Funding was provided by the US National Science Foundation (NSF OCE&#160;2023420 and DEB 2231250, P. Sikkel PI). We thank the municipality of Dumaguete City, Negros Oriental, Philippines, for permission to conduct this study. We also thank the many volunteers for their field assistance and the staff and our colleagues at the Silliman University Institute for Environmental and Marine Sciences for their support.

Collection of samples was permitted by the Department of Agriculture-Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (0154-18 DA-BFAR) in accordance with Philippine laws and regulations (RA 9147; FAO 233) and approved by the Silliman University (SU) animal ethics committee.
1. Light Traps
<ol>
	<li>Construction
	<ol>
		<li>Construct light traps from commercial polyvinyl chloride (PVC) tubes originally designed for plumbing. Use 10-15&#160;cm diameter PVC cut to 30-40 cm length (<s...

<ol>
	<li>Sikkel, P. C., Welicky, R. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+ecological+significance+of+parasitic+crustaceans.">The ecological significance of parasitic crustaceans.</a> Parasitic Crustacea. 17 (17), 421-477 (2019).</li><li>Svavarsson, J., Bruce, N. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=New+gnathiid+isopod+crustaceans+(Cymothoida)+from+Heron+Island+and+Wistari+Reef,+southern+Great+Barrier+Reef.">New gnathiid isopod crustaceans (Cymothoida) from Heron Island and Wistari Reef, southern Great Barrier Reef.</a> Zootaxa. 4609 (1), 4609 (2019).</li><li>Shodipo, M. O., Sikkel, P. C., Smit, N. J., Hadfield, K. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=First+record+and+molecular+characterisation+of+two+Gnathia+species+(Crustacea,+Isopoda,+Gnathiidae)+from+Philippine+coral+reefs,+including+a+summary+of+all+Central-Indo+Pacific+Gnathia+species.">First record and molecular characterisation of two Gnathia species (Crustacea, Isopoda, Gnathiidae) from Philippine coral reefs, including a summary of all Central-Indo Pacific Gnathia species.</a> International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife. 14, 355-367 (2021).</li><li>Losey, G. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cleaning+symbiosis+in+Puerto+Rico+with+comparison+to+the+tropical+Pacific.">Cleaning symbiosis in Puerto Rico with comparison to the tropical Pacific.</a> 4 (4), 960-970 (1974).</li><li>Grutter, A. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Parasite+infestation+increases+on+coral+reefs+without+cleaner+fish.">Parasite infestation increases on coral reefs without cleaner fish.</a> Coral Reefs. 37, 15-24 (2018).</li><li>Smit, N. J., Davies, A. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+curious+life-style+of+the+parasitic+stages+of+gnathiid+isopods.">The curious life-style of the parasitic stages of gnathiid isopods.</a> Advances in Parasitology. 58. , 289-391 (2004).</li><li>Tanaka, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Life+history+of+gnathiid+isopods-current+knowledge+and+future+directions.">Life history of gnathiid isopods-current knowledge and future directions.</a> Plankton and Benthos Research. 2 (1), 1-11 (2007).</li><li>Sikkel, P. C., Schaumburg, C. S., Mathenia, J. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Diel+infestation+dynamics+of+gnathiid+isopod+larvae+parasitic+on+Caribbean+reef+fish.">Diel infestation dynamics of gnathiid isopod larvae parasitic on Caribbean reef fish.</a> Coral Reefs. 25, 683-689 (2006).</li><li>Santos, T. R. N., Sikkel, P. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Habitat+associations+of+fish-parasitic+gnathiid+isopods+in+a+shallow+reef+system+in+the+central+Philippines.">Habitat associations of fish-parasitic gnathiid isopods in a shallow reef system in the central Philippines.</a> Marine Biodiversity. 4, 83-96 (2019).</li><li>Nagel, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+role+of+vision+in+host-finding+behaviour+of+the+ectoparasite+Gnathia+falcipenis+(Crustacea).">The role of vision in host-finding behaviour of the ectoparasite Gnathia falcipenis (Crustacea).</a> Isopoda). Marine and Freshwater Behaviour and Physiology. 42 (1), 31-42 (2009).</li><li>Sikkel, P. C., Sears, W. T., Weldon, B., Tuttle, B. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+experimental+field+test+of+host-finding+mechanisms+in+a+Caribbean+gnathiid+isopod.">An experimental field test of host-finding mechanisms in a Caribbean gnathiid isopod.</a> Marine Biology. 158, 1075-1083 (2011).</li><li>Vondriska, C., Dixson, D. L., Packard, A. J., Sikkel, P. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differentially+susceptible+host+fishes+exhibit+similar+chemo-attractiveness+to+a+common+coral+reef+ectoparasite.">Differentially susceptible host fishes exhibit similar chemo-attractiveness to a common coral reef ectoparasite.</a> Symbiosis. 81 (3), 247-253 (2020).</li><li>Grutter, A. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Parasite+infection+rather+than+tactile+stimulation+is+the+proximate+cause+of+cleaning+behaviour+in+reef+fish.">Parasite infection rather than tactile stimulation is the proximate cause of cleaning behaviour in reef fish.</a> Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences. 268 (1474), 1361-1365 (2001).</li><li>Sikkel, P. C., Cheney, K. L., C&#244;t&#233;, I. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+situ+evidence+for+ectoparasites+as+a+proximate+cause+of+cleaning+interactions+in+reef+fish.">In situ evidence for ectoparasites as a proximate cause of cleaning interactions in reef fish.</a> Animal Behaviour. 68 (2), 241-247 (2004).</li><li>Sikkel, P. C., Herzlieb, S. E., Kramer, D. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Compensatory+cleaner-seeking+behavior+following+spawning+in+female+yellowtail+damselfish.">Compensatory cleaner-seeking behavior following spawning in female yellowtail damselfish.</a> Marine Ecology Progress Series. , 1-11 (2005).</li><li>Triki, Z., Grutter, A. S., Bshary, R., Ros, A. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+short-term+exposure+to+ectoparasites+on+fish+cortisol+and+hematocrit+levels.">Effects of short-term exposure to ectoparasites on fish cortisol and hematocrit levels.</a> Marine Biology. 163, 1-6 (2016).</li><li>Hayes, P. M., Smit, N. J., Grutter, A. S., Davies, A. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Unexpected+response+of+a+captive+blackeye+thicklip,+Hemigymnus+melapterus+(Bloch),+from+Lizard+Island,+Australia,+exposed+to+juvenile+isopods+Gnathia+aureamaculosa+Ferreira+&amp;+Smit.">Unexpected response of a captive blackeye thicklip, Hemigymnus melapterus (Bloch), from Lizard Island, Australia, exposed to juvenile isopods Gnathia aureamaculosa Ferreira &amp; Smit.</a> Journal of Fish Diseases. 34 (7), 563-566 (2011).</li><li>Grutter, A. S., Pickering, J. L., McCallum, H., McCormick, M. I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Impact+of+micropredatory+gnathiid+isopods+on+young+coral+reef+fishes.">Impact of micropredatory gnathiid isopods on young coral reef fishes.</a> Coral Reefs. 27 (3), 655-661 (2008).</li><li>Artim, J. M., Sellers, J. C., Sikkel, P. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Micropredation+by+gnathiid+isopods+on+settlement-stage+reef+fish+in+the+eastern+Caribbean+Sea.">Micropredation by gnathiid isopods on settlement-stage reef fish in the eastern Caribbean Sea.</a> Bulletin of Marine Science. 91 (4), 479-487 (2015).</li><li>Sellers, J. C., Holstein, D. M., Botha, T. L., Sikkel, P. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lethal+and+sublethal+impacts+of+a+micropredator+on+post-settlement+Caribbean+reef+fishes.">Lethal and sublethal impacts of a micropredator on post-settlement Caribbean reef fishes.</a> Oecologia. 189, 293-305 (2019).</li><li>Allan, B. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Parasite+infection+directly+impacts+escape+response+and+stress+levels+in+fish.">Parasite infection directly impacts escape response and stress levels in fish.</a> Journal of Experimental Biology. 223 (16), (2020).</li><li>Spitzer, C. A., Anderson, T. W., Sikkel, P. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Habitat+associations+and+impacts+on+a+juvenile+fish+host+by+a+temperate+gnathiid+isopod.">Habitat associations and impacts on a juvenile fish host by a temperate gnathiid isopod.</a> International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife. 17, 65-73 (2022).</li><li>Sikkel, P. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nocturnal+migration+reduces+exposure+to+micropredation+in+a+coral+reef+fish.">Nocturnal migration reduces exposure to micropredation in a coral reef fish.</a> Bulletin of Marine Science. 93 (2), 475-489 (2017).</li><li>Artim, J. M., Hook, A., Grippo, R. S., Sikkel, P. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Predation+on+parasitic+gnathiid+isopods+on+coral+reefs:+a+comparison+of+Caribbean+cleaning+gobies+with+non-cleaning+microcarnivores.">Predation on parasitic gnathiid isopods on coral reefs: a comparison of Caribbean cleaning gobies with non-cleaning microcarnivores.</a> Coral Reefs. 36, 1213-1223 (2017).</li><li>Artim, J. M., Sikkel, P. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Live+coral+repels+a+common+reef+fish+ectoparasite.">Live coral repels a common reef fish ectoparasite.</a> Coral Reefs. 32, 487-494 (2013).</li><li>Paula, J. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+role+of+corals+on+the+abundance+of+a+fish+ectoparasite+in+the+Great+Barrier+Reef.">The role of corals on the abundance of a fish ectoparasite in the Great Barrier Reef.</a> Coral Reefs. 40, 535-542 (2021).</li><li>Sikkel, P. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Changes+in+abundance+of+fish-parasitic+gnathiid+isopods+associated+with+warm-water+bleaching+events+on+the+northern+Great+Barrier+Reef.">Changes in abundance of fish-parasitic gnathiid isopods associated with warm-water bleaching events on the northern Great Barrier Reef.</a> Coral Reefs. 38 (4), 721-730 (2019).</li><li>Shodipo, M. O., Duong, B., Graba-Landry, A., Grutter, A. S., Sikkel, P. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+acute+seawater+temperature+increase+on+the+survival+of+a+fish+ectoparasite.">Effect of acute seawater temperature increase on the survival of a fish ectoparasite.</a> In Oceans. 1 (4), (2020).</li><li>Artim, J. M., Nicholson, M. D., Hendrick, G. C., Brandt, M., Smith, T. B., Sikkel, P. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Abundance+of+a+cryptic+generalist+parasite+reflects+degradation+of+an+ecosystem.">Abundance of a cryptic generalist parasite reflects degradation of an ecosystem.</a> Ecosphere. 11 (10), (2020).</li><li>Richardson, A. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Using+continuous+plankton+recorder+data.">Using continuous plankton recorder data.</a> Progress in Oceanography. 68 (1), 27-74 (2006).</li><li>McLeod, L. E., Costello, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Light+traps+for+sampling+marine+biodiversity.">Light traps for sampling marine biodiversity.</a> Helgoland Marine Research. 71 (1), 1-8 (2017).</li><li>Artim, J. M., Sikkel, P. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+sampling+methodologies+and+estimation+of+population+parameters+for+a+temporary+fish+ectoparasite.">Comparison of sampling methodologies and estimation of population parameters for a temporary fish ectoparasite.</a> International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife. 5 (2), 145-157 (2016).</li><li>Pag&#225;n, J. A., Ver&#237;ssimo, A., Sikkel, P. C., Xavier, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hurricane-induced+disturbance+increases+genetic+diversity+and+population+admixture+of+the+direct-brooding+isopod,+Gnathia+marleyi.">Hurricane-induced disturbance increases genetic diversity and population admixture of the direct-brooding isopod, Gnathia marleyi.</a> Scientific reports. 10 (1), (2020).</li><li>Doherty, P. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Light-traps:+selective+but+useful+devices+for+quantifying+the+distributions+and+abundances+of+larval+fishes.">Light-traps: selective but useful devices for quantifying the distributions and abundances of larval fishes.</a> Bulletin of Marine Science. 41, 423-431 (1987).</li><li>Jones, C. M., Nagel, L., Hughes, G. L., Cribb, T. H., Grutter, A. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Host+specificity+of+two+species+of+Gnathia+(Isopoda)+determined+by+DNA+sequencing+blood+meals.">Host specificity of two species of Gnathia (Isopoda) determined by DNA sequencing blood meals.</a> International Journal for Parasitology. 37 (8-9), 927-935 (2007).</li><li>Hendrick, G. C., Dolan, M. C., McKay, T., Sikkel, P. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Host+DNA+integrity+within+blood+meals+of+hematophagous+larval+gnathiid+isopods+(Crustacea).">Host DNA integrity within blood meals of hematophagous larval gnathiid isopods (Crustacea).</a> Isopoda, Gnathiidae). Parasites &amp; Vectors. 12 (1), 1-9 (2019).</li></ol>

Traditional light traps, such as those used for collecting larval fishes, are large and are suspended in water column34. In contrast, the light traps described here are small and deployed on the sea bottom. These traps can be easily transported and rapidly deployed. They can be placed by breath-hold (free)-diving in shallow sites (as in this study) or on scuba in deeper sites, and attract both fed and unfed 
juvenile stages.
Variations of the benthic light traps de...

Parasitic crustaceans are important in the ecology and life histories of reef fishes. The biomass and energy they remove from their hosts are considerable and influence behavior, physiology, and survivorship1. Gnathiid isopod crustaceans represent the most prominent group of fish parasites in tropical and subtropical reef systems, where they are both abundant and diverse2,3 and are the primary food item of cleaner fishes4,5. Gnathiids are generally 1-3 mm in size. They have unusual life histories in which only the three juvenile stages feed on the blood and body fluids of fishes6,7. They are most active at night8,9, and while vision appears to play some role, host-finding10 relies heavily on olfactory cues to find hosts11,12. Each of the three juvenile feeding stages feeds on a single host fish, with each feed separated by a molting phase. After the final feed, third-stage larvae metamorphose into non-feeding adults, which reproduce and then die. Given that feeding requires only brief association with the host, while each inter-feeding interval lasts days, gnathiids spend most of their life free-living in the benthos.
Gnathiids impact hosts in multiple ways1. Aside from their role as drivers of interactions between cleaner fish and clients13,14,15, gnathiids can increase cortisol levels and decrease hematocrit in adult fish hosts16 and in high numbers, can even cause death17. For juvenile fish, even a single gnathiid can be fatal18,19,20, and even if the fish survives, its ability to compete for space and escape predators is compromised20,21,22. Avoiding gnathiids may even constitute one of the benefits of nocturnal migration in some reef fishes23.
In addition to cleaner fishes, gnathiid populations can be impacted by other micro carnivorous fishes24, as well as corals25,26. Ocean warming and the associated loss of live corals appear to have opposing impacts on gnathiids27,28,29.
Given their clear ecological importance and the likely influence of anthropogenic environmental change on their populations, there are compelling reasons to include them in ecological studies of coral reefs. However, their unique life history and the small number of researchers who study them create a barrier to the development, implementation, and dissemination of reliable, reproducible sampling methods to collect them for research.
Light traps have long been used to collect small marine organisms at night30,31. They take advantage of and are based on the fact that many nocturnally active organisms, including arthropods, are attracted to light. Traditionally they have been used to collect planktonic organisms in the water column30. However, the basic principles can be applied to collecting free-swimming organisms that are active near the benthos. Here we present a light trapping method adapted for collecting free-living stages of gnathiid isopods near the ocean bottom in remote coral reef environments such as the Philippines. For collecting in remote areas, these light traps (Figure 1) offer some advantages over other methods developed for collecting these organisms32. They are highly portable and durable, requiring only three parts, which are easily obtainable and inexpensive. They are also negatively buoyant, as when deployed, they are completely filled with seawater. Because they depend on light for attraction, they are only effective at night for collecting nocturnally active species. They also attract more than the target species, requiring sorting of the samples under a dissecting scope to obtain the target organisms. Three methods have thus far been used by our team and collaborators to collect gnathiids in coral reef systems throughout the world32. These include emergence traps, live fish-baited traps, and light traps, each with advantages and limitations.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Buckets, small sample containers</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>hardware store</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Funnels</td>
			<td>Supplier No. 2209-03</td>
			<td>Funnels: AMERICAN SCIENTIFIC LLC SE&#160;-&#160;75 mm (3&#8221;)&#160;</td>
			<td>https://us.vwr.com/store/product/8884369/plastic-funnels</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Main body of light traps (made from commercially available PVC sanitarty pipes)</td>
			<td>(SKU 145640)&#160;</td>
			<td>Alasco Sanitary uPVC Pipes Series 1000 107mm/4&#39;&#160;</td>
			<td>https://alascopvcpipes.com/product/alasco-standard-sanitary-upvc-pipe-series-1000/.&#160; This brand can be found in the Philippines. Other simular brands can also be used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Modeling clay&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Can be found in art suppliy and childreans toy stores</td>
			<td>To seal the funnel after retreival</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Plankton mesh (50-100 &#181;m)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>any reputable brand and source</td>
			<td>https://www.adkinstruments.in/products/plankton-nets-in-various-mesh-size-1633936883</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Screw on lids for the light trap</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Alasco&#160; Sanitary &#160;Clean-Out&#160; 4&#34;</td>
			<td>https://alascopvcpipes.com/product/alasco-standard-sanitary-upvc-clean-out/. This brand can be found in the Philippines. Other simular brands can also be used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scuba/snorkel equipment</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>any reputable brand and source</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stereo-microscopes</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Scientific suppliers</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Underwater touches</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Princeton Tec Ecoflare or&#160;Fantasea Nanospotter 6023</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

collecting marine gnathiid isopod fish parasites with light traps

A method to collect marine gnathiid isopod fish parasites with the use of light traps is presented. Gnathiid isopods are a major group of marine fish parasites that feed on blood and fluid from host fishes, mostly at night. Like ticks and mosquitos on land, they associate only temporarily with their host and spend most of their life free-living in the benthos. Given their high mobility and transient and predominantly nocturnal association with hosts, they cannot easily be collected by capturing free-living hosts. However, they are readily attracted to underwater light sources, creating the opportunity to collect them in light traps. Here the design and individual steps involved in the deployment and processing of specially adapted light traps for collecting free-living stages of gnathiid isopods are outlined. Sample results and possible modifications of the basic protocol for a variety of different sampling needs are presented and discussed.

For sampling in the central Philippines, the outlined trap design (Figure 1) was used. When 36 traps were set overnight (in one site), 1 to 1343 gnathiids per trap (275 &#177; 54) were collected. These included both fed and unfed juvenile stages (Figure 2; Table 1, 2). These results demonstrate the effectiveness of light traps for collecting gnathiid isopods under the study conditions. Figure 3 shows the placement o...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Collecting Marine Gnathiid Isopod Fish Parasites with Light Traps at JoVE.com

Collecting Marine Gnathiid Isopod Fish Parasites with Light Traps

We present a method to collect marine gnathiid isopod fish parasites using light traps placed at field sites via breath-hold diving or scuba diving.

A method to collect marine gnathiid isopod fish parasites with the use of light traps is presented. Gnathiid isopods are a major group of marine fish ...

Parasitic crustaceans are important factors in the ecology and life history of reef fishes. With the biomass and energy they removed from their hosts being considerable and influencing behavior, physiology, and survivorship. Gnathiid isopod crustaceans represent the most prominent group of fish parasites in tropical and subtropical reef systems, where they are both abundant and diverse and are the primary food item of cleaner fishes.Gnathiids have unusual life histories in which only the three juvenile stages feed on blood and body fluids of fishes, while in the adult stage, they no longer feed. Given that feeding requires only a brief association with the host, while each interfeeding interval last days, Gnathiids spend most of their life freeliving in the benthos. Given the many ways in which Gnathiids impact their hosts, there are compelling reasons to include them in ecological studies of coral reefs.However, their unique life history and the small number of researchers who study them creates a barrier to the development, implementation, and dissemination of reliable reproducible sampling methods to collect them for research. Light traps have long been used to collect small marine organisms at night. They take advantage of and are based on the fact that many nocturnally active organisms, including arthropods, are attracted to light.Traditionally, they have been used to collect planktonic organisms in the water column. However, the basic principles can be applied to collecting free swimming organisms that are active near the benthos. Here we present a light trapping method adapted for collecting free living stages of Gnathiid isopods near the ocean bottom in remote coral reef environments such as the Philippines.In collecting remote areas, these traps offer some advantages over other methods that have been developed for collecting these organisms. They're highly portable and durable and they require only three parts, which are easily obtainable and inexpensive. They're also negatively buoyant.Because they're dependent on light for attraction, they're only effective at night for collecting nocturnally active species. They also attract more than the target species, requiring sorting of the samples under a dissecting microscope to obtain the target organisms. Light traps.Construction.Light traps are best constructed from commercial PVC tubes originally designed for plumbing purposes. Use 20 to 25 centimeter diameter PVC cut to 30 to 40 centimeters in length. To both ends of the tube, add PVC caps with transparent acrylic funnels inserted in the center of the opening and glue in place with transparent epoxy glue.Ensure that one end of the tube has a screw on otherwise removable lid and that both ends are water tight when the trap is closed. Light source. Before deployment, an underwater torch, such as a Fantasea nano spotter 6023, should be turned on and placed in the tube facing the transparent funnel such that the light from the underwater torch illuminates the outside in front of one side of the tube.The light attracts a variety of small nocturnal organisms, including Gnathiids, and drives them to swim into the tube with the clear funnel. Once they've entered the tube, they're unable to escape due to the geometry of the light trap and the continued presence of a light source.Placement. Fill light traps with the light turned on and with sea water and secure both ends.Place traps on the sea floor in the sand or rubble next to coral heads or other complex structures known to attract fish. Focus the light cone inwards towards the areas where fish aggregate. In shallow water, the traps can be placed by breath hold diving.Deeper deployment requires scuba.Retrieval. Organisms will remain in the trap once the batteries of the lights have expired and the light is no longer illuminated. This provides flexibility in the time in which the traps are retrieved.Immediately prior to retrieving the trap, seal the openings of both the funnels on either end of the tube with a piece of clay or rubber stopper sealing, keeping all the seawater and the contained organisms inside.Transport. Once the traps have been retrieved from the bottom, they can be carried by divers to a boat or swam ashore. However, it's best to maintain traps as close as possible to ambient seawater temperature once they've been removed from the ocean.Transport them to the laboratory for processing as soon as possible since no gas or water exchange will take place once removed from the ocean. Laboratory processing. Storing and filtering samples.Once a light traps are removed from the ocean and brought back to the lab, empty their contents into buckets with fresh sea water. Add aeration to keep organisms alive until filtering. Filter the contents of the bucket by pouring through a funnel lined with 50 to 100 UM plankton mesh.Then empty the contents to a hundred milliliter container of fresh seawater. Use a pipette to draw from this small container to place aliquots of the sample into a Petri dish for microscopy. Repeat until the entire sample has been processed.Gnathiid isopod identification and rearing. Because light trap samples will attract multiple species of small invertebrates, samples must be carefully screened to identify and remove Gnathiids isopods. 10 to 20 times magnification is best for this task.Identifying Gnathiids at the family level does not require living specimens. However, adult Gnathiids, which are seldom caught in light traps, are needed for morphological species ID and for breeding. Thus, in cases where Gnathiids need to be kept alive of rearing, gently remove them with a pipette and place them in small plastic containers of fresh seawater.Representative results. The sampling in the central Philippines, the outline trap design was used when traps were set overnight. One to 1, 343 Gnathiids per trap were collected.These included both fed and unfed juvenile stages. These results clearly demonstrate the effectiveness of light traps for collecting Gnathiid isopods under the study conditions. This method for Gnathiid collection is effective and sufficiently flexible for a variety of field sites and scientific questions.For example, in a study by Artim et al in 2020 in the Caribbean, where they used light traps to quantify coral cover and fish biomass on Gnathiid abundance.Conclusion. While other techniques have been developed and used for collecting Gnathiids, this technique is particularly efficient. While the light traps described here attracts a wide range of small mobile invertebrates, the composition of this bycatch is highly variable.However, when set in habitat that includes rubble and fish, Gnathiids are caught consistently. Although this demonstration study focused on sites in the Philippines, traps of a similar design have also been used successfully for studies at sites in the Caribbean region and the Great Barrier Reef.

collecting-marine-gnathiid-isopod-fish-parasites-with-light-traps

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

1.2K 次观看.  Silliman University. 寄生甲壳类动物是影响珊瑚鱼类生态和生活史的重要因素。由于它们从宿主身上去除的生物量和能量相当可观，并影响行为、生理和生存。Gnathiid等足类甲壳类动物是热带和亚热带珊瑚礁系统中最突出的鱼类寄生虫群，它们既丰富又多样，是清洁鱼类的主要食物。Gnathiids有不同寻常的生活史，其中只有三个幼年阶段以鱼类的血液和体液为食，而在成年阶段，它们不再进?...