Name: isolation, characterization, and therapeutic application of extracellular vesicles from cultured human mesenchymal stem cells
Uploaded: 2022-09-23T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation, Characterization, and Therapeutic Application of Extracellular Vesicles from Cultured Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells at JoVE.com

This work was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32000974, 81930025, and 82170988) and the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2019M663986 and BX20190380). We are grateful for the assistance of the National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center for Basic Medicine (AMFU) and the Analytical and Testing Central Laboratory of Military Medical Innovation Center of Air Force Medical University.

All animal procedures were approved by the Animal Care and Use Committee of the Fourth Military Medical University and performed in accordance with the National Institutes of Health Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. Eight-week-old C57Bl/6 mice (no preference for either females or males) were used. Cryopreserved human umbilical cord-derived MSCs (UCMSCs), used for the present study, were obtained from a commercial source (see Table of Materials). The use of human cells was approved by the ...

<ol>
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EVs are emerging to play an important role in diverse biological activities, including antigen presentation, genetic material transport, cell microenvironment modification, and others. Furthermore, their wide application brings new approaches and opportunities for diagnosing and treating diseases21. Implementation of therapeutic applications of EVs is based on successful isolation and characterization. However, due to the lack of standardized isolation and purification methods and the low extracti...

Stem cells are undifferentiated pluripotent cells with self-renewal capability and translational potential1. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are easily isolated, cultured, expanded, and purified in the laboratory, which remains characteristic of stem cells after multiple passages. In recent years, increasing evidence has supported the view that MSCs act in a paracrine mode in therapeutic use2,3. Especially the secretion of extracellular vesicles (EVs) plays a crucial role in mediating the biological functions of MSCs. As heterogeneous membranous nanoparticles released from most cell types, EVs consist of subcategories termed exosomes (Exos), microvesicles (MVs), and even larger apoptotic bodies4,5. Among them, Exos is the most widely studied EV with a size of 40-150 nm, which is of an endosomal origin and actively secreted in physiological conditions. MVs are formed by shedding directly from the surface of the cell plasma membrane with a diameter of 100-1,000 nm, which are characterized by high expression of phosphatidylserine and expression of surface markers of donor cells6. EVs contain RNA, proteins, and other bioactive molecules, which have similar functions to the parent cells and play a significant role in cell communication, immune response, and tissue damage repair7. MSC-EVs have been widely investigated as a powerful cell-free therapeutic tool in regenerative medicine8.
Isolation and purification of MSC-derived EVs is a common issue in the field of research and application. At present, differential and density gradient ultracentrifugation9, ultrafiltration process10, immunomagnetic separation11, molecular exclusion chromatograph12, and microfluidic chip13 are widely employed methods in the isolation and purification of EVs. With the advantages and disadvantages of each approach, the quantity, purity, and activity of collected EVs cannot be satisfied at the same time14,15. In the present study, the differential centrifugation protocol of isolation and characterization of EVs from cultured MSCs is shown in detail, which has supported efficient therapeutic use16,17,18,19,20. The adaptability of this method for a series of downstream approaches, such as fluorescent labeling, local transplantation, and systemic injection, has further been exampled. Implementing this procedure will address the need for simple and reliable collection and application of MSC-EVs in translational research.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>10% povidone-iodine (Betadine)</td>
			<td>Weizhenyuan</td>
			<td>10053956954292</td>
			<td>Wound disinfection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Calibration solution</td>
			<td>Particle Metrix</td>
			<td>110-0020</td>
			<td>Calibrate the NTA instrument</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Carprofen</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>53716-49-7</td>
			<td>Analgesic medicine</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Caudal vein imager&#160;</td>
			<td>KEW Life Science</td>
			<td>KW-XXY</td>
			<td>Caudal vein imager</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifuge</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>5418R</td>
			<td>Centrifugation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fatal bovine serum</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>35-081-CV</td>
			<td>Culture of UCMSCs</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Formvar/carbon-coated square mesh</td>
			<td>PBL Assay Science&#160;</td>
			<td>24916-25</td>
			<td>Transmission electron microscope</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heating pad</td>
			<td>Zhongke Life Science</td>
			<td>Z8G5JBMz</td>
			<td>Post-treatment care of animals</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heparin Solution</td>
			<td>StemCell</td>
			<td>7980</td>
			<td>Systemic injection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isoflurane</td>
			<td>RWD Life Science</td>
			<td>R510-22</td>
			<td>Animal anesthesia</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Minimum Essential Medium Alpha basic (1x)</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>C12571500BT</td>
			<td>Culture of UCMSCs</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nanoparticle tracking analyzer</td>
			<td>Particle Metrix</td>
			<td>ZetaView PMX120</td>
			<td>Nanoparticle tracking analysis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS (1x)</td>
			<td>Meilunbio</td>
			<td>MA0015</td>
			<td>Resuspend EVs</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin/Streptomycin</td>
			<td>Procell Life Science</td>
			<td>PB180120</td>
			<td>Culture of UCMSCs</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphotungstic acid</td>
			<td>Solarbio</td>
			<td>12501-23-4</td>
			<td>Transmission electron microscope</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pipette</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>3120000224</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PKH26 Red Fluorescent Cell Linker Kit</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>MINI26</td>
			<td>Labeling EVs</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Skin biopsy punch</td>
			<td>Acuderm</td>
			<td>69038-10-50</td>
			<td>Skin defects</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Software ZetaView</td>
			<td>Particle Metrix</td>
			<td>Version 8.05.14 SP7&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Thermostatic equipment</td>
			<td>Grant</td>
			<td>v-0001-0005</td>
			<td>Water bath</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Transmission electron microscope</td>
			<td>HITACHI</td>
			<td>HT7800</td>
			<td>Transmission electron microscope</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>UCMSCs</td>
			<td>Bai&#39;ao&#160;</td>
			<td>UKK220201</td>
			<td>Commercially UCMSCs</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultracentrifuge</td>
			<td>Beckman</td>
			<td>XPN-100</td>
			<td>Centrifugation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultrapure filtered water purification system</td>
			<td>Milli-Q</td>
			<td>IQ 7000</td>
			<td>Preparation of ultrapure water</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

isolation, characterization, and therapeutic application of extracellular vesicles from cultured human mesenchymal stem cells

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are heterogeneous membrane nanoparticles released by most cell types, and they are increasingly recognized as physiological regulators of organismal homeostasis and important indicators of pathologies; in the meantime, their immense potential to establish accessible and controllable disease therapeutics is emerging. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can release large amounts of EVs in culture, which have shown promise to jumpstart effective tissue regeneration and facilitate extensive therapeutic applications with good scalability and reproducibility. There is a growing demand for simple and effective protocols for collecting and applying MSC-EVs. Here, a detailed protocol is provided based on differential centrifugation to isolate and characterize representative EVs from cultured human MSCs, exosomes, and microvesicles for further applications. The adaptability of this method is shown for a series of downstream approaches, such as labeling, local transplantation, and systemic injection. The implementation of this procedure will address the need for simple and reliable MSC-EVs collection and application in translational research.

MVs and Exos from cultured human UCMSCs are isolated following the experimental workflow (Figure 1). The NTA results demonstrate that the size of Exos from human MSCs ranges from 40 nm to 335 nm with a peak size of about 100 nm, and the size of MVs ranges from 50 nm to 445 nm with a peak size of 150 nm (Figure 2). Morphological characterization of MSC-derived Exos exhibit a typical cup shape (Figure 3). EVs are efficiently labeled b...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation, Characterization, and Therapeutic Application of Extracellular Vesicles from Cultured Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells at JoVE.com

Isolation, Characterization, and Therapeutic Application of Extracellular Vesicles from Cultured Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells

The present protocol describes the differential centrifugation for isolating and characterizing representative EVs (exosomes and microvesicles) from cultured human MSCs. Further applications of these EVs are also explained in this article.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are heterogeneous membrane nanoparticles released by most cell types, and they are increasingly recognized as physiological ...

Research

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Biology

Isolation and Animal Serum Free Expansion of Human Umbilical Cord Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells (MSCs) and Endothelial Colony Forming Progenitor Cells (ECFCs)

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Over the last decade, several adult stem cell  populations have been identified in human skin 1-4.  The isolation of multipotent adult dermal precursors ...

Induction and Analysis of Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition

Epithelial  to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is essential for proper morphogenesis during  development. Misregulation of this  process has been implicated ...

Manual Isolation of Adipose-derived Stem Cells from Human Lipoaspirates

In 2001, researchers at the University of  California, Los Angeles, described the isolation of a new population of adult  stem cells from liposuctioned ...

Isolation and Culture of Dental Epithelial Stem Cells from the Adult Mouse Incisor

Understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms that underlie tooth regeneration and renewal has become a topic of great interest1-4, and the mouse ...

Isolation, Characterization, And High Throughput Extracellular Flux Analysis of Mouse Primary Renal Tubular Epithelial Cells

Mitochondrial dysfunction in the renal tubular epithelial cells (TECs) can lead to renal fibrosis, a major cause of&#160;chronic kidney disease (CKD). ...

Scalable Isolation and Purification of Extracellular Vesicles from Escherichia coli and Other Bacteria

Scalable Isolation and Purification of Extracellular Vesicles from Escherichia coli and Other Bacteria

Diverse bacterial species secrete ~20-300 nm extracellular vesicles (EVs), comprised of lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, glycans, and other molecules ...