Damos las gracias a Laura Clarke por su inestimable ayuda. Este trabajo es apoyado por la economía neoclásica: la Red de Células Madre, CIHR y los NIH.

1. Prepare las soluciones de disección y soluciones enzimáticas <ol><li> Hacer que el líquido cefalorraquídeo artificial (ACSF) y los medios de comunicación libre de suero antes de tiempo y refrigere. </li><li> Pesar el ácido quinurénico (0,2 mg / ml) y se disuelven en 10 ml de hilo ACSF en un baño de agua a 37 ° C antes de tiempo, ya que no se disuelven fácilmente. </li><li> Pesar de la tripsina (1,33 mg / ml) y hialuronidasa (0,67 mg / ml) y colocar en un tubo de 15 ml y mantener a -20 ° C hasta que se necesite. Añadir la solución de ácido quinurénico a este tubo y el filtro usando un filtro de 22 micras jeringa justo antes de su uso. </li><li> Pesar inhibidor de tripsina (Ovamucoid: 1 mg / ml) y se disuelven en agua tibia medio libre de suero y el filtro con filtro de jeringa de 22μm. </li><li> Hacen los medios de recubrimiento: medio libre de suero que contiene FGF2 (10 ng / ml) y heparina (2 mg / mL). </li></ol> 2. Aislar las células madre de la retina del ojo del ratón <ol><li> El aislamiento de las células madre de la retina se realiza en una sala específica estéril dedicado a los experimentos de cultivo primario. Antes de iniciar este procedimiento, configure el microscopio de disección y la fuente de luz fría, y luego diseñar los instrumentos de disección estéril. Cada campana tiene un esterilizador de calor para la esterilización de cuentas de los instrumentos entre los pasos. </li><li> Vamos a aislar las células madre de la retina de los ojos que se han colocado de inmediato en una placa de Petri estéril que contiene el líquido cefalorraquídeo artificial (ACSF) después de su eliminación de los ratones sacrificados de acuerdo a protocolos aprobados ética animal. </li><li> Bajo el microscopio de disección, limpia los ojos con unas pinzas: deshacerse del pelo y el tejido conectivo que se une a la córnea / frontera escleral. A continuación, traslado a los ojos a un nuevo plato con ACSF. </li><li> Mientras que suavemente manteniendo el ojo fijo con unas pinzas dentadas, usar un ángulo de micro-disección de tijeras para cortar los músculos oculares. Quitar el nervio óptico y si todavía está conectado a la vista. Trate de no aplastar a los ojos durante el proceso. La transferencia de los ojos a un nuevo plato con ACSF. </li><li> Siguiente uso de micro-disección curvas tijeras para cortar el ojo en la mitad: comienzan en el nervio óptico y cortar por el centro de la córnea, encuentro de vuelta en el nervio óptico, donde se inició el corte. Lo ideal es que las dos partes del ojo son más o menos equivalente en tamaño, ya que esto hará que el siguiente paso sea más fácil. </li><li> La celebración de las córneas con dos pinzas, suavemente pelar el ojo dos mitades. Retire y deseche las lentes, las vísceras, y la retina neural de las conchas de los ojos. Transferencia de las conchas de un nuevo plato con ACSF. </li><li> Ahora estamos listos para aislar el epitelio ciliar. Para comenzar, orientar la cáscara del ojo para que la córnea está a su derecha y el epitelio pigmentado retiniano (EPR) está a la izquierda. Suavemente la capa pin vista hacia abajo con una pinza recta en el lado del EPR. </li><li> A continuación, utiliza un bisturí para cortar la córnea y el iris lejos del epitelio ciliar del ojo presionando suavemente sobre el bisturí en lugar de utilizar los movimientos de aserrado. </li><li> Después de eso, cortar el epitelio ciliar lejos de la RPE. Use unas pinzas dentadas no a la transferencia de la franja de epitelio ciliar a una nueva de 35 mm plato que contiene ACSF. </li><li> De la misma manera, aislar el epitelio ciliar de la cáscara del otro ojo. </li><li> Una vez que ambas bandas del epitelio ciliar se han recogido, la transferencia de las tiras en una placa de 35 mm que contiene 2 ml de Dispasa. Coloque el plato con las tiras en una incubadora a 37 ° C durante 10 minutos. </li><li> Después de 10 minutos, la transferencia de las tiras de la Dispasa en un plato que contiene 2 ml de tripsina filtrada, hialuronidasa y ácido quinurénico. Coloque el plato a 37 ° C durante 10 minutos. </li><li> Ahora regresa a la microscopio de disección. Mientras mantiene la esclerótica hacia abajo con pinzas rectas, el uso de la parte inferior de la curva no dentada pinzas para raspar suavemente el epitelio ciliar lejos de la esclerótica. </li><li> Retire la esclerótica del plato. Todo lo que se debe dejar en el plato ahora son las células de interés y la solución enzimática. </li><li> El uso de un pulido al fuego de algodón conectado pipeta, transferir esta solución en un tubo de 14 ml. Triturar esta solución 30 veces para romper las células epiteliales con cuidado pasar la solución dentro y fuera de la pipeta. </li><li> Centrifugar el tubo durante 5 minutos a 1500 RPM. Cuando se hace la centrifugación, sacar el tubo de la centrífuga con cuidado ya que las células son propensos a la que salió de la parte inferior del tubo en esta etapa. </li><li> Aspire con cuidado la mayor parte de el sobrenadante con una pipeta pulida al fuego, y luego agregar 1 ml de inhibidor de tripsina en el medio libre de suero de las células. Use un pequeño algodón conectado pozo pipeta para triturar la muestra de aproximadamente 50 veces hasta que es una suspensión de una sola célula. </li><li> Centrifugar el tubo de nuevo durante 5 minutos a 1500 RPM. </li><li> Eliminar el sobrenadante y reemplazarlo con 1 ml de medio de galvanoplastia. Triturar suavemente con una pipeta de vidrio pulido al fuego para volver a suspender la ceLLS. </li><li> Después de contar las células, las placas a la densidad deseada en una placa de 24 pocillos. Por lo general, la placa de 10 células / mm llenando cada primer pozo en medio y luego añadir la suspensión celular para obtener un volumen final de 500 l de los medios de comunicación. </li><li> Colocar la placa en un 37 ° C incubadora de CO 2 en los que no se moverán hasta que se cuentan las esferas que surgen después de 7 días. </li></ol> 3. Los resultados de aislamiento de células madre de la retina <ol><li> Cuando este procedimiento se realiza con éxito, la disección células epiteliales ciliares debería tener este aspecto después de haber sido disociadas y chapada a la baja densidad (Figura 1). </li><li> Después de 7 días en la cultura, las esferas de células madre de la retina que se plantean son contados. Una esfera debe ser más de 75 micras de diámetro y de libre flotación para ser considerado como una esfera de células madre derivadas. (Figura 2). Sin embargo, algunas células se han esferoides limitado la proliferación y la forma de que no cumplen con el criterio de tamaño y no se contará como esferas de células madre derivadas; un ejemplo de un esferoide se muestra a continuación (Figura 2). </li></ol> 4. Resultados representante <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2209/2209fig1.jpg" alt="Figura 1" / > Figura 1. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2209/2209fig2.jpg" alt="Figura 2" / > Figura 2.

<ol>
	<li>Tropepe, V., Coles, B. L., Chiasson, B. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Retinal+stem+cells+in+the+adult+mammalian+eye.">Retinal stem cells in the adult mammalian eye.</a> Science. 287, 2032-2036 (2000).</li><li>Ahmad, I., Tang, L., Pham, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+of+neural+progenitors+in+the+adult+mammalian+eye.">Identification of neural progenitors in the adult mammalian eye.</a> Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 270, 517-521 (2000).</li><li>Coles, B. L., Angenieux, B., Inoue, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Facile+isolation+and+the+characterization+of+human+retinal+stem+cells.">Facile isolation and the characterization of human retinal stem cells.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 101, 15772-15777 (2004).</li><li>Cicero, S. A., Johnson, D., Reyntjens, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cells+previously+identified+as+retinal+stem+cells+are+pigmented+ciliary+epithelial+cells.">Cells previously identified as retinal stem cells are pigmented ciliary epithelial cells.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 106, 6685-6690 (2009).</li><li>Lamba, D., Karl, M., Reh, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neural+regeneration+and+cell+replacement:+a+view+from+the+eye.">Neural regeneration and cell replacement: a view from the eye.</a> Cell Stem Cell. 2 (6), 538-549 (2008).</li><li>Coles, B. L., Horsford, D. J., McInnes, R. R., van der Kooy, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Loss+of+retinal+progenitor+cells+leads+to+an+increase+in+the+retinal+stem+cell+population+in+vivo.">Loss of retinal progenitor cells leads to an increase in the retinal stem cell population in vivo.</a> Eur J Neurosci. 23, 75-82 (2006).</li><li>Ang&#233;nieux, B., Schorderet, F. D., Arsenijevic, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Epidermal+growth+factor+is+a+neuronal+differentiation+factor+for+retinal+stem+cells+in+vitro.">Epidermal growth factor is a neuronal differentiation factor for retinal stem cells in vitro.</a> Stem Cells. 24 (3), 696-706 (2006).</li><li>Xu, S., Sunderland, M. E., Coles, B. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+proliferation+and+expansion+of+retinal+stem+cells+require+functional+Pax6.">The proliferation and expansion of retinal stem cells require functional Pax6.</a> Dev Biol. 304, 713-721 (2007).</li><li>Canola, K., Ang&#233;nieux, B., Tekaya, M., Quiambao, A., Naash, M. I., Munier, F. L., Schorderet, D. F., Arsenijevic, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Retinal+stem+cells+transplanted+into+models+of+late+stages+of+retinitis+pigmentosa+preferentially+adopt+a+glial+or+a+retinal+ganglion+cell+fate.">Retinal stem cells transplanted into models of late stages of retinitis pigmentosa preferentially adopt a glial or a retinal ganglion cell fate.</a> Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 48 (1), 446-4454 (2007).</li><li>Canola, K., Arsenijevic, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Generation+of+cells+committed+towards+the+photoreceptor+fate+for+retinal+transplantation.">Generation of cells committed towards the photoreceptor fate for retinal transplantation.</a> Neuroreport. 18 (9), 851-855 (2007).</li><li>Djojosubroto, M. W., Arsenijevic, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Retinal+stem+cells:+promising+candidates+for+retina+transplantation.">Retinal stem cells: promising candidates for retina transplantation.</a> Cell Tissue Res. 331 (1), 347-357 (2008).</li><li>Inoue, T., Coles, B. L., Dorval, K., Bremner, R., Bessho, Y., Kageyama, R., Hino, S., Matsuoka, M., Craft, C. M., McInnes, R. R., Tremblay, F., Prusky, G. T., van der Kooy, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Maximizing+functional+photoreceptor+differentiation+from+adult+human+retinal+stem+cells.">Maximizing functional photoreceptor differentiation from adult human retinal stem cells.</a> Stem Cells. 28 (3), 489-500 (2010).</li><li>Tropepe, V., Sibilia, M., Ciruna, B. G., Rossant, J., Wagner, E. F., Kooy, D. v. a. n. d. e. r. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Distinct+neural+stem+cells+proliferate+in+response+to+EGF+and+FGF+in+the+developing+mouse+telencephalon.+Dev+Biol.">Distinct neural stem cells proliferate in response to EGF and FGF in the developing mouse telencephalon. Dev Biol.</a> , 208-201 (1999).</li><li>Coles-Takabe, B. L., Brain, I., Purpura, K. A., Karpowicz, P., Zandstra, P. W., Morshead, C. M., van der Kooy, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Don't+look:+growing+clonal+versus+nonclonal+neural+stem+cell+colonies.">Don't look: growing clonal versus nonclonal neural stem cell colonies.</a> Stem Cells. 26 (11), 2938-2944 (2008).</li></ol>

Este protocolo describe cómo aislar las células madre de la retina del epitelio ciliar del ojo con el ratón 3.1. La metodología para el aislamiento de las tiras de epitelio ciliar puede variar, sin embargo, las enzimas y la metodología para la consecución de una suspensión de una sola célula han sido optimizados en este protocolo. También es importante que las tiras de epitelio ciliar que han sido aisladas no contienen grandes cantidades de RPE o de la córnea, ya que estos parecen tener un impacto negativo en el número total de esferas que pueden ser aislados de cada ojo. Además, los medios de comunicación libres de suero que hacemos que se formuló originalmente para el cerebro neuroesferas 13, es ideal para el cultivo de la retina esferas de células madre. También hay que asegurarse de que las células no se alteran después de que se han plateado y se colocan en la incubadora para que los ámbitos de crecimiento no se agregan juntos 14. Una vez que las células madre de la retina se han formado las esferas clonal, que se puede contar para obtener un número potencial de células madre por ojo. Las esferas se pueden disociarse en células individuales y se pasaron a conocer la renovación capacidades de auto-o diferenciarse en diferentes tipos de células de la retina neural y el EPR usando diferentes combinaciones de factores de crecimiento y / o proteínas.

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		<div>
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		<thead>
		<tr>
		<th>Material Name</th>
		<th>Type</th>
		<th>Company</th>
		<th>Catalogue Number</th>
		<th>Comment</th>
		</tr>
		</thead>
		<tbody>
		
<tr>
<td>Stemi 2000 Microscope</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Zeiss</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Cold Light Source</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Zeiss</td>
<td>KL1500 </td>
<td>dual arm optic light</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Curved Mini Vannas scissors</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>FST</td>
<td>15000-10</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Angled Vannas scissors</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>FST</td>
<td>15005-08</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>#7 Dumont forceps</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>FST</td>
<td>11272-30</td>
<td>non-serrated</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>#5 Dumont forceps</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>FST</td>
<td>11251-10</td>
<td>straight</td>
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<tr>
<td>Fine forceps</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>FST</td>
<td>11051-10</td>
<td>serrated curved</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>#3 Scalpel handle</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Almedic</td>
<td>2586-M36-10</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
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<td>#10 Scalpel blades</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Almedic</td>
<td>2580-M90-10</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Hot Bead Sterilizer</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>FST</td>
<td>18000-45</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Dispase</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>VWR/BD </td>
<td>CACB354235</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Trypsin</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>T1005</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Hyaluronidase</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>H6254</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Kynurenic Acid</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>K3375</td>
<td>1000 IU</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Trypsin Inhibitor</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Roche</td>
<td>10109878001</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>35 mm dishes</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>VWR/Nunc</td>
<td>CA354235</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>24-well plate</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>VWR/Nunc</td>
<td>CA73521-004</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Cotton-plugged pipettes</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>VWR</td>
<td>14672-400</td>
<td>fire-polish</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>14 mL Tubes</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Falcon</td>
<td>352057</td>
<td>Polystyrene</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Serum-free Media</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Ref# 13 for formulation</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>FGF2</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>F0291</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Heparin</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>H3149</td>
<td>100 IU</td>
</tr>		</tbody>
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isolation of retinal stem cells from the mouse eye

La célula madre de la retina de ratones adultos (RSC) es una célula poco de reposo se encuentran en el epitelio ciliar (CE) del ojo de los mamíferos 1,2,3. La CE está compuesto por no pigmentados capas de células pigmentadas interior y exterior, y las colonias clonal RSC que surgen de una sola célula pigmentada de la CE se compone de dos células pigmentadas y no pigmentadas que se pueden diferenciar para formar todos los tipos de células de la retina neural y el EPR. Existe cierta controversia sobre si todas las células dentro de las esferas contienen al menos algo de pigmento 4, pero las células son todavía capaces de formar los tipos de células diferentes que se encuentran dentro de la retina neural 1-3. En algunas especies, como los anfibios y los peces, sus ojos son capaces de regenerarse después de una lesión 5, sin embargo, el ojo de los mamíferos no muestra propiedades regenerativas tales. Tratamos de identificar las células madre in vivo y para comprender los mecanismos que impiden que las células madre de la retina de mamíferos en reposo 6-8, incluso después de la lesión, así como su uso como una fuente potencial de células para ayudar a reparar los modelos físicos o genéticos de la lesión en el ojo a través del trasplante 9-12. Aquí se describe cómo aislar las células epiteliales ciliar del ojo del ratón y hacer crecer en cultivo con el fin de formar la retina esferas clonal de células madre. Dado que no existen marcadores conocidos de las células madre in vivo, estos ámbitos son la única forma conocida para identificar de manera prospectiva la población de células madre en el epitelio ciliar del ojo.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation of Retinal Stem Cells from the Mouse Eye at JoVE.com

Isolation of Retinal Stem Cells from the Mouse Eye

En este video, vamos a demostrar cómo aislar las células madre de la retina del epitelio ciliar del ojo del ratón y hacer crecer en cultivo de forma clonal esferas de retina. Las esferas que se encuentran aisladas poseen las propiedades cardinales de las células madre: la auto-renovación y multipotencialidad.

Aislamiento de células madre de la retina del ojo del ratón

The adult mouse retinal stem cell (RSC) is a rare quiescent cell found within the ciliary epithelium (CE) of the mammalian eye1,2,3. The CE is made up of ...

isolation-of-retinal-stem-cells-from-the-mouse-eye

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

24.7K vistas.  University of Toronto. En este video, vamos a demostrar cómo aislar las células madre de la retina del epitelio ciliar del ojo del ratón y hacer crecer en cultivo de forma clonal esferas de retina. Las esferas que se encuentran aisladas poseen las propiedades cardinales de las células madre: la auto-renovación y multipotencialidad.

Video: Isolation of Retinal Stem Cells from the Mouse Eye

Isolation and Analysis of Hematopoietic Stem Cells from the Placenta

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) have the ability to self-renew and generate all cell types of the blood lineages throughout the lifetime of an individual. All HSCs emerge during embryonic development, after which their pool size is maintained by self-renewing cell divisions. Identifying the anatomical origin of HSCs and the critical developmental events regulating the process of HSC development has been complicated as many anatomical sites participate during fetal hematopoiesis. Recently, we identified the placenta as a major hematopoietic organ where HSCs are generated and expanded in unique microenvironmental niches (Gekas, et al 2005, Rhodes, et al 2008). Consequently, the placenta is an important source of HSCs during their emergence and initial expansion.
In this article, we show dissection techniques for the isolation of murine placenta from E10.5 and E12.5 embryos, corresponding to the developmental stages of initiation of HSCs and the peak in the size of the HSC pool in the placenta, respectively. In addition, we present an optimized protocol for enzymatic and mechanical dissociation of placental tissue into single-cell suspension for use in flow cytometry or functional assays. We have found that use of collagenase for single-cell suspension of placenta gives sufficient yields of HSCs. An important factor affecting HSC yield from the placenta is the degree of mechanical dissociation prior to, and duration of, enzymatic treatment.
We also provide a protocol for the preparation of fixed-frozen placental tissue sections for the visualization of developing HSCs by immunohistochemistry in their precise cellular niches. As hematopoietic specific antigens are not preserved during preparation of paraffin embedded sections, we routinely use fixed frozen sections for localizing placental HSCs and progenitors.

We have identified the placenta as a major hematopoietic organ during development. We found that hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are both generated and expanded in the placenta in unique microenvironmental niches. Here, we describe experimental techniques required for isolation and visualization of HSCs in the mouse placenta.

Aislamiento y análisis de las células madre hematopoyéticas de la placenta

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) have the ability to self-renew and generate all cell types of the blood lineages throughout the lifetime of an individual. ...

Investigación

Biología

Isolation of Mouse Salivary Gland Stem Cells

Mature salivary glands of both human and mouse origin comprise a minimum of five cell types, each of which facilitates the production and excretion of saliva into the oral cavity. Serous and mucous acinar cells are the protein and mucous producing factories of the gland respectively, and represent the origin of saliva production. Once synthesised, the various enzymatic and other proteinaceous components of saliva are secreted through a series of ductal cells bearing epithelial-type morphology, until the eventual expulsion of the saliva through one major duct into the cavity of the mouth. The composition of saliva is also modified by the ductal cells during this process.
In the manifestation of diseases such as Sj&ouml;gren's syndrome, and in some clinical situations such as radiotherapy treatment for head and neck cancers, saliva production by the glands is dramatically reduced 1,2. The resulting xerostomia, a subjective feeling of dry mouth, affects not only the ability of the patient to swallow and speak, but also encourages the development of dental caries and can be socially debilitating for the sufferer.
The restoration of saliva production in the above-mentioned clinical conditions therefore represents an unmet clinical need, and as such several studies have demonstrated the regenerative capacity of the salivary glands 3-5. Further to the isolation of stem cell-like populations of cells from various tissues within the mouse and human bodies 6-8, we have shown using the described method that stem cells isolated from mouse salivary glands can be used to rescue saliva production in irradiated salivary glands 9,10. This discovery paves the way for the development of stem cell-based therapies for the treatment of xerostomic conditions in humans, and also for the exploration of the salivary gland as a microenvironment containing cells with multipotent self-renewing capabilities.

An optimized protocol for the isolation of stem cells from the mouse salivary gland is described. The method employs enzymatic and mechanical digestion, and permits isolation of salispheres containing cells with characteristics of stem cells.

Aislamiento de células de la glándula salival del ratón madre

Mature salivary glands of both human and mouse origin comprise a minimum of five cell types, each of which facilitates the production and excretion of ...

Generation of Mice Derived from Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

The production of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from somatic cells provides a means to create valuable tools for basic research and may also produce a source of patient-matched cells for regenerative therapies. iPSCs may be generated using multiple protocols and derived from multiple cell sources. Once generated, iPSCs are tested using a variety of assays including immunostaining for pluripotency markers, generation of three germ layers in embryoid bodies and teratomas, comparisons of gene expression with embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and production of chimeric mice with or without germline contribution2. Importantly, iPSC lines that pass these tests still vary in their capacity to produce different differentiated cell types2. This has made it difficult to establish which iPSC derivation protocols, donor cell sources or selection methods are most useful for different applications.
The most stringent test of whether a stem cell line has sufficient developmental potential to generate all tissues required for survival of an organism (termed full pluripotency) is tetraploid embryo complementation (TEC)3-5. Technically, TEC involves electrofusion of two-cell embryos to generate tetraploid (4n) one-cell embryos that can be cultured in vitro to the blastocyst stage6. Diploid (2n) pluripotent stem cells (e.g. ESCs or iPSCs) are then injected into the blastocoel cavity of the tetraploid blastocyst and transferred to a recipient female for gestation (see Figure 1). The tetraploid component of the complemented embryo contributes almost exclusively to the extraembryonic tissues (placenta, yolk sac), whereas the diploid cells constitute the embryo proper, resulting in a fetus derived entirely from the injected stem cell line.
Recently, we reported the derivation of iPSC lines that reproducibly generate adult mice via TEC1. These iPSC lines give rise to viable pups with efficiencies of 5-13%, which is comparable to ESCs3,4,7 and higher than that reported for most other iPSC lines8-12. These reports show that direct reprogramming can produce fully pluripotent iPSCs that match ESCs in their developmental potential and efficiency of generating pups in TEC tests. At present, it is not clear what distinguishes between fully pluripotent iPSCs and less potent lines13-15. Nor is it clear which reprogramming methods will produce these lines with the highest efficiency. Here we describe one method that produces fully pluripotent iPSCs and "all- iPSC" mice, which may be helpful for investigators wishing to compare the pluripotency of iPSC lines or establish the equivalence of different reprogramming methods.

Generating induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines produces lines of differing developmental potential even when they pass standard tests for pluripotency. Here we describe a protocol to produce mice derived entirely from iPSCs, which defines the iPSC lines as possessing full pluripotency1.

Generación de ratones derivados de células madre pluripotentes inducidas

The production of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from somatic cells provides a means to create valuable tools for basic research and may also ...

Isolation and Culture of Dental Epithelial Stem Cells from the Adult Mouse Incisor

Understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms that underlie tooth regeneration and renewal has become a topic of great interest1-4, and the mouse incisor provides a model for these processes. This remarkable organ grows continuously throughout the animal&#39;s life and generates all the necessary cell types from active pools of adult stem cells housed in the labial (toward the lip) and lingual (toward the tongue) cervical loop (CL) regions. Only the dental stem cells from the labial CL give rise to ameloblasts that generate enamel, the outer covering of teeth, on the labial surface. This asymmetric enamel formation allows abrasion at the incisor tip, and progenitors and stem cells in the proximal incisor ensure that the dental tissues are constantly replenished. The ability to isolate and grow these progenitor or stem cells in vitro allows their expansion and opens doors to numerous experiments not achievable in vivo, such as high throughput testing of potential stem cell regulatory factors. Here, we describe and demonstrate a reliable and consistent method to culture cells from the labial CL of the mouse incisor.

The continuously growing mouse incisor provides a model for studying renewal of dental tissues from dental epithelial stem cells (DESCs). A robust system for consistently and reliably obtaining these cells from the incisor and expanding them in vitro is reported here.

Aislamiento y cultivo de células madre epiteliales dental del adulto Ratón Incisivo

Understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms that underlie tooth regeneration and renewal has become a topic of great interest1-4, and the mouse ...

Trans-inner Cell Mass Injection of Embryonic Stem Cells Leads to Higher Chimerism Rates

In an effort to increase efficiency in the creation of genetically modified mice via ES Cell methodologies, we present an adaptation to the current blastocyst injection protocol. Here we report that a simple rotation of the embryo, and injection through Trans-Inner cell mass (TICM) increased the percentage of chimeric mice from 31% to 50%, with no additional equipment or further specialized training. 26 different inbred clones, and 35 total clones were injected over a period of 9 months. There was no significant difference in either pregnancy rate or recovery rate of embryos between traditional injection techniques and TICM. Therefore, without any major alteration in the injection process and a simple positioning of the blastocyst and injecting through the ICM, releasing the ES cells into the blastocoel cavity can potentially improve the quantity of chimeric production and subsequent germline transmission.

Here we present a protocol to increase chimera production without the use of new equipment. A simple orientation change of the embryo for injection can increase the number of embryos produced, and potentially reduce the timeline to germline transmission.

Trans-interno celular masiva inyección de células madre embrionarias conduce a mayores tasas de quimerismo

In an effort to increase efficiency in the creation of genetically modified mice via ES Cell methodologies, we present an adaptation to the current ...

Primary Cell Cultures from the Mouse Retinal Pigment Epithelium

The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is a highly polarized multi-functional epithelium that is located between the neural retina and the choroid of the eye. It is a single sheet of pigmented cells that are hexagonally packed and connected by tight junctions. The main functions of the RPE include absorption of light, phagocytosis of the shed photoreceptor outer segments, spatial buffering of ions, transport of nutrients, ions and water as well as active involvement in the visual cycle. With such important and diverse functions, it is critically important to study the biology of RPE cells. A number of RPE cell lines have been established; however, passaged and immortalized cells are known to quickly lose some of the morphological and physiological characteristics of natural RPE cells. Thus, primary cells are more suitable for studying different aspects of RPE cell biology and function. Mouse primary RPE cell culture is very useful to researchers since mouse models are widely used in biological studies, however collecting RPE cells from mouse is also very challenging due to their small size. Here, we present a protocol for establishing primary mouse RPE cell cultures which includes enucleation and dissection of the eyes and isolation of the RPE sheets to yield the cells for culturing. This method enables efficient cell recovery. The RPE cells obtained from two mice&#160;can reach confluency on one 12 mm polyester membrane insert pre-loaded in culture plate after one week of culture and display some of the original properties of bona fide RPE cells such as hexagonal shape and pigmentation after two weeks of culture.

The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is a multi-functional epithelium of the eye. Here we present a protocol to establish primary cell cultures derived from the murine RPE.

Cultivos celulares primarios de células del epitelio pigmentario de la retina del ratón

The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is a highly polarized multi-functional epithelium that is located between the neural retina and the choroid of the ...

Isolation, Characterization, and Differentiation of Cardiac Stem Cells from the Adult Mouse Heart

Myocardial infarction (MI) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality around the world. A major goal of regenerative medicine is to replenish the dead myocardium after MI. Although several strategies have been used to regenerate myocardium, stem cell therapy remains a major approach to replenish the dead myocardium of an MI heart. Accumulating evidence suggests the presence of resident cardiac stem cells (CSCs) in the adult heart and their endocrine and/or paracrine effects on cardiac regeneration. However, CSC isolation and their characterization and differentiation toward myocardial cells, especially cardiomyocytes, remains a technical challenge. In the present study, we provided a simple method for the isolation, characterization, and differentiation of CSCs from the adult mouse heart. Here, we describe a density gradient method for the isolation of CSCs, where the heart is digested by a 0.2% collagenase II solution. To characterize the isolated CSCs, we evaluated the expression of CSCs/cardiac markers Sca-1, NKX2-5, and GATA4, and pluripotency/stemness markers OCT4, SOX2, and Nanog. We also determined the proliferation potential of isolated CSCs by culturing them in a Petri dish and assessing the expression of the proliferation marker Ki-67. For evaluating the differentiation potential of CSCs, we selected seven- to ten-days cultured CSCs. We transferred them to a new plate with a cardiomyocyte differentiation medium. They are incubated in a cell culture incubator for 12 days, while the differentiation medium is changed every three days. The differentiated CSCs express cardiomyocyte-specific markers: actinin and troponin I. Thus, CSCs isolated with this protocol have stemness and cardiac markers, and they have a potential for proliferation and differentiation toward cardiomyocyte lineage.

The overall goal of this article is to standardize the protocol for the isolation, characterization, and differentiation of cardiac stem cells (CSCs) from the adult mouse heart. Here, we describe a density gradient centrifugation method to isolate murine CSCs and elaborated methods for CSC culture, proliferation, and differentiation into cardiomyocytes.

Aislamiento, caracterización y diferenciación de células cardiacas desde el corazón de ratón adulto

Myocardial infarction (MI) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality around the world. A major goal of regenerative medicine is to replenish the dead ...

Efficient Dissection and Culture of Primary Mouse Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells

Eye disorders affect millions of people worldwide, but the limited availability of human tissues hinders their study. Mouse models are powerful tools to understand the pathophysiology of ocular diseases because of their similarities with human anatomy and physiology. Alterations in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), including changes in morphology and function, are common features shared by many ocular disorders. However, successful isolation and culture of primary mouse RPE cells is very challenging. This paper is an updated audiovisual version of the protocol previously published by Fernandez-Godino et al. in 2016 to efficiently isolate and culture primary mouse RPE cells. This method is highly reproducible and results in robust cultures of highly polarized and pigmented RPE monolayers that can be maintained for several weeks on Transwells. This model opens new avenues for the study of the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying eye diseases. Moreover, it provides a platform to test therapeutic approaches that can be used to treat important eye diseases with unmet medical needs, including inherited retinal disorders and macular degenerations.

This protocol, which was originally reported by Fernandez-Godino et al. in 20161, describes a method to efficiently isolate and culture mouse RPE cells, which form a functional and polarized RPE monolayer within one week on Transwell plates. The procedure takes approximately 3 hours.

Disección eficiente y cultivo de células epiteliales de pigmento retiniano de ratón primario

Eye disorders affect millions of people worldwide, but the limited availability of human tissues hinders their study. Mouse models are powerful tools to ...

Isolation of Primary Mouse Retinal Pigmented Epithelium Cells

The retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) layer lies immediately behind the photoreceptors and harbors a complex metabolic system that plays several critical roles in maintaining the photoreceptors' function. Thus, the RPE structure and function are essential to sustain normal vision. This manuscript presents an established protocol for primary mouse RPE cell isolation. RPE isolation is a great tool to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying RPE pathology in the different mouse models of ocular disorders. Furthermore, RPE isolation can help in comparing primary mouse RPE cells isolated from wild-type and genetically modified mice, as well as testing drugs that can accelerate the development of therapy for visual disorders. The manuscript presents a step-by-step RPE isolation protocol; the entire procedure, from enucleation to seeding, takes approximately 4 hours. The media shouldn't be changed for 5-7 days after seeding, to allow the growth of the isolated cells without disturbance. This process is followed by the characterization of morphology, pigmentation, and specific markers in the cells via immunofluorescence. Cells can be passaged a maximum of three or four times.

This manuscript describes a simplified protocol for the isolation of retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) cells from mouse eyes in a stepwise manner. The protocol includes the enucleation and dissection of mouse eyes, followed by the isolation, seeding, and culturing of RPE cells.

Aislamiento de células primarias del epitelio pigmentado de la retina del ratón

The retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) layer lies immediately behind the photoreceptors and harbors a complex metabolic system that plays several critical ...

Efficient and Consistent Generation of Retinal Pigment Epithelium/Choroid Flatmounts from Human Eyes for Histological Analysis

The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and retina are functionally and structurally connected tissues that work together to regulate light perception and vision. Proteins on the RPE apical surface are tightly associated with proteins on the photoreceptor outer segment surface, making it difficult to consistently separate the RPE from the photoreceptors/retina. We developed a method to efficiently separate the retina from the RPE of human eyes to generate complete RPE/choroid and retina flatmounts for separate cellular analysis of the photoreceptors and RPE cells. An intravitreal injection of a high-osmolarity solution of D-mannitol, a sugar not transported by the RPE, induced the separation of the RPE and retina across the entire posterior chamber without causing damage to the RPE cell junctions. No RPE patches were observed attached to the retina. Phalloidin labeling of actin showed RPE shape preservation and allowed morphometric analysis of the entire epithelium. An artificial intelligence (AI)-based software was developed to accurately recognize and segment the RPE cell borders and quantify 30 different shape metrics. This dissection method is highly reproducible and can be easily extended to other animal models.

We describe a method to efficiently separate retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) from the retina in human eyes and generate whole RPE/choroid flatmounts for histological and morphometric analyses of the RPE.

Generación eficiente y consistente de epitelio pigmentario retiniano/cordoides de montaje plano a partir de ojos humanos para análisis histológico

The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and retina are functionally and structurally connected tissues that work together to regulate light perception and ...