Name: development of a unilaterally-lesioned 6-ohda mouse model of parkinson's disease
Uploaded: 2012-02-14T12:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Development of a Unilaterally-lesioned 6-OHDA Mouse Model of Parkinson's Disease at JoVE.com

This work was supported by the Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade (Government of Canada), University of Toronto Connaught Fund, the Canadian Foundation for Innovation, NSERC, the Krembil Foundation and the Cure Parkinson&#x2019;s Trust.

1. Housing and preparation of mice
<ol>
	<li>Maintain a colony of bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) driven transgenic mice8 (Mutant Mouse Regional Resource Center (MMRRC) FVB in a 12:12 h light-dark cycle with free access to food and water. These mice are pure FVB mice, and it is not necessary to cross these mice with any other strain, either for breeding purposes, or to ensure success of the 6-OHDA lesion procedure.</li>
	<li>In order to generate a parkinsonian model, adult mice aged postnatal day 31-42...

<ol>
	<li>Costall, B., Naylor, R. J., Pycock, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Non-specific+supersensitivity+of+striatal+dopamine+receptors+after+6-hydroxydopamine+lesion+of+the+nigrostriatal+pathway.">Non-specific supersensitivity of striatal dopamine receptors after 6-hydroxydopamine lesion of the nigrostriatal pathway.</a> Eur. J. Pharmacol. 35, 276-283 (1976).</li><li>Maneuf, Y. P., Mitchell, I. J., Crossman, A. R., Brotchie, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=On+the+role+of+enkephalin+cotransmission+in+the+GABAergic+striatal+efferents+to+the+globus+pallidus.">On the role of enkephalin cotransmission in the GABAergic striatal efferents to the globus pallidus.</a> Exp. Neurol. 125, 65-71 (1994).</li><li>Robertson, G. S., Robertson, H. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evidence+that+L-dopa-induced+rotational+behavior+is+dependent+on+both+striatal+and+nigral+mechanisms.">Evidence that L-dopa-induced rotational behavior is dependent on both striatal and nigral mechanisms.</a> J. Neurosci. 9, 3326-3331 (1989).</li><li>Ungerstedt, U., Arbuthnott, G. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitative+recording+of+rotational+behavior+in+rats+after+6-hydroxy-dopamine+lesions+of+the+nigrostriatal+dopamine+system.">Quantitative recording of rotational behavior in rats after 6-hydroxy-dopamine lesions of the nigrostriatal dopamine system.</a> Brain Res. 24, 485-493 (1970).</li><li>Brotchie, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Novel+approaches+to+the+symptomatic+treatment+of+parkinsonian+syndromes:+alternatives+and+adjuncts+to+dopamine-replacement.">Novel approaches to the symptomatic treatment of parkinsonian syndromes: alternatives and adjuncts to dopamine-replacement.</a> Curr. Opin. Neurol. 10, 340-345 (1997).</li><li>Besson, M. J., Graybiel, A. M., Nastuk, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=[3H]SCH+23390+binding+to+D1+dopamine+receptors+in+the+basal+ganglia+of+the+cat+and+primate:+delineation+of+striosomal+compartments+and+pallidal+and+nigral+subdivisions.">[3H]SCH 23390 binding to D1 dopamine receptors in the basal ganglia of the cat and primate: delineation of striosomal compartments and pallidal and nigral subdivisions.</a> Neuroscience. 26, 101-119 (1988).</li><li>Gerfen, C. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=D1+and+D2+dopamine+receptor-regulated+gene+expression+of+striatonigral+and+striatopallidal+neurons.">D1 and D2 dopamine receptor-regulated gene expression of striatonigral and striatopallidal neurons.</a> Science. 250, 1429-1432 (1990).</li><li>Schiffmann, S. N., Jacobs, O., Vanderhaeghen, J. 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B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gamma-aminobutyric+acid+and+benzodiazepine+receptor+changes+induced+by+unilateral+6-hydroxydopamine+lesions+of+the+medial+forebrain+bundle.">Gamma-aminobutyric acid and benzodiazepine receptor changes induced by unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of the medial forebrain bundle.</a> J. Neurochem. 45, 1396-1404 (1985).</li><li>Pan, H. S., Walters, J. 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A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+model+of+L-DOPA-induced+dyskinesia+in+6-hydroxydopamine+lesioned+mice:+relation+to+motor+and+cellular+parameters+of+nigrostriatal+function.">A model of L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia in 6-hydroxydopamine lesioned mice: relation to motor and cellular parameters of nigrostriatal function.</a> Neurobiol. Dis. 16, 110-123 (2004).</li><li>Grealish, S., Mattsson, B., Draxler, P., Bjorklund, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterisation+of+behavioural+and+neurodegenerative+changes+induced+by+intranigral+6-hydroxydopamine+lesions+in+a+mouse+model+of+Parkinson's+disease.">Characterisation of behavioural and neurodegenerative changes induced by intranigral 6-hydroxydopamine lesions in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease.</a> Eur. J. Neurosci. 31, 2266-2278 (2010).</li><li>Dauer, W., Przedborski, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Parkinson's+disease:+mechanisms+and+models.">Parkinson's disease: mechanisms and models.</a> Neuron. 39, 889-909 (2003).</li><li>Francardo, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Impact+of+the+lesion+procedure+on+the+profiles+of+motor+impairment+and+molecular+responsiveness+to+L-DOPA+in+the+6-hydroxydopamine+mouse+model+of+Parkinson's+disease.">Impact of the lesion procedure on the profiles of motor impairment and molecular responsiveness to L-DOPA in the 6-hydroxydopamine mouse model of Parkinson's disease.</a> Neurobiol. Dis. 42, 327-340 (2011).</li><li>Jakowec, M. W., Petzinger, G. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-lesioned+model+of+parkinson's+disease,+with+emphasis+on+mice+and+nonhuman+primates.">1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-lesioned model of parkinson's disease, with emphasis on mice and nonhuman primates.</a> Comp. Med. 54, 497-513 (2004).</li><li>Visanji, N. P., Brotchie, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=MPTP-Induced+Models+of+Parkinson's+Disease+in+Mice+and+Non-Human+Primates.">MPTP-Induced Models of Parkinson's Disease in Mice and Non-Human Primates.</a> Curr. Protoc. Pharmacol. Chapter 5, 42-42 (2005).</li><li>Sedelis, M., Schwarting, R. K., Huston, J. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Behavioral+phenotyping+of+the+MPTP+mouse+model+of+Parkinson's+disease.">Behavioral phenotyping of the MPTP mouse model of Parkinson's disease.</a> Behav. Brain Res. 125, 109-125 (2001).</li><li>Schallert, T., Fleming, S. M., Leasure, J. L., Tillerson, J. L., Bland, S. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=CNS+plasticity+and+assessment+of+forelimb+sensorimotor+outcome+in+unilateral+rat+models+of+stroke,+cortical+ablation,+parkinsonism+and+spinal+cord+injury.">CNS plasticity and assessment of forelimb sensorimotor outcome in unilateral rat models of stroke, cortical ablation, parkinsonism and spinal cord injury.</a> Neuropharmacology. 39, 777-787 (2000).</li><li>Paul, M. L., Currie, R. W., Robertson, H. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Priming+of+a+D1+dopamine+receptor+behavioural+response+is+dissociated+from+striatal+immediate-early+gene+activity.">Priming of a D1 dopamine receptor behavioural response is dissociated from striatal immediate-early gene activity.</a> Neuroscience. 66, 347-359 (1995).</li><li>Breese, G. R., Traylor, T. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+6-hydroxydopamine+on+brain+norepinephrine+and+dopamine+evidence+for+selective+degeneration+of+catecholamine+neurons.">Effect of 6-hydroxydopamine on brain norepinephrine and dopamine evidence for selective degeneration of catecholamine neurons.</a> J. Pharmacol Exp. Ther. 174, 413-420 (1970).</li><li>Breese, G. R., Chase, T. N., Kopin, I. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Metabolism+of+tyramine-3H+and+octopamine-3H+by+rat+brain.">Metabolism of tyramine-3H and octopamine-3H by rat brain.</a> Biochem. Pharmacol. 18, 863-869 (1969).</li><li>Frankin, K. B. J., Paxinos, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> The Mouse Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates. , (2008).</li><li>Cornell-Bell, A. H., Finkbeiner, S. M., Cooper, M. S., Smith, S. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Glutamate+induces+calcium+waves+in+cultured+astrocytes:+long-range+glial+signaling.">Glutamate induces calcium waves in cultured astrocytes: long-range glial signaling.</a> Science. 247, 470-473 (1990).</li><li>Iancu, R., Mohapel, P., Brundin, P., Paul, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Behavioral+characterization+of+a+unilateral+6-OHDA-lesion+model+of+Parkinson's+disease+in+mice.">Behavioral characterization of a unilateral 6-OHDA-lesion model of Parkinson's disease in mice.</a> Behav. Brain Res. 162, 1-10 (2005).</li><li>Tan, Y., Williams, E. A., Lancia, A. J., Zahm, D. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=On+the+altered+expression+of+tyrosine+hydroxylase+and+calbindin-D+28kD+immunoreactivities+and+viability+of+neurons+in+the+ventral+tegmental+area+of+Tsai+following+injections+of+6-hydroxydopamine+in+the+medial+forebrain+bundle+in+the+rat.">On the altered expression of tyrosine hydroxylase and calbindin-D 28kD immunoreactivities and viability of neurons in the ventral tegmental area of Tsai following injections of 6-hydroxydopamine in the medial forebrain bundle in the rat.</a> Brain Res. 869, 56-68 (2000).</li><li>Thiele, S. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Generation+of+a+model+of+L-DOPA-induced+dyskinesia+in+two+different+mouse+strains.">Generation of a model of L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia in two different mouse strains.</a> J. Neurosci. 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This protocol describes a method for the generation of a stable unilateral 6-OHDA-lesioned mouse model of Parkinson's disease, which is extremely reproducible, with a high lesion success rate, and a low mortality rate. The success of 6-OHDA lesion surgery can be easily estimated by the measurement of spontaneous rotational behaviour with &gt;70% ipsiversive rotations indicative of &gt;95% dopamine depletion in the lesioned striatum27. Quantification of striatal dopamine levels is the most accurate measurement ...

<table border="1" >
<tbody>
 <tr >
 <td>Name of the reagent</td>
 <td>Company</td>
 <td>Catalogue number</td>
 <td>Comments (optional)</td>
 </tr>
 <tr >
 <td>desipramine HCl </td>
 <td>Sigma-Aldrich, Oakville, ON, Canada</td>
 <td>D125</td>
 <td>25mg/kg</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>pargyline HCl </td>
 <td>Sigma-Aldrich, Oakville, ON, Canada</td>
 <td>P8013</td>
 <td>5mg/kg</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>6-OHDA HBr </td>
 <td>Sigma-Aldrich, Oakville, ON, Canada</td>
 <td>H116</td>
 <td>3mg / mouse</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>stereotaxic Frame </td>
 <td>Kopf Instruments, Tujunga, CA, USA</td>
 <td>Model 900</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>mouse ear cups </td>
 <td>Kopf Instruments, Tujunga, CA, USA</td>
 <td>Model 921 Zygoma Ear Cups</td>
 <td>&nbsp;
 </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>mouse incisor bar </td>
 <td>Kopf Instruments, Tujunga, CA, USA</td>
 <td>Model 923B</td>
 <td>&nbsp;
 </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>mouse anaesthesia mask </td>
 <td>Kopf Instruments, Tujunga, CA, USA</td>
 <td>Model 923B</td>
 <td>&nbsp;
 </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>priming kit
 (containing 250ml syringe)</td>
 <td>Hamilton Company, Reno, NV, USA</td>
 <td>PRMKIT
 81120</td>
 <td>&nbsp;
 </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>RN compression fitting kit
 (1 mm) </td>
 <td>Hamilton Company, Reno, NV, USA</td>
 <td>55750-01
 &nbsp;
 </td>
 <td>&nbsp;
 </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>PEEK tubing from RN compression fitting kit<
 (1/16th inch) </td>
 <td>Hamilton Company, Reno, NV, USA</td>
 <td>55751-01</td>
 <td>&nbsp;
 </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>dual small hub RN Coupler </td>
 <td>Hamilton Company, Reno, NV, USA</td>
 <td>55752-01
 &nbsp;
 </td>
 <td>&nbsp;
 </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>luer to small hub RN adaptor</td>
 <td>Hamilton Company, Reno, NV, USA</td>
 <td>55753-01
 &nbsp;
 </td>
 <td>&nbsp;
 </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>1ml 25S syringe model 7001KH</td>
 <td>Hamilton Company, Reno, NV, USA</td>
 <td>80100 </td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>*33G removable needle (RN) pack of 6. . Custom 1 inch with 45&lt;&deg; bevel</td>
 <td>Hamilton Company, Reno, NV, USA</td>
 <td>7803-05 </td>
 <td>&nbsp;
 </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Scissors </td>
 <td>Fine Science Tools, Vancouver, BC, Canada.</td>
 <td>14084-08</td>
 <td>&nbsp;
 </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Scalpel </td>
 <td>Fine Science Tools, Vancouver, BC, Canada</td>
 <td>10003-12</td>
 <td>&nbsp;
 </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Scalpel blades </td>
 <td>Fine Science Tools, Vancouver, BC, Canada</td>
 <td>10035-20</td>
 <td>&nbsp;
 </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Forcep </td>
 <td>Fine Science Tools, Vancouver, BC, Canada</td>
 <td>11608-15</td>
 <td>&nbsp;
 </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Hemostats </td>
 <td>Fine Science Tools, Vancouver, BC, Canada.</td>
 <td>13004-14</td>
 <td>&nbsp;
 </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Isoflurane </td>
 <td>Abbot</td>
 <td>02241315</td>
 <td>2-3%</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Suters (Vicryl 4.0) </td>
 <td>Syneture</td>
 <td>SS-683</td>
 <td>&nbsp;
 </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Steriliser </td>
 <td>Fine Science Tools, Vancouver, BC, Canada</td>
 <td>18000-45</td>
 <td>&nbsp;
 </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Infusion Pump</td>
 <td>Harvard Apparatus</td>
 <td>PhD 22/2000</td>
 <td>&nbsp;
 </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Needles (27G) </td>
 <td>Becton Dickinson</td>
 <td>305109</td>
 <td>&nbsp;
 </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Needles (25G) </td>
 <td>Becton Dickinson</td>
 <td>305127</td>
 <td>&nbsp;
 </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Syringes (1ml) </td>
 <td>BD syringe</td>
 <td>309692</td>
 <td>&nbsp;
 </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Anaesthesia trolley </td>
 <td>LEI medical</td>
 <td>M2000</td>
 <td>&nbsp;
 </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Baytril</td>
 <td>CDMV, St. hyacinthe, QC </td>
 <td>102207</td>
 <td>&nbsp;
 </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Lidocaine</td>
 <td>CDMV, St. hyacinthe, QC</td>
 <td>3914</td>
 <td>&nbsp;
 </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Betadine solution</td>
 <td>CDMV, St. hyacinthe, QC</td>
 <td>19955</td>
 <td>&nbsp;
 </td>
 </tr>
</tbody>
</table>

development of a unilaterally-lesioned 6-ohda mouse model of parkinson's disease

The unilaterally lesioned 6-hyroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-lesioned rat model of Parkinson's disease (PD) has proved to be invaluable in advancing our understanding of the mechanisms underlying parkinsonian symptoms, since it recapitulates the changes in basal ganglia circuitry and pharmacology observed in parkinsonian patients1-4. However, the precise cellular and molecular changes occurring at cortico-striatal synapses of the output pathways within the striatum, which is the major input region of the basal ganglia remain elusive, and this is believed to be site where pathological abnormalities underlying parkinsonian symptoms arise3,5.
In PD, understanding the mechanisms underlying changes in basal ganglia circuitry following degeneration of the nigro-striatal pathway has been greatly advanced by the development of bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) mice over-expressing green fluorescent proteins driven by promoters specific for the two striatal output pathways (direct pathway: eGFP-D1; indirect pathway: eGFP-D2 and eGFP-A2a)8, allowing them to be studied in isolation. For example, recent studies have suggested that there are pathological changes in synaptic plasticity in parkinsonian mice9,10. However, these studies utilised juvenile mice and acute models of parkinsonism. It is unclear whether the changes described in adult rats with stable 6-OHDA lesions also occur in these models. Other groups have attempted to generate a stable unilaterally-lesioned 6-OHDA adult mouse model of PD by lesioning the medial forebrain bundle (MFB), unfortunately, the mortality rate in this study was extremely high, with only 14% surviving the surgery for 21 days or longer11. More recent studies have generated intra-nigral lesions with both a low mortality rate &gt;80% loss of dopaminergic neurons, however expression of L-DOPA induced dyskinesia11,12,13,14 was variable in these studies. Another well established mouse model of PD is the MPTP-lesioned mouse15. Whilst this model has proven useful in the assessment of potential neuroprotective agents16, it is less suitable for understanding mechanisms underlying symptoms of PD, as this model often fails to induce motor deficits, and shows a wide variability in the extent of lesion17, 18.
Here we have developed a stable unilateral 6-OHDA-lesioned mouse model of PD by direct administration of 6-OHDA into the MFB, which consistently causes &gt;95% loss of striatal dopamine (as measured by HPLC), as well as producing the behavioural imbalances observed in the well characterised unilateral 6-OHDA-lesioned rat model of PD. This newly developed mouse model of PD will prove a valuable tool in understanding the mechanisms underlying generation of parkinsonian symptoms.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Development of a Unilaterally-lesioned 6-OHDA Mouse Model of Parkinson's Disease at JoVE.com

Development of a Unilaterally-lesioned 6-OHDA Mouse Model of Parkinson's Disease

A protocol for performing unilateral 6-OHDA lesions of the medial forebrain bundle in mice is described. This method has a low mortality rate (13.3 %) with 89% of the surviving animals showing &#62;95% loss of striatal dopamine and 90.63&#177;-4.02 % ipsiversive rotational bias towards the side of the lesion.

The unilaterally lesioned 6-hyroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-lesioned rat model of Parkinson's disease (PD) has proved to be invaluable in advancing our ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

MALDI Imaging Mass Spectrometry of Neuropeptides in Parkinson's Disease

MALDI imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) is a powerful approach that facilitates the spatial analysis of molecular species in biological tissue samples2 ...

Skin Punch Biopsy Explant Culture for Derivation of Primary Human Fibroblasts

Tissues and cell lines derived from an individual with disease are ideal sources to study disease-related cellular phenotypes. Patient-derived fibroblasts ...

The Use of Primary Human Fibroblasts for Monitoring Mitochondrial Phenotypes in the Field of Parkinson's Disease

Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most  common movement disorder and affects 1% of people over the age of 60 1. Because ageing is  the most important ...

A Simple Method of Mouse Lung Intubation

A  simple procedure to intubate mice for pulmonary function measurements would  have several advantages in longitudinal studies with limited numbers or  ...

Gene-environment Interaction Models to Unmask Susceptibility Mechanisms in Parkinson's Disease

Lipoxygenase (LOX) activity has been implicated in neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer&#39;s disease, but its effects in Parkinson&#39;s disease ...

Controlling Parkinson's Disease With Adaptive Deep Brain Stimulation

Adaptive deep brain stimulation (aDBS) has the potential to improve the treatment of Parkinson&#39;s disease by optimizing stimulation in real time ...

Establishment and Characterization of UTI and CAUTI in a Mouse Model

Urinary tract infections (UTI) are highly prevalent, a significant cause of morbidity and are increasingly resistant to treatment with antibiotics. ...

A Quick Phenotypic Neurological Scoring System for Evaluating Disease Progression in the SOD1-G93A Mouse Model of ALS

The SOD1-G93A transgenic mouse is the most widely used animal model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). At ALS TDI we developed a phenotypic screening ...

A Neonatal Mouse Spinal Cord Compression Injury Model

Spinal cord injury (SCI) typically causes devastating neurological deficits, particularly through damage to fibers descending from the brain to the spinal ...

Development of an Alpha-synuclein Based Rat Model for Parkinson's Disease via Stereotactic Injection of a Recombinant Adeno-associated Viral Vector

In order to study the molecular pathways of Parkinson&#39;s disease (PD) and to develop novel therapeutic strategies, scientific investigators rely on ...