Name: fabrication of compressed hosiery and measurement of its pressure characteristic exerted on the lower limbs
Uploaded: 2020-05-27T14:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 8 min 39 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Fabrication of Compressed Hosiery and Measurement of its Pressure Characteristic Exerted on the Lower Limbs at JoVE.com

저자는 이 기사의 연구, 저자 및/또는 출판에 대한 다음과 같은 재정 적 지원을 공개합니다: 중국의 국가 키 R&D 프로그램, 보조금 번호 2018YFC2000900, 중국 국립 자연 과학 재단, 보조금 번호 11802171, 상하이 고등 교육 기관의 특별 약속 교수 (동부 학자) 프로그램 및 상하이 대학 공학 대학의 인재 프로그램.

1. CH의 제작
<ol><li>프로그래밍<ol>
<li>STAT-Ds 615 MP 스타킹 소프트웨어를 열고 플레인 패브릭을 선택하여 새로운 양말 구조를 만듭니다.</li>
		<li>순서대로 다음 내용을 선택 : 이중 웰트 1 피드, 패턴없이 전송, 이중 웰트 1 피드에서 일반 의료 다리, 일반 의료 다리에서 발 뒤꿈치시작, 발 뒤꿈치와 일반 의료 발의 끝, 일반 발 1f에서 발가락을 시작, 로소와 클립일반 발가락, 장치를 돌리지 않고 양말 릴리스, 양말의 끝. OK 버튼을 눌러 양말 디자인을 완성합니다.</li>
		<li>바늘에 대해 200을 선택하고 프로그램 파일을 USB 플래시 디스크에 내보냅니다.</li>
		<li>Quasar로 전환하여 제작 매개 변수를 변경하고 졸업 행의 파란색 버튼을 클릭하여 새 창을 엽니다. 구조가 다른 CH를 조작하려면 실린더 S 및 E 열에 500을 입력하고 확인을 클릭하여 설정을 완료합니다.</li>
		<li>ELASTIC MOTORS 행의 파란색 단추 중 하나를 클릭하여 새 창을 열고 WELT 행과 실린더 S 및 E 열에서 800개를 입력합니다. 의료 다리 행에서 S 열에 800, 열 E에서 650을 입력합니다. 그런 다음 발목 행과 S 및 E 열에 650을 입력하고 확인을 클릭하여 설정을 완료합니다.</li>
		<li>1.1.4 및 1.1.5 단계를 반복합니다. 졸업을 조정할 때 각각 350 및 650을 입력합니다. 각각 WELT 행에 1000 및 1200을 입력하고 탄성 모터를조정할 때 발목 행을 650으로 유지합니다. 참고: 탄성 모터는 엘라스틴 원사의 장력을 제어할 수 있습니다. 날조된 CH는 무릎에서 발목으로 점차 압박감이 증가하도록 해야 합니다. 여기서, 발목내의 탄성 모터 번호는 고정(650)이며, WELT의 탄성 모터 번호는 서로 다른 압박감으로 CH 샘플을 조작하도록 변경(800, 1000, 1200)이다. 졸업은 전체 CH 샘플의 루프 크기를 제어할 수 있습니다. 루프가 클수록 CH가 느슨해지지만 루프가 작을수록 항상 촉박한 CH 샘플을 생성합니다. 따라서, 우리는 각각 350, 500 및 650을 졸업으로 입력합니다. 마지막으로, 변경 된 탄성 모터와 졸업과 프로그램 파일이 생성됩니다.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>뜨개질<ol>
<li>CH 제작 기계에 접지 원사와 엘라탄 원사를 준비합니다.</li>
		<li>기기를 켜고 USB 플래시 디스크를 삽입하고 1.1.3 단계에서 얻은 프로그램 파일을 선택합니다. 기계는 자동으로 CH 샘플을 제작합니다. 알파벳순으로 이러한 샘플을 A에서 I로 번호가 매겨지도록 합니다. 참고: 표 1은 이러한 CH 샘플의 제조 매개 변수를 표시합니다.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>2. 직접 측정
참고: 모든 CH 샘플은 측정 전에 표준 대기 환경(23°C, 65% 상대 습도 [RH])에서 24시간 동안 조절되어야 합니다. CH 샘플은 압력 값을 테스트하기 위해 인공 하반신에 옷을 입고 있습니다. 모든 측정은 평균 값을 계산하고 오류를 줄이기 위해 세 번 수행해야 합니다.
<ol><li>CH 샘플의 선을 표시합니다.<ol>
<li>샘플을 인공 하반신에 놓습니다.</li>
		<li>6을 고르게 간격으로 표시하여 무릎에서 발목까지 압축 된 양말 샘플 드레싱에 원 라인을 표시합니다. 이 줄을 6, 5, 4로 번호 매기세요. 이러한 선은 도 1a에도시된 바와 같이 CH 샘플을 5부분으로 나눕니다.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>압력 측정<ol>
<li>압력 측정을 수행하려면 전방, 후방, 내측 및 측면 방향에 압축된 호스리 샘플의 1부 아래에 인터페이스 압력 센서를 배치합니다.</li>
		<li>측정 소프트웨어에서 적절한 직렬 포트 COM을 선택하고 최소 임계값값을 0으로설정합니다.</li>
		<li>측정 시작을클릭합니다. 실시간 채널 1~4는 압력 데이터를 표시합니다.</li>
		<li>압력이 안정되면 측정 중지를 클릭합니다. 소프트웨어는 자동으로 압력 데이터를 내보냅니다.</li>
		<li>인터페이스 프레스 센서를 CH 샘플의 다른 부분에 놓고 2.2.1-2.2.4 단계를 반복합니다.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>전체 CH 샘플의 압력 측정 후 CH 샘플을 제거한 다음 인공 하반신에 다른 CH 샘플을 드레스하여 다음 측정을 준비합니다.</li>
</ol>3. 간접 측정
참고: 여기서 실험은 원뿔 및 실린더 모델의 필요한 매개 변수를 측정합니다. 이러한 매개 변수는 드레싱 및 옷을 입지 않은 CH 샘플, 두께, 장력의 변형 및 구조 파라미터를 포함합니다. 모든 CH 샘플은 측정 전에 표준 대기 환경(23°C, 65% RH)에서 24시간 동안 조절되어야 합니다. 모든 측정은 평균 값을 계산하고 오류를 줄이기 위해 세 번 수행해야 합니다.
<ol><li>CH 샘플의 구조 파라미터 측정<ol>
<li>인공 하반신에 CH 샘플을 놓습니다.</li>
		<li>측정 테이프를 사용하여 샘플의 총 길이(L)를 측정합니다.</li>
		<li>선택 유리를 사용하여 각 분할 된 부분의 코스 밀도와 웨일즈 밀도를 측정합니다.</li>
		<li>측정 테이프로 각 원 라인의 둘레(c)를 측정합니다. 이어서, 인접한 원라인의 둘레(c)를 평균화하여 CH 시료의 각 분할부분의 둘레(w)를 계산한다.</li>
		<li>모든 구조 파라미터 측정값을 획득하면 사지에서 샘플을 제거합니다. 그리고 다음 측정을 준비하기 위해 인공 하반신에 다른 샘플을 채복하십시오.</li>
		<li>옷을 입지 않은 CH 샘플의 각 원 라인의 둘레(c')를 측정합니다. 그런 다음, 인접한 원 라인의 둘레를 평균화하여 CH 샘플의 각 분할 부분의 둘레(w')를 계산합니다.</li>
		<li>옷을 입지 않은 CH 샘플의 동일한 분할 부분의 코스 밀도 및 웨일즈 밀도를 측정합니다.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>두께 측정<ol>
<li>압축 된 호스리 샘플을 두께 게이지의 강철 원형 테이블에 부드럽게합니다.</li>
		<li>두께 게이지를 켜서 다른 강철 라운드가 천천히 아래로 떨어지도록 하여 샘플 조각으로 누릅니다. 화면에 두께 데이터(t)가 표시됩니다.</li>
		<li>샘플을 이동하고 다른 부품의 두께를 테스트하기 위해 3.2.1 및 3.2.2 단계를 반복합니다.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>인장 실험<ol>
<li>표시된 원 선을 따라 모든 CH 샘플을 잘라냅니다.</li>
		<li>한 조각의 샘플을 인장 테스트 기기에 고정합니다.</li>
		<li>인장 실험을 위한 소프트웨어를 열고, 초기 장력으로 5N을 입력하고, 인장 속도로 는 60mm/min, 초기 인장 길이로 200mm를 입력합니다. 다른 필드에 대한 기본 설정을 유지합니다.</li>
		<li>모든 측정 매개 변수가 설정된 경우 시작을 클릭하여 인장 실험을 자동으로 실행합니다. 컴퓨터는 화면에 실시간 스트레스와 부담을 내보낼 것입니다. CH 조각이 파손되면 인장 실험이 자동으로 중지됩니다.</li>
		<li>그런 다음 깨진 샘플 조각을 다음 테스트 및 반복 단계 3.3.3.3.4에 대한 새로운 샘플 조각으로 교체하십시오.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>4. 이론적 계산
참고: 실린더 모델과 원뿔 모델은 간접 측정에 사용되어 가압을 계산합니다. 각 CH 샘플은 무릎에서 발목까지 5부분으로 분리됩니다. 실린더 모델에서 인간의 사지는 일정한 반경을 가진 실린더로 묘사되며 사지의 반지름은 원뿔 모델에서 가변적입니다. 회로도 다이어그램은 도 1b 및 도 1c에설명되어 있습니다. 모든 계산 단계는 Matlab 2018a에서 수행되며 계산 프로그램은 보충 코딩 파일에서찾을 수 있습니다.
<ol><li>실린더 모델<ol>
<li>단계 3.1.3−3.1.5에서 얻은 측정된 결과에 따르면, 다음 방정식을 사용하여 옷을 입은 CH와 옷을 입지 않은 CH 사이의 둘레차이(D)를계산합니다. <img alt="Equation 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/60852/60852equ01.jpg"> 표시된 원선으로 구분되는 CH 조각의 수입니다. 원선 번호에 따라 번호가 매겨져 있습니다.</li>
		<li>적절한 선형 방정식을 사용하여 3.3.4 단계에서 얻은 응력-변형 곡선에 맞춥시게 합니다. 선형 방정식의 경사는 인장 계수 E입니다.</li>
		<li>방정식을 사용하여 드레싱 CH(T)의장력을 계산합니다. <img alt="Equation 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/60852/60852equ02.jpg"> 참고: 보조 표 1은 획득한 원래 인장 계수 E와 텐션 T를표시합니다.</li>
		<li>실린더 모델과 얇은 벽가정(15)을기반으로, CH피스 i의 가압을 다음과 같이 표현한다. <img alt="Equation 3" src="/files/ftp_upload/60852/60852equ03.jpg"> 여기서 r은 분할된 부분의 반지름이고, <img alt="Equation 5" src="/files/ftp_upload/60852/60852equ05.jpg"> t는 CH 샘플의 두께이고, T는 4.1.3 단계에서 계산된 장력이다.</li>
		<li>4.1.1-4.1.4 단계에 따라 CH 조각의 모든 가압을 계산합니다.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>콘 모델<ol>
<li>다음 방정식14에의해 CH 조각 i의 가압을 계산합니다. <img alt="Equation 4" src="/files/ftp_upload/60852/60852equ04.jpg"> 여기서 rc는 원선의 반지름이고, <img alt="Equation 6" src="/files/ftp_upload/60852/60852equ06.jpg"> T는 4.1.3 단계에서 계산된 장력이며, l은 각 분할된 조각의 길이이며 l =L/5로 계산될 수 있다(본단계에서, L은 다음 단계 3.1.2).</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>

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Y., Yuen, D. W., Shi, S. Q. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pressure+prediction+model+for+compression+garment+design.">Pressure prediction model for compression garment design.</a> Journal of Burn Care Research. 31 (5), 716-727 (2010).</li><li>Dale, J. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multilayer+compression:+comparison+of+four+different+four-layer+bandage+systems+applied+to+the+leg.">Multilayer compression: comparison of four different four-layer bandage systems applied to the leg.</a> European Journal of Vascular &amp; Endovascular Surgery. 27 (1), 94-99 (2004).</li><li>Al-Khaburi, J., Nelson, E. A., Hutchinson, J., Dehghani-Sanij, A. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Impact+of+multilayered+compression+bandages+on+sub-bandage+pressure:+a+model.">Impact of multilayered compression bandages on sub-bandage pressure: a model.</a> Phlebology. 26 (1), 75-83 (2011).</li><li>Al-Khaburi, J., Dehghani-Sanij, A. A., Nelson, E. A., Hutchinson, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+bandage+thickness+on+interface+pressure+applied+by+compression+bandages.">Effect of bandage thickness on interface pressure applied by compression bandages.</a> Medical Engineering &amp; Physics. 34 (3), 378-385 (2012).</li><li>Sikka, M. P., Ghosh, S., Mukhopadhyay, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mathematical+modeling+to+predict+the+sub-bandage+pressure+on+a+cone+limb+for+multi-layer+bandaging.">Mathematical modeling to predict the sub-bandage pressure on a cone limb for multi-layer bandaging.</a> Medical Engineering &amp; Physics. 38 (9), 917-921 (2016).</li><li>Zhang, L. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+structure+and+pressure+characteristics+of+graduated+compression+stockings:+experimental+and+numerical+study.">The structure and pressure characteristics of graduated compression stockings: experimental and numerical study.</a> Textile Research Journal. 89 (23-24), 5218-5225 (2019).</li></ol>

저자는 공개 할 것이 없습니다.

이 연구에서는 CH 샘플의 가압을 측정하는 두 가지 방법을 제공하며 이러한 방법은 피부에 다른 의류 드레싱의 가압을 측정하는 데 사용할 수 있습니다. 직접 방법에서, CH 샘플은 인공 하반신위에 옷을 입고 인터페이스 센서가 CH 샘플 아래에 배치된다. 압력 값은 데이터 수집 소프트웨어를 사용하여 화면에 표시할 수 있습니다. 직접 방법과 비교하기 위해 간접적인 방법도 공급합니다. 실린더 모?...

압축 호스 (CH)는 낮은 사지에 압력을 제공합니다. 그것은 피부를 누르고 더 정맥 반경을 변경할 수 있습니다. 따라서, 정맥 혈류 속도는 환자가 압축 양말로 옷을 입고 있을 때 제기됩니다. CH 및 기타 압축 의류는 하반신1,2,3,4에서정맥 순환을 향상시킬 수 있습니다. 치료 성능은 CH5의압력 특성에 의존하였다. 원자재와 CH 구조가 CH 압력 특성에 큰 영향을 미친다고 널리 믿어졌다. CH의 엘라스테인 원사는 일부 발표된 연구6에따른 압력 특성에 주로 책임이 있었다. 예를 들어, Chattopadhyay7은 엘라스틴 원사의 사료 장력을 조정하여 니트 원형 스트레치 직물의 압력 특성을 보고했다. 또한, Ozbayraktar8은 또한 CH의 확장성이 감소하는 동안 엘라스틴 원사의 밀도가 증가했다고 결정했습니다. 또한, 루프 길이9,니트 패턴9,원사7,10의 선형 밀도도 압력 특성에 미치는 영향을 나타냈다.
압력 값을 예측하는 데 사용되는 CH. Laplace 법칙의 압력 특성의 생성 메커니즘을 검사하기 위해 수치 모델이 제시되었습니다. 토마스11은 압력, 긴장 및 신체 사지 크기를 결합하여 라플라스의 법칙을 압력 예측에 도입했습니다. 비슷한 작품은 또한 Maklewska12에의해 보고되었다. 직물에 의해 가해지는 압력 값을 정확하게 예측하기 위해, 그들은 장착 된 응력 변형 방정식과 Laplace의 법칙으로 구성된 반 경험적 방정식을 제시했습니다. 또한, 영의 계수는 CH의 신장을 설명하기 위해 Leung13에 의해 제시되었다.
전술한 수치 연구는 CH두께(14)의무지로 인해 이탈한 실험 결과를 보였다. 또한, 일부 연구자들은 라플라스의 법칙에 관여하는 가설 실린더가 허벅지에서 발목까지의 하반신이 일정하지 않고 점차 감소하기 때문에 신체 사지를 설명하는 것이 부적절하다고 믿었습니다. 두꺼운 실린더 이론과 라플라스의 법칙을 결합하여, 데일14와 알 카부리15,16각각 여러 층으로 CH에 의해 가해지는 압력을 조사하기 위해 제안 된 수치 모델. Sikka17은 허벅지에서 발목으로 반경이 점차 감소하는 새로운 콘 모델을 제시했습니다.
CH에 내재된 압력 특성은 이전 연구에서 대부분의 실험 CHs가 일반적으로 상업적으로 구입되었기 때문에 정량적으로 연구하기 어려웠습니다. 패턴, 원사, 원료 등의 영향은 통제할 수 없었다. 따라서, 이 연구에서, 실험 CHs는 통제 할 수 집에서 조작되었다. 더욱이, 이 연구는 압력 특성을 측정하는 직접적인 방법 및 간접적인 방법을 관련시키는 2개의 방법을 제공하는 것을 목표로 합니다. 직접 방법에서, 인터페이스센서(재료표)는압력 값을 직접 측정하기 위해 피부와 섬유 사이에 배치된다. 한편, 간접적인 방법에서, 인공 하반신에 대한 CH 샘플 드레싱의 장력 및 일부 구조 파라미터가 먼저 측정된다. 그런 다음 결과를 콘 모델과 실린더 모델로 대체하여 압력 값을 계산합니다. 두 가지 방법의 결과로 얻은 압력 값은 대조되고 분석되어 보다 적합한 모델을 찾습니다. 제시된 방법은 압축 된 의류에 의해 가해지는 압력의 실험 적 측정에 대한 지침을 제공합니다.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Artificial lower limb</td><td>Dayuan, Laizhou Electron Instrument Co., Ltd.</td><td>YG065C</td><td>Used for measuring the strength of stockings. The employing test standard is ISO 13934-1-2013, metioned this in section 3.3</td></tr><tr><td>CH fabrication machine</td><td>Hongda, Co., Ltd.</td><td>YG14N</td><td>Used for measuring the thickness of stockings, the test standard is ISO 5084:1996, metioned this in section 3.2</td></tr><tr><td>Elastane yarn</td><td>MathWorks, Co., Ltd.</td><td>2018a</td><td>Used for calculating the pressure, mentioned this in section 4.</td></tr><tr><td>FlexiForce interface pressure sensors</td><td>Qile, Co., Ltd.</td><td>Y115B</td><td>It is composed of magnifying glass with a fixed ruler. Used for counting the loops number per cm in the fabricated CH, metioned this in the sction 3.1.3 and 3.1.7.</td></tr><tr><td>FlexiForce measurement software</td><td>Santoni, Co., Ltd.</td><td>GOAL 615MP</td><td>Used for fabricating stockings, metioned this in section 1.2</td></tr><tr><td>Ground yarn</td><td>Santoni, Co., Ltd.</td><td></td><td>It is a kind of coverd yarn which is composed of 80% rubber and 20% viscose, metioned this in section 1.2.1</td></tr><tr><td>Matlab software</td><td>Santoni, Co., Ltd.</td><td></td><td>It is a kind of coverd yarn which is composed of 30% polyamide and 70% cotton, metioned this in section 1.2.1</td></tr><tr><td>Mechanical testing instrument and software</td><td>Santoni, Co., Ltd.</td><td>GOAL 615MP</td><td>Used for programing the fabrication parameters, metioned this in section.1.1</td></tr><tr><td>Pick glass</td><td>Shenmei, Inc.</td><td>F002</td><td>A standard artificial femal with 160 cm height. The size was consited with Chinese Standard GB 10000-1988. The artificial femal was made by glass-reinforced plywood and covered by fabric. Mentioned this in section 2.1.</td></tr><tr><td>STAT-Ds 615 MP stocking software</td><td>Tekscan, Inc.</td><td>A201</td><td>Used for measuring the pressure on the skin, metioned this in section 2.2.1</td></tr><tr><td>Thickness gauge</td><td>Weike, Co., Ltd.</td><td>1lbs</td><td>Used for recording the pressure, metioned this in section 2.2.2-2.2.4.</td></tr></tbody></table>

fabrication of compressed hosiery and measurement of its pressure characteristic exerted on the lower limbs

이 문서에서는 직접 및 간접 적인 방법을 통해 압축 된 양말의 압력 특성 측정을 보고합니다. 직접 방법에서 인터페이스 센서는 하반신에 가해지는 압력 값을 측정하는 데 사용됩니다. 간접적인 방법에서 콘 및 실린더 모델에 의해 언급된 필요한 파라미터를 테스트하여 압력 값을 계산합니다. 필요한 매개 변수는 코스 밀도, 웨일즈 밀도, 둘레, 길이, 두께, 장력 및 압축 호스의 변형을 포함합니다. 직접 방법의 결과와 비교하여, 간접 적인 방법의 콘 모델은 콘 모델이 무릎에서 발목으로 하반신의 반경 변화를 고려하기 때문에 압력 값을 계산하는 데 더 적합합니다. 이 측정에 기초하여, 제조, 구조 및 압력 사이의 관계는이 연구에서 더 조사된다. 우리는 졸업이 웨일즈 밀도를 바꿀 수있는 주요 영향임을 발견합니다. 한편, 탄성 모터는 스타킹의 코스 밀도와 둘레에 직접적인 영향을 미칩니다. 우리의 보고 된 작품은 제작 구조 압력 관계와 점차적으로 압축 된 양말을위한 설계 가이드를 제공합니다.

코스 밀도는 그림 2a에서무릎에서 발목까지 점차 증가합니다. 이것은 탄성 모터의 영향에 의해 설명됩니다. 무릎에서 발목까지, 증가된 탄성 모터는 CH 제조 공정에서 5부에서 1부로 점차 장력을 증가시게 한다. 따라서, CH 샘플은 점차 적으로 frapped되고 cm당 루프 수는 코스 방향으로 증가된다. 도 2b의 실험 라인은 ABC, DEF, GHI의 세 그룹으로 나눌 수 있습?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Fabrication of Compressed Hosiery and Measurement of its Pressure Characteristic Exerted on the Lower Limbs at JoVE.com

Fabrication of Compressed Hosiery and Measurement of its Pressure Characteristic Exerted on the Lower Limbs

이 문서에서는 직접 및 간접 방법을 사용하여 압축 호스어리의 제조, 구조 및 압력 측정을 보고합니다.

압축 된 양말의 제조 및 낮은 사지에 가해지는 압력 특성의 측정

This article reports the pressure characteristic measurement of compressed hosiery via direct and indirect methods. In the direct method, an interface ...

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2.3K 조회수.  Shanghai University of Engineering Science. 이 문서에서는 직접 및 간접 방법을 사용하여 압축 호스어리의 제조, 구조 및 압력 측정을 보고합니다.

비디오: Fabrication of Compressed Hosiery and Measurement of its Pressure Characteristic Exerted on the Lower Limbs

Oscillation and Reaction Board Techniques for Estimating Inertial Properties of a Below-knee Prosthesis

The purpose of this study was two-fold: 1) demonstrate a technique that can be used to directly estimate the inertial properties of a below-knee prosthesis, and 2) contrast the effects of the proposed technique and that of using intact limb inertial properties on joint kinetic estimates during walking in unilateral, transtibial amputees. An oscillation and reaction board system was validated and shown to be reliable when measuring inertial properties of known geometrical solids. When direct measurements of inertial properties of the prosthesis were used in inverse dynamics modeling of the lower extremity compared with inertial estimates based on an intact shank and foot, joint kinetics at the hip and knee were significantly lower during the swing phase of walking. Differences in joint kinetics during stance, however, were smaller than those observed during swing. Therefore, researchers focusing on the swing phase of walking should consider the impact of prosthesis inertia property estimates on study outcomes. For stance, either one of the two inertial models investigated in our study would likely lead to similar outcomes with an inverse dynamics assessment.

Body segmental inertial properties are required for inverse dynamics modeling. Using an oscillation and reaction board technique, inertial properties of below-knee prostheses were measured. Using direct measures of prosthesis inertia in the inverse dynamics model of the prosthetic leg resulted in lower magnitudes of resultant joint forces and moments.

아래 - 무릎 보철물의 추정 관성 속성에 대한 진동 및 반응 보드 기술

The purpose of this study was two-fold: 1) demonstrate a technique that can be used to directly estimate the inertial properties of a below-knee ...

연구

생체공학

Wicking Tests for Unidirectional Fabrics: Measurements of Capillary Parameters to Evaluate Capillary Pressure in Liquid Composite Molding Processes

During impregnation of a fibrous reinforcement in liquid composite molding (LCM) processes, capillary effects have to be understood in order to identify their influence on void formation in composite parts. Wicking in a fibrous medium described by the Washburn equation was considered equivalent to a flow under the effect of capillary pressure according to the Darcy law. Experimental tests for the characterization of wicking were conducted with both carbon and flax fiber reinforcement. Quasi-unidirectional fabrics were then tested by means of a tensiometer to determine the morphological and wetting parameters along the fiber direction. The procedure was shown to be promising when the morphology of the fabric is unchanged during capillary wicking. In the case of carbon fabrics, the capillary pressure can be calculated. Flax fibers are sensitive to moisture sorption and swell in water. This phenomenon has to be taken into account to assess the wetting parameters. In order to make fibers less sensitive to water sorption, a thermal treatment was carried out on flax reinforcements. This treatment enhances fiber morphological stability and prevents swelling in water. It was shown that treated fabrics have a linear wicking trend similar to those found in carbon fabrics, allowing for the determination of capillary pressure.

An experimental method to measure geometrical parameters and the apparent advancing contact angles describing capillary wicking in unidirectional synthetic and natural fabrics is proposed. These parameters are mandatory for the determination of the capillary pressures that must be taken into account for liquid composite molding (LCM) applications.

During impregnation of a fibrous reinforcement in liquid composite molding (LCM) processes, capillary effects have to be understood in order to identify ...

공학

In Situ High Pressure Hydrogen Tribological Testing of Common Polymer Materials Used in the Hydrogen Delivery Infrastructure

High pressure hydrogen gas is known to adversely affect metallic components of compressors, valves, hoses, and actuators. However, relatively little is known about the effects of high pressure hydrogen on the polymer sealing and barrier materials also found within these components. More study is required in order to determine the compatibility of common polymer materials found in the components of the hydrogen fuel delivery infrastructure with high pressure hydrogen. As a result, it is important to consider the changes in physical properties such as friction and wear in situ while the polymer is exposed to high pressure hydrogen. In this protocol, we present a method for testing the friction and wear properties of ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) elastomer samples in a 28 MPa high pressure hydrogen environment using a custom-built in situ pin-on-flat linear reciprocating tribometer. Representative results from this testing are presented which indicate that the coefficient of friction between the EPDM sample coupon and steel counter surface is increased in high pressure hydrogen as compared to the coefficient of friction similarly measured in ambient air.

In Situ High Pressure Hydrogen Tribological Testing of Common Polymer Materials Used in the Hydrogen Delivery Infrastructure

A test methodology for quantifying tribological properties of polymers used in hydrogen infrastructure service is demonstrated and characteristic results for a common elastomer are discussed.

제자리에서 고압 수소 Tribological 수소 공급 인프라에 사용 되는 일반적인 고분자 재료의 테스트

High pressure hydrogen gas is known to adversely affect metallic components of compressors, valves, hoses, and actuators. However, relatively little is ...

Fabrication and Characterization of a Conformal Skin-like Electronic System for Quantitative, Cutaneous Wound Management

Recent advances in the development of electronic technologies and biomedical devices offer opportunities for non-invasive, quantitative assessment of cutaneous wound healing on the skin. Existing methods, however, still rely on visual inspections through various microscopic tools and devices that normally include high-cost, sophisticated systems and require well trained personnel for operation and data analysis. Here, we describe methods and protocols to fabricate a conformal, skin-like electronics system that enables conformal lamination to the skin surface near the wound tissues, which provides recording of high fidelity electrical signals such as skin temperature and thermal conductivity. The methods of device fabrication provide details of step-by-step preparation of the microelectronic system that is completely enclosed with elastomeric silicone materials to offer electrical isolation. The experimental study presents multifunctional, biocompatible, waterproof, reusable, and flexible/stretchable characteristics of the device for clinical applications. Protocols of clinical testing provide an overview and sequential process of cleaning, testing setup, system operation, and data acquisition with the skin-like electronics, gently mounted on hypersensitive, cutaneous wound and contralateral tissues on patients.

This article presents methods to fabricate and characterize a conformal, skin-like electronic system and protocols for the use in clinical applications, particularly on cutaneous wound management.

양적, 피부가 상처 관리를위한 등각 피부와 같은 전자 시스템의 제조 및 특성

Recent advances in the development of electronic technologies and biomedical devices offer opportunities for non-invasive, quantitative assessment of ...

Computerized Dynamic Posturography for Postural Control Assessment in Patients with Intermittent Claudication

Computerized dynamic posturography with the EquiTest is an objective technique for measuring postural strategies under challenging static and dynamic conditions. As part of a diagnostic assessment, the early detection of postural deficits is important so that appropriate and targeted interventions can be prescribed. The Sensory Organization Test (SOT) on the EquiTest determines an individual&#39;s use of the sensory systems (somatosensory, visual, and vestibular) that are responsible for postural control. Somatosensory and visual input are altered by the calibrated sway-referenced support surface and visual surround, which move in the anterior-posterior direction in response to the individual&#39;s postural sway. This creates a conflicting sensory experience. The Motor Control Test (MCT) challenges postural control by creating unexpected postural disturbances in the form of backwards and forwards translations. The translations are graded in magnitude and the time to recover from the perturbation is computed.
Intermittent claudication, the most common symptom of peripheral arterial disease, is characterized by a cramping pain in the lower limbs and caused by muscle ischemia secondary to reduced blood flow to working muscles during physical exertion. Claudicants often display poor balance, making them susceptible to falls and activity avoidance. The Ankle Brachial Pressure Index (ABPI) is a noninvasive method for indicating the presence of peripheral arterial disease and intermittent claudication, a common symptom in the lower extremities. ABPI is measured as the highest systolic pressure from either the dorsalis pedis or posterior tibial artery divided by the highest brachial artery systolic pressure from either arm. This paper will focus on the use of computerized dynamic posturography in the assessment of balance in claudicants.

Individuals with intermittent claudication exhibit poor balance compared to healthy controls. Computerized dynamic posturography is an objective method for measuring an individual's postural responses to balance disturbances. This provides an objective reflection of the person&#x2019;s ability to respond to situations under which sensory stimuli are altered and unexpected perturbations occur.

Computerized dynamic posturography with the EquiTest is an objective technique for measuring postural strategies under challenging static and dynamic ...

의학

Lower-Limb Biomechanical Characteristics Associated with Unplanned Gait Termination Under Different Walking Speeds

Gait termination caused by unexpected stimulus is a common occurrence in everyday life. This study presents a protocol to investigate the lower-limb biomechanical changes that occur during unplanned gait termination (UGT) under different walking speeds. Fifteen male participants were asked to perform UGT on a walkway at normal walking speed (NWS) and fast walking speed (FWS), respectively. A motion analysis system and plantar pressure platform were applied to collect lower-limb kinematic and plantar pressure data. Paired-sampled T-test was used to examine the differences in lower-limb kinematics and plantar pressure data between two walking speeds. The results showed larger range of motion in the hip, knee, and ankle joints in the sagittal plane as well as plantar pressure in forefoot and heel regions during UGT at FWS when compared with NWS. With the increase in walking speed, subjects exhibited different lower-limb biomechanical characteristics that show FWS associated with greater potential injury risks.

This study compared the biomechanical characteristics of the lower extremity during unplanned gait termination under different walking speeds. The lower-limb kinematic and kinetic data from fifteen subjects with normal and fast walking speeds were collected using a motion analysis system and plantar pressure platform.

다른 보행 속도하에서 계획되지 않은 걸음걸이 종단과 관련된 낮은 사지 생체 역학적 특성

Gait termination caused by unexpected stimulus is a common occurrence in everyday life. This study presents a protocol to investigate the lower-limb ...

행동분석학

Application of Consistent Massage-Like Perturbations on Mouse Calves and Monitoring the Resulting Intramuscular Pressure Changes

Massage is generally recognized to be beneficial for relieving pain and inflammation. Although previous studies have reported anti-inflammatory effects of massage on skeletal muscles, the molecular mechanisms behind are poorly understood. We have recently developed a simple device to apply local cyclical compression (LCC), which can generate intramuscular pressure waves with varying amplitudes. Using this device, we have demonstrated that LCC modulates inflammatory responses of macrophages in situ and alleviates immobilization-induced muscle atrophy. Here, we describe protocols for the optimization and application of LCC as a massage-like intervention against immobilization-induced inflammation and atrophy of skeletal muscles of mouse hindlimbs. The protocol that we have developed can be useful for investigating the mechanism underlying beneficial effects of physical exercise and massage. Our experimental system provides a prototype of the analytical approach to elucidate the mechanical regulation of muscle homeostasis, although further development needs to be made for more comprehensive studies.

Here we describe the protocols for applying defined mechanical loads to mouse calves and for monitoring the concomitant intramuscular pressure changes. The experimental systems that we have developed can be useful for investigating the mechanism behind the beneficial effects of physical exercise and massage.

마우스 종아리에 일관된 마사지와 같은 섭동을 적용하고 근육 내 압력 변화를 모니터링

Massage is generally recognized to be beneficial for relieving pain and inflammation. Although previous studies have reported anti-inflammatory effects of ...

면역학 및 감염병학

Evaluation of Patients' Posture and Gait Profile After Lumbar Fusion Surgery by Video Rasterstereography and Treadmill Gait Analysis

This protocol provides guidance on how to perform high resolution video rasterstereography and treadmill gait analysis on patients after lumbar fusion surgery to obtain results about altered variables of gait and posture. These observed changes can then be correlated with the patient-reported outcome measure of pain relief. The rasterstereographic device projects lines of parallel light onto the surface of the tested subject&#39;s back. The deformation of these lines is recognized by the device. From these data, a special software then generates a 3-D profile based on the principle of triangulation. With an inaccuracy of only 0.2 mm it can measure changes in posture at very high precision. Gait and stance parameters are recorded using a treadmill equipped with an electric sensor mat that contains 10,200 miniature force sensors in the registering zone under the belt. Initial walking speed on the treadmill is 0.5 km/h. Speed is then gradually increased by increments of 0.1 km/h until each subject reaches his or her individual maximum well tolerable walking speed. At this speed, parameters are recorded during a 20 s measurement interval. Subjects are tested barefoot and without holding a handrail. Among various other parameters, stride width, step length, stance phase and foot rotation are measured. Both methods used reportedly have a high intra- and inter-observer reliability. The advantage of these highly accurate techniques is that they offer an objective and very detailed perspective on changes in the patient&#39;s posture and gait. Due to the amount of data generated, these techniques are, however, not so much suitable for everyday routine use, but rather interesting to scientifically evaluate long term alterations in posture and gait in patients like for example after lumbar fusion surgery.

Here, we present a protocol to analyze the posture and the gait of patients after lumbar fusion surgery by means of high-resolution video rasterstereography and a treadmill equipped with an integrated sensor mat. Allowing critical functional postoperative evaluation on a less subjective level may enhance accuracy and reliability of indication for surgery.

환자의 자세와 걸음 걸이 프로필 비디오 Rasterstereography 및 디딜 방 아 걸음 걸이 분석 하 여 요 추 융합 수술 후의 평가

This protocol provides guidance on how to perform high resolution video rasterstereography and treadmill gait analysis on patients after lumbar fusion ...

A Novel Non-invasive Method for the Detection of Elevated Intra-compartmental Pressures of the Leg

Acute Compartment Syndrome is a devastating consequence of musculoskeletal trauma. Currently the diagnosis is based on clinical signs and symptoms, and while adjuncts such as invasive intra-compartmental pressure measurements are often used to corroborate the physical exam findings, there remains no reliable objective test to aid in the decision to perform a decompressive fasciotomy. In a cadaver model of compartment syndrome, an ultrasound (US) based method has been shown to be a reliable measurement of increased intra-compartmental pressure. An absolute pressure of &#62;100 mbar or a difference of 50 mbar in the CFFP between the legs can be considered pathologic. Using an ultrasound transducer, coupled with a pressure sensor, the pressure needed to flatten the superficial fascia of the anterior compartment of lower legs (Compartment Fascia Flattening Pressure [CFFP]) can be measured. The CFFP of the injured leg is compared to the CFFP of the uninjured leg. This US measured index can then serve as an adjunct to the physical exam in evaluating injured lower extremities and assessing the need for decompressive fasciotomy. The advantages of this protocol include: being a non-invasive method and an easily reproducible technique.

An ultrasound probe coupled with a pressure sensor is used to assess the intra-compartmental pressure of the leg by directly measuring the compartment fascia flattening pressure (CFFP). This non-invasive protocol will provide reliable assessment of the pressure inside the anterior muscular compartment of the lower leg.

다리의 높은 내 습 적 압력의 검출을 위한 새로운 비 침범 성 방법

Acute Compartment Syndrome is a devastating consequence of musculoskeletal trauma. Currently the diagnosis is based on clinical signs and symptoms, and ...

Evaluation of Plantar Fasciitis Using Windlass Length Change

Predictive Measurement for Windlass Change in Length and Selected Treatment Outcomes in Chronic Plantar Fasciitis

Approximately 10% of patients with plantar fasciitis experience persistent and often severe symptoms, though little is known about its etiology. The goal of this study was to employ an objective, simple, and economical approach to measure the change in length of the windlass and assess the efficiency of a specified therapy protocol applied in this study over a one-month period. Age, weight, normal foot type, and gender were employed as matching factors in a matched design. Fifty individuals diagnosed with unilateral plantar fasciitis and an equal number of healthy volunteers all fulfilled the inclusion criteria and took part in this research. Pain assessment utilized a visual analogue scale and the pain subscale of the foot function index, while a valid goniometric method was employed to evaluate weight-bearing windlass, dorsiflexion and plantar flexion ranges of motion. Additionally, foot plantar pressure (both static and dynamic measures) and tape measurement of windlass change in length were assessed. The assessment was completed by all patients before and after their treatment program. Normal subjects were evaluated for control. Treatment methods encompassed ultrasonic therapy, application of an electrical heating pad, utilization of a night splint, engagement in stretching activities for the plantar aponeurosis and Achilles tendon, as well as both extrinsic and intrinsic strengthening exercises. After one month, the patients were reassessed and compared to control volunteers. In those suffering from plantar fasciitis, a substantial link was found between clinical measurements (tape measurement, windlass range of motion) and foot plantar pressure, indicating improvement. The chosen treatment protocol was effective in 96% of patients. For windlass length change, the measurement technique was found to be valid and objective. The chosen therapy procedure was successful in treating persistent plantar fasciitis in patients.

This protocol presents an objective, easy, and economical method to measure the change in length of the windlass in plantar fasciitis and assess the effectiveness of a selected treatment procedure employed in this study over a one-month period.

Approximately 10% of patients with plantar fasciitis experience persistent and often severe symptoms, though little is known about its etiology. The goal ...