这项工作得到了前田大学的支持。

此处描述的所有方法均被批准遵循《世界医学会道德守则》（赫尔辛基宣言），并经长冈理工大学独立伦理委员会批准。没有从本科生那里收集任何身份信息。参与者在参加实验前得到有关实验的详细信息，并被要求签署书面接受声明。书面知情同意来自所有科目，并存放在长冈理工大学。
1. 准备七种视频
注：总共为实验前课程（一个视频）创建七个视频，并为每个性别在"稳定"、"缓慢"和"快速"条件下创建实验会话（图 1）（三次两个视频）。
<ol><li>在实验室里，设置一张桌子和两把椅子，一个手休息（大约35×60厘米的白色靠垫倾斜约25度）和一个显示器在桌子上（图2）。标记这些位置，以能够在实验会话中准确再现。</li>
	<li>当参与者坐在椅子上时，将 360° 相机放在眼睛水平（图 2）。</li>
	<li>开始录制相机与任何人在视频中约20-30s的实验前会话，以确保有合理的可见性，每个参与者。</li>
	<li>为了让视频显示男性参与者，让男性实验者（实验者A）穿上实验室外套，坐在椅子上，用手掌放在左手上休息，注意手指不碰对方，也不碰手休息。</li>
	<li>使用节拍器应用程序和智能手机播放 60 bpm 4 击参考音。</li>
	<li>让另一个实验者（实验者B）坐在实验者A面前，手里拿着一个油漆刷（图3）。</li>
	<li>开始录制摄像机以使用"稳定"状态。</li>
	<li>使用参考音，让实验者B抚摸所有实验者A的手指80年代。同时，让实验者B记住轨迹，以后再复制它。</li>
	<li>由第三个实验者，显示一个动作，约30厘米菜刀（20厘米刀片）出现，削减实验者A的左手腕和消失，采取5s（图4）。</li>
	<li>5s的保证金持续时间后，停止相机。</li>
	<li>开始录制摄像机以显示视频使用"慢速"状态。</li>
	<li>重复步骤 1.8，同时更改画笔轨迹以避免单调。</li>
	<li>60s 开始后，让实验者 A 关闭并以 20 s（20 s/关闭和打开周期，大约 1.3 mm/s）的一致缓慢速度打开五根手指：图 5（A）。</li>
	<li>重复步骤 1.9 和 1.10。</li>
	<li>开始录制摄像机以显示视频使用"快速"状态。</li>
	<li>重复步骤 1.12 到 1.14，同时将手指速度从慢到快（2 s/打开和关闭周期，约 35 mm/s）：图 5（B）。</li>
	<li>重复步骤 1.4 到 1.16，同时从男性实验者 A 更改为女性实验者 A，为女性参与者制作另外三个视频。</li>
	<li>取出相机。检查视频是否与现实世界不同，使用 HMD 并坐在椅子上，将左手放在手部休息。</li>
	<li>如有必要，练习准确地复制画笔的轨迹。</li>
</ol>2. 实验程序
<ol><li>使用超过18名健康成年人（大约18-25岁，性别比例为50%更好）的参与者，没有重大疾病史和天真的实验，并说同一母语收集主观报告。分别与每个参与者进行实验。</li>
	<li>带/无手指运动会话和 SCR 测量的 RHI<ol>
<li>执行以下步骤，包括由同一实验者与要使用的视频中具有与实验者 B 相同的外观与参与者交互的角色。如有必要，请使用帮助。</li>
		<li>要求参与者穿实验室外套坐在椅子上。在抛光这些手指后，将与 SCR 数据采集设备连接的 Ag-AgCl 电极连接到参与者右手的食指和无名指上。把手放下，同时不碰任何东西。将抽样速率设置为 500 个样本/s，并开始记录 SCR 数据。</li>
		<li>向参与者提供以下三个说明： 1. "你的任务是把你的左手放在手上休息， 手掌朝上， 保持手的稳定" 2. "请尽量放松。 3. "佩戴 HMD 时，请看你的左手"。</li>
		<li>让参与者佩戴带有黑屏的 HMD。将 HMD 上的屏幕镜像到桌子上的显示屏上，直到实验结束。</li>
		<li>在宣布这一消息后，在 HMD 上显示实验前会话的视频。请参与者四处看看，确保视图是自然的。如果出现问题，调整 HMD 或座椅高度，直到参与者感到舒适。</li>
		<li>显示 HMD 上的黑屏，并要求参与者将左手放在手掌上休息。帮助参与者，并注意手指没有接触对方或手休息。</li>
		<li>戴着耳机和画笔坐在参与者的对着。用与参与者性别相同的左手准备三个条件之一的一个视频。</li>
		<li>从三个条件随机选择的一个条件开始第一次试验。在宣布会议开始后，开始视频。用与 s/他正在观看的时间和位置相同的时间和位置刷参与者的左手，检查桌上的镜像显示屏和参考音，直到刀子切入 （图 3（B）。</li>
		<li>在 HMD 上显示黑屏 2 分钟，使 SCR 恢复正常。</li>
		<li>随机顺序重复步骤 2.2.8 到 2.2.10 的其余五次（共六次;三个条件各两次试验）。每两次试验后询问参与者身体状况是否有问题。</li>
		<li>停止记录SCR数据。删除HMD和SCR数据采集设备。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>面对面访谈：向参与者提出以下问题，并在记录答案时口头收集答案。<ol>
<li>问"你看到手被移动了吗？[Q1：供确认] 如果答案不是"是"，请转到步骤 2.3.4。</li>
		<li>问："你看到两个速度的运动了吗？[第2季度：供确认] 如果答案不是"是"，请转到步骤 2.3.4。</li>
		<li>问"你觉得手部动作慢怎么样？[问题3：对于 SOA 评估]</li>
		<li>问"你能告诉我你在实验中是否感觉到什么吗？[第4季度：免费报告]</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>3. 数据分析
<ol><li>SCR 数据<ol>
<li>以以下方式确定每次试验的 SCR 19、21、22：最后 5 s（刀威胁;用于评估 SoO）和 5 s 之后所有 2-10 s 期间发生的最大值和最小值之间的振幅差异。</li>
		<li>根据预先确定的方法23 计算振幅的大小， 如： <img alt="Equation 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/61755/61755equ01.jpg">
</li>
		<li>对所有数据进行夏皮罗-威尔克测试。如果确认某些数据未正常分发，则使用非参数统计测试来处理数据：否则，请使用参数统计测试。在所有统计测试中，将阿尔法设置为 5%。</li>
		<li>通过多重比较评估这三种条件之间的差异。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>面对面访谈<ol>
<li>将回答"否"的人的数据划分为第 1 季度和/或第 2 季度。</li>
		<li>将答案与第 3 季度的回答与 RHI 研究13中用于测量参与者 SoA 的以下三个陈述进行比较。 声明1：手移动，就像我想它，仿佛它是服从我的意志。 声明2：我觉得我好像能控制手的动作。 声明3：我觉得我似乎可以引起我看到的运动。</li>
		<li>从每个问题的摘要中对第三季度的答案进行分类，并分析总体趋势。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>

<ol>
	<li>Gallagher, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Philosophical+conceptions+of+the+self:+Implications+for+cognitive+science.">Philosophical conceptions of the self: Implications for cognitive science.</a> Trends in Cognitive Sciences. 4, 14-21 (2000).</li><li>Frith, U., De Vignemont, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Egocentrism,+allocentrism,+and+Asperger+syndrome.">Egocentrism, allocentrism, and Asperger syndrome.</a> Consciousness and Cognition. 14, 719-738 (2005).</li><li>Von Helmholtz, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Handbuch der Physiologischen Optik. , (1866).</li><li>Sperry, R. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neural+basis+of+the+spontaneous+optokinetic+response+produced+by+visual+inversion.">Neural basis of the spontaneous optokinetic response produced by visual inversion.</a> Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology. 43, 482-489 (1950).</li><li>Richard, H., Sanford, J. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Plasticity+in+human+sensorimotor+control.">Plasticity in human sensorimotor control.</a> Science. 142, 45 (1963).</li><li>Synofzik, M., Vosgerau, G., Newen, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Beyond+the+comparator+model:+A+multifactorial+two-step+account+of+agency.">Beyond the comparator model: A multifactorial two-step account of agency.</a> Consciousness and Cognition. 17, 219-239 (2008).</li><li>Botvinick, M., Cohen, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rubber+hands+'feel'+touch+that+eyes+see.">Rubber hands 'feel' touch that eyes see.</a> Nature. 391, 756 (1998).</li><li>Nishiyama, Y., Tatsumi, S., Nomura, S., Gunji, Y. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=My+hand+is+not+my+own!+Experimental+elicitation+of+body+disownership.">My hand is not my own! Experimental elicitation of body disownership.</a> Psychology &amp; Neuroscience. 8, 425-434 (2015).</li><li>Asai, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Agency+elicits+body-ownership:+proprioceptive+drift+toward+a+synchronously+acting+external+proxy.">Agency elicits body-ownership: proprioceptive drift toward a synchronously acting external proxy.</a> Experimental Brain Research. 234, 1163-1174 (2016).</li><li>Tsakiris, M., Longo, M. R., Haggard, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Having+a+body+versus+moving+your+body:+How+agency+structures+body-ownership.">Having a body versus moving your body: How agency structures body-ownership.</a> Consciousness and Cognition. 15, 423-432 (2006).</li><li>Dummer, T., Picot-Annand, A., Neal, T., Moore, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Movement+and+the+rubber+hand+illusion.">Movement and the rubber hand illusion.</a> Perception. 38, 271-280 (2009).</li><li>Kalckert, A., Ehrsson, H. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Moving+a+rubber+hand+that+feels+like+your+own+a+dissociation+of+ownership+and+agency.">Moving a rubber hand that feels like your own a dissociation of ownership and agency.</a> Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. 6, (2012).</li><li>Kalckert, A., Ehrsson, H. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+moving+rubber+hand+illusion+revisited:+Comparing+movements+and+visuotactile+stimulation+to+induce+illusory+ownership.">The moving rubber hand illusion revisited: Comparing movements and visuotactile stimulation to induce illusory ownership.</a> Consciousness and Cognition. 26, 117-132 (2014).</li><li>Libet, B., Gleason, C. A., Wright, E. W., Pearl, D. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Time+of+Conscious+Intention+To+Act+in+Relation+To+Onset+of+Cerebral+Activity+(Readiness-Potential).">Time of Conscious Intention To Act in Relation To Onset of Cerebral Activity (Readiness-Potential).</a> Brain. 106, 623-642 (1983).</li><li>Gunji, Y. P., Minoura, M., Kojima, K., Horry, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Free+will+in+Bayesian+and+inverse+Bayesian+inference-driven+endo-consciousness.">Free will in Bayesian and inverse Bayesian inference-driven endo-consciousness.</a> Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology. 131, (2017).</li><li>Synofzik, M., Vosgerau, G., Voss, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+experience+of+agency:+An+interplay+between+prediction+and+postdiction.">The experience of agency: An interplay between prediction and postdiction.</a> Frontiers in Psychology. 4, (2013).</li><li>Shimojo, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Postdiction:+Its+implications+on+visual+awareness,+hindsight,+and+sense+of+agency.">Postdiction: Its implications on visual awareness, hindsight, and sense of agency.</a> Frontiers in Psychology. 5, 1-19 (2014).</li><li>Armel, K. C., Ramachandran, V. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Projecting+sensations+to+external+objects:+evidence+from+skin+conductance+response.">Projecting sensations to external objects: evidence from skin conductance response.</a> Proceedings. Biological Sciences/The Royal Society. 270, 1499-1506 (2003).</li><li>Petkova, V. I., Ehrsson, H. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=If+I+were+you:+Perceptual+illusion+of+body+swapping.">If I were you: Perceptual illusion of body swapping.</a> PLoS ONE. 3, (2008).</li><li>Yuan, Y., Steed, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Is+the+rubber+hand+illusion+induced+by+immersive+virtual+reality.">Is the rubber hand illusion induced by immersive virtual reality.</a> Proceedings - IEEE Virtual Reality. , 95-102 (2010).</li><li>Ramachandran, V., Hirstein, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+perception+of+phantom+limb.">The perception of phantom limb.</a> Brain. 121, 1603-1630 (1998).</li><li>Preston, C., Kuper-Smith, B. J., Henrik Ehrsson, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Owning+the+body+in+the+mirror:+The+effect+of+visual+perspective+and+mirror+view+on+the+full-body+illusion.">Owning the body in the mirror: The effect of visual perspective and mirror view on the full-body illusion.</a> Scientific Reports. 5, 18345 (2015).</li><li>Dawson, M. E., Schell, A. M., Filion, D. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+electrodermal+system.">The electrodermal system.</a> Handbook of Psychophysiology. , (2006).</li><li>Blanke, O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Out-of-Body+Experience:+Disturbed+Self-Processing+at+the+Temporo-Parietal+Junction.">The Out-of-Body Experience: Disturbed Self-Processing at the Temporo-Parietal Junction.</a> The Neuroscientist. 11, 16-24 (2005).</li><li>Ehrsson, H. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+experimental+induction+of+out-of-body+experiences.">The experimental induction of out-of-body experiences.</a> Science. 317, 1048 (2007).</li><li>Suzuki, K., Wakisaka, S., Fujii, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Substitutional+Reality+System:+A+Novel+Experimental+Platform+for+Experiencing+Alternative+Reality.">Substitutional Reality System: A Novel Experimental Platform for Experiencing Alternative Reality.</a> Scientific Reports. 2, 1-9 (2012).</li><li>Rohde, M., Luca, M., Ernst, M. O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+rubber+hand+illusion:+Feeling+of+ownership+and+proprioceptive+drift+Do+not+go+hand+in+hand.">The rubber hand illusion: Feeling of ownership and proprioceptive drift Do not go hand in hand.</a> PLoS ONE. 6, (2011).</li></ol>

作者没有什么可透露的。

本议定书的目的是强调行动的起源是参与者的自我还是其他行为的内在不可分割性。可以认为，这种不可分割性使参与者接受外来起源的运动作为他们自己的经历。在这里，我们提出了一种方法来收集这种情景的感觉，指的是对SoO/SoA的传统讨论。为了实现这一目标，第 1.13 步（准备视频）和第 2.2.8 步（在合理的情况下显示）是通过将观察到的身体部位的行为与实际行为适当转移来实现的。其他一些步骤从以下两点支持这一目标。第一点是使虚拟图像更接近现实。因此，视频中的世界在视觉上与现实世界对齐，涉及手部特征（步骤 1.4、1.17 和 2.2.3）、实验室景观（步骤 1.1）和面向实验者（步骤 2.2.1）。此外，建立交叉模式的相互作用也将是有效的，因为它被认为是必要的，特别是在全身转移错觉24，25。因此，使用 360 度图像（步骤 1.2;匹配视觉信息和头部运动控制）并准确跟踪轨迹（步骤 2.2.8;视觉和触觉匹配）是有效的。第二点是扩大对（虚拟）视觉信息的解释。另一项研究也强调了这一点，使参与者不确定他们在HMD中的观点是虚拟的还是真实的。虽然作者通过同样降低虚拟和真实的视觉分辨率实现了这一目标，但在本协议中，我们在第 2.2.3 步中应用了以下两种方法，以不提供有关显示的内容的信息，并让自己放松。考虑到我们在第三季度后要求所有参与者确认此协议的有效性（这是一个不需要在协议中出现的额外问题）的问题"猜猜你在看什么手？然后，发现他们中的大多数都在尝试不确定性，并允许各种可能性，而不是没有人正确地回答这是一个预先录制的视频。
此外，第2.3步被认为在评估这种感觉时很重要，即来自他人的身体运动被视为自己的身体运动，在客观地看待时也可能包含矛盾。在使用关于 SoO/SoA 的问卷的典型方法中，参与者首先被呈现关于感受的预先准备好的表达方式，在此协议中，要求他们用自己的语言来描述他们的感受。这样，我们避免通过实验者给出的表达来重新解释他们的经验，并收集相互矛盾的答案。事实上，如上所述，我们的大多数参与者报告说，观察到的移动与与他们相关的内容是相容的。此外，我们可以在第2.3.4步从三个参与者收集答案"它就像我的，而不是我的"。此外，还值得注意的是，虚幻感官反馈在第3类中报告，尽管数量很少。在以前的 RHI 研究中未观察到的这些点可能为我们提供了新的见解。
关于改进和排除此方法的可能性，一个常见的问题是，准确跟踪画笔轨迹很重要，但很困难。事实上，一旦画笔的运动是异步的7，27，错觉就会消失。我们的受试者还报告说，当实验者未能意外追踪时，主人翁感突然消失了。虽然据报道，幻象强度随着刷子运动的复杂性和随机性增加而增加，但我们建议采取一种不容易被误解的简单轨迹，而不是冒险。此外，关于SCR测量，人们可能担心参与者可能会习惯反复的刀威胁。然而，在以前的一些研究中，实验进行了很多次（例如，30次19次）。该协议建议对每个条件进行两次试验，每个参与者总共六次以减轻其负担，因为最低次数将揭示这三种条件之间的差异。此外，可以考虑增加试验次数，以收集更可靠的统计数据，并研究试验迭代的效果。另一点，我们的材料表显示了我们用来获得具有代表性的结果的一套设备。但是，特别是由于头戴式显示器制造商经常更新为新产品，因此该表中的目录编号 （Oculus DK2）现已停止。目前，同样的实验可以通过使用最新的模型（Oculus裂谷S或Quest 2执行;在这种情况下，相应的显示屏是带有Windows操作系统而不是Mac操作系统的PC），我们建议使用当时可用的产品进行。
此协议的一个相当大的限制是，SoA 的估计取决于追溯方法。面对面访谈被设定为实验程序部分的最后一步，而不仅仅是在目标试验（"慢"条件下的线索）之后，如一般方法13，其原因是防止参与者在随后的试验中将注意力集中在问题上。考虑到这种风险对整个实验的影响更大，我们设定了当前的顺序。另一方面，在目标审判和面谈之间插入其他审判的本案产生了获得的感觉混杂或被遗忘的风险。在这里，使用问题 1 和 2 来缓解此问题。此外，一般问卷的使用仍然是追溯性的。因此，开发一种可以与实验同时进行的测量方法，使用SCR等生理指标可以说是一个共同的问题。此外，在比较主观报告的趋势与缓慢和快速的条件时，有可能观察到一些差异。虽然重复的问题有影响参与者回顾性主观报告的风险，但一种可能的方法是比较各组之间的情况，只询问每个组的一个条件。
总之，该协议实施了 SoO 与 SoA 共存的情况，其中一个主体部分不一致，在显示状态和实际状态之间创造了良好的差异和一致性平衡。这一次，为了简化，参与者的真手是稳定的，显示的手是稍微移动，但相反的情况下也适用。在这种情况下，每个参与者必须以统一的速度和距离移动手指：因此，有必要提前确认和实践这一过程。此外，各种应用可想而知，例如形状和/或显示手指数量发生变化的情况，或与他人明显手的干预和/或交互的情况。

一个人如何看待自己的身体或自己的行为？这些感觉构成了我们的身体自我意识和我们自己的经验。这个问题，特别是在"最小自我"方面，被认为包括一种主人翁感（SoO），一种感觉身体是自己的感觉，以及一种代理感（SoA），一种对身体运动的创作感。许多关于SoO/SoA的研究都基于比较模型2，其中一个人的行为受到内部比较过程3，4，5，6。比较器模型描述了将意图与运动预测联系起来的向前反馈环，以及与预测相关的感官反馈的反馈循环：这些循环已被确认为 SoA 和 SoO，分别为1、6。
作为实验调查的一种手段，已经采用了身体转移错觉。一个典型的方法是橡胶手错觉（RHI），其中同步抚摸参与者隐藏的手和假手位于他们面前唤起虚幻的所有权的假手7。虽然最初的 RHI 仅指 SoO，但最近对配备可移动手的 RHI 的实施允许对 SoA 机制进行评估，认为该机制为参与者提供了向前馈送环匹配的经验。虽然 SoO 和 SoA 在正常行为1中重合，但它们可以相互独立，并且两者可以单独唤起。例如，如果参与者被展示为化身，他们只感到一个弱的 SoO，而不是一个 SoA，或者如果参与者看到他们的手从第三人的角度隐藏他们的拇指，他们感觉只有 SoA，而不是 SoO8。据9日报道，SoA引发的一个SoO，以及两者之间的关系以及两者如何共同产生身体意识，仍是一个悬而未决的问题。
虽然 SoA 是一个广义的术语，但它通常被视为一种在自我脱离外部世界时产生的动作的感觉。从这个意义上说，为了对SoA进行实验性评估，假设参与者自己操纵真实身体或假身体，例如，使用投影在屏幕10上的手图像、位于木杆11上的假手或位于参与者手12、13上方的盖子上的手。在这些研究中，当可见的假手与参与者生成的运动同步时，SoA的出现得到了证实。此外，当运动不是由参与者外部产生的，而是由使用与手的物理连接的实验者产生的时，可以证实，在保留 SoO 时，可能会出现 SoA 的缺失。在这些研究中，一对其他和自产运动为参与者实施了一对机构的缺席和存在。
问题出现了： Soa 的缺席是否意味着身体运动是由其他人进行的， 除了一个？我和别人之间有明显的分离吗？然而，我自己可能涉及无意识，这可能是别人在我自己。关于无意识，一个人不能确定一个运动是源于一个人的自己还是其他人。虽然自主抽搐的感觉注定与无意识有关，但以前的实验装置并没有注意自我和其他人的模糊性。要让无意识运动参与实验，必须实施一个虚拟动作，而虚拟动作不能轻易确定为来自参与者或其他参与者。在讨论"准备潜力"时，与会者和其他人也注意到了这种含糊不当。自由意志和故意意识之前的准备潜力可以分别与大脑中的其他人和我相比。换句话说，自我与他人是密不可分的。事实上，在行为上，有人指出，SoA可以以听写后的方式获得16，17。考虑到我们的 SoA 或身体自我意识可以在这种自我/其他模糊性中获得，而以前对 SoO/SoA 的研究是在使它们具有感性区分后进行的，因此有必要调查当双方模棱两可时会出现什么样的主观体验。
在这里，我们引入了一个协议，使我们能够评估 SoO/SoA 对虚拟手的轻微运动的影响，因此不清楚该运动是自产的还是其他来源的。具体来说，使用虚拟现实 （VR），我们的参与者被迫通过头戴式显示器 （HMD） 从第一人称的角度看到虚拟手，而不告知手属于谁。他们的手被给予触觉刺激（用画笔抚摸）与HMD中显示的手刷运动同步，然后，一分钟后，视频中的手指突然开始缓慢移动。为了进行比较，我们为每个参与者进行了六次试验，遵循三个条件（重复）：没有手部运动、慢动作（自我与其他来源之间的模糊性）和快速运动（显然不是自产的，而是其他来源的）。为了评估 SoO，采用了皮肤传导响应 （SCR） 测量。SCR在显示威胁时的变化被用作身体自我的指标18，19，20，因为它提供了一个在线和客观的估计。在这项研究中，我们定义了手部运动后刀威胁引起的SCR为SoO18，19的强度。此外，为了评估 SoA，在经过所有 RHI 程序后，使用面对面访谈收集了主观报告。在这里，可以认为，这种自我与其他来源之间的模棱两可的运动将导致来自另一个人的身体运动被视为参与者自己的身体运动。这种对 SoA 中因果关系的重写不能通过预先建立的方法来简单地评估一个人的意图和行动之间的一致性。因此，在传统的RHI研究中，参与者被要求在描述感觉13的陈述中打分，这个协议允许参与者用他们自己的话说来描述他们的感觉。以这种方式收集主观报告后，准备了分类和评估报告的步骤。这些系列使我们不仅能够确定 SoA 是存在还是缺席，而且还能够观察它们的感觉（被接受为自己的体验）与陈规定型的 SoA 有何不同。

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>display</td>
			<td>Apple Inc.</td>
			<td>MacBookAir</td>
			<td>for mirroring the screen which is shown to the participants in the HMD</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>head mounted display</td>
			<td>Oculus VR Inc.</td>
			<td>Oculus DK2</td>
			<td>for dispaying the 360&#176; videos</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>metronome apptication</td>
			<td>ihara-product</td>
			<td>Smart Metronome</td>
			<td>for generate reference tones</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SCR data acquisition device</td>
			<td>Biopac Systems inc.</td>
			<td>Biopac System MP150</td>
			<td>for SCR data mesurement</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SCR data processing software</td>
			<td>Biopac Systems inc.</td>
			<td>AcqKnowledge 4.1</td>
			<td>for SCR data processing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>smart phone</td>
			<td>Apple Inc.</td>
			<td>iPhone SE</td>
			<td>for playing reference tones</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>statistical analyzing software</td>
			<td>The R Foundation</td>
			<td>R 3.4.2.</td>
			<td>for statistical analyzing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>360&#176; camera</td>
			<td>RICOH Company Ltd.</td>
			<td>RICOH THETA S</td>
			<td>for preparing the videos</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

virtual hand with ambiguous movement between the self and other origin: sense of ownership and 'other-produced' agency

身体部位是自己的身体的感觉（主人翁感;SoO）和基于意志与行动（代理感）因果关系的感觉：SoA）已被公认为我们身体自我意识的基础。以前，假身体部位（如橡胶手）上的虚幻 SoO 被引入为橡胶手错觉 （RHI）。此外，还确定，一个人也可以唤起一个SoA的对象与运动的事先意图。另一方面，我们自发性的后发性意味着，无论行动是源于自我还是他人，它本质上是不可分割的。换句话说，我们的 SoA 或日常体验是在不可分割的情况下获得的。然而，先前的研究一直认为，自我运动和其他起源运动在感性上是可区分的。在这里，我们执行一项协议，使参与者的这些方面模棱两可，并估计他们是否能感受到 SoO 和/或 SoA 以及如何感受 SoA。为此，我们使用虚拟现实进行实验，参与者观察虚拟手指移动非常缓慢（或快速或不移动），而他们自己的手指不移动。为了评估虚幻的 SoO，采用了针对刀威胁的皮肤传导反应的测量方法。此外，我们引入面对面的访谈，以确定对慢动作的感觉是否符合传统的 SoA 定义。我们的代表性结果表明，SoO被唤起在手，和各种态度，接受其运动作为参与者自己的意识，他们不是起源它是由大多数人报告。结果表明，这一协议的新颖性在于发现，在这种情况下，SoO与外部生产的SoA合作，建立自己的身体体验，而不是苏和SoA的独立性。

参加者是长冈理工大学招收的21名健康学生（11名男性;平均年龄21.1岁，年龄在20-23岁;右手18岁）。所有参与者都对实验任务和以日语为母语的人很天真。使用了来自19名参与者的数据，包括那些没有响应（"空响应"）的参与者的数据，但由于设备问题，2名参与者的数据被排除在外。
根据我们的研究结果，具有刀威胁的 SCR 值在三种条件之间没有显著差异（慢与稳定：p = 0.829，t = 0.581;慢与快：p = 0.872，t = 0.499;快速与稳定：p = 0.988，t = 0.145，Steel-Dwass 测试： 图7（A）。这一结果应被承认为否定我们的假设，即所示手的快速移动将消除SCR，即幻觉SoO的强度。但是，当比较每个条件的第一个和第二个重复的 SCR 时， 仅在快速运动的情况下（缓慢：p = 0.984，z = 0.0197;稳定：p = 0.922，z = 0.0983;快速：p = 0.0181，z = 2.36，威尔科森签名排名测试： 图7（B）。这表明，如果明显的不可预测（快速）运动重复，虚幻的 SoO 将消失，但如果运动缓慢，则 SoO 将保持与无运动相同的水平。
在面对面的访谈中，所有参与者都回答了第一季度和第二季度的"是"：因此，证实他们都观察到他们的眼睛缓慢的运动。在确认这一点之后，可以评估他们第三季度的答案不包括对账单1-3。响应可分为以下四种类型（表 1）。第1类：6名参与者回答"我没有动"自己的手。类型2：另外六个回答"我以为我的手移动没有我的意志"或等价物。类型 3： 8 回答为 "我被吸引去移动" 或等价物。类型4：三声称"移动我的手指的感觉。一个参与者的答案包括 2 型和 3 型，另一个包括 2 型和 4 型，另一个参与者包括 2 型、3 型和 4 型，其余只包含 1-4 型中的一种类型。类型 1、2 和 3 显然与任何声明 1-3 在拒绝移动手的意志方面不一致。此外，第4类不包括因果关系：因此，它也与任何陈述1-3不相容。总的来说，结果表明，没有一个参与者在传统意义上唤起了SoA。此外，可以认为，虽然类型 1 只是拒绝其 SoA，但类型 2-4 表示他们的态度与外部产生的观察身体运动重叠。例如，2型接受观察到的运动作为自己的运动，承认它没有伴随着他们意志。第3类提到他们的动机，以带来与观察到的其他来源运动的一致性，即这种外部运动可能会导致他们的行动。类型4声称感觉反馈，尽管知道他们的意志或行动的缺乏。综合起来，19名参与者中的13人将观察到的事件描述为他们自己的经历，这是由另一个起源的SoA而不是拒绝SoA形成的。
<img alt="Figure 1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/61755/61755fig01.jpg"> 图1：RHI实验中一次试验的程序流程图。在这三种条件下，90年代完成了一次试验。每次试验都从80年代到90年代确定SCR。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/61755/61755fig01large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击这里查看此数字的较大版本。</a>
<img alt="Figure 2" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/61755/61755fig02.jpg"> 图2：已准备好的设置。步骤 1.1 到 1.17 的设置，准备视频。360°摄像机位于参与者视图中。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/61755/61755fig02large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击这里查看此数字的较大版本。</a>
<img alt="Figure 3" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/61755/61755fig03.jpg"> 图3：向参与者展示的视频的帧。每个参与者都会看到一只虚拟的手，它和他/她自己的真手位于同一个地方。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/61755/61755fig03large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击这里查看此数字的较大版本。</a>
<img alt="Figure 4" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/61755/61755fig04.jpg"> 图4：刀威胁事件。对于 SCR 测量，80 年代试用开始后，出现一把菜刀，滑过显示的手，并被移除。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/61755/61755fig04large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击这里查看此数字的较大版本。</a>
<img alt="Figure 5" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/61755/61755fig05.jpg"> 图5：虚拟手的近距离和开放运动。试验开始后60年代，向参与者展示的张开的手开始以一致的速度关闭，在慢速条件下（A）或1s在快速状态（B）中服用10s。不久之后，它以相同的速度打开。在快速条件下，此操作重复 10 次。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/61755/61755fig05large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击这里查看此数字的较大版本。</a>
<img alt="Figure 6" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/61755/61755fig06.jpg"> 图6：实验设置。进行试验的设置。参与者在实际设置中与视频中面临相同的背景和实验者。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/61755/61755fig06large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击这里查看此数字的较大版本。</a>
<img alt="Figure 7" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/61755/61755fig07.jpg"> 图7：在没有手部移动（稳定）或慢速或快速手部移动的试验中，刀威胁之后的平均 SCR 的盒式图。（A） 分成三组，（B）分成六组（第一和第二次试验分开）。错误条表示标准偏差。当第一轮和第二轮的结果组合在一起，并在三个条件下分别进行多次比较时，在任何一对中均未发现显著差异。这一结果与我们的假设相矛盾，即所示手的快速移动将消除SCR（幻象SO的强度），因为它与其他两个水平相同。然而，当在每种条件下进行第一次和第二次试验之间的测试时，只有在快速条件下才观察到显著差异（在快速条件下进行第一次试验与第二次试验;p < 0.05，Wilcoxon 签名等级测试）。此外，在运动缓慢且无运动（稳定）的试验中，第一次和第二次试验都显示出高 SCR 值，且没有显著差异。这表明，虽然在快速条件下，第二次试验的SCR没有维持到与第一次相同的程度，在缓慢和稳定的条件下，SCR得以维持，即使事件重复了两次。<a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/61755/61755fig07large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击这里查看此数字的较大版本。</a>
<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always"><tbody>
<tr>
<td></td>
			<td colspan="2">答案摘要</td>
			<td>数量</td>
			<td colspan="3">过度</td>
		</tr>
<tr>
<td>类型 1</td>
			<td colspan="2">我没有动。</td>
			<td>6</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
<tr>
<td>类型 2</td>
			<td colspan="2">我以为我的手在没有意志的情况下移动了。</td>
			<td>6</td>
			<td>a</td>
			<td>B</td>
			<td>C</td>
		</tr>
<tr>
<td>类型 3</td>
			<td colspan="2">我被吸引到被感动。</td>
			<td>8</td>
			<td>a</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>C</td>
		</tr>
<tr>
<td>类型 4</td>
			<td colspan="2">我有一种移动手指的感觉。</td>
			<td>3</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>B</td>
			<td>C</td>
		</tr>
</tbody></table>表1：从每个问题的摘要中键入第三季度答案的结果。 第3季度，评估虚幻的SoA的问题，"你觉得手部动作慢怎么样？三个参与者（a、b 和 c）做了多个描述。总体而言，没有答案类型包括与 SoA 定义相符的语句。此外，第2-4类对接受观察到的运动作为他们自己的运动表现出不同的态度，同时承认它来自其他地方。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Virtual Hand with Ambiguous Movement between the Self and Other Origin: Sense of Ownership and 'Other-Produced' Agency at JoVE.com

Virtual Hand with Ambiguous Movement between the Self and Other Origin: Sense of Ownership and 'Other-Produced' Agency

虽然先前对身体自我意识的研究假定自我运动和其他起源运动在感性上是可区分的，但该协议允许它们在虚拟手上模棱两可，并带有无意的轻微运动。这使我们能够观察由 SoO 和其他生产 SoA 形成的经验，而不是 SOA 的缺失。

自我与其他起源之间模棱两可的虚拟手：主人翁感和"其他生产"机构

The feeling that a body part is one&#8217;s own body (sense of ownership; SoO) and the feeling based on the causal relationship between one&#8217;s will ...

virtual-hand-with-ambiguous-movement-between-self-other-origin-sense

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

5.5K 次观看.  Waseda University. 虽然先前对身体自我意识的研究假定自我运动和其他起源运动在感性上是可区分的，但该协议允许它们在虚拟手上模棱两可，并带有无意的轻微运动。这使我们能够观察由 SoO 和其他生产 SoA 形成的经验，而不是 SOA 的缺失。

视频: Virtual Hand with Ambiguous Movement between the Self and Other Origin: Sense of Ownership and 'Other-Produced' Agency

Uncovering Beat Deafness: Detecting Rhythm Disorders with Synchronized Finger Tapping and Perceptual Timing Tasks

A set of behavioral tasks for assessing perceptual and sensorimotor timing abilities in the general population (i.e., non-musicians) is presented here with the goal of uncovering rhythm disorders, such as beat deafness. Beat deafness is characterized by poor performance in perceiving durations in auditory rhythmic patterns or poor synchronization of movement with auditory rhythms (e.g., with musical beats). These tasks include the synchronization of finger tapping to the beat of simple and complex auditory stimuli and the detection of rhythmic irregularities (anisochrony detection task) embedded in the same stimuli. These tests, which are easy to administer, include an assessment of both perceptual and sensorimotor timing abilities under different conditions (e.g., beat rates and types of auditory material) and are based on the same auditory stimuli, ranging from a simple metronome to a complex musical excerpt. The analysis of synchronized tapping data is performed with circular statistics, which provide reliable measures of synchronization accuracy (e.g., the difference between the timing of the taps and the timing of the pacing stimuli) and consistency. Circular statistics on tapping data are particularly well-suited for detecting individual differences in the general population. Synchronized tapping and anisochrony detection are sensitive measures for identifying profiles of rhythm disorders and have been used with success to uncover cases of poor synchronization with spared perceptual timing. This systematic assessment of perceptual and sensorimotor timing can be extended to populations of patients with brain damage, neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., Parkinson&#8217;s disease), and developmental disorders (e.g., Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder).

Behavioral tasks that allow for the assessment of perceptual and sensorimotor timing abilities in the general population (i.e., non-musicians) are presented. Synchronization of finger tapping to the beat of an auditory stimuli and detecting rhythmic irregularities provides a means of uncovering rhythm disorders.

揭开节拍耳聋：检测节律紊乱与同步手指敲击和感知定时任务

A set of behavioral tasks for assessing perceptual and sensorimotor timing abilities in the general population (i.e., non-musicians) is presented here ...

科研

行为学

A Mouse Model of Subchronic and Mild Social Defeat Stress for Understanding Stress-induced Behavioral and Physiological Deficits

Stressful life events often increase the incidence of depression in humans. To study the mechanisms of depression, the development of animal models of depression is essential. Because there are several types of depression, various animal models are needed for a deeper understanding of the disorder. Previously, a mouse model of subchronic and mild social defeat stress (sCSDS) using a modified chronic social defeat stress (CSDS) paradigm was established. In the paradigm, to reduce physical injuries from aggressors, the duration of physical contact between the aggressor and a subordinate was reduced compared to in the original CSDS paradigm. sCSDS mice showed increased body weight gain, food intake, and water intake during the stress period, and their social behaviors were suppressed after the stress period. In terms of the face validity of the stress-induced overeating and overdrinking following the increased body weight gain, the sCSDS mice may show some features related to atypical depression in humans. Thus, a mouse model of sCSDS may be useful for studying the pathogenic mechanisms underlying depression. This protocol will help establish the sCSDS mouse model, especially for studying the mechanisms underlying stress-induced weight gain and polydipsia- and hyperphagia-like symptoms.

Here, methods for developing a mouse model of subchronic and mild social defeat stress are described and used to investigate the pathogenic features of depression including hyperphagia- and polydipsia-like symptoms following increased body weight.

亚慢性和温和的社会失败应激的小鼠模型理解应激诱导行为和生理赤字

Stressful life events often increase the incidence of depression in humans. To study the mechanisms of depression, the development of animal models of ...

Force and Position Control in Humans - The Role of Augmented Feedback

During motor behaviour, humans interact with the environment by for example manipulating objects and this is only possible because sensory feedback is constantly integrated into the central nervous system and these sensory inputs need to be weighted in order meet the task specific goals. Additional feedback presented as augmented feedback was shown to have an impact on motor control and motor learning. A number of studies investigated whether force or position feedback has an influence on motor control and neural activation. However, as in the previous studies the presentation of the force and position feedback was always identical, a recent study assessed whether not only the content but also the interpretation of the feedback has an influence on the time to fatigue of a sustained submaximal contraction and the (inhibitory) activity of the primary motor cortex using subthreshold transcranial magnetic stimulation. This paper describes one possible way to investigate the influence of the interpretation of feedback on motor behaviour by investigating the time to fatigue of submaximal sustained contractions together with the neuromuscular adaptations that can be investigated using surface EMG. Furthermore, the current protocol also describes how motor cortical (inhibitory) activity can be investigated using subthreshold TMS, a method known to act solely on the cortical level. The results show that when participants interpret the feedback as position feedback, they display a significantly shorter time to fatigue of a submaximal sustained contraction. Furthermore, subjects also displayed an increased inhibitory activity of the primary cortex when they believed to receive position feedback compared when they believed to receive force feedback. Accordingly, the results show that interpretation of feedback results in differences on a behavioural level (time to fatigue) that is also reflected in interpretation-specific differences in the amount of inhibitory M1 activity.

Controlling an identical movement with position or force feedback results in different neural activation and motor behavior. This protocol describes how to investigate behavioral changes by looking at neuromuscular fatigue and how to evaluate motor cortical (inhibitory) activity using subthreshold TMS with respect to the interpretation of augmented feedback.

力和位置控制人类 - 增强反馈的作用

During motor behaviour, humans interact with the environment by for example manipulating objects and this is only possible because sensory feedback is ...

Combined Invasive Subcortical and Non-invasive Surface Neurophysiological Recordings for the Assessment of Cognitive and Emotional Functions in Humans

In spite of the success in applying non-invasive electroencephalography (EEG), magneto-encephalography (MEG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) for extracting crucial information about the mechanism of the human brain, such methods remain insufficient to provide information about physiological processes reflecting cognitive and emotional functions at the subcortical level. In this respect, modern invasive clinical approaches in humans, such as deep brain stimulation (DBS), offer a tremendous possibility to record subcortical brain activity, namely local field potentials (LFPs) representing coherent activity of neural assemblies from localized basal ganglia or thalamic regions. Notwithstanding the fact that invasive approaches in humans are applied only after medical indication and thus recorded data correspond to altered brain circuits, valuable insight can be gained regarding the presence of intact brain functions in relation to brain oscillatory activity and the pathophysiology of disorders in response to experimental cognitive paradigms. In this direction, a growing number of DBS studies in patients with Parkinson&#39;s disease (PD) target not only motor functions but also higher level processes such as emotions, decision-making, attention, memory and sensory perception. Recent clinical trials also emphasize the role of DBS as an alternative treatment in neuropsychiatric disorders ranging from obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) to chronic disorders of consciousness (DOC). Consequently, we focus on the use of combined invasive (LFP) and non-invasive (EEG) human brain recordings in assessing the role of cortical-subcortical structures in cognitive and emotional processing trough experimental paradigms (e.g. speech stimuli with emotional connotation or paradigms of cognitive control such as the Flanker task), for patients undergoing DBS treatment.

The present protocol aims at assessing cognitive-emotional functions in the basal ganglia by simultaneous neurophysiological recording of local field potentials and non-invasive brain cortical activity (EEG). The procedure is exemplified by the use of paradigms involving speech stimuli with emotional connotation or the Flanker task involving cognitive control.

在人类联合微创皮层下和非侵入性的表面神经生理学录音认知的评估和情感作用

In spite of the success in applying non-invasive electroencephalography (EEG), magneto-encephalography (MEG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging ...

Creating Virtual-hand and Virtual-face Illusions to Investigate Self-representation

Studies investigating how people represent themselves and their own body often use variants of &#34;ownership illusions&#34;, such as the traditional rubber-hand illusion or the more recently discovered enfacement illusion. However, these examples require rather artificial experimental setups, in which the artificial effector needs to be stroked in synchrony with the participants&#39; real hand or face&#8212;a situation in which participants have no control over the stroking or the movements of their real or artificial effector. Here, we describe a technique to establish ownership illusions in a setup that is more realistic, more intuitive, and of presumably higher ecological validity. It allows creating the virtual-hand illusion by having participants control the movements of a virtual hand presented on a screen or in virtual space in front of them. If the virtual hand moves in synchrony with the participants&#39; own real hand, they tend to perceive the virtual hand as part of their own body. The technique also creates the virtual-face illusion by having participants control the movements of a virtual face in front of them, again with the effect that they tend to perceive the face as their own if it moves in synchrony with their real face. Studying the circumstances that illusions of this sort can be created, increased, or reduced provides important information about how people create and maintain representations of themselves.

Here, we describe virtual-hand and virtual-face illusion paradigms that can be used to study body-related self-perception/-representation. They have already been used in various studies to demonstrate that, under specific conditions, a virtual hand or face can be incorporated into one&#39;s body representation, suggesting that body representations are rather flexible.

创建虚拟手和虚拟面对面幻想调查自我表现

Studies investigating how people represent themselves and their own body often use variants of &#34;ownership illusions&#34;, such as the traditional ...

How to Use the H1 Deep Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Coil for Conditions Other than Depression

Deep transcranial magnetic stimulation (dTMS) is a relatively new technique that uses different coils for the treatment of different neuropathologies. The coils are made of soft copper windings in multiple planes that lie adjacent to the skull. They are located within a special helmet so that their magnetic fields combine and improve depth penetration. The H1 dTMS coil is designed to stimulate bilateral prefrontal cortices with greater effective stimulation over the left than the right. By positioning the left side of the coil close to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), the H1 coil was used in a multisite study, leading to FDA approval for treatment-resistant depression. In this same position, the H1 coil was also explored as a possible treatment for negative symptoms of schizophrenia, bipolar depression, and migraine. When moved to different positions over the subject's skull, the H1 coil was also explored as a possible treatment for other conditions. Such manipulation of the H1 coil was demonstrated for PTSD and alcohol dependence by positioning it over the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), for anxiety by positioning it over the right prefrontal cortex (rPFC), for auditory hallucinations and tinnitus by positioning it over the temporoparietal junction (TPJ), and for Parkinson's and fatigue from multiple sclerosis (MS) by positioning it over the motor cortex (MC) and PFC. Corresponding electrical field diagrams measured with an oscilloscope through a saline-filled head are included.

The H1 deep transcranial magnetic stimulation coil is FDA-cleared for the treatment of depression. We demonstrate how to utilize the H1 for other conditions, such as auditory hallucinations and PTSD, by moving the helmet to different locations over the subject's skull.

如何使用H1深经颅磁刺激线圈条件除抑郁症

Deep transcranial magnetic stimulation (dTMS) is a relatively new technique that uses different coils for the treatment of different neuropathologies. The ...

Intracortical Inhibition Within the Primary Motor Cortex Can Be Modulated by Changing the Focus of Attention

It is well recognized that an external focus (EF) compared with an internal focus (IF) of attention improves motor learning and performance. Studies have indicated benefits in accuracy, balance, force production, jumping performance, movement speed, oxygen consumption, and fatiguing task. Although behavioral outcomes of using an EF strategy are well explored, the underlying neural mechanisms remain unknown. A recent TMS study compared the activity of the primary motor cortex (M1) between an EF and an IF. More precisely, this study showed that, when adopting an EF, the activity of intracortical inhibitory circuits is enhanced.
On the behavioral level, the present protocol tests the influence of attentional foci on the time to task failure (TTF) when performing submaximal contractions of the first dorsal interosseous (FDI). Additionally, the current paper describes two TMS protocols to assess the influence of attentional conditions on the activity of cortical inhibitory circuits within the M1. Thus, the present article describes how to use single-pulse TMS at intensities below the motor threshold (subTMS) and paired-pulse TMS, inducing short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) when applied to the M1. As these methods are assumed to reflect the responsiveness of GABAergic inhibitory neurons, without being affected by spinal reflex circuitries, they are well suited to measuring the activity of intracortical inhibitory circuits within the M1.
The results show that directing attention externally improves motor performance, as participants were able to prolong the time to task failure. Moreover, the results were accompanied by a larger subTMS-induced electromyography suppression and SICI when adopting an EF compared to an IF. As the level of cortical inhibition within the M1 was previously demonstrated to influence motor performance, the enhanced inhibition with an EF might contribute to the better movement efficiency observed in the behavioral task, indicated by a prolonged TTF with an EF.

Using two different transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) protocols, this manuscript describes how to measure and compare cortical inhibition within the primary motor cortex when adopting different attentional foci.

通过改变注意力的焦点, 可以调节皮质在初级运动皮层内的抑制

It is well recognized that an external focus (EF) compared with an internal focus (IF) of attention improves motor learning and performance. Studies have ...

Using Virtual Reality to Transfer Motor Skill Knowledge from One Hand to Another

As far as acquiring motor skills is concerned, training by voluntary physical movement is superior to all other forms of training (e.g. training by observation or passive movement of trainee&#39;s hands by a robotic device). This obviously presents a major challenge in the rehabilitation of a paretic limb since voluntary control of physical movement is limited. Here, we describe a novel training scheme we have developed that has the potential to circumvent this major challenge. We exploited the voluntary control of one hand and provided real-time movement-based manipulated sensory feedback as if the other hand is moving. Visual manipulation through virtual reality (VR) was combined with a device that yokes left-hand fingers to passively follow right-hand voluntary finger movements. In healthy subjects, we demonstrate enhanced within-session performance gains of a limb in the absence of voluntary physical training. Results in healthy subjects suggest that training with the unique VR setup might also be beneficial for patients with upper limb hemiparesis by exploiting the voluntary control of their healthy hand to improve rehabilitation of their affected hand.

We describe a novel virtual-reality based setup which exploits voluntary control of one hand to improve motor-skill performance in the other (non-trained) hand. This is achieved by providing real-time movement-based sensory feedback as if the non-trained hand is moving. This new approach may be used to enhance rehabilitation of patients with unilateral hemiparesis.

利用虚拟现实技术将运动技能知识从一只手转移到另一个

As far as acquiring motor skills is concerned, training by voluntary physical movement is superior to all other forms of training (e.g. training by ...

The Other End of the Leash: An Experimental Test to Analyze How Owners Interact with Their Pet Dogs

It has been suggested that the way in which owners interact with their dogs can largely vary and influence the dog-owner bond, but very few objective studies, so far, have addressed how the owner interacts with the dog. The goal of the present study was to record dog owners&#39; interaction styles by means of objective observation and coding. The experiment included eight standardized situations in which owners of pet dogs were asked to perform specific tasks including both positive (i.e. playing, teaching a new task, showing a preference towards an object in a food searching task, greeting after separation) and potentially distressing tasks (i.e. physical restriction during DNA sampling, putting a T-shirt onto the dog, giving basic obedience commands while the dog was distracted). The video recordings were coded off-line using a specifically designed coding scheme including scores for communication, social support, warmth, enthusiasm, and play style, as well as frequency of behaviors like petting, praising, commands, and attention sounds. Exploratory Factor Analysis of the 20 variables measured revealed 3 factors, labeled as Owner Warmth, Owner Social Support, and Owner Control, which can be viewed as analogues to parenting style dimensions. The experimental procedure introduced here represents the first standardized measure of interaction styles of dog owners. The methodology presented here is a useful tool to investigate individual variation in the interaction style of pet dog owners that can be used to explain differences in the dog-human relationship, dogs&#39; behavioral outcomes, and dogs stress coping strategies, all crucial elements both from a theoretical and applied point of view.

This article presents eight different experimental tasks, mirroring the everyday life of dogs and owners, used to analyze how owners interact with their dogs in a standardized way. The tasks included both positive (e.g. play) and negative (potentially stressful) situations (e.g. physical restriction).

皮带的另一端: 分析主人与宠物狗互动的实验测试

It has been suggested that the way in which owners interact with their dogs can largely vary and influence the dog-owner bond, but very few objective ...

Virtual Reality Experiments with Physiological Measures

Virtual reality (VR) experiments are increasingly employed because of their internal and external validity compared to real-world observation and laboratory experiments, respectively. VR is especially useful for geographic visualizations and investigations of spatial behavior. In spatial behavior research, VR provides a platform for studying the relationship between navigation and physiological measures (e.g., skin conductance, heart rate, blood pressure). Specifically, physiological measures allow researchers to address novel questions and constrain previous theories of spatial abilities, strategies, and performance. For example, individual differences in navigation performance may be explained by the extent to which changes in arousal mediate the effects of task difficulty. However, the complexities in the design and implementation of VR experiments can distract experimenters from their primary research goals and introduce irregularities in data collection and analysis. To address these challenges, the Experiments in Virtual Environments (EVE) framework includes standardized modules such as participant training with the control interface, data collection using questionnaires, the synchronization of physiological measurements, and data storage. EVE also provides the necessary infrastructure for data management, visualization, and evaluation. The present paper describes a protocol that employs the EVE framework to conduct navigation experiments in VR with physiological sensors. The protocol lists the steps necessary for recruiting participants, attaching the physiological sensors, administering the experiment using EVE, and assessing the collected data with EVE evaluation tools. Overall, this protocol will facilitate future research by streamlining the design and implementation of VR experiments with physiological sensors.

Virtual reality (VR) experiments can be difficult to implement and require meticulous planning. This protocol describes a method for the design and implementation of VR experiments that collect physiological data from human participants. The Experiments in Virtual Environments (EVE) framework is employed to accelerate this process.