Die Autoren bedanken sich bei Mauna Kea Technologies für technische Unterstützung danken. Die Autoren danken Shelly Hsiao für technische Hilfe und Kathleen E. Mach für kritische Bewertung. Diese Arbeit wurde zum Teil durch NIH R01CA160986 um JCL unterstützt

Ein. Vorbereitung des Patienten <ol><li> Consent Patienten für diagnostische Zystoskopie und andere endourologischen Verfahren wie die transurethrale Resektion der Blase Tumor (TURBT) für CLE geplant. Fügen Sie in der Zustimmung eine Beschreibung der Verwendung von intravesikale und / oder intravenöse Fluorescein als Kontrastmittel. Erkundigen Geschichte der Überempfindlichkeitsreaktion auf Fluorescein. </li><li> Der Patient wird für die Zystoskopie (typischerweise in Steinschnittlage) positioniert und vorbereitet in einem sterilen Mode. </li><li> Fahren Sie mit dem Standard-Weißlicht-Zystoskopie (WLC) mit einem starren oder flexiblen Zystoskop durch die Harnröhre. </li><li> Umfrage alle Regionen der Blase unter weißem Licht (Abbildung 1), und notieren Sie Regionen von Interesse für die CLE Untersuchung. </li><li> Neben WLC kann die Blase mit anderen makroskopischen optischen Bildgebungsverfahren einschließlich Fluoreszenz Zystoskopie (2A) oder Schmalband Bildgebung (2B) zu id abzubildendenentify weitere Bereiche der Verdacht durch Charakterisierung mit CLE gefolgt. </li><li> Verwenden eine Elektrode oder Kauterisierung Resektionsschlinge einen kleinen Kauter Markierung an der interessierenden Bereiche, die sowohl bebildert und für pathologische Bestätigung biopsiert platzieren. Der Kauter mark ermöglicht Re-Lokalisierung für nachfolgende CLE Bildgebung und Biopsie. </li></ol> 2. Kontrastmittel <ol><li> Intravesikale Instillation des Kontrastmittels <ol><li> Planen durch Verdünnen klinischer Qualität 10% Fluorescein-Natrium in steriler physiologischer Kochsalzlösung (0,9% NaCl) auf die gewünschte Konzentration. Beispielsweise vorzubereiten 400 ml 0,1% Fluorescein durch Verdünnen von 4 ml 10% Fluorescein in 396 ml physiologischer Kochsalzlösung. </li><li> Eine sterile Harnkatheters in die Blase und instill verdünnten Kontrastmittels durch Schwerkraft mit einer 60 ml Spritze Katheterspitze. </li><li> Klemmen Sie den Blasenkatheter, um Kontrastmittel innewohnenden für 5 min zu halten. </li><li> Lassen Sie Kontrastmittel aus der Blase. Verwenden Sie die 60 ml ca.theter-Spitze Spritze zu waschen Restkontrast aus der Blase mit physiologischer Kochsalzlösung, ca. 240-300 ml. </li><li> Fahren Sie mit CLE Bildgebung. </li></ol></li><li> Intravenöse Injektion von Fluorescein <ol><li> Zeichnen Sie 1,0 ml Fluorescein in die Spritze. Spritze zu befestigen intravenösen Zugang und injizieren 0,5 - 1,0 ml des Fluoresceins intravenös als Bolus. Spülleitung mit physiologischer Kochsalzlösung. Dies wird typischerweise durch die Anästhesieteam im Operationssaal erfolgen. </li><li> Fahren Sie mit CLE Bildgebung. </li></ol></li></ol> 3. CLE Imaging <ol><li> Entfernen Sie die sterilisiert CLE-Sonde (Cellvizio) aus der Verpackung und verbinden Sie es mit dem Laser-Scanning-Einheit (Mauna Kea Technologies, Paris, Frankreich) </li><li> Warm up und Kalibrierung des bildgebenden Sonde, indem Sie die Anweisungen des Herstellers. </li><li> Setzen Sie den Zystoskop oder Resektoskop in die Blase. Verwenden Sie eine 0-Grad-Objektiv mit dem starren Zystoskop. </li><li> Schieben Sie den CLE-Sonde entlang der WOrking des Zystoskops mit der Spitze direkt hinter dem Zystoskop. </li><li> Unter weißem Licht, suchen Sie die zuvor markierten Regionen von Interesse. Verwenden zusätzlicher physiologischer Kochsalzlösung Bewässerung zur Visualisierung der Schleimhaut erforderlich und aufrechtzuerhalten moderaten Distension der Blase. </li><li> Manipulieren CLE-Sonde mit der Hand des Bedieners für direkte en face Kontakt der Regionen von Interesse. Für optische Schnitte von den interessierenden Bereichen, sanft zu erhöhen und Druck auf das bildgebende Sonde unter Beibehaltung direkten Kontakt. <ol><li> Tumore an der anterioren Blase zu erreichen, kann ein Standard Albarran Brücke erleichtern Auslenkung der Bildgebungssonde für direkten Kontakt mit dem interessierenden Bereich (2C). </li></ol></li><li> Gemeinsame Regionen von Interesse sind papillären Tumor, nicht-papillären Tumor Übergang zwischen normal erscheinenden Schleimhaut und Tumor und gerötete Flecken, die alle abgebildet werden können, die entweder intravenös werdensischen oder intravenöse Fluorescein Verwaltung. Intravenöse Fluorescein ist zum Abbilden der Resektion Bett, prostatische Urethra und penile Harnröhre erforderlich. </li><li> Da die bildgebenden Sonde tastet Region von Interesse, die Aufnahme von Bildern für eine spätere Analyse. Hinweis gesamten zellulären Morphologie, Grenze, Organisation und Präsenz von Neo-Angiogenese. </li><li> Nach Abschluss der Bildgebung, entfernen CLE-Sonde von der Arbeit Kanal. </li><li> Wenn gewünscht, erhalten kalt-cup Biopsien aus entsprechenden Regionen von Interesse, die von CLE gescannt wurden. Verwenden Kauter Markierungen als Landmarken für Co-Registrierung der abgebildeten Bereiche, die biopsiert. </li><li> Füllen TURBT pro Routine. Bei Patienten, die intravenöse Fluorescein erhalten, sollten Sie kontinuierlichen Resektoskopen zur Visualisierung während der Resektion zu verbessern, wie Fluorescein wird von der Niere in die Blase ausgeschieden ca. 5 min nach intravenöser Verabreichung. </li><li> Rufen Sie gespeicherte Bild Aufnahmen von konfokalen Prozessor und Breitenwirkungct Bildanalyse. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Thiberville, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+in+vivo+fluorescence+microimaging+of+the+alveolar+ducts+and+sacs+during+bronchoscopy.">Human in vivo fluorescence microimaging of the alveolar ducts and sacs during bronchoscopy.</a> Eur. Respir. J. 33, 974-985 (2009).</li><li>Dunbar, K. B., Okolo, P., Montgomery, E., Canto, M. I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Confocal+laser+endomicroscopy+in+Barrett's+esophagus+and+endoscopically+inapparent+Barrett's+neoplasia:+a+prospective,+randomized,+double-blind,+controlled,+crossover+trial.">Confocal laser endomicroscopy in Barrett's esophagus and endoscopically inapparent Barrett's neoplasia: a prospective, randomized, double-blind, controlled, crossover trial.</a> Gastrointest. Endosc. 70, 645-654 (2009).</li><li>Buchner, A. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+probe-based+confocal+laser+endomicroscopy+with+virtual+chromoendoscopy+for+classification+of+colon+polyps.">Comparison of probe-based confocal laser endomicroscopy with virtual chromoendoscopy for classification of colon polyps.</a> Gastroenterology. 138, 834-842 (2010).</li><li>Pech, O., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Confocal+laser+endomicroscopy+for+in+vivo+diagnosis+of+early+squamous+cell+carcinoma+in+the+esophagus.">Confocal laser endomicroscopy for in vivo diagnosis of early squamous cell carcinoma in the esophagus.</a> Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 6, 89-94 (2008).</li><li>Goetz, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vivo+confocal+laser+endo+microscopy+of+the+human+liver:+a+novel+method+for+assessing+liver+microarchitecture+in+real+time.">In vivo confocal laser endo microscopy of the human liver: a novel method for assessing liver microarchitecture in real time.</a> Endoscopy. 40, 554-562 (2008).</li><li>Meining, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Detection+of+cholangiocarcinoma+in+vivo+using+miniprobe-based+confocal+fluorescence+microscopy.">Detection of cholangiocarcinoma in vivo using miniprobe-based confocal fluorescence microscopy.</a> Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 6, 1057-1060 (2008).</li><li>Wu, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dynamic+real-time+microscopy+of+the+urinary+tract+using+confocal+laser+endomicroscopy.">Dynamic real-time microscopy of the urinary tract using confocal laser endomicroscopy.</a> Urology. 78, 225-231 (2011).</li><li>Sonn, G. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optical+biopsy+of+human+bladder+neoplasia+with+in+vivo+confocal+laser+endomicroscopy.">Optical biopsy of human bladder neoplasia with in vivo confocal laser endomicroscopy.</a> J. Urol. 182, 1299-1305 (2009).</li><li>Sonn, G. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fibered+confocal+microscopy+of+bladder+tumors:+an+ex+vivo+study.">Fibered confocal microscopy of bladder tumors: an ex vivo study.</a> J. Endourol. 23, 197-201 (2009).</li><li>Adams, W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+2.6-+and+1.4-mm+imaging+probes+for+confocal+laser+endomicroscopy+of+the+urinary+tract.">Comparison of 2.6- and 1.4-mm imaging probes for confocal laser endomicroscopy of the urinary tract.</a> J. Endourol. 25, 917-921 (2011).</li><li>Wiesner, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Confocal+laser+endomicroscopy+for+the+diagnosis+of+urothelial+bladder+neoplasia:+a+technology+of+the+future?.">Confocal laser endomicroscopy for the diagnosis of urothelial bladder neoplasia: a technology of the future?.</a> BJU Int. 107, 399-403 (2011).</li><li>Wallace, M. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+safety+of+intravenous+fluorescein+for+confocal+laser+endomicroscopy+in+the+gastrointestinal+tract.">The safety of intravenous fluorescein for confocal laser endomicroscopy in the gastrointestinal tract.</a> Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 31, 548-552 (2010).</li><li>Konda, V. J. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=First+assessment+of+needle-based+confocal+laser+endomicroscopy+during+EUS-FNA+procedures+of+the+pancreas+(with+videos.">First assessment of needle-based confocal laser endomicroscopy during EUS-FNA procedures of the pancreas (with videos.</a> Gastrointest. Endosc. 74, 1049-1060 (2011).</li><li>Liu, J. -. J., Droller, M., Liao, J. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=New+Optical+Imaging+Technologies+in+Bladder+Cancer:+Considerations+and+Perspectives.">New Optical Imaging Technologies in Bladder Cancer: Considerations and Perspectives.</a> J. Urol. 188, 361-368 (2012).</li><li>Hsiung, P. -. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Detection+of+colonic+dysplasia+in+vivo+using+a+targeted+heptapeptide+and+confocal+microendoscopy.">Detection of colonic dysplasia in vivo using a targeted heptapeptide and confocal microendoscopy.</a> Nat. Med. 14, 454-458 (2008).</li></ol>

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Erreichen und Aufrechterhalten festen en face Kontakt zwischen der Sonde zur Abbildung und der Blasenschleimhaut ist der wichtigste Schritt in Erfassen optimaler Bildqualität. Es ist etwa 3-5 Patienten Lernkurve, um die Geschicklichkeit zu entwickeln, um die bildgebende Sonde zu manipulieren und zu halten die Sonde konstant während der Bildaufnahme. Darüber, wie dieses Verfahren in vivo durchgeführt wird, kann Bewegungen des Patienten (dh der Atemwege) und vaskuläre Pulsationen auf die bi...

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> Name des Reagenzes </td><td> Firma </td><td> Katalog-Nummer </td><td> Kommentare (optional) </td></tr><tr><td> Cellvizio 100 Series </td><td> Mauna Kea Technologies </td><td> 100 Series </td><td> Inklusive konfokalen Prozessor und LSU: F400-v2 bei 488 nm </td></tr><tr><td> Cellvizio Konfokale Minisonden </td><td> Mauna Kea Technologies </td><td> Gastroflex UHD </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> AK-FLUOR 10% </td><td> Akorn, Inc. </td><td> NDC 17478-253-10 </td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

probe-based confocal laser endomicroscopy of the urinary tract: the technique

Probe-basierte konfokale Laser Endomikroskopie (CLE) ist eine aufstrebende optische Imaging-Technologie, die in Echtzeit ermöglicht in vivo Mikroskopie von Schleimhäuten im Standard-Endoskopie. Mit Anwendungen, die derzeit in den Atemwegen 1 und Gastrointestinaltrakt hat 2-6 CLE auch in den Harnwegen für Blasenkrebs Diagnose untersucht. 7-10 Cellular Morphologie und Gewebe Mikroarchitektur mit Mikrometer-Skala Auflösung in Echtzeit gelöst werden, zusätzlich zu dynamische Bildgebung des normalen und pathologischen Gefäßsystem. 7 Die Sonde basierenden CLE System (Cellvizio, Mauna Kea Technologies, Frankreich) aus einem wiederverwendbaren faseroptische Sonde zur Abbildung, die mit einem 488 nm Laser-Scanning-Einheit. Das bildgebende Sonde in den Arbeitskanälen von Standard flexible und starre Endoskope eingefügt. Ein Endoskop-basierten CLE System (Optiscan, Australien), in dem der konfokale Endomikroskopie functionality auf das Endoskop integriert ist, ist auch im Magen-Darm-Trakt verwendet werden. Angesichts des größeren Umfangs Durchmesser, jedoch ist die Anwendung in den Harnwegen derzeit ex vivo Anwendung begrenzt. 11 Konfokale Bildaufnahme durch den direkten Kontakt des abbildenden Sonde mit dem Ziel-Gewebe durchgeführt und als Videosequenzen. Wie in den Gastrointestinaltrakt, erfordert Endomikroskopie der Harnwege eine exogenenous Kontrastmittel-häufigsten Fluorescein, die intravenös oder intravesikal verabreicht werden kann. Intravesikale Verabreichung ist eine gut etablierte Methode, um pharmakologische Wirkstoffe lokal einzuführen mit minimaler systemischer Toxizität, die einzigartig in der Harnwege. Fluorescein schnell Flecken, die extrazelluläre Matrix und verfügt über ein etabliertes Sicherheitsprofil. 12 Imaging-Sonden mit verschiedenen Durchmessern ermöglichen Kompatibilität mit verschiedenen Kalibers Endoskope. Bisher wurden 1,4 und 2,6 mm Sonden mit flexiblen und ri beurteiltgid Zystoskopie. 10 Aktuelle Verfügbarkeit eines &lt;1 mm Bildgebungssonde 13 eröffnet die Möglichkeit des CLE in der oberen Harnwege während Ureteroskopie. Fluoreszenz Zystoskopie (dh photodynamischen Diagnose) und Schmalband-Imaging sind zusätzliche Endoskop-basierten optischen Abbildungsmodalitäten 14, die mit CLE kombiniert werden, um multimodale Bildgebung der Harnwege erreichen kann. In der Zukunft kann CLE mit molekularem Kontrastmitteln wie fluoreszenzmarkierten Peptiden und Antikörpern für 15 Endoskopabbildungsvorrichtung von Krankheitsprozessen mit molekularem Spezifität gekoppelt sein.

CLE Bilder gespeichert werden als Video-Sequenz-Dateien Graustufen bei 12 Frames pro Sekunde. Bild Interpretation wird in Echtzeit und kann verwendet werden, um die klinische Entscheidungsfindung im Rahmen einer experimentellen Protokoll auswirken werden. Offline-Analyse, die der Überprüfung der Videosequenz, zusätzliche Bildverarbeitung wie Mosaiken, 7 und Vergleich mit Standard-Pathologie beinhaltet, die während der Lernphase Phase mit der Technologie verbunden wichtig. 1B und 1C sind Darstellungen CLE ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Probe-based Confocal Laser Endomicroscopy of the Urinary Tract: The Technique at JoVE.com

Probe-based Confocal Laser Endomicroscopy of the Urinary Tract: The Technique

Probe-basierte konfokale Laser Endomikroskopie ermöglicht Echtzeit-Mikroskopie des menschlichen Harnwege während Zystoskopie, Bereitstellung dynamischer, intravital Darstellung pathologischer Zustände wie Blasenkrebs mit zellulärer Auflösung. Endomikroskopie kann ergänzen die diagnostische Genauigkeit der Standard-Weißlicht-Endoskopie und bieten intraoperative Bildführung zur chirurgischen Resektion verbessern.

Probe-basierte konfokale Laser Endomikroskopie der Harnwege: Die Technik

Probe-based  confocal laser endomicroscopy (CLE) is an emerging optical imaging technology  that enables real-time in vivo microscopy of mucosal surfaces ...

probe-based-confocal-laser-endomicroscopy-urinary-tract

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

20.7K Aufrufe.  Stanford University School of Medicine. Probe-basierte konfokale Laser Endomikroskopie ermöglicht Echtzeit-Mikroskopie des menschlichen Harnwege während Zystoskopie, Bereitstellung dynamischer, intravital Darstellung pathologischer Zustände wie Blasenkrebs mit zellulärer Auflösung. Endomikroskopie kann ergänzen die diagnostische Genauigkeit der Standard-Weißlicht-Endoskopie und bieten intraoperative Bildführung zur chirurgischen Resektion verbessern.

Serie: Probe-based Confocal Laser Endomicroscopy of the Urinary Tract: The Technique

Oral Biofilm Analysis of Palatal Expanders by Fluorescence In-Situ Hybridization and Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy

Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) of natural heterogeneous biofilm is today facilitated by a comprehensive range of staining techniques, one of them being fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH).1,2 We performed a pilot study in which oral biofilm samples collected from fixed orthodontic appliances (palatal expanders) were stained by FISH, the objective being to assess the three-dimensional organization of natural biofilm and plaque accumulation.3,4 FISH creates an opportunity to stain cells in their native biofilm environment by the use of fluorescently labeled 16S rRNA-targeting probes.4-7,19 Compared to alternative techniques like immunofluorescent labeling, this is an inexpensive, precise and straightforward labeling technique to investigate different bacterial groups in mixed biofilm consortia.18,20 General probes were used that bind to Eubacteria (EUB338 + EUB338II + EUB338III; hereafter EUBmix),8-10 Firmicutes (LGC354 A-C; hereafter LGCmix),9,10 and Bacteroidetes (Bac303).11 In addition, specific probes binding to Streptococcus mutans (MUT590)12,13 and Porphyromonas gingivalis (POGI)13,14 were used. The extreme hardness of the surface materials involved (stainless steel and acrylic resin) compelled us to find new ways of preparing the biofilm. As these surface materials could not be readily cut with a cryotome, various sampling methods were explored to obtain intact oral biofilm. The most workable of these approaches is presented in this communication. Small flakes of the biofilm-carrying acrylic resin were scraped off with a sterile scalpel, taking care not to damage the biofilm structure. Forceps were used to collect biofilm from the steel surfaces. Once collected, the samples were fixed and placed directly on polysine coated glass slides. FISH was performed directly on these slides with the probes mentioned above. Various FISH protocols were combined and modified to create a new protocol that was easy to handle.5,10,14,15 Subsequently the samples were analyzed by confocal laser scanning microscopy. Well-known configurations3,4,16,17 could be visualized, including mushroom-style formations and clusters of coccoid bacteria pervaded by channels. In addition, the bacterial composition of these typical biofilm structures were analyzed and 2D and 3D images created.

We present a protocol for structural and compositional analysis of natural oral biofilm from orthodontic appliances with in situ hybridization (FISH) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Oral biofilm samples were collected from palatal expanders, scraping acrylic-resin flakes off their surface and referring them for molecular processing.

Oral Biofilm Analyse Palatal Expander durch Fluoreszenz in situ Hybridisierung und konfokale Laser Scanning Mikroskopie

Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) of natural heterogeneous biofilm is today facilitated by a comprehensive range of staining techniques, one of ...

Forschung

Medizin

Bladder Smooth Muscle Strip Contractility as a Method to Evaluate Lower Urinary Tract Pharmacology

We describe an in vitro method to measure bladder smooth muscle contractility, and its use for investigating physiological and pharmacological properties of the smooth muscle as well as changes induced by pathology. This method provides critical information for understanding bladder function while overcoming major methodological difficulties encountered in in vivo experiments, such as surgical and pharmacological manipulations that affect stability and survival of the preparations, the use of human tissue, and/or the use of expensive chemicals. It also provides a way to investigate the properties of each bladder component (i.e. smooth muscle, mucosa, nerves) in healthy and pathological conditions.
The urinary bladder is removed from an anesthetized animal, placed in Krebs solution and cut into strips. Strips are placed into a chamber filled with warm Krebs solution. One end is attached to an isometric tension transducer to measure contraction force, the other end is attached to a fixed rod. Tissue is stimulated by directly adding compounds to the bath or by electric field stimulation electrodes that activate nerves, similar to triggering bladder contractions in vivo. We demonstrate the use of this method to evaluate spontaneous smooth muscle contractility during development and after an experimental spinal cord injury, the nature of neurotransmission (transmitters and receptors involved), factors involved in modulation of smooth muscle activity, the role of individual bladder components, and species and organ differences in response to pharmacological agents. Additionally, it could be used for investigating intracellular pathways involved in contraction and/or relaxation of the smooth muscle, drug structure-activity relationships and evaluation of transmitter release.
The in vitro smooth muscle contractility method has been used extensively for over 50 years, and has provided data that significantly contributed to our understanding of bladder function as well as to pharmaceutical development of compounds currently used clinically for bladder management.

This manuscript presents a simple, yet powerful, in vitro method for evaluating smooth muscle contractility in response to pharmacological agents or nerve stimulation. Main applications are drug screening and understanding tissue physiology, pharmacology,&#160;and pathology.

Glatten Muskulatur der Blase Streifen Kontraktilität als eine Methode zur unteren Harnwege Pharmakologie Bewerten

We describe an in vitro method to measure bladder smooth muscle contractility, and its use for investigating physiological and pharmacological properties ...

Rose Bengal Photothrombosis by Confocal Optical Imaging In Vivo: A Model of Single Vessel Stroke

In vivo imaging techniques have increased in utilization due to recent advances in imaging dyes and optical technologies, allowing for the ability to image cellular events in an intact animal. Additionally, the ability to induce physiological disease states such as stroke in vivo increases its utility. The technique described herein allows for physiological assessment of cellular responses within the CNS following a stroke and can be adapted for other pathological conditions being studied. The technique presented uses laser excitation of the photosensitive dye Rose Bengal in vivo to induce a focal ischemic event in a single blood vessel. 
The video protocol demonstrates the preparation of a thin-skulled cranial window over the somatosensory cortex in a mouse for the induction of a Rose Bengal photothrombotic event keeping injury to the underlying dura matter and brain at a minimum. Surgical preparation is initially performed under a dissecting microscope with a custom-made surgical/imaging platform, which is then transferred to a confocal microscope equipped with an inverted objective adaptor. Representative images acquired utilizing this protocol are presented as well as time-lapse sequences of stroke induction. This technique is powerful in that the same area can be imaged repeatedly on subsequent days facilitating longitudinal in vivo studies of pathological processes following stroke.

Rose Bengal Photothrombosis by Confocal Optical Imaging In Vivo:  A Model of Single Vessel Stroke

Here, we describe a semi-invasive optical microscopy approach for the induction of a Rose Bengal photothrombotic clot in the somatosensory cortex of a mouse in vivo. The technical aspects of the imaging procedure are described from induction of a photothrombotic event to application and data collection.

Rose Bengal Photothrombosis von konfokalen optischen Imaging<em&gt; In Vivo</em&gt;: Ein Modell des Einzelfahrzeug Stroke

In vivo imaging techniques have increased in utilization due to recent advances in imaging dyes and optical technologies, allowing for the ability to ...

Using a Laminating Technique to Perform Confocal Microscopy of the Human Sclera

The sclera is a dense connective tissue that covers and protects the eye. It mainly consists of dense collagen bundles (types I, III, IV, V, VI, and VII). Due to its autofluorescence, opaqueness, and thickness, it has not been found suitable for confocal microscopy. An alternative approach to the one presented here, which uses formalin-fixed sclera embedded in paraffin for immunohistochemistry, has technical challenges, especially when preheating the tissue for antigen retrieval. Since the sclera is relatively poor in both cells and vessels, the use of larger tissue samples was explored to help prevent overlooking cells and to understand their localization in relation to vessels and other anatomical sites. To allow for the analysis of larger tissue samples under the confocal microscope, a laminating technique was performed to create thin layers from the sclera. Following the analysis of results of CD31 blood vessels and lymphatic vessel endothelial hyaluronan receptor 1 (LYVE1) positive cells, for which approval for scientific examination was obtained, the advantages and limitations of this method are discussed.

Human sclera tissue is mainly collagen; therefore, it is not easily usable for immunohistochemistry. To achieve the goal of performing immunohistochemistry for confocal microscopy of scleral tissue, a laminating technique was used.

Mit Hilfe einer Laminiertechnik konfokale Mikroskopie der menschlichen Sclera to Perform


The sclera is a dense connective tissue that covers and protects the eye. It mainly consists of dense collagen bundles (types I, III, IV, V, VI, and ...

Imaging Metals in Brain Tissue by Laser Ablation - Inductively Coupled Plasma - Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS)

Metals are found ubiquitously throughout an organism, with their biological role dictated by both their chemical reactivity and abundance within a specific anatomical region. Within the brain, metals have a highly compartmentalized distribution, depending on the primary function they play within the central nervous system. Imaging the spatial distribution of metals has provided unique insight into the biochemical architecture of the brain, allowing direct correlation between neuroanatomical regions and their known function with regard to metal-dependent processes. In addition, several age-related neurological disorders feature disrupted metal homeostasis, which is often confined to small regions of the brain that are otherwise difficult to analyze. Here, we describe a comprehensive method for quantitatively imaging metals in the mouse brain, using laser ablation - inductively coupled plasma - mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) and specially designed image processing software. Focusing on iron, copper and zinc, which are three of the most abundant and disease-relevant metals within the brain, we describe the essential steps in sample preparation, analysis, quantitative measurements and image processing to produce maps of metal distribution within the low micrometer resolution range. This technique, applicable to any cut tissue section, is capable of demonstrating the highly variable distribution of metals within an organ or system, and can be used to identify changes in metal homeostasis and absolute levels within fine anatomical structures.

Imaging Metals in Brain Tissue by Laser Ablation - Inductively Coupled Plasma - Mass Spectrometry LA-ICP-MS

Quantitatively mapping metals in tissue by laser ablation - inductively coupled plasma - mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) is a sensitive analytical technique that can provide new insight into how metals participate in normal function and disease processes. Here, we describe a protocol for quantitatively imaging metals in thin sections of mouse neurological tissue.

Imaging Metals im Hirngewebe durch Laserablation - Inductively Coupled Plasma - Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS)

Metals are found ubiquitously throughout an organism, with their biological role dictated by both their chemical reactivity and abundance within a ...

Spatial Quantification of Drugs in Pulmonary Tuberculosis Lesions by Laser Capture Microdissection Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (LCM-LC/MS)

Tuberculosis is still a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Improvements to existing drug regimens and the development of novel therapeutics are urgently required. The ability of dosed TB drugs to reach and sterilize bacteria within poorly-vascularized necrotic regions (caseum) of pulmonary granulomas is crucial for successful therapeutic intervention. Effective therapeutic regimens must therefore contain drugs with favorable caseum penetration properties. Current LC/MS methods for quantifying drug levels in biological tissues have limited spatial resolution capabilities, making it difficult to accurately determine absolute drug concentrations within small tissue compartments such as those found within necrotic granulomas. Here we present a protocol combining laser capture microdissection (LCM) of pathologically-distinct tissue regions with LC/MS quantification. This technique provides absolute quantification of drugs within granuloma caseum, surrounding cellular lesion and uninvolved lung tissue and, therefore, accurately determines whether bactericidal concentrations are being achieved. In addition to tuberculosis research, the technique has many potential applications for spatially-resolved quantification of drugs in diseased tissues.

Spatial Quantification of Drugs in Pulmonary Tuberculosis Lesions by Laser Capture Microdissection Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry LCM-LC/MS

Here, we describe a protocol using laser capture microdissection coupled with LC/MS analysis to spatially-quantify drug distributions within pulmonary tuberculosis granulomas. The approach has broad applicability to quantifying drug concentrations within tissues at high spatial detail.

Räumliche Quantifizierung von Drogen in der Lungentuberkulose Läsionen durch Laser Capture Microdissection Flüssigkeit Gaschromatographie-Massenspektrometrie (LCM-LC/MS)

Tuberculosis is still a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Improvements to existing drug regimens and the development of novel ...

Ultrasonography of the Adult Male Urinary Tract for Urinary Functional Testing

The incidence of clinical benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) is increasing due to the aging population, resulting in a significant economic and quality of life burden. Transgenic and other mouse models have been developed to recreate various aspects of this multifactorial disease; however, methods to accurately quantitate urinary dysfunction and the effectiveness of new therapeutic options are lacking. Here, we describe a method that can be used to measure bladder volume and detrusor wall thickness, urinary velocity, void volume and void duration, and urethral diameter. This would allow for the evaluation of disease progression and treatment efficacy over time. Mice were anesthetized with isoflurane, and the bladder was visualized by ultrasound. For non-contrast imaging, a 3D image was taken of the bladder to calculate volume and evaluate shape; the bladder wall thickness was measured from this image. For contrast-enhanced imaging, a catheter was placed through the dome of the bladder using a 27-gauge needle connected to a syringe by PE50 tubing. A bolus of 0.5 mL of contrast was infused into the bladder until a urination event occurred. Urethral diameter was determined at the point of the Doppler velocity sample window during the first voiding event. Velocity was measured for each subsequent event yielding a flow rate. In conclusion, high frequency ultrasound proved to be an effective method for assessing bladder and urethral measurements during urinary function in mice. This technique may be useful in the assessment of novel therapies for BPH/LUTS in an experimental setting.

We describe the use of high frequency ultrasound with contrast imaging as a method to measure bladder volume, bladder wall thickness, urine velocity, void volume, void duration, and urethral diameter. This strategy can be used to assess voiding dysfunction and treatment efficacy in various mouse models of lower urinary tract dysfunction (LUTD).

Ultrasonographie des adulten männlichen Harntraktes für Harnfunktionstests

The incidence of clinical benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) is increasing due to the aging population, resulting ...

Technical Modification of the Terminal Ureter During Total Transperitoneal Laparoscopic Nephroureterectomy for Upper Urinary Tract Urothelial Carcinoma

Upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) accounts for 5%&ndash;10% of all urothelial tumors. Radical nephroureterectomy is the standard treatment procedure. At present, different choices still exist for treating the ureteral end during laparoscopic ureteral bladder sleeve resection. Our center has adopted a new method for treating the ureteral end. This new method can increase the operating space and reduce the difficulty of the surgery compared with current methods.

Here, we present a protocol to increase the surgical field of view and reduce the difficulty of total transperitoneal laparoscopic nephroureterectomy surgery by precutting the umbilical ligament before treating the terminal ureter.

Technische Modifikation des Terminal Ureter während der totalen transperitonalen laparoskopischen Nephrourrektomie für den oberen Harntrakt Urothelianomen

Upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) accounts for 5%&ndash;10% of all urothelial tumors. Radical nephroureterectomy is the standard treatment ...

Laser Doppler Perfusion Imaging in the Mouse Hindlimb

Blood flow recovery is a critical outcome measure after experimental hindlimb ischemia or ischemia-reperfusion. Laser Doppler perfusion imaging (LDPI) is a common, noninvasive, repeatable method for assessing blood flow recovery. The technique calculates overall blood flow in the sampled tissue from the Doppler shift in frequency caused when a laser hits moving red blood cells. Measurements are expressed in arbitrary perfusion units, so the contralateral non-intervened upon leg is usually used to help control measurements. Measurement depth is in the range of 0.3-1 mm; for hindlimb ischemia, this means that dermal perfusion is assessed. Dermal perfusion is dependent on several factors&#8212;most importantly skin temperature and anesthetic agent, which must be carefully controlled to result in reliable readings. Furthermore, hair and skin pigmentation can alter the ability of the laser to either reach or penetrate to the dermis. This article demonstrates the technique of LDPI in the mouse hindlimb.

Here, we present a protocol that demonstrates the technique and necessary controls for Laser Doppler perfusion imaging to measure blood flow in the mouse hindlimb.

Laser Doppler Perfusion Imaging in der Maus Hindlimb

Blood flow recovery is a critical outcome measure after experimental hindlimb ischemia or ischemia-reperfusion. Laser Doppler perfusion imaging (LDPI) is ...

Characterization of a Novel Human Organotypic Retinal Culture Technique

Previous human organotypic retinal culture (HORC) models have utilized detached retinas; however, without the structural support conferred by retinal pigment epithelium-choroid (RPE-choroid) and sclera, the integrity of the fragile retina can easily be compromised. The aim of this study was to develop a novel HORC model that contains the retina, RPE-choroid and sclera to maintain retinal integrity when culturing retinal explants.
After cutting circumferentially along the limbus to remove iris and lens, four deep incisions were made to flatten the eyecup. In contrast to previous HORC protocols, a trephine was used to cut through not only the retina but also the RPE-choroid and sclera. The resultant triple-layered explants were cultured for 72 h. Hematoxylin and Eosin staining (H&#38;E) was used to assess anatomical structures and retinal explants were further characterized by immunohistochemistry (IHC) for apoptosis, M&#252;ller cell integrity and retinal inflammation. To confirm the possibility of disease induction, explants were exposed to high glucose (HG) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (Cyt), to mimic diabetic retinopathy (DR). The Luminex magnetic bead assay was used to measure DR-related cytokines released into the culture medium.
H&#38;E staining revealed distinct retinal lamellae and compact nuclei in retinal explants with the underlying RPE-choroid and sclera, while retinas without the underlying structures exhibited reduced thickness and severe nuclei loss. IHC results indicated absence of apoptosis and retinal inflammation as well as preserved M&#252;ller cell integrity. The Luminex&#160;assays showed significantly increased secretion of DR-associated pro-inflammatory cytokines in retinal explants exposed to HG + Cyt relative to baseline levels at 24 h.
We successfully developed and characterized a novel HORC protocol in which retinal integrity was preserved without apoptosis or retinal inflammation. Moreover, the induced secretion of DR-associated pro-inflammatory biomarkers when exposing retinal explants to HG + Cyt suggests that this model could be used for clinically translatable retinal disease studies.

This study aims to develop a novel human organotypic retinal culture (HORC) model that prevents compromising retinal integrity during explant handling. This is achieved by culturing the retina with the overlying vitreous and the underlying retinal pigment&#160;epithelium-choroid (RPE-choroid) and sclera.

Charakterisierung einer neuartigen humanen organotypischen Netzhautkulturtechnik

Previous human organotypic retinal culture (HORC) models have utilized detached retinas; however, without the structural support conferred by retinal ...