Der Autor möchte Peter Castro und Matthew Dinday für ihre frühen Bemühungen, Zebrafisch im Labor zu etablieren danken. Diese Arbeit wurde von den National Institutes of Health EUREKA-Stipendium (# R01NS079214-01) finanziert.

Ein. Ei-Produktion und Sammlung <ol><li> Zebrafisch Tierhaltung folgt Standardverfahren beschrieben 8. Kurz gesagt, werden erwachsene Zebrafisch in Zuchtbecken mit Trennwänden in Kraft gesetzt. Wenn die Lichter im Zimmer am nächsten Morgen kommen, sind Trennwände aus Zuchtbecken und Fisch etwa 20 bis 60 min von ungestörten Paarungszeit dürfen entfernt. </li><li> Eier aus Zuchtbecken werden in einem Sieb gesammelt und gespült mit Ei Wasser. Eier werden dann in eine Petrischale mit Ei Wasser übertragen. Unbefruchteten Eiern und Schmutz werden mit einem Transferpipette. </li><li> Ort Petrischale mit der gesammelten Eier in einem Inkubator (28-32 ° C). Nach Eiern schlüpfen etwa zwei Tage nach der Befruchtung (dpf), zu entfernen Chorion und andere Ablagerungen mit einer Pipette. </li><li> Am gewünschten Tag nach der Befruchtung (3 bis 8 dpf) entfernen Petrischale mit frei schwimmende Larven und Platz auf dem Labortisch bei Raumtemperatur. </li></ol><ol><li> Mit einem Feinpipettenziehvorrichtung, ziehen ein 1,2 mm OD Borosilikatglas in zwei Nadeln und an einem 150 mm Petrischale oder leere Pipette box Kapillare durch Verlegung über Silly Putty Rampen. Needles können im Voraus gezogen werden. Unterschiedliche OD Glaskapillaren kann je nach Art des Verstärkers Headstage verfügbar werden. </li><li> Tendieren, die Mikroelektrode mit extrazellulären Aufzeichnungslösung (2 M NaCl) unter Verwendung einer 1 ml Spritze mit einer Nalgene Spritzenfilter (4-mm) und Microfil Filament (Warner Precision Instruments) befestigt ist. Schütteln oder tippen Sie den Bolus in Richtung der Nadelspitze bis es wenige oder gar keine Luftblasen mehr vorhanden sind. </li></ol> 3. Immobilisierung in Agar <ol><li> Eine frische Lösung von 1,2% niedrigen Schmelzpunkt Agar in Ei Wasser. Ort Agarlösung in einem Wasserbad set bei ~ 37 ° C. </li><li> Bereiten Sie eine Deckglas mit Aufnahme Kammer und im Gefrierschrank (5-10 min). Die Aufnahme Kammer sollte MATCh, dass auf der Elektrophysiologie rig verwendet. Wir verwenden eine low-profile offene Raute Bad Bildgebung Kammer von Warner Instruments (Modell RC-26GLP). </li><li> Mit einer Pasteur oder Transferpipette, Ort ein Larvenstadium Zebrafisch in einem kleinen Tropfen von Ei-Wasser in einem sauberen Petrischale Platte. Zu dieser Tröpfchen, einen Tropfen Lösung, die ein Anästhetikum (0,02% Tricain) und lähmenden Mittels (1 mg / ml α-Bungarotoxin). </li><li> Überwachen Zebrafisch für den Verlust der Bewegung (5 bis 10 min). </li><li> Entfernen Sie das Deckglas / Aufnahme Kammer aus dem Gefrierschrank. Zeigen Kammer auf der Bühne ein Stereomikroskop. Mit einer Pipette, mischen einige ml von 1,2% Agarose mit niedrigem Schmelzpunkt mit Tropfen und Transfer-Lösung (mit Fisch) auf dem Deckglas / Aufnahme Kammer. </li><li> Mit einer Pipettenspitze oder feinen stumpfen Nadel, Position Larven unter dem Stereomikroskop, so dass die Dorsalseite der Fische zu dem Agarosegel Oberfläche ausgesetzt ist. Lassen Agarose zu härten (5-10 min), dann mit einem flachen Spatel Übertragung der Agar-bsperren, um eine Aufnahme Kammer auf einem elektrophysiologischen rig eingestellt. </li></ol> 3. Extrazellulären Feld Recording <ol><li> Fügen Sie 2-5 ml Zebrafisch Speichermedien zur Aufnahme Kammer. Wenn Arzneimittel Änderungen notwendig, perfuse Kammer mit Aufzeichnungslösung mit einer Rate von etwa 1 ml / min. Kein Oxygenierung des Aufzeichnungs-Lösung erforderlich ist. </li><li> Einfügen einer Mikroelektrode (ca. 1 um Spitzendurchmesser, 2-7 MOhm) in den Verstärker Headstage auf einem dreidimensionalen Mikromanipulator montiert. Prüfen Sie, ob der Mikromanipulator in der richtigen Position, um für eine Reihe von Bewegung und Anpassung zu ermöglichen. Bringt die Mikroelektrode Spitze in der Sichtebene des Mikroskops, hoch über der Bühne und mit Grobeinstellung geringeren zu einem Punkt unmittelbar über und etwas vor dem Kopf des Zebrafisch. </li><li> Mit dem Verstärker in &quot;Current-Clamp&quot;-Modus Null die Elektrode. </li><li> Mit Grobeinstellung niedriger die Elektrodenspitze so dass es berührt nur die surface des Zebrafisches, leicht vor dem Vorderhirn. </li><li> Mit Feineinstellung Schritte voran die Elektrodenspitze bis er die Haut des Zebrafisch durchsticht. Absetzen lassen und dann voran die Elektrode mehreren Mikrometern in Vorderhirn. </li><li> Notieren elektrische Aktivität im Current-Clamp-Modus mit Axoscope Software. Daten werden mit einer Abtastrate von 10 kHz erfasst. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Clark, K. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stressing+zebrafish+for+behavioral+genetics.">Stressing zebrafish for behavioral genetics.</a> Reviews in Neuroscience. 22 (1), 49 (2011).</li><li>Rinkwitz, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Zebrafish:+an+integrative+system+for+neurogenomics+and+neurosciences.">Zebrafish: an integrative system for neurogenomics and neurosciences.</a> Progress in Neurobiology. 93 (2), 231 (2011).</li><li>Penberthy, W. T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+zebrafish+as+a+model+for+human+disease.">The zebrafish as a model for human disease.</a> Frontiers in Bioscience. 7, d1439 (2002).</li><li>Letamendia, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+and+validation+of+an+automated+high-throughput+system+for+zebrafish+in+vivo+screenings.">Development and validation of an automated high-throughput system for zebrafish in vivo screenings.</a> PLoS One. 7, e36690 (2012).</li><li>Nasevicius, A., Ekker, S. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effective+targeted+gene+'knockdown'+in+zebrafish.">Effective targeted gene 'knockdown' in zebrafish.</a> Nature Genetics. 26 (2), 216 (2000).</li><li>Haffter, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mutations+affecting+development+of+the+zebrafish+inner+ear+and+lateral+line.">Mutations affecting development of the zebrafish inner ear and lateral line.</a> Development. 123, 1 (1996).</li><li>Suster, M. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transgenesis+in+zebrafish+with+the+tol2+transposon+system.">Transgenesis in zebrafish with the tol2 transposon system.</a> Methods Molecular Biology. 561, 41 (2009).</li><li>Rosen, J. N., Sweeney, M. F., Mably, J. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microinjection+of+Zebrafish+Embryos+to+Analyze+Gene+Function.">Microinjection of Zebrafish Embryos to Analyze Gene Function.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (25), e1115 (2009).</li><li>Baraban, S. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pentylenetetrazole+induced+changes+in+zebrafish+behavior,+neural+activity+and+c-fos+expression.">Pentylenetetrazole induced changes in zebrafish behavior, neural activity and c-fos expression.</a> Neuroscience. 131 (3), 759 (2005).</li><li>Baraban, S. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+large-scale+mutagenesis+screen+to+identify+seizure-resistant+zebrafish.">A large-scale mutagenesis screen to identify seizure-resistant zebrafish.</a> Epilepsia. 48 (6), 1151 (2007).</li><li>Williams, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+use+of+radiotelemetry+to+evaluate+electrographic+seizures+in+rats+with+kainate-induced+epilepsy.">The use of radiotelemetry to evaluate electrographic seizures in rats with kainate-induced epilepsy.</a> Journal of Neuroscience Methods. 155 (1), 39 (2006).</li><li>Marsh, E. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interictal+EEG+spikes+identify+the+region+of+electrographic+seizure+onset+in+some,+but+not+all,+pediatric+epilepsy+patients.">Interictal EEG spikes identify the region of electrographic seizure onset in some, but not all, pediatric epilepsy patients.</a> Epilepsia. 51 (4), 592 (2010).</li><li>Zhu, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+and+application+of+modularly+assembled+zinc-finger+nucleases+in+zebrafish.">Evaluation and application of modularly assembled zinc-finger nucleases in zebrafish.</a> Development. 138 (20), 4555 (2011).</li></ol>

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Die extrazelluläre Aufzeichnung hier vorgestellte Methode ermöglicht eine sehr sensitive und schnelle Analyse der Hirnaktivität. Diese Aufnahmen sind analog zu elektroenzephalographischen (EEG) Überwachen häufig verwendet, um das Vorhandensein von anormalen elektrischen Entladung (dh Anfall) in Nagetier-Modellen von Epilepsie 11 und 12 Patienten auszuwerten. Extrazelluläre Aufnahmen können mit pharmakologischen Manipulationen kombiniert werden, wie hier gezeigt. Diese Arten von Aufz...

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> Name des Reagenzes </td><td> Firma </td><td> Katalog-Nummer </td><td> Kommentare (optional) </td></tr><tr><td> Agarose mit niedrigem Schmelzpunkt </td><td> Fisher-Scientific </td><td> BP1360-100 </td><td> Man löst in Embryos Medien bei 1,2% </td></tr><tr><td> Speichermedien </td><td> Fisher-Scientific </td><td> BP3581, P330-3, BP410-1, BP214-500, D16-1, C77-500 </td><td> 1 mM NaCl, 2,9 mM KCl, 10 mM HEPES, 1,2 mM MgCl 2, 10 mM Dextrose, 2,1 mM CaCl 2 pH-Wert auf ca. 7,3 mit 1 N NaOH </td></tr><tr><td> Tricaine </td><td> Argent Labs </td><td> MS-222 </td><td> 0,02% </td></tr><tr><td> α-Bungarotoxin </td><td> Tocris Bioscience </td><td> 2133 </td><td> 1 mg / ml </td></tr><tr><td> Kapillare Glasröhren </td><td> Warner Instruments </td><td> G120TF-3 </td><td> Ziehen Sie auf einen Widerstand von 2 -7 MOhm </td></tr><tr><td> Patch-Clamp-Verstärkers </td><td> Warner Instruments </td><td> PC-505B </td><td> Wir verwenden ein Warner Verstärker Current-Clamp-Modus; Verstärkung bei 2 mV / pA und Bessel-Filter bei 2K eingestellt. Vergleichbare Modelle können nach den Anweisungen des Herstellers verwendet werden. </td></tr><tr><td> Filter / Verstärker </td><td> Cygnus Technologie </td><td> FLA-01 </td><td> Wir verwenden eine Cygnus Vorverstärker; Verstärkung bei 10-20 gesetzt; Cut-off Frequenz bei 1-2K eingestellt; Notch-Filter IN. Vergleichbare Modelle können nach den Anweisungen des Herstellers verwendet werden. </td></tr><tr><td> Axon A / D Board und Axoscope Software </td><td> Molecular Devices </td><td> Axon Digidata 1320A; Axoscope 8,2 </td><td> Daten werden in Axoscope Verwendung spaltfreie Erfassungsmodus gesammelt; Abtastung bei 10 kHz. Vergleichbare Modelle und Programme können nach den Anweisungen des Herstellers verwendet werden. </td></tr><tr><td> Egg Wasser </td><td&gt; Instant Ocean </td><td></td><td> 3 g Instant Ocean Meersalz, 2 ml 0,1% Methylenblau in 10 ml deionisiertem Wasser </td></tr></tbody></table>

forebrain electrophysiological recording in larval zebrafish

Epilepsie betrifft fast 3 Millionen Menschen in den Vereinigten Staaten und bis zu 50 Millionen Menschen weltweit. Definiert als das Auftreten von spontanen Anfällen unprovozierten kann Epilepsie als Folge einer Beleidigung zum Gehirn oder einer genetischen Mutation erworben werden. Die Bemühungen um Modell Anfälle bei Tieren haben vor allem genutzt Beleidigungen (convulsant Drogen, Stimulation oder Hirnverletzungen) und genetische Manipulationen (Antisense-knockdown, homologe Rekombination oder Transgenese) in Nagetieren erworben. Zebrafische sind ein Wirbeltier Modellsystem 1-3, die eine wertvolle Alternative zur Nagetier-basierte Epilepsieforschung bieten könnte. Zebrafische sind ausführlich in der Studie von Wirbeltier Genetik oder Entwicklung verwendet werden, weisen einen hohen Grad an Ähnlichkeit mit genetischen Säugetieren und exprimieren Homologe für ~ 85% der bekannten menschlichen monogene Epilepsie Mutationen. Aufgrund ihrer geringen Größe (4-6 mm lang), kann Zebrafischlarven in Fluidvolumen so niedrig wie 100 ul werden während der frühen Entwicklung und arra gepflegtlungsgehilfen Multi-Well-Platten. Reagenzien können direkt zu der Lösung in dem Embryonen entwickeln, die Vereinfachung Arzneimittelverabreichung und die eine rasche in-vivo-Screening von Testverbindungen 4 zugesetzt werden. Synthetische Oligonukleotide (Morpholinos), Mutagenese, Zink-Finger-Nuklease und transgene Ansätze können verwendet werden, um rasch zu einer Gen-knockdown oder Mutation im Zebrafisch 5-7 werden. Diese Eigenschaften leisten Zebrafisch Studien eine beispiellose statistische Analyse Vorteil gegenüber Nagetieren in der Studie von neurologischen Erkrankungen wie Epilepsie. Da der &quot;Goldstandard&quot; für Epilepsie Forschung ist es, zu überwachen und zu analysieren abnorme elektrische Entladungen, die in einer zentralen Struktur des Gehirns (dh, Krampfanfälle), ein Verfahren zur effizienten Aufnahme Hirnaktivität in larvalen Zebrafisch stammen wird hier beschrieben. Diese Methode ist eine Anpassung der herkömmlichen extrazellulären Aufnahmetechniken und ermöglicht einen stabilen langfristigen Überwachung der Hirnaktivität in intakten Zebrafisch-Larven. Sreichlich Aufnahmen werden für akute Anfälle durch Bad Anwendung convulsant Drogen und spontane Anfälle in einem genetisch veränderten Fischen aufgenommen induzierte gezeigt.

Beispiele für elektrografische anfallsähnliche Entladung im Vorderhirn eines Agar-embedded Zebrafischlarven aufgezeichnet sind in Abbildung 1 gezeigt. Oder 1 mM Picrotoxin (in B; 8 dpf); großer Amplitude Multi-Impuls-Burst-Entladung in diesen Proben wurde durch Anwendung eines Bades Konvulsivum Wirkstoff, 40 mM Pilocarpin (6 dpf in A) hervorgerufen. In diesen Aufnahmen, immobilisiert und Agar-Zebrafisch eingebettet werden kontinuierlich für bis zu 90 min verfolgt. Fisch bleibt unter diesen Aufnahmeb...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Forebrain Electrophysiological Recording in Larval Zebrafish at JoVE.com

Forebrain Electrophysiological Recording in Larval Zebrafish

Eine einfache Methode, um extrazelluläre Feldpotentiale in der larvalen Zebrafisch Vorderhirn aufnehmen beschrieben. Das Verfahren bietet eine robuste<em&gt; In vivo</em&gt; Auslesen der Beschlagnahme-artige Aktivität. Diese Technik kann mit gentechnisch veränderten Zebrafischlarven tragenden Epilepsie-verwandten Genen oder Anfälle durch Verabreichung von Medikamenten Konvulsivum evozierten verwendet werden.

Vorderhirn Elektrophysiologische Aufzeichnung im Larven Zebrafisch

Epilepsy affects nearly 3 million people in the United States and up to 50 million people worldwide. Defined as the occurrence of spontaneous unprovoked ...

forebrain-electrophysiological-recording-in-larval-zebrafish

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

17.0K Aufrufe.  University of California, San Francisco. Eine einfache Methode, um extrazelluläre Feldpotentiale in der larvalen Zebrafisch Vorderhirn aufnehmen beschrieben. Das Verfahren bietet eine robuste In vivo Auslesen der Beschlagnahme-artige Aktivität. Diese Technik kann mit gentechnisch veränderten Zebrafischlarven tragenden Epilepsie-verwandten Genen oder Anfälle durch Verabreichung von Medikamenten Konvulsivum evozierten verwendet werden.

Serie: Forebrain Electrophysiological Recording in Larval Zebrafish

Time-lapse Live Imaging of Clonally Related Neural Progenitor Cells in the Developing Zebrafish Forebrain

Precise patterns of division, migration and differentiation of neural progenitor cells are crucial for proper brain development and function1,2. To understand the behavior of neural progenitor cells in the complex in vivo environment, time-lapse live imaging of neural progenitor cells in an intact brain is critically required. In this video, we exploit the unique features of zebrafish embryos to visualize the development of forebrain neural progenitor cells in vivo. We use electroporation to genetically and sparsely label individual neural progenitor cells. Briefly, DNA constructs coding for fluorescent markers were injected into the forebrain ventricle of 22 hours post fertilization (hpf) zebrafish embryos and electric pulses were delivered immediately. Six hours later, the electroporated zebrafish embryos were mounted with low melting point agarose in glass bottom culture dishes. Fluorescently labeled neural progenitor cells were then imaged for 36hours with fixed intervals under a confocal microscope using water dipping objective lens. The present method provides a way to gain insights into the in vivo development of forebrain neural progenitor cells and can be applied to other parts of the central nervous system of the zebrafish embryo.

The present video demonstrates a method which takes advantage of the combination of electroporation and confocal microscopy to perform live imaging on individual neural progenitor cells in the developing zebrafish forebrain. In vivo analysis of the development of forebrain neural progenitor cells at a clonal level can be achieved in this way.

Zeitraffer-Live-Imaging von klonal verbundenen neuronalen Vorläuferzellen in der Entwicklung von Zebrafisch Vorderhirnneuronen

Precise patterns of division, migration and differentiation of neural progenitor cells are crucial for proper brain development and function1,2. To ...

Forschung

Neurowissenschaften

Simultaneous Electrophysiological Recording and Calcium Imaging of Suprachiasmatic Nucleus Neurons

Simultaneous electrophysiological and fluorescent imaging recording methods were used to study the role of changes of membrane potential or current in regulating the intracellular calcium concentration. Changing environmental conditions, such as the light-dark cycle, can modify neuronal and neural network activity and the expression of a family of circadian clock genes within the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), the location of the master circadian clock in the mammalian brain. Excitatory synaptic transmission leads to an increase in the postsynaptic Ca2+ concentration that is believed to activate the signaling pathways that shifts the rhythmic expression of circadian clock genes. Hypothalamic slices containing the SCN were patch clamped using microelectrodes filled with an internal solution containing the calcium indicator bis-fura-2. After a seal was formed between the microelectrode and the SCN neuronal membrane, the membrane was ruptured using gentle suction and the calcium probe diffused into the neuron filling both the soma and dendrites. Quantitative ratiometric measurements of the intracellular calcium concentration were recorded simultaneously with membrane potential or current. Using these methods it is possible to study the role of changes of the intracellular calcium concentration produced by synaptic activity and action potential firing of individual neurons. In this presentation we demonstrate the methods to simultaneously record electrophysiological activity along with intracellular calcium from individual SCN neurons maintained in brain slices.

Procedures are described to perform simultaneous recordings of membrane potential or current and changes of intracellular calcium concentration. Suprachiasmatic nucleus neurons are filled with the calcium indicator bis-fura-2 using a patch clamp electrode in the whole cell patch clamp configuration.

Simultaneous electrophysiological and fluorescent imaging recording methods were used to study the role of changes of membrane potential or current in ...

Electrophysiological Recording in the Brain of Intact Adult Zebrafish

Previously, electrophysiological studies in adult zebrafish have been limited to slice preparations or to eye cup preparations and electrorentinogram recordings. This paper describes how an adult zebrafish can be immobilized, intubated, and used for in vivo electrophysiological experiments, allowing recording of neural activity. Immobilization of the adult requires a mechanism to deliver dissolved oxygen to the gills in lieu of buccal and opercular movement. With our technique, animals are immobilized and perfused with habitat water to fulfill this requirement. A craniotomy is performed under tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222; tricaine) anesthesia to provide access to the brain. The primary electrode is then positioned within the craniotomy window to record extracellular brain activity. Through the use of a multitube perfusion system, a variety of pharmacological compounds can be administered to the adult fish and any alterations in the neural activity can be observed. The methodology not only allows for observations to be made regarding changes in neurological activity, but it also allows for comparisons to be made between larval and adult zebrafish. This gives researchers the ability to identify the alterations in neurological activity due to the introduction of various compounds at different life stages.

This paper describes how an adult zebrafish can be immobilized, intubated, and used for in vivo electrophysiological experiments to allow recordings and manipulation of neural activity in an intact animal.

Elektrophysiologische Aufnahme im Gehirn von erwachsenen Zebrafisch Intact

Previously, electrophysiological studies in adult zebrafish have been limited to slice preparations or to eye cup preparations and electrorentinogram ...

Electrophysiological Recording From Drosophila Labellar Taste Sensilla

The peripheral taste response of insects can be powerfully investigated with electrophysiological techniques. The method described here allows the researcher to measure gustatory responses directly and quantitatively, reflecting the sensory input that the insect nervous system receives from taste stimuli in its environment. This protocol outlines all key steps in performing this technique. The critical steps in assembling an electrophysiology rig, such as selection of necessary equipment and a suitable environment for recording, are delineated. We also describe how to prepare for recording by making appropriate reference and recording electrodes, and tastant solutions. We describe in detail the method used for preparing the insect by insertion of a glass reference electrode into the fly in order to immobilize the proboscis. We show traces of the electrical impulses fired by taste neurons in response to a sugar and a bitter compound. Aspects of the protocol are technically challenging and we include an extensive description of some common technical challenges that may be encountered, such as lack of signal or excessive noise in the system, and potential solutions. The technique has limitations, such as the inability to deliver temporally complex stimuli, observe background firing immediately prior to stimulus delivery, or use water-insoluble taste compounds conveniently. Despite these limitations, this technique (including minor variations referenced in the protocol) is a standard, broadly accepted procedure for recording Drosophila neuronal responses to taste compounds.

Electrophysiological Recording From Drosophila Labellar Taste Sensilla

This protocol describes extracellular recording of the action potential responses fired by labellar taste neurons in Drosophila.

Elektrophysiologische Aufnehmen von<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Labellar Geschmack Sensillen

The peripheral taste response of insects can be powerfully investigated with electrophysiological techniques. The method described here allows the ...

Spinal Cord Transection in the Larval Zebrafish

Mammals fail in sensory and motor recovery following spinal cord injury due to lack of axonal regrowth below the level of injury as well as an inability to reinitiate spinal neurogenesis. However, some anamniotes including the zebrafish Danio rerio exhibit both sensory and functional recovery even after complete transection of the spinal cord. The adult zebrafish is an established model organism for studying regeneration following spinal cord injury, with sensory and motor recovery by 6&#160;weeks post-injury. To take advantage of in vivo analysis of the regenerative process available in the transparent larval zebrafish as well as genetic tools not accessible in the adult, we use the larval zebrafish to study regeneration after spinal cord transection. Here we demonstrate a method for reproducibly and verifiably transecting the larval spinal cord. After transection, our data shows sensory recovery beginning at 2&#160;days post-injury (dpi), with the C-bend movement detectable by 3 dpi and resumption of free swimming by 5 dpi. Thus we propose the larval zebrafish as a companion tool to the adult zebrafish for the study of recovery after spinal cord injury.

After spinal transection, adult zebrafish have functional recovery by six weeks post-injury. To take advantage of larval transparency and faster recovery, we present a method for transecting the larval spinal cord. After transection, we observe sensory recovery beginning at 2&#160;days post-injury, and C-bend movement by 3 days post-injury.

Rückenmarksdurchtrennung in der Zebrafisch-Larven

Mammals fail in sensory and motor recovery following spinal cord injury due to lack of axonal regrowth below the level of injury as well as an inability ...

Simultaneous Electrophysiological Recording and Micro-injections of Inhibitory Agents in the Rodent Brain

Here we describe a method for the construction of a single-use &#8220;injectrode&#8221; using commercially accessible and affordable parts. A probing system was developed that allows for the injection of a drug while recording electrophysiological signals from the affected neuronal population. This method provides a simple and economical alternative to commercial solutions. A glass pipette was modified by combining it with a hypodermic needle and a silver filament. The injectrode is attached to commercial microsyringe pump for drug delivery. This results in a technique that provides real-time pharmacodynamics feedback through multi-unit extracellular signals originating from the site of drug delivery. As a proof of concept, we recorded neuronal activity from the superior colliculus elicited by flashes of light in rats, concomitantly with delivery of drugs through the injectrode. The injectrode recording capacity permits the functional characterization of the injection site favoring precise control over the localization of drug delivery. Application of this method also extends far beyond what is demonstrated here, as the choice of chemical substance loaded into the injectrode is vast, including tracing markers for anatomic experiments.

Here, we craft a glass pipette with dual functions: inhibition of deep brain structures by microinjections of drugs and real-time monitoring of their effects through simultaneous electrophysiological recordings.

Gleichzeitige Elektrophysiologische Aufzeichnung und Micro-Injektionen von Hemmstoffe im Gehirn von Nagetieren

Here we describe a method for the construction of a single-use &#8220;injectrode&#8221; using commercially accessible and affordable parts. A probing ...

Electrophysiological Recording from Drosophila Trichoid Sensilla in Response to Odorants of Low Volatility

Insects rely on their sense of smell to guide a wide range of behaviors that are critical for their survival, such as food-seeking, predator avoidance, oviposition, and mating. Myriad chemicals of varying volatilities have been identified as natural odorants that activate insect Olfactory Receptor Neurons (ORNs). However, studying the olfactory responses to low-volatility odorants has been hampered by an inability to effectively present such stimuli using conventional odor-delivery methods. Here, we describe a procedure that permits the effective presentation of low-volatility odorants for in vivo Single-Sensillum Recording (SSR). By minimizing the distance between the odor source and the target tissue, this method allows for the application of biologically salient but hitherto inaccessible odorants, including palmitoleic acid, a stimulatory pheromone with a demonstrated effect on ORNs involved in courtship and mating behavior1. Our procedure thus affords a new avenue to assay a host of low-volatility odorants for the study of insect olfaction and pheromone communication.

Electrophysiological Recording from Drosophila Trichoid Sensilla in Response to Odorants of Low Volatility

The overall goal of this protocol is to demonstrate how to present odorants of low volatility for single-sensillum recording from Drosophila olfactory receptor neurons that respond to long-chain cuticular pheromones.

Elektrophysiologische Aufzeichnung von<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Trichoid Sensilla in Reaktion auf Odoranten der niedrigen Volatilität

Insects rely on their sense of smell to guide a wide range of behaviors that are critical for their survival, such as food-seeking, predator avoidance, ...

In Vivo Calcium Imaging of Lateral-line Hair Cells in Larval Zebrafish

Sensory hair cells are mechanoreceptors found in the inner ear that are required for hearing and balance. Hair cells are activated in response to sensory stimuli that mechanically deflect apical protrusions called hair bundles. Deflection opens mechanotransduction (MET) channels in hair bundles, leading to an influx of cations, including calcium. This cation influx depolarizes the cell and opens voltage-gated calcium channels located basally at the hair-cell presynapse. In mammals, hair cells are encased in bone, and it is challenging to functionally assess these activities in vivo. In contrast, larval zebrafish are transparent and possess an externally located lateral-line organ that contains hair cells. These hair cells are functionally and structurally similar to mammalian hair cells and can be functionally assessed in vivo. This article outlines a technique that utilizes a genetically encoded calcium indicator (GECI), GCaMP6s, to measure stimulus-evoked calcium signals in zebrafish lateral-line hair cells. GCaMP6s can be used, along with confocal imaging, to measure in vivo calcium signals at the apex and base of lateral-line hair cells. These signals provide a real-time, quantifiable readout of both mechanosensation- and presynapse-dependent calcium activities within these hair cells. These calcium signals also provide important functional information regarding how hair cells detect and transmit sensory stimuli. Overall, this technique generates useful data about relative changes in calcium activity in vivo. It is less well-suited for quantification of the absolute magnitude of calcium changes. This in vivo technique is sensitive to motion artifacts. A reasonable amount of practice and skill are required for proper positioning, immobilization, and stimulation of larvae. Ultimately, when properly executed, the protocol outlined in this article provides a powerful way to collect valuable information about the activity of hair-cells in their natural, fully integrated states within a live animal.

The zebrafish is a model system that has many valuable features including optical clarity, rapid external development, and, of particular importance to the field of hearing and balance, externally located sensory hair cells. This article outlines how transgenic zebrafish can be used to assay both hair-cell mechanosensation and presynaptic function in toto.

In Vivo Calcium Imaging der Seitenlinie Haarzellen im Larvenstadium Zebrafisch

Sensory hair cells are mechanoreceptors found in the inner ear that are required for hearing and balance. Hair cells are activated in response to sensory ...

Investigating Long-term Synaptic Plasticity in Interlamellar Hippocampus CA1 by Electrophysiological Field Recording

The study of synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus has focused on the use of the CA3-CA1 lamellar network. Less attention has been given to the longitudinal interlamellar CA1-CA1 network. Recently however, an associational connection between CA1-CA1 pyramidal neurons has been shown. Therefore, there is the need to investigate whether the longitudinal interlamellar CA1-CA1 network of the hippocampus supports synaptic plasticity.
We designed a protocol to investigate the presence or absence of long-term synaptic plasticity in the interlamellar hippocampal CA1 network using electrophysiological field recordings both in vivo and in vitro. For in vivo extracellular field recordings, the recording and stimulation electrodes were placed in a septal-temporal axis of the dorsal hippocampus at a longitudinal angle, to evoke field excitatory postsynaptic potentials. For in vitro extracellular field recordings, hippocampal longitudinal slices were cut parallel to the septal-temporal plane. Recording and stimulation electrodes were placed in the stratum oriens (S.O) and the stratum radiatum (S.R) of the hippocampus along the longitudinal axis. This enabled us to investigate the directional and layer specificity of evoked excitatory postsynaptic potentials. Already established protocols were used to induce long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD) both in vivo and in vitro. Our results demonstrated that the longitudinal interlamellar CA1 network supports N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-dependent long-term potentiation (LTP) with no directional or layer specificity. The interlamellar network, however, in contrast to the transverse lamellar network, did not present with any significant long-term depression (LTD).

We used recording and stimulation electrodes in longitudinal hippocampal brain slices and longitudinally positioned recording and stimulation electrodes in the dorsal hippocampus in vivo to evoke extracellular postsynaptic potentials and demonstrate long-term synaptic plasticity along the longitudinal interlamellar CA1.

Untersuchung der langfristigen synaptischen Plastizität im Interlamellar Hippocampus CA1 durch elektrophysiologische Feldaufzeichnung

The study of synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus has focused on the use of the CA3-CA1 lamellar network. Less attention has been given to the ...

Wireless Electrophysiological Recording of Neurons by Movable Tetrodes in Freely Swimming Fish

The neural mechanisms governing fish behavior remain mostly unknown, although fish constitute the majority of all vertebrates. The ability to record brain activity from freely moving fish would advance research on the neural basis of fish behavior considerably. Moreover, precise control of the recording location in the brain is critical to studying coordinated neural activity across regions in fish brain. Here, we present a technique that records wirelessly from the brain of freely swimming fish while controlling for the depth of the recording location. The system is based on a neural logger associated with a novel water-compatible implant that can adjust the recording location by microdrive-controlled tetrodes. The capabilities of the system are illustrated through recordings from the telencephalon of goldfish.

A novel wireless technique for recording extracellular neural signals from the brain of freely swimming goldfish is presented. The recording device is composed of two tetrodes, a microdrive, a neural data logger, and a waterproof case. All parts are custom-made except for the data logger and its connector.

Drahtlose elektrophysiologische Aufzeichnung von Neuronen durch bewegliche Tetrodes in frei schwimmenden Fischen

The neural mechanisms governing fish behavior remain mostly unknown, although fish constitute the majority of all vertebrates. The ability to record brain ...