造过程中的第 1 部分的紧张度增加。因此，CH 样本逐渐碎裂，并且在课程方向上每厘米的环数增加。 图2b 中的实验线可分为三组:ABC、DEF、GHI。ABC 集团以最小的毕业价值制造，并获得最高的威尔士密度，而 GHI 组由最大的毕业价值产生，并获得最低的威尔士密度。在制造过程中，毕业会影响针头的下沉深度。较大的下沉深度将生成更长的环路，沿长度方向每厘米的环数将减少。因此，以最高毕业值制造的 CH 样本显示了最低的威尔士密度，反之亦然。 图 2c 和 图 2d 显示了脱衣服和穿着 CH 样品上的除状部分的周长。
为了调查制造对结构的影响，ANOVA 用于分析数据，结果列在 表 2中。 表 2 中的 sig 表示描述影响的意义级别。数据表明，弹性电机的使用对分段部分的周长和过程密度有显著影响。同时，对威尔士的密度有显著的影响。结构参数的详细信息可在 补充表2中找到。
在这里，从直接和间接测量中获得的具有代表性的压力数据可以在 图3中观察到。从第 1 部分到第 5 部分（从脚踝到膝盖），所有 CH 样本施加的压力强度逐渐下降。显然，气缸模型测量与直接测量略有偏离，表明气缸模型的预测压力数据与测量压力不一致。虽然，与测量的压力相比，圆锥体模型表现出良好的一致性。为了进一步定量地研究圆锥体和圆柱体模型之间的差异，使用斯皮尔曼相关方法分析所有数据（图4）。锥体模型与测量压力的相关系数为0.9914，高于0.9221，表示气缸模型与测量压力之间的相关系数。因此，锥体模型是预测压力特性比气缸模型更好的模型。所有测量和预测的压力都可以在 补充表3 和 补充表4中找到。
<img alt="Figure 1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/60852/60852fig01.jpg"> 图1:下肢的数字模型。（a） 分开的五个部分除以下肢上的六条圆线，（b） 圆柱体模型描述的下肢模型，以及锥体模型描述的下肢模型（c）。这个数字已经从张等人修改了18。<a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/60852/60852fig01large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本。</a>
<img alt="Figure 2" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/60852/60852fig02.jpg"> 图2:CH的结构测量。（a） 课程密度，（b） 威尔士密度，（c） 原 CH 上分裂部分的周长， 和（d） 穿 CH 上的分区周长。错误条表示数据的标准偏差。这个数字已经从张等人修改了18。<a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/60852/60852fig02large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本。</a>
<img alt="Figure 3" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/60852/60852fig03.jpg"> 图3:测量和计算的压力值。• 测量结果、[圆柱体模型]和* 圆锥体模型。这个数字已经从张等人修改了18。<a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/60852/60852fig03large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本。</a>
<img alt="Figure 4" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/60852/60852fig04.jpg"> 图4:测量和计算的压力值之间的相关性。这个数字已经从张等人修改了18。<a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/60852/60852fig04large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本。</a>
<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always"><tbody>
<tr>
<td>CH 样本</td>
			<td>毕业</td>
			<td>弹性电机（从圆 6 到圆 1）</td>
			<td>弹性纱细度 （tex）</td>
		</tr>
<tr>
<td>一个</td>
			<td>350</td>
			<td>650~800</td>
			<td>190</td>
		</tr>
<tr>
<td>B</td>
			<td>350</td>
			<td>650~1，000</td>
			<td>155</td>
		</tr>
<tr>
<td>C</td>
			<td>350</td>
			<td>650+1，200</td>
			<td>130</td>
		</tr>
<tr>
<td>D</td>
			<td>500</td>
			<td>650~800</td>
			<td>155</td>
		</tr>
<tr>
<td>E</td>
			<td>500</td>
			<td>650~1，000</td>
			<td>130</td>
		</tr>
<tr>
<td>F</td>
			<td>500</td>
			<td>650+1，200</td>
			<td>190</td>
		</tr>
<tr>
<td>G</td>
			<td>650</td>
			<td>650~800</td>
			<td>130</td>
		</tr>
<tr>
<td>H</td>
			<td>650</td>
			<td>650~1，000</td>
			<td>190</td>
		</tr>
<tr>
<td>我</td>
			<td>650</td>
			<td>650+1，200</td>
			<td>155</td>
		</tr>
</tbody></table>表1:CH样品的制造参数。
<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always"><tbody>
<tr>
<td></td>
			<td>毕业</td>
			<td>弹性电机</td>
			<td>弹性纱细度</td>
		</tr>
<tr>
<td>西格. 交叉密度</td>
			<td>0.0459</td>
			<td>0.0302</td>
			<td>0.2238</td>
		</tr>
<tr>
<td>西格. 威尔士密度</td>
			<td>0.0025</td>
			<td>0.1435</td>
			<td>0.2652</td>
		</tr>
<tr>
<td>西格. 周长</td>
			<td>0.0529</td>
			<td>0.0466</td>
			<td>0.1071</td>
		</tr>
</tbody></table>表2:ANOVA 结果，以显示制造参数对 CH 结构的影响。
补充表1:获得的参数张力（N）和拉伸模态（kPa）。<a href="https://cloudflare.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/60852/Table_S1.xlsx" target="_blank">请单击此处下载此表。</a>
补充表2:结构参数的测量数据。<a href="https://cloudflare.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/60852/Table_S2.xlsx" target="_blank">请单击此处下载此表。</a>
补充表3:测量压力特性（kPa）。<a href="https://cloudflare.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/60852/Table_S3.xlsx" target="_blank">请单击此处下载此表。</a>
补充表4:气缸模型和锥形模型（kPa）预测的压力结果。<a href="https://cloudflare.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/60852/Table_S4.xlsx" target="_blank">请单击此处下载此表。</a>
补充编码文件。<a href="https://cloudflare.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/60852/supplemental_coding_file.m" target="_blank">请点击这里下载此文件。</a>

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Fabrication of Compressed Hosiery and Measurement of its Pressure Characteristic Exerted on the Lower Limbs at JoVE.com

Fabrication of Compressed Hosiery and Measurement of its Pressure Characteristic Exerted on the Lower Limbs

本文通过采用直接和间接的方法，对压缩袜子进行制造、结构和压力测量。

压缩袜子的制造及其下肢压力特性测量

This article reports the pressure characteristic measurement of compressed hosiery via direct and indirect methods. In the direct method, an interface ...

fabrication-compressed-hosiery-measurement-its-pressure

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Analysis and Design of Beams for Bending

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2.2K 次观看.  Shanghai University of Engineering Science. 本文通过采用直接和间接的方法，对压缩袜子进行制造、结构和压力测量。

视频: Fabrication of Compressed Hosiery and Measurement of its Pressure Characteristic Exerted on the Lower Limbs

Oscillation and Reaction Board Techniques for Estimating Inertial Properties of a Below-knee Prosthesis

The purpose of this study was two-fold: 1) demonstrate a technique that can be used to directly estimate the inertial properties of a below-knee prosthesis, and 2) contrast the effects of the proposed technique and that of using intact limb inertial properties on joint kinetic estimates during walking in unilateral, transtibial amputees. An oscillation and reaction board system was validated and shown to be reliable when measuring inertial properties of known geometrical solids. When direct measurements of inertial properties of the prosthesis were used in inverse dynamics modeling of the lower extremity compared with inertial estimates based on an intact shank and foot, joint kinetics at the hip and knee were significantly lower during the swing phase of walking. Differences in joint kinetics during stance, however, were smaller than those observed during swing. Therefore, researchers focusing on the swing phase of walking should consider the impact of prosthesis inertia property estimates on study outcomes. For stance, either one of the two inertial models investigated in our study would likely lead to similar outcomes with an inverse dynamics assessment.

Body segmental inertial properties are required for inverse dynamics modeling. Using an oscillation and reaction board technique, inertial properties of below-knee prostheses were measured. Using direct measures of prosthesis inertia in the inverse dynamics model of the prosthetic leg resulted in lower magnitudes of resultant joint forces and moments.

对于膝下义肢的估算惯性振荡性质与反应板技术

The purpose of this study was two-fold: 1) demonstrate a technique that can be used to directly estimate the inertial properties of a below-knee ...

科研

生物工程

Wicking Tests for Unidirectional Fabrics: Measurements of Capillary Parameters to Evaluate Capillary Pressure in Liquid Composite Molding Processes

During impregnation of a fibrous reinforcement in liquid composite molding (LCM) processes, capillary effects have to be understood in order to identify their influence on void formation in composite parts. Wicking in a fibrous medium described by the Washburn equation was considered equivalent to a flow under the effect of capillary pressure according to the Darcy law. Experimental tests for the characterization of wicking were conducted with both carbon and flax fiber reinforcement. Quasi-unidirectional fabrics were then tested by means of a tensiometer to determine the morphological and wetting parameters along the fiber direction. The procedure was shown to be promising when the morphology of the fabric is unchanged during capillary wicking. In the case of carbon fabrics, the capillary pressure can be calculated. Flax fibers are sensitive to moisture sorption and swell in water. This phenomenon has to be taken into account to assess the wetting parameters. In order to make fibers less sensitive to water sorption, a thermal treatment was carried out on flax reinforcements. This treatment enhances fiber morphological stability and prevents swelling in water. It was shown that treated fabrics have a linear wicking trend similar to those found in carbon fabrics, allowing for the determination of capillary pressure.

An experimental method to measure geometrical parameters and the apparent advancing contact angles describing capillary wicking in unidirectional synthetic and natural fabrics is proposed. These parameters are mandatory for the determination of the capillary pressures that must be taken into account for liquid composite molding (LCM) applications.

吸湿排汗试验单向织物:毛细管参数的标准评价在液体复合成型工艺毛细管压力

During impregnation of a fibrous reinforcement in liquid composite molding (LCM) processes, capillary effects have to be understood in order to identify ...

工程学

In Situ High Pressure Hydrogen Tribological Testing of Common Polymer Materials Used in the Hydrogen Delivery Infrastructure

High pressure hydrogen gas is known to adversely affect metallic components of compressors, valves, hoses, and actuators. However, relatively little is known about the effects of high pressure hydrogen on the polymer sealing and barrier materials also found within these components. More study is required in order to determine the compatibility of common polymer materials found in the components of the hydrogen fuel delivery infrastructure with high pressure hydrogen. As a result, it is important to consider the changes in physical properties such as friction and wear in situ while the polymer is exposed to high pressure hydrogen. In this protocol, we present a method for testing the friction and wear properties of ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) elastomer samples in a 28 MPa high pressure hydrogen environment using a custom-built in situ pin-on-flat linear reciprocating tribometer. Representative results from this testing are presented which indicate that the coefficient of friction between the EPDM sample coupon and steel counter surface is increased in high pressure hydrogen as compared to the coefficient of friction similarly measured in ambient air.

In Situ High Pressure Hydrogen Tribological Testing of Common Polymer Materials Used in the Hydrogen Delivery Infrastructure

A test methodology for quantifying tribological properties of polymers used in hydrogen infrastructure service is demonstrated and characteristic results for a common elastomer are discussed.

就地氢气输送基础设施用普通高分子材料的高压氢摩擦学试验

High pressure hydrogen gas is known to adversely affect metallic components of compressors, valves, hoses, and actuators. However, relatively little is ...

Fabrication and Characterization of a Conformal Skin-like Electronic System for Quantitative, Cutaneous Wound Management

Recent advances in the development of electronic technologies and biomedical devices offer opportunities for non-invasive, quantitative assessment of cutaneous wound healing on the skin. Existing methods, however, still rely on visual inspections through various microscopic tools and devices that normally include high-cost, sophisticated systems and require well trained personnel for operation and data analysis. Here, we describe methods and protocols to fabricate a conformal, skin-like electronics system that enables conformal lamination to the skin surface near the wound tissues, which provides recording of high fidelity electrical signals such as skin temperature and thermal conductivity. The methods of device fabrication provide details of step-by-step preparation of the microelectronic system that is completely enclosed with elastomeric silicone materials to offer electrical isolation. The experimental study presents multifunctional, biocompatible, waterproof, reusable, and flexible/stretchable characteristics of the device for clinical applications. Protocols of clinical testing provide an overview and sequential process of cleaning, testing setup, system operation, and data acquisition with the skin-like electronics, gently mounted on hypersensitive, cutaneous wound and contralateral tissues on patients.

This article presents methods to fabricate and characterize a conformal, skin-like electronic system and protocols for the use in clinical applications, particularly on cutaneous wound management.

制作定量，皮肤伤口管理一个形皮肤般的电子系统与表征

Recent advances in the development of electronic technologies and biomedical devices offer opportunities for non-invasive, quantitative assessment of ...

Computerized Dynamic Posturography for Postural Control Assessment in Patients with Intermittent Claudication

Computerized dynamic posturography with the EquiTest is an objective technique for measuring postural strategies under challenging static and dynamic conditions. As part of a diagnostic assessment, the early detection of postural deficits is important so that appropriate and targeted interventions can be prescribed. The Sensory Organization Test (SOT) on the EquiTest determines an individual&#39;s use of the sensory systems (somatosensory, visual, and vestibular) that are responsible for postural control. Somatosensory and visual input are altered by the calibrated sway-referenced support surface and visual surround, which move in the anterior-posterior direction in response to the individual&#39;s postural sway. This creates a conflicting sensory experience. The Motor Control Test (MCT) challenges postural control by creating unexpected postural disturbances in the form of backwards and forwards translations. The translations are graded in magnitude and the time to recover from the perturbation is computed.
Intermittent claudication, the most common symptom of peripheral arterial disease, is characterized by a cramping pain in the lower limbs and caused by muscle ischemia secondary to reduced blood flow to working muscles during physical exertion. Claudicants often display poor balance, making them susceptible to falls and activity avoidance. The Ankle Brachial Pressure Index (ABPI) is a noninvasive method for indicating the presence of peripheral arterial disease and intermittent claudication, a common symptom in the lower extremities. ABPI is measured as the highest systolic pressure from either the dorsalis pedis or posterior tibial artery divided by the highest brachial artery systolic pressure from either arm. This paper will focus on the use of computerized dynamic posturography in the assessment of balance in claudicants.

Individuals with intermittent claudication exhibit poor balance compared to healthy controls. Computerized dynamic posturography is an objective method for measuring an individual's postural responses to balance disturbances. This provides an objective reflection of the person&#x2019;s ability to respond to situations under which sensory stimuli are altered and unexpected perturbations occur.

Computerized dynamic posturography with the EquiTest is an objective technique for measuring postural strategies under challenging static and dynamic ...

医学

Lower-Limb Biomechanical Characteristics Associated with Unplanned Gait Termination Under Different Walking Speeds

Gait termination caused by unexpected stimulus is a common occurrence in everyday life. This study presents a protocol to investigate the lower-limb biomechanical changes that occur during unplanned gait termination (UGT) under different walking speeds. Fifteen male participants were asked to perform UGT on a walkway at normal walking speed (NWS) and fast walking speed (FWS), respectively. A motion analysis system and plantar pressure platform were applied to collect lower-limb kinematic and plantar pressure data. Paired-sampled T-test was used to examine the differences in lower-limb kinematics and plantar pressure data between two walking speeds. The results showed larger range of motion in the hip, knee, and ankle joints in the sagittal plane as well as plantar pressure in forefoot and heel regions during UGT at FWS when compared with NWS. With the increase in walking speed, subjects exhibited different lower-limb biomechanical characteristics that show FWS associated with greater potential injury risks.

This study compared the biomechanical characteristics of the lower extremity during unplanned gait termination under different walking speeds. The lower-limb kinematic and kinetic data from fifteen subjects with normal and fast walking speeds were collected using a motion analysis system and plantar pressure platform.

不同行走速度下与计划外步态终止相关的下肢生物力学特征

Gait termination caused by unexpected stimulus is a common occurrence in everyday life. This study presents a protocol to investigate the lower-limb ...

行为学

Application of Consistent Massage-Like Perturbations on Mouse Calves and Monitoring the Resulting Intramuscular Pressure Changes

Massage is generally recognized to be beneficial for relieving pain and inflammation. Although previous studies have reported anti-inflammatory effects of massage on skeletal muscles, the molecular mechanisms behind are poorly understood. We have recently developed a simple device to apply local cyclical compression (LCC), which can generate intramuscular pressure waves with varying amplitudes. Using this device, we have demonstrated that LCC modulates inflammatory responses of macrophages in situ and alleviates immobilization-induced muscle atrophy. Here, we describe protocols for the optimization and application of LCC as a massage-like intervention against immobilization-induced inflammation and atrophy of skeletal muscles of mouse hindlimbs. The protocol that we have developed can be useful for investigating the mechanism underlying beneficial effects of physical exercise and massage. Our experimental system provides a prototype of the analytical approach to elucidate the mechanical regulation of muscle homeostasis, although further development needs to be made for more comprehensive studies.

Here we describe the protocols for applying defined mechanical loads to mouse calves and for monitoring the concomitant intramuscular pressure changes. The experimental systems that we have developed can be useful for investigating the mechanism behind the beneficial effects of physical exercise and massage.

在小鼠小腿上应用一致的按摩样扰动，并监测由此产生的肌肉压力变化

Massage is generally recognized to be beneficial for relieving pain and inflammation. Although previous studies have reported anti-inflammatory effects of ...

免疫与感染

Evaluation of Patients' Posture and Gait Profile After Lumbar Fusion Surgery by Video Rasterstereography and Treadmill Gait Analysis

This protocol provides guidance on how to perform high resolution video rasterstereography and treadmill gait analysis on patients after lumbar fusion surgery to obtain results about altered variables of gait and posture. These observed changes can then be correlated with the patient-reported outcome measure of pain relief. The rasterstereographic device projects lines of parallel light onto the surface of the tested subject&#39;s back. The deformation of these lines is recognized by the device. From these data, a special software then generates a 3-D profile based on the principle of triangulation. With an inaccuracy of only 0.2 mm it can measure changes in posture at very high precision. Gait and stance parameters are recorded using a treadmill equipped with an electric sensor mat that contains 10,200 miniature force sensors in the registering zone under the belt. Initial walking speed on the treadmill is 0.5 km/h. Speed is then gradually increased by increments of 0.1 km/h until each subject reaches his or her individual maximum well tolerable walking speed. At this speed, parameters are recorded during a 20 s measurement interval. Subjects are tested barefoot and without holding a handrail. Among various other parameters, stride width, step length, stance phase and foot rotation are measured. Both methods used reportedly have a high intra- and inter-observer reliability. The advantage of these highly accurate techniques is that they offer an objective and very detailed perspective on changes in the patient&#39;s posture and gait. Due to the amount of data generated, these techniques are, however, not so much suitable for everyday routine use, but rather interesting to scientifically evaluate long term alterations in posture and gait in patients like for example after lumbar fusion surgery.

Here, we present a protocol to analyze the posture and the gait of patients after lumbar fusion surgery by means of high-resolution video rasterstereography and a treadmill equipped with an integrated sensor mat. Allowing critical functional postoperative evaluation on a less subjective level may enhance accuracy and reliability of indication for surgery.

视频栅格立体成像和跑步机步态分析对腰椎融合手术后患者体型和步态剖面的评价

This protocol provides guidance on how to perform high resolution video rasterstereography and treadmill gait analysis on patients after lumbar fusion ...

A Novel Non-invasive Method for the Detection of Elevated Intra-compartmental Pressures of the Leg

Acute Compartment Syndrome is a devastating consequence of musculoskeletal trauma. Currently the diagnosis is based on clinical signs and symptoms, and while adjuncts such as invasive intra-compartmental pressure measurements are often used to corroborate the physical exam findings, there remains no reliable objective test to aid in the decision to perform a decompressive fasciotomy. In a cadaver model of compartment syndrome, an ultrasound (US) based method has been shown to be a reliable measurement of increased intra-compartmental pressure. An absolute pressure of &#62;100 mbar or a difference of 50 mbar in the CFFP between the legs can be considered pathologic. Using an ultrasound transducer, coupled with a pressure sensor, the pressure needed to flatten the superficial fascia of the anterior compartment of lower legs (Compartment Fascia Flattening Pressure [CFFP]) can be measured. The CFFP of the injured leg is compared to the CFFP of the uninjured leg. This US measured index can then serve as an adjunct to the physical exam in evaluating injured lower extremities and assessing the need for decompressive fasciotomy. The advantages of this protocol include: being a non-invasive method and an easily reproducible technique.

An ultrasound probe coupled with a pressure sensor is used to assess the intra-compartmental pressure of the leg by directly measuring the compartment fascia flattening pressure (CFFP). This non-invasive protocol will provide reliable assessment of the pressure inside the anterior muscular compartment of the lower leg.

一种检测腿部高室内压力的无创检测方法

Acute Compartment Syndrome is a devastating consequence of musculoskeletal trauma. Currently the diagnosis is based on clinical signs and symptoms, and ...

Evaluation of Plantar Fasciitis Using Windlass Length Change

Predictive Measurement for Windlass Change in Length and Selected Treatment Outcomes in Chronic Plantar Fasciitis

Approximately 10% of patients with plantar fasciitis experience persistent and often severe symptoms, though little is known about its etiology. The goal of this study was to employ an objective, simple, and economical approach to measure the change in length of the windlass and assess the efficiency of a specified therapy protocol applied in this study over a one-month period. Age, weight, normal foot type, and gender were employed as matching factors in a matched design. Fifty individuals diagnosed with unilateral plantar fasciitis and an equal number of healthy volunteers all fulfilled the inclusion criteria and took part in this research. Pain assessment utilized a visual analogue scale and the pain subscale of the foot function index, while a valid goniometric method was employed to evaluate weight-bearing windlass, dorsiflexion and plantar flexion ranges of motion. Additionally, foot plantar pressure (both static and dynamic measures) and tape measurement of windlass change in length were assessed. The assessment was completed by all patients before and after their treatment program. Normal subjects were evaluated for control. Treatment methods encompassed ultrasonic therapy, application of an electrical heating pad, utilization of a night splint, engagement in stretching activities for the plantar aponeurosis and Achilles tendon, as well as both extrinsic and intrinsic strengthening exercises. After one month, the patients were reassessed and compared to control volunteers. In those suffering from plantar fasciitis, a substantial link was found between clinical measurements (tape measurement, windlass range of motion) and foot plantar pressure, indicating improvement. The chosen treatment protocol was effective in 96% of patients. For windlass length change, the measurement technique was found to be valid and objective. The chosen therapy procedure was successful in treating persistent plantar fasciitis in patients.

This protocol presents an objective, easy, and economical method to measure the change in length of the windlass in plantar fasciitis and assess the effectiveness of a selected treatment procedure employed in this study over a one-month period.

Approximately 10% of patients with plantar fasciitis experience persistent and often severe symptoms, though little is known about its etiology. The goal ...