Wir bedanken uns bei Laura Clarke für ihre unschätzbare Hilfe. Stem Cell Network, CIHR und NIH: Diese Arbeit wird von NCE unterstützt.

1. Bereiten Sie die Dissecting Solutions und Enzymlösungen <ol><li> Machen Sie das Künstliche Rückenmarksflüssigkeit (ACSF) und die Serum-freien Medien vor der Zeit und in den Kühlschrank. </li><li> Abwiegen der Kynurensäure (0,2 mg / ml) auflösen und in 10 ml hilo ACSF in einem 37 ° C im Wasserbad vor der Zeit, da es nicht leicht löst. </li><li> Abwiegen der Trypsin (1,33 mg / mL) und Hyaluronidase (0,67 mg / mL) und in einem 15 ml-Röhrchen und bewahren Sie sie bei -20 ° C bis zum Gebrauch. Fügen Sie die Kynurensäure Lösung für dieses Rohr und Filter mit einer 22 um Spritzenfilter kurz vor dem Gebrauch. </li><li> Abwiegen Trypsin Inhibitor (Ovamucoid: 1 mg / mL) und lösen sich in warmen Serum-freien Medien und Filter mit 22μm Spritzenfilter. </li><li> Nehmen Sie die Beschichtung Medien: Serum-freien Medien mit FGF2 (10 ng / mL) und Heparin (2 pg / mL). </li></ol> 2. Isolating Retinal Stammzellen aus der Maus Eye <ol><li> Isolation des retinalen Stammzellen ist in einem bestimmten sterilen Raum gewidmet Primärkultur Experimente durchgeführt. Vor Beginn dieser Prozedur richten Sie die Präpariermikroskop und Kaltlichtquelle, und dann legen die sterile Sezierbesteck. Jeder Kapuze hat eine heiße Perle Sterilisator zum Sterilisieren der Instrumente zwischen den Schritten. </li><li> Wir isolieren retinalen Stammzellen aus Augen, die platziert wurden sofort in eine sterile Petrischale mit Artificial Rückenmarksflüssigkeit (ACSF) nach der Entnahme aus Mäuse getötet nach anerkannten Tierethik Protokolle. </li><li> Unter dem Binokular, reinigen Sie die Augen mit einer Pinzette: loszuwerden, die Haare und das Bindegewebe, das die Hornhaut / Sklera Grenze gebunden ist. Dann übertragen Sie den Blick auf ein neues Gericht mit ACSF. </li><li> Während sanft ausspülen, das Auge stationär mit Wellenschliff Pinzette verwenden abgewinkelt Micro-Präparierscheren die Augenmuskeln zu entfernen. Entfernen Sie den Sehnerv sowie, wenn es noch mit dem Auge angebracht. Versuchen Sie nicht, das Auge während dieses Prozesses squish. Transfer Augen für eine neue Platte mit ACSF. </li><li> Als nächstes verwenden gebogenen Mikro-Präparierscheren für das Auge in zwei Hälften geschnitten: begin am Sehnerv und Schnitt durch die Mitte der Hornhaut, Treffen wieder auf den Sehnerv, wo der Schnitt wurde eingeleitet. Es ist ideal, wenn die beiden Teile des Auges entspricht in etwa der Größe sind, weil das macht den nächsten Schritt zu erleichtern. </li><li> Halten Sie die Hornhaut mit zwei Pinzetten vorsichtig schälen die beiden Augen Hälften auseinander. Entfernen und entsorgen Sie das Objektiv, Eingeweide, und die neuronalen Netzhaut des Auges Muscheln. Übertragen Sie die Muscheln auf ein neues Gericht mit ACSF. </li><li> Jetzt sind wir bereit, die Ciliarepithels isolieren. Um zu beginnen, orientieren Auge Schale, so dass die Hornhaut auf der rechten und der retinalen Pigmentepithel (RPE) ist auf der linken Seite. Gently pin Auge Schale unten mit geraden Pinzette auf die RPE Seite. </li><li> Als Nächstes verwenden Sie ein Skalpell, um die Hornhaut und der Iris weggeschnitten aus dem Ciliarepithels des Auges durch leichtes Drücken auf das Skalpell anstatt Sägen Bewegungen. </li><li> Danach schneiden Sie die Ciliarepithels vom RPE. Verwenden Sie nicht gezahnt Pinzette, um den Streifen von Ciliarepithels zu einem neuen 35-mm-Schale mit ACSF übertragen. </li><li> In gleicher Weise isolieren Ciliarepithel aus dem anderen Auge Shell. </li><li> Sobald beide ciliary epithelialen Streifen gesammelt worden sind, übertragen Sie die Streifen in einen 35-mm-Schale mit 2 ml Dispase. Die Schale mit den Streifen in einem 37 ° C Inkubator für 10 Minuten. </li><li> Nach 10 Minuten, übertragen Sie die Streifen aus dem Dispase in eine Schale mit 2 mL der gefilterten Trypsin, Hyaluronidase und Kynurensäure. Die Schale bei 37 ° C für 10 Minuten. </li><li> Nun zu den Präpariermikroskop zurückzukehren. Halten Sie die Sklera unten mit geraden Zangen, verwenden Sie den unteren Rand des gekrümmten nicht gezahnt Pinzette vorsichtig abkratzen Ciliarepithel weg von der Lederhaut. </li><li> Entfernen Sie die Lederhaut aus der Schüssel. Alles, was in der Schale links sollte nun sind die Zellen von Interesse und der Enzymlösung. </li><li> Mit einem feuerpolierte Baumwolle gesteckt Pipette dieser Lösung in einen 14-ml-Tube. Man reibt diese Lösung 30 mal auseinander zu brechen den Epithelzellen durch vorsichtiges zwingt die Lösung in die und aus der Pipette. </li><li> Zentrifugieren Sie die Röhrchen 5 Minuten bei 1500 RPM. Wenn der Zentrifugation ist, entfernen Sie den Schlauch aus der Zentrifuge vorsichtig erfolgen, da die Zellen anfällig für Fahren von den Boden des Röhrchens in diesem Stadium sind. </li><li> Vorsichtig absaugen die Mehrheit der Überstand mit einer Pipette feuerpolierte, und fügen Sie dann 1 ml Trypsin-Inhibitor in serum-freien Medien zu den Zellen. Verwenden Sie eine kleine Bohrung Baumwolle gesteckt Pipette auf die Probe ungefähr 50-mal verreiben, bis es eine Single-Zellsuspension wird. </li><li> Zentrifugieren Sie die Röhrchen wieder für 5 Minuten bei 1500 RPM. </li><li> Entfernen Sie den Überstand und ersetzen Sie es mit 1 mL der Beschichtung Medium. Man reibt vorsichtig mit einem feuerpolierte Glaspipette, die ce resuspendierenlls. </li><li> Nach Auszählung der Zellen, Platte sie auf die gewünschte Dichte in einer 24-Well-Platte. Wir in der Regel Platte 10 Zellen / ul, indem jedes Well zunächst mit Medium und dann die Zellsuspension auf ein Endvolumen von 500 ul Medien zu bekommen. </li><li> Die Platte wird in einem 37 ° C CO 2-Inkubator, wo es nicht verschoben wird, bis Sie die Kugeln, die nach 7 Tagen entstehen zu zählen. </li></ol> 3. Die Ergebnisse der Isolating Retinal Stem Cells <ol><li> Wenn diese Prozedur erfolgreich ausgeführt wird, sollte die seziert ciliary Epithelzellen wie diese, nachdem sie dissoziiert und vernickelt bei geringer Dichte (Abbildung 1) zu suchen. </li><li> Nach 7 Tagen in Kultur, sind die retinalen Stammzellen Sphären, die entstehen gezählt. Eine Kugel soll mehr als 75 &amp;mgr; m im Durchmesser und frei schwebende als Stammzellen abgeleitete Kugel gezählt werden. (Abbildung 2). Allerdings werden einige Zellen haben begrenzte Verbreitung und Form Sphäroide, die nicht Größe Kriterium und nicht als Stammzellen abgeleitete Kugeln gezählt werden, ein Beispiel für eine solche Sphäroid ist hier (Abbildung 2) gezeigt. </li></ol> 4. Repräsentative Ergebnisse <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2209/2209fig1.jpg" alt="Abbildung 1" / > Abbildung 1. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2209/2209fig2.jpg" alt="Abbildung 2" / > Abbildung 2.

<ol>
	<li>Tropepe, V., Coles, B. L., Chiasson, B. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Retinal+stem+cells+in+the+adult+mammalian+eye.">Retinal stem cells in the adult mammalian eye.</a> Science. 287, 2032-2036 (2000).</li><li>Ahmad, I., Tang, L., Pham, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+of+neural+progenitors+in+the+adult+mammalian+eye.">Identification of neural progenitors in the adult mammalian eye.</a> Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 270, 517-521 (2000).</li><li>Coles, B. L., Angenieux, B., Inoue, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Facile+isolation+and+the+characterization+of+human+retinal+stem+cells.">Facile isolation and the characterization of human retinal stem cells.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 101, 15772-15777 (2004).</li><li>Cicero, S. A., Johnson, D., Reyntjens, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cells+previously+identified+as+retinal+stem+cells+are+pigmented+ciliary+epithelial+cells.">Cells previously identified as retinal stem cells are pigmented ciliary epithelial cells.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 106, 6685-6690 (2009).</li><li>Lamba, D., Karl, M., Reh, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neural+regeneration+and+cell+replacement:+a+view+from+the+eye.">Neural regeneration and cell replacement: a view from the eye.</a> Cell Stem Cell. 2 (6), 538-549 (2008).</li><li>Coles, B. L., Horsford, D. J., McInnes, R. R., van der Kooy, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Loss+of+retinal+progenitor+cells+leads+to+an+increase+in+the+retinal+stem+cell+population+in+vivo.">Loss of retinal progenitor cells leads to an increase in the retinal stem cell population in vivo.</a> Eur J Neurosci. 23, 75-82 (2006).</li><li>Ang&#233;nieux, B., Schorderet, F. D., Arsenijevic, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Epidermal+growth+factor+is+a+neuronal+differentiation+factor+for+retinal+stem+cells+in+vitro.">Epidermal growth factor is a neuronal differentiation factor for retinal stem cells in vitro.</a> Stem Cells. 24 (3), 696-706 (2006).</li><li>Xu, S., Sunderland, M. E., Coles, B. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+proliferation+and+expansion+of+retinal+stem+cells+require+functional+Pax6.">The proliferation and expansion of retinal stem cells require functional Pax6.</a> Dev Biol. 304, 713-721 (2007).</li><li>Canola, K., Ang&#233;nieux, B., Tekaya, M., Quiambao, A., Naash, M. I., Munier, F. L., Schorderet, D. F., Arsenijevic, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Retinal+stem+cells+transplanted+into+models+of+late+stages+of+retinitis+pigmentosa+preferentially+adopt+a+glial+or+a+retinal+ganglion+cell+fate.">Retinal stem cells transplanted into models of late stages of retinitis pigmentosa preferentially adopt a glial or a retinal ganglion cell fate.</a> Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 48 (1), 446-4454 (2007).</li><li>Canola, K., Arsenijevic, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Generation+of+cells+committed+towards+the+photoreceptor+fate+for+retinal+transplantation.">Generation of cells committed towards the photoreceptor fate for retinal transplantation.</a> Neuroreport. 18 (9), 851-855 (2007).</li><li>Djojosubroto, M. W., Arsenijevic, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Retinal+stem+cells:+promising+candidates+for+retina+transplantation.">Retinal stem cells: promising candidates for retina transplantation.</a> Cell Tissue Res. 331 (1), 347-357 (2008).</li><li>Inoue, T., Coles, B. L., Dorval, K., Bremner, R., Bessho, Y., Kageyama, R., Hino, S., Matsuoka, M., Craft, C. M., McInnes, R. R., Tremblay, F., Prusky, G. T., van der Kooy, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Maximizing+functional+photoreceptor+differentiation+from+adult+human+retinal+stem+cells.">Maximizing functional photoreceptor differentiation from adult human retinal stem cells.</a> Stem Cells. 28 (3), 489-500 (2010).</li><li>Tropepe, V., Sibilia, M., Ciruna, B. G., Rossant, J., Wagner, E. F., Kooy, D. v. a. n. d. e. r. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Distinct+neural+stem+cells+proliferate+in+response+to+EGF+and+FGF+in+the+developing+mouse+telencephalon.+Dev+Biol.">Distinct neural stem cells proliferate in response to EGF and FGF in the developing mouse telencephalon. Dev Biol.</a> , 208-201 (1999).</li><li>Coles-Takabe, B. L., Brain, I., Purpura, K. A., Karpowicz, P., Zandstra, P. W., Morshead, C. M., van der Kooy, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Don't+look:+growing+clonal+versus+nonclonal+neural+stem+cell+colonies.">Don't look: growing clonal versus nonclonal neural stem cell colonies.</a> Stem Cells. 26 (11), 2938-2944 (2008).</li></ol>

Dieses Protokoll beschreibt, wie Retina-Stammzellen aus dem Ciliarepithels der Maus Auge 1-3 isolieren. Die Methodik zur Isolierung der Streifen Ciliarepithels kann variieren, aber die Enzyme und die Methodik zur Erzielung einer Single-Zellsuspension wurden in diesem Protokoll optimiert. Es ist auch wichtig, dass die Streifen von Ciliarepithels, die isoliert wurden nicht enthalten große Mengen an RPE oder Hornhaut, da diese offensichtlich einen negativen Einfluss auf die Gesamtzahl der Kugeln, die von jedem Auge isoliert werden müssen. Darüber hinaus wird das Serum-freien Medien, die wir machen, das ursprünglich für die Gehirnentwicklung Neurosphären 13 formuliert, ideal für den Anbau von retinalen Stammzellen Sphären. Man sollte auch darauf achten, dass die Zellen nicht gestört werden, nachdem sie vergoldet worden und in den Inkubator, damit die wachsende Kugeln aggregieren nicht zusammen 14. Sobald die Netzhaut Stammzellen klonale Kugeln gebildet haben, können sie gezählt, um eine prospektive Anzahl der Stammzellen pro Auge zu bekommen. Die Kugeln dann können dann in einzelne Zellen dissoziiert und passagiert, um festzustellen, Selbst-Erneuerung Fähigkeiten oder differenziert in die verschiedenen Zelltypen des neuronalen Netzhaut und RPE durch verschiedene Kombinationen von Wachstumsfaktoren und / oder Proteinen.

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		<th>Material Name</th>
		<th>Type</th>
		<th>Company</th>
		<th>Catalogue Number</th>
		<th>Comment</th>
		</tr>
		</thead>
		<tbody>
		
<tr>
<td>Stemi 2000 Microscope</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Zeiss</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Cold Light Source</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Zeiss</td>
<td>KL1500 </td>
<td>dual arm optic light</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Curved Mini Vannas scissors</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>FST</td>
<td>15000-10</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Angled Vannas scissors</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>FST</td>
<td>15005-08</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>#7 Dumont forceps</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>FST</td>
<td>11272-30</td>
<td>non-serrated</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>#5 Dumont forceps</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>FST</td>
<td>11251-10</td>
<td>straight</td>
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<tr>
<td>Fine forceps</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>FST</td>
<td>11051-10</td>
<td>serrated curved</td>
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<tr>
<td>#3 Scalpel handle</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Almedic</td>
<td>2586-M36-10</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
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<td>#10 Scalpel blades</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Almedic</td>
<td>2580-M90-10</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Hot Bead Sterilizer</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>FST</td>
<td>18000-45</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
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<td>Dispase</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>VWR/BD </td>
<td>CACB354235</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
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<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>T1005</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Hyaluronidase</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>H6254</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Kynurenic Acid</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>K3375</td>
<td>1000 IU</td>
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<tr>
<td>Trypsin Inhibitor</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Roche</td>
<td>10109878001</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>35 mm dishes</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>VWR/Nunc</td>
<td>CA354235</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>24-well plate</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>VWR/Nunc</td>
<td>CA73521-004</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Cotton-plugged pipettes</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>VWR</td>
<td>14672-400</td>
<td>fire-polish</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>14 mL Tubes</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Falcon</td>
<td>352057</td>
<td>Polystyrene</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Serum-free Media</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Ref# 13 for formulation</td>
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<tr>
<td>FGF2</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>F0291</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Heparin</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>H3149</td>
<td>100 IU</td>
</tr>		</tbody>
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isolation of retinal stem cells from the mouse eye

Die erwachsenen Maus retinalen Stammzellen (RSC) ist eine seltene Ruhe Zelle innerhalb der Ciliarepithels (CE) der Säugetier Auge 1,2,3 gefunden. Die CE besteht aus nicht-pigmentierten inneren und pigmentierten äußeren Zellschichten gemacht, und die klonale RSC Kolonien, die aus einem einzigen pigmentierten Zellen aus dem CE entstehen bestehen sowohl aus pigmentierten und nicht pigmentierten Zellen, die unterschieden werden können an alle die Form Zelltypen des neuronalen Netzhaut und des RPE. Es gibt eine Kontroverse darüber, ob alle Zellen innerhalb der Sphären enthalten alle zumindest einige Pigment 4, allerdings sind die Zellen noch in der Lage der Bildung der verschiedenen Zelltypen innerhalb der neuronalen Retina 1-3 gefunden. Bei einigen Arten, wie Amphibien und Fischen sind die Augen der Lage, die Regeneration nach Verletzungen 5 jedoch, das Auge der Säugetiere zeigt keine solche regenerative Eigenschaften. Wir versuchen, die Stammzellen in vivo zu identifizieren und die Mechanismen, die den Säugetieren retinalen Stammzellen Ruhestrom 6-8 zu halten verstehen, auch nach Verletzungen sowie ihre Verwendung als eine potenzielle Quelle von Zellen zu reparieren körperliche oder genetische Modelle von Augenverletzungen Hilfe durch die Transplantation 9-12. Hier beschreiben wir, wie man den Ciliar Epithelzellen aus der Maus Auge zu isolieren und zu wachsen sie in der Kultur, um die klonale retinalen Stammzellen Kugeln zu bilden. Da es keine bekannten Markern der Stammzellen in vivo, sind diese Kugeln die einzige bekannte Möglichkeit, prospektiv identifizieren die Stammzell-Population innerhalb der Ciliarepithels des Auges.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation of Retinal Stem Cells from the Mouse Eye at JoVE.com

Isolation of Retinal Stem Cells from the Mouse Eye

In diesem Video zeigen wir Ihnen, wie Sie retinalen Stammzellen aus dem Ciliarepithels der Maus Auge zu isolieren und zu wachsen sie in Kultur zu klonalen Netzhaut Kugeln zu bilden. Die Kugeln, die isoliert besitzen den Kardinal Eigenschaften von Stammzellen: Selbsterneuerung und multipotentiality.

Isolierung von Retinal Stammzellen aus der Maus Eye

The adult mouse retinal stem cell (RSC) is a rare quiescent cell found within the ciliary epithelium (CE) of the mammalian eye1,2,3. The CE is made up of ...

isolation-of-retinal-stem-cells-from-the-mouse-eye

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

24.7K Aufrufe.  University of Toronto. In diesem Video zeigen wir Ihnen, wie Sie retinalen Stammzellen aus dem Ciliarepithels der Maus Auge zu isolieren und zu wachsen sie in Kultur zu klonalen Netzhaut Kugeln zu bilden. Die Kugeln, die isoliert besitzen den Kardinal Eigenschaften von Stammzellen: Selbsterneuerung und multipotentiality.

Serie: Isolation of Retinal Stem Cells from the Mouse Eye

Isolation and Analysis of Hematopoietic Stem Cells from the Placenta

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) have the ability to self-renew and generate all cell types of the blood lineages throughout the lifetime of an individual. All HSCs emerge during embryonic development, after which their pool size is maintained by self-renewing cell divisions. Identifying the anatomical origin of HSCs and the critical developmental events regulating the process of HSC development has been complicated as many anatomical sites participate during fetal hematopoiesis. Recently, we identified the placenta as a major hematopoietic organ where HSCs are generated and expanded in unique microenvironmental niches (Gekas, et al 2005, Rhodes, et al 2008). Consequently, the placenta is an important source of HSCs during their emergence and initial expansion.
In this article, we show dissection techniques for the isolation of murine placenta from E10.5 and E12.5 embryos, corresponding to the developmental stages of initiation of HSCs and the peak in the size of the HSC pool in the placenta, respectively. In addition, we present an optimized protocol for enzymatic and mechanical dissociation of placental tissue into single-cell suspension for use in flow cytometry or functional assays. We have found that use of collagenase for single-cell suspension of placenta gives sufficient yields of HSCs. An important factor affecting HSC yield from the placenta is the degree of mechanical dissociation prior to, and duration of, enzymatic treatment.
We also provide a protocol for the preparation of fixed-frozen placental tissue sections for the visualization of developing HSCs by immunohistochemistry in their precise cellular niches. As hematopoietic specific antigens are not preserved during preparation of paraffin embedded sections, we routinely use fixed frozen sections for localizing placental HSCs and progenitors.

We have identified the placenta as a major hematopoietic organ during development. We found that hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are both generated and expanded in the placenta in unique microenvironmental niches. Here, we describe experimental techniques required for isolation and visualization of HSCs in the mouse placenta.

Isolierung und Analyse von hämatopoetischen Stammzellen aus der Plazenta

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) have the ability to self-renew and generate all cell types of the blood lineages throughout the lifetime of an individual. ...

Forschung

Biologie

Isolation of Mouse Salivary Gland Stem Cells

Mature salivary glands of both human and mouse origin comprise a minimum of five cell types, each of which facilitates the production and excretion of saliva into the oral cavity. Serous and mucous acinar cells are the protein and mucous producing factories of the gland respectively, and represent the origin of saliva production. Once synthesised, the various enzymatic and other proteinaceous components of saliva are secreted through a series of ductal cells bearing epithelial-type morphology, until the eventual expulsion of the saliva through one major duct into the cavity of the mouth. The composition of saliva is also modified by the ductal cells during this process.
In the manifestation of diseases such as Sj&ouml;gren's syndrome, and in some clinical situations such as radiotherapy treatment for head and neck cancers, saliva production by the glands is dramatically reduced 1,2. The resulting xerostomia, a subjective feeling of dry mouth, affects not only the ability of the patient to swallow and speak, but also encourages the development of dental caries and can be socially debilitating for the sufferer.
The restoration of saliva production in the above-mentioned clinical conditions therefore represents an unmet clinical need, and as such several studies have demonstrated the regenerative capacity of the salivary glands 3-5. Further to the isolation of stem cell-like populations of cells from various tissues within the mouse and human bodies 6-8, we have shown using the described method that stem cells isolated from mouse salivary glands can be used to rescue saliva production in irradiated salivary glands 9,10. This discovery paves the way for the development of stem cell-based therapies for the treatment of xerostomic conditions in humans, and also for the exploration of the salivary gland as a microenvironment containing cells with multipotent self-renewing capabilities.

An optimized protocol for the isolation of stem cells from the mouse salivary gland is described. The method employs enzymatic and mechanical digestion, and permits isolation of salispheres containing cells with characteristics of stem cells.

Isolierung von Maus Speicheldrüsen Stem Cells

Mature salivary glands of both human and mouse origin comprise a minimum of five cell types, each of which facilitates the production and excretion of ...

Generation of Mice Derived from Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

The production of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from somatic cells provides a means to create valuable tools for basic research and may also produce a source of patient-matched cells for regenerative therapies. iPSCs may be generated using multiple protocols and derived from multiple cell sources. Once generated, iPSCs are tested using a variety of assays including immunostaining for pluripotency markers, generation of three germ layers in embryoid bodies and teratomas, comparisons of gene expression with embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and production of chimeric mice with or without germline contribution2. Importantly, iPSC lines that pass these tests still vary in their capacity to produce different differentiated cell types2. This has made it difficult to establish which iPSC derivation protocols, donor cell sources or selection methods are most useful for different applications.
The most stringent test of whether a stem cell line has sufficient developmental potential to generate all tissues required for survival of an organism (termed full pluripotency) is tetraploid embryo complementation (TEC)3-5. Technically, TEC involves electrofusion of two-cell embryos to generate tetraploid (4n) one-cell embryos that can be cultured in vitro to the blastocyst stage6. Diploid (2n) pluripotent stem cells (e.g. ESCs or iPSCs) are then injected into the blastocoel cavity of the tetraploid blastocyst and transferred to a recipient female for gestation (see Figure 1). The tetraploid component of the complemented embryo contributes almost exclusively to the extraembryonic tissues (placenta, yolk sac), whereas the diploid cells constitute the embryo proper, resulting in a fetus derived entirely from the injected stem cell line.
Recently, we reported the derivation of iPSC lines that reproducibly generate adult mice via TEC1. These iPSC lines give rise to viable pups with efficiencies of 5-13%, which is comparable to ESCs3,4,7 and higher than that reported for most other iPSC lines8-12. These reports show that direct reprogramming can produce fully pluripotent iPSCs that match ESCs in their developmental potential and efficiency of generating pups in TEC tests. At present, it is not clear what distinguishes between fully pluripotent iPSCs and less potent lines13-15. Nor is it clear which reprogramming methods will produce these lines with the highest efficiency. Here we describe one method that produces fully pluripotent iPSCs and "all- iPSC" mice, which may be helpful for investigators wishing to compare the pluripotency of iPSC lines or establish the equivalence of different reprogramming methods.

Generating induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines produces lines of differing developmental potential even when they pass standard tests for pluripotency. Here we describe a protocol to produce mice derived entirely from iPSCs, which defines the iPSC lines as possessing full pluripotency1.

Generation der Mäuse aus induzierten pluripotenten Stammzellen

The production of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from somatic cells provides a means to create valuable tools for basic research and may also ...

Isolation and Culture of Dental Epithelial Stem Cells from the Adult Mouse Incisor

Understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms that underlie tooth regeneration and renewal has become a topic of great interest1-4, and the mouse incisor provides a model for these processes. This remarkable organ grows continuously throughout the animal&#39;s life and generates all the necessary cell types from active pools of adult stem cells housed in the labial (toward the lip) and lingual (toward the tongue) cervical loop (CL) regions. Only the dental stem cells from the labial CL give rise to ameloblasts that generate enamel, the outer covering of teeth, on the labial surface. This asymmetric enamel formation allows abrasion at the incisor tip, and progenitors and stem cells in the proximal incisor ensure that the dental tissues are constantly replenished. The ability to isolate and grow these progenitor or stem cells in vitro allows their expansion and opens doors to numerous experiments not achievable in vivo, such as high throughput testing of potential stem cell regulatory factors. Here, we describe and demonstrate a reliable and consistent method to culture cells from the labial CL of the mouse incisor.

The continuously growing mouse incisor provides a model for studying renewal of dental tissues from dental epithelial stem cells (DESCs). A robust system for consistently and reliably obtaining these cells from the incisor and expanding them in vitro is reported here.

Isolation und Kultur der Dental epithelialen Stammzellen aus dem erwachsenen Maus Schneidezahn

Understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms that underlie tooth regeneration and renewal has become a topic of great interest1-4, and the mouse ...

Trans-inner Cell Mass Injection of Embryonic Stem Cells Leads to Higher Chimerism Rates

In an effort to increase efficiency in the creation of genetically modified mice via ES Cell methodologies, we present an adaptation to the current blastocyst injection protocol. Here we report that a simple rotation of the embryo, and injection through Trans-Inner cell mass (TICM) increased the percentage of chimeric mice from 31% to 50%, with no additional equipment or further specialized training. 26 different inbred clones, and 35 total clones were injected over a period of 9 months. There was no significant difference in either pregnancy rate or recovery rate of embryos between traditional injection techniques and TICM. Therefore, without any major alteration in the injection process and a simple positioning of the blastocyst and injecting through the ICM, releasing the ES cells into the blastocoel cavity can potentially improve the quantity of chimeric production and subsequent germline transmission.

Here we present a protocol to increase chimera production without the use of new equipment. A simple orientation change of the embryo for injection can increase the number of embryos produced, and potentially reduce the timeline to germline transmission.

Trans-innere Zelle Masse Injektion von embryonalen Stammzellen führt zu höheren Chimerism Raten

In an effort to increase efficiency in the creation of genetically modified mice via ES Cell methodologies, we present an adaptation to the current ...

Primary Cell Cultures from the Mouse Retinal Pigment Epithelium

The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is a highly polarized multi-functional epithelium that is located between the neural retina and the choroid of the eye. It is a single sheet of pigmented cells that are hexagonally packed and connected by tight junctions. The main functions of the RPE include absorption of light, phagocytosis of the shed photoreceptor outer segments, spatial buffering of ions, transport of nutrients, ions and water as well as active involvement in the visual cycle. With such important and diverse functions, it is critically important to study the biology of RPE cells. A number of RPE cell lines have been established; however, passaged and immortalized cells are known to quickly lose some of the morphological and physiological characteristics of natural RPE cells. Thus, primary cells are more suitable for studying different aspects of RPE cell biology and function. Mouse primary RPE cell culture is very useful to researchers since mouse models are widely used in biological studies, however collecting RPE cells from mouse is also very challenging due to their small size. Here, we present a protocol for establishing primary mouse RPE cell cultures which includes enucleation and dissection of the eyes and isolation of the RPE sheets to yield the cells for culturing. This method enables efficient cell recovery. The RPE cells obtained from two mice&#160;can reach confluency on one 12 mm polyester membrane insert pre-loaded in culture plate after one week of culture and display some of the original properties of bona fide RPE cells such as hexagonal shape and pigmentation after two weeks of culture.

The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is a multi-functional epithelium of the eye. Here we present a protocol to establish primary cell cultures derived from the murine RPE.

Primären Zellkulturen aus das retinale Pigmentepithel Maus

The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is a highly polarized multi-functional epithelium that is located between the neural retina and the choroid of the ...

Isolation, Characterization, and Differentiation of Cardiac Stem Cells from the Adult Mouse Heart

Myocardial infarction (MI) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality around the world. A major goal of regenerative medicine is to replenish the dead myocardium after MI. Although several strategies have been used to regenerate myocardium, stem cell therapy remains a major approach to replenish the dead myocardium of an MI heart. Accumulating evidence suggests the presence of resident cardiac stem cells (CSCs) in the adult heart and their endocrine and/or paracrine effects on cardiac regeneration. However, CSC isolation and their characterization and differentiation toward myocardial cells, especially cardiomyocytes, remains a technical challenge. In the present study, we provided a simple method for the isolation, characterization, and differentiation of CSCs from the adult mouse heart. Here, we describe a density gradient method for the isolation of CSCs, where the heart is digested by a 0.2% collagenase II solution. To characterize the isolated CSCs, we evaluated the expression of CSCs/cardiac markers Sca-1, NKX2-5, and GATA4, and pluripotency/stemness markers OCT4, SOX2, and Nanog. We also determined the proliferation potential of isolated CSCs by culturing them in a Petri dish and assessing the expression of the proliferation marker Ki-67. For evaluating the differentiation potential of CSCs, we selected seven- to ten-days cultured CSCs. We transferred them to a new plate with a cardiomyocyte differentiation medium. They are incubated in a cell culture incubator for 12 days, while the differentiation medium is changed every three days. The differentiated CSCs express cardiomyocyte-specific markers: actinin and troponin I. Thus, CSCs isolated with this protocol have stemness and cardiac markers, and they have a potential for proliferation and differentiation toward cardiomyocyte lineage.

The overall goal of this article is to standardize the protocol for the isolation, characterization, and differentiation of cardiac stem cells (CSCs) from the adult mouse heart. Here, we describe a density gradient centrifugation method to isolate murine CSCs and elaborated methods for CSC culture, proliferation, and differentiation into cardiomyocytes.

Isolierung, Charakterisierung und Differenzierung von kardialen Stammzellen von Erwachsenen Maus Herzen

Myocardial infarction (MI) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality around the world. A major goal of regenerative medicine is to replenish the dead ...

Efficient Dissection and Culture of Primary Mouse Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells

Eye disorders affect millions of people worldwide, but the limited availability of human tissues hinders their study. Mouse models are powerful tools to understand the pathophysiology of ocular diseases because of their similarities with human anatomy and physiology. Alterations in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), including changes in morphology and function, are common features shared by many ocular disorders. However, successful isolation and culture of primary mouse RPE cells is very challenging. This paper is an updated audiovisual version of the protocol previously published by Fernandez-Godino et al. in 2016 to efficiently isolate and culture primary mouse RPE cells. This method is highly reproducible and results in robust cultures of highly polarized and pigmented RPE monolayers that can be maintained for several weeks on Transwells. This model opens new avenues for the study of the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying eye diseases. Moreover, it provides a platform to test therapeutic approaches that can be used to treat important eye diseases with unmet medical needs, including inherited retinal disorders and macular degenerations.

This protocol, which was originally reported by Fernandez-Godino et al. in 20161, describes a method to efficiently isolate and culture mouse RPE cells, which form a functional and polarized RPE monolayer within one week on Transwell plates. The procedure takes approximately 3 hours.

Effiziente Dissektion und Kultur der primären Maus retinalen Pigmentepithelzellen

Eye disorders affect millions of people worldwide, but the limited availability of human tissues hinders their study. Mouse models are powerful tools to ...

Primary Culture of Porcine Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells

The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is a monolayer of polarized pigmented epithelial cells, located between the choroid and neuroretina in the retina. Multiple functions, including phagocytosis, nutrient/metabolite transportation, vitamin A metabolism, etc., are conducted by the RPE on a daily basis. RPE cells are terminally differentiated epithelial cells with little or no regenerative capacity. Loss of RPE cells results in multiple eye diseases leading to visual impairment, such as age-related macular degeneration. Therefore, the establishment of an in vitro culture model of primary RPE cells, which more closely resembles the RPE in vivo than cell lines, is critical for the characteristic and mechanistic studies of RPE cells. Considering the fact that the source of human eyeballs is limited, we create a protocol to culture primary porcine RPE cells. By using this protocol, RPE cells can be easily dissociated from adult porcine eyeballs. Subsequently, these dissociated cells attach to culture dishes/inserts, proliferate to form a confluent monolayer, and quickly re-establish key features of epithelial tissue in vivo within 2 wks. By qRT-PCR, it is demonstrated that primary porcine RPE cells express multiple signature genes at comparable levels with native RPE tissue, while the expressions of most of these genes are lost/highly reduced in human RPE-like cells, ARPE-19. Moreover, the immunofluorescence staining shows the distribution of tight junction, tissue polarity, and cytoskeleton proteins, as well as the presence of RPE65, an isomerase critical for vitamin A metabolism, in cultured primary cells. Altogether, we have developed an easy-to-follow approach to culture primary porcine RPE cells with high purity and native RPE features, which could serve as a good model to understand RPE physiology, study cell toxicities, and facilitate drug screenings.

Here, an easy-to-follow method to culture primary porcine retinal pigment epithelial cells in vitro is presented.

Primärkultur von retinalen Pigmentepithelzellen des Schweins

The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is a monolayer of polarized pigmented epithelial cells, located between the choroid and neuroretina in the retina. ...

Isolation of Primary Mouse Retinal Pigmented Epithelium Cells

The retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) layer lies immediately behind the photoreceptors and harbors a complex metabolic system that plays several critical roles in maintaining the photoreceptors' function. Thus, the RPE structure and function are essential to sustain normal vision. This manuscript presents an established protocol for primary mouse RPE cell isolation. RPE isolation is a great tool to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying RPE pathology in the different mouse models of ocular disorders. Furthermore, RPE isolation can help in comparing primary mouse RPE cells isolated from wild-type and genetically modified mice, as well as testing drugs that can accelerate the development of therapy for visual disorders. The manuscript presents a step-by-step RPE isolation protocol; the entire procedure, from enucleation to seeding, takes approximately 4 hours. The media shouldn't be changed for 5-7 days after seeding, to allow the growth of the isolated cells without disturbance. This process is followed by the characterization of morphology, pigmentation, and specific markers in the cells via immunofluorescence. Cells can be passaged a maximum of three or four times.

This manuscript describes a simplified protocol for the isolation of retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) cells from mouse eyes in a stepwise manner. The protocol includes the enucleation and dissection of mouse eyes, followed by the isolation, seeding, and culturing of RPE cells.

Isolierung von primären retinalen pigmentierten Epithelzellen der Maus

The retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) layer lies immediately behind the photoreceptors and harbors a complex metabolic system that plays several critical ...