Wir danken Krista den Ouden für ihre ausgezeichnete technische Unterstützung. Diese Technik wurde von der niederländischen Kidney Foundation, Grant C06.2174 unterstützt. MCV wird von der niederländischen Organisation für wissenschaftliche Forschung (NWO) Vidi-grant 016.096.359 unterstützt.

Alle Versuche werden in Übereinstimmung mit den tierexperimentellen ethischen Richtlinien des Utrecht Versuchstier Ausschuss ausgeführt. Das Protokoll wird unter der Leitung und Genehmigung des Autors Institution Tierpflege und Nutzung Ausschuss durchgeführt. CKD ist bei männlichen Inzucht Lewis Ratten (Charles River, Sulzfeld, Deutschland) im Alter von 8 Wochen induziert. Ratten werden unter Standardbedingungen in einem Licht-, Temperatur-und Feuchte-kontrollierten Umgebung untergebracht. 1. Chirurgie Vorbereitung <ol><li> Sterilisieren chirurgische Instrumente: <ul><li> 1 Student Pinzetten 1-2 Zähne 12 cm </li><li> 1 student standard Muster Zange </li><li> 2 Semken Zange </li><li> 1 Mayo Schere </li><li> 1 Schüler Iris Schere </li><li> 1 Olsen-Hegar Nadelhalter mit Schere </li><li> Blanket </li></ul></li><li> Prüfen Inventarliste: <ul><li> OP-Tisch mit Erwärmung pad und Lampe </li><li> O <sub&gt; 2, Isofluran </li><li> Gewebe </li><li> Shaver </li><li> Scales </li><li> Sterile Betriebssollwert </li><li> Sterile Gaze 5x5 und 10x10 </li><li> 70% Alkohol </li><li> 0,9% NaCl-Lösung </li><li> 1 ml Spritze </li><li> Nadeln (25G) </li><li> Gel Schaumstoff-Pads: Spongostan </li><li> Vicryl 4.0 und 5.0 </li><li> Buprenorphin 0,03 mg / kg (1:10 in physiologischer Kochsalzlösung verdünnt) </li><li> Saubere Käfig für Ratten nach der Operation </li></ul></li></ol> 2. Right Side Uninephrectomy <ol><li> Desinfizieren Sie die Tabelle mit 70% Alkohol. </li><li> Platz Ratte in Induktion Box und induzieren Anästhesie mit 4% Isofluran und 1 Liter Durchfluss von O 2. Hinweis: Je nach Rattenstamm verwendet, prä-und perioperative Analgesie vorgeschrieben sind, muss dies mit dem örtlichen Tierarzt besprochen werden. </li><li> Übertragen Ratte zu Tisch und Platz Nase in Kegel. Die Ratte und Nasenkonus auf ein Heizkissen gelegt, um die Ratte die Körpertemperatur zu halten. Die Ratte is belüftet mit einer Mischung aus 2% Isofluran und 1 Liter O 2. </li><li> Rasur die Flanke von der Ratte und desinfizieren mit Alkohol. Hände waschen und desinfizieren und sterile Handschuhe tragen. Tragen Sie einen Kopf Kappe und eine Maske. Machen Sie eine 1-1,5 cm Einschnitt parallel zu den Rippen mit anatomischen Pinzette und Schere stumpf. Expose der Niere durch stumpfe Dissektion der Rückenmuskulatur. </li><li> Die unteren Pol der Niere sichtbar ist, sorgfältig mit den kleinen stumpfen Pinzette die perirenalem Gewebe zu greifen. Externalize die Niere durch leichtes Ziehen am perirenalem mit einer Pinzette. Achten Sie darauf, nicht zu stören die Nebenniere bei diesem Vorgang. Die Nebenniere kann durch Anordnen einer Pinzette an der medialen Seite auf dem Fettgewebe entnommen und sanft nach oben bewegt wird zwischen der Nebenniere und der Niere wie in Abbildung 2 dargestellt. </li><li> Zeigen Niere sanft auf Gaze und frei von umgebenden Fett-und Bindegewebe. Identifizieren Sie die Nierenarterie und Vene und legen Sie eine Ligatur (5,0Vicryl) mit einem einzigen Knoten um die Gefäße, aber nicht binden Sie den Knoten. </li><li> Bewegen Sie den lockeren Knoten vorsichtig entlang der Gefäße in Richtung der Aorta von ca. 0,5 cm, um Platz zwischen der Niere und dem Knoten erstellen. Dies geschieht, um die Ligatur ein Abrutschen nach dem Schneiden zu verhindern. </li><li> Krawattenknoten mit zwei doppelten Knoten. Wenn Perfusion gestoppt, wird die Farbe der Niere sofort zu braun wechseln. Schneiden Sie nicht die Enden der Ligatur. </li><li> Schneiden Sie die renalen Gefäße in der Nähe der Niere und Entfernung der Niere. Vorsichtig an den langen Enden der Ligatur für Blutungen der renalen Gefäße überprüfen zu ziehen. Die Ligatur sollte an Ort und Stelle auf dem Schiff zu bleiben. Schneiden Sie die langen Enden der Ligatur. Hinweis werden die Überbleibsel Nierengefässe in die Bauchhöhle sofort zurückzuziehen. </li><li> Blot ausgeschnitten Niere trocknen und gewogen. </li><li> Schließen Sie die Skelettmuskulatur Schnitt mit fortlaufenden Nähten mit Vicryl 5.0. Spritzen 0,10 ml (0,03 mg / kg) im Buprenorphin in der hinteren Gliedmaßen. Schließen Sie dieHaut mit Vicryl 4.0 mit Intrakutannaht. Dies verhindert, dass die Ratten von der Öffnung der Wunde. Hinweis: aufgrund von Atemdepression in Lewis-Ratten, wir geben nur postoperativen Analgesie kurz vor dem Abschalten der Isofluran. </li><li> Haus der Ratte in einem Käfig sauber Einzelhaft mit einfachem Zugang zu Nahrung und Wasser. Setzen Sie den Käfig Hälfte auf Erwärmung pad O / N und überprüfen Sie die Ratte sorgfältig am nächsten Tag. Wenn die Wunde geschlossen wird und die Ratte aktiv ist, was in der Regel zwischen 6 und 12 Stunden nach der Operation kann die Ratten wieder in Gruppe Gehäuses platziert werden. </li></ol> 3. Left Side Zwischensumme Nephrectomy <ol><li> Sieben Tage später werden die gleichen Vorbereitungen auf der linken Seite für die rechte Seite, wie 2,1 bis 2,5 beschrieben wird. Vor der Operation wird die Menge von Nierengewebe, die entfernt, die etwa 2/3rds des Gewichts der rechten Niere werden muss berechnet. Bereiten Sie kleine Stücke von Gel-Schaum (Spongostan, Johnson &amp; Johnson, New Jersey) vor der Operation. </li&gt; <li> Zeigen scharfen Schere um den oberen Pol der linken Niere und Resektion des oberen Pol in einem Hub (für Scheren Lage, siehe Abbildung 3). Abdeckung sofort mit einem Stück Gel-Schaum und üben leichten Druck mit steriler Gaze. </li><li> Wiederholen Sie mit dem unteren Pol der Niere als in 3.3. </li><li> Heben Niere zur Verhinderung der Gerinnung auf der Haut. Pflegen Sie leichten Druck auf beiden Gel Schaumstoff-Pads mit steriler Gaze, bis die Blutung aufhört. Wenn die Blutung anhält, fügen Sie eine weitere Schaumstoffmatte. </li><li> Zeigen Überrest Niere mit anhaftenden Gel Schaumstoff-Pads in den Bauch. Schließen Sie die Muskeln und Haut und folgen 2,9-2,12. </li></ol> 4. Sham Surgery <ol><li> Sham Überwachung unterzogen dasselbe Verfahren, um die Nieren freizulegen. Statt Ausrottung der Niere oder Schneiden der Stangen eine Woche später sind sowohl die Nieren bei einem einwöchigen Intervall decapsulated, kümmert sich nicht um die Nebennieren zu stören. Wundverschluss und postoperative Versorgung sind identical bis 2.11 und 2.12. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>AS, G. o., Chertow, G. M., Fan, D., McCulloch, C. E., Hsu, C. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chronic+kidney+disease+and+the+risks+of+death,+cardiovascular+events,+and+hospitalization.">Chronic kidney disease and the risks of death, cardiovascular events, and hospitalization.</a> N. Engl. J. Med. 351 (13), 1296-1305 (2004).</li><li>Fleck, C., Appenroth, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Suitability+of+5/6+nephrectomy+(5/6NX)+for+the+induction+of+interstitial+renal+fibrosis+in+rats--influence+of+sex,+strain,+and+surgical+procedure.">Suitability of 5/6 nephrectomy (5/6NX) for the induction of interstitial renal fibrosis in rats--influence of sex, strain, and surgical procedure.</a> Exp. Toxicol. Pathol. 57 (3), 195-205 (2006).</li><li>Griffin, K. A., Picken, M. M., Churchill, M., Churchill, P., Bidani, A. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+and+structural+correlates+of+glomerulosclerosis+after+renal+mass+reduction+in+the+rat.">Functional and structural correlates of glomerulosclerosis after renal mass reduction in the rat.</a> J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 11 (3), 497-506 (2000).</li><li>Kang, D. H., Kanellis, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Role+of+the+microvascular+endothelium+in+progressive+renal+disease.">Role of the microvascular endothelium in progressive renal disease.</a> J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 13 (3), 806-816 (2002).</li><li>Baylis, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nitric+oxide+synthase+derangements+and+hypertension+in+kidney+disease.">Nitric oxide synthase derangements and hypertension in kidney disease.</a> Curr. Opin. Nephrol. Hypertens. 21 (1), 1-6 (2012).</li><li>Bongartz, L. G., Braam, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transient+nitric+oxide+reduction+induces+permanent+cardiac+systolic+dysfunction+and+worsens+kidney+damage+in+rats+with+chronic+kidney+disease.">Transient nitric oxide reduction induces permanent cardiac systolic dysfunction and worsens kidney damage in rats with chronic kidney disease.</a> Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 298 (3), 815-823 (2010).</li><li>Fujihara, C. K., De N, G., Zatz, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chronic+nitric+oxide+synthase+inhibition+aggravates+glomerular+injury+in+rats+with+subtotal+nephrectomy.">Chronic nitric oxide synthase inhibition aggravates glomerular injury in rats with subtotal nephrectomy.</a> J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 5 (7), 1498-1507 (1995).</li><li>Fujihara, C. K., Sena, C. R., Malheiros, D. M., Mattar, A. L., Zatz, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Short-term+nitric+oxide+inhibition+induces+progressive+nephropathy+after+regression+of+initial+renal+injury.">Short-term nitric oxide inhibition induces progressive nephropathy after regression of initial renal injury.</a> Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 290 (3), F632-F640 (2006).</li><li>Dikow, R., Kihm, L. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Increased+infarct+size+in+uremic+rats:+reduced+ischemia+tolerance?.">Increased infarct size in uremic rats: reduced ischemia tolerance?.</a> J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 15 (6), 1530-1536 (2004).</li><li>Elrashidy, R. A., Asker, M. E., Mohamed, H. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pioglitazone+attenuates+cardiac+fibrosis+and+hypertrophy+in+a+rat+model+of+diabetic+nephropathy.">Pioglitazone attenuates cardiac fibrosis and hypertrophy in a rat model of diabetic nephropathy.</a> J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. Ther. 17 (3), 324-333 (2012).</li><li>Haylor, J., Schroeder, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Skin+gadolinium+following+use+of+MR+contrast+agents+in+a+rat+model+of+nephrogenic+systemic+fibrosis.">Skin gadolinium following use of MR contrast agents in a rat model of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis.</a> Radiology. 263 (1), 107-116 (2012).</li><li>Moriguchi, Y., Yogo, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Left+ventricular+hypertrophy+is+associated+with+inflammation+in+sodium+loaded+subtotal+nephrectomized+rats.">Left ventricular hypertrophy is associated with inflammation in sodium loaded subtotal nephrectomized rats.</a> Biomed. Res. 32 (2), 83-90 (2011).</li><li>van Koppen, A., Joles, J. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Healthy+bone+marrow+cells+reduce+progression+of+kidney+failure+better+than+CKD+bone+marrow+cells+in+rats+with+established+chronic+kidney+disease.">Healthy bone marrow cells reduce progression of kidney failure better than CKD bone marrow cells in rats with established chronic kidney disease.</a> Cell Transplant. , (2012).</li><li>Baylis, C., Corman, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+aging+kidney:+insights+from+experimental+studies.">The aging kidney: insights from experimental studies.</a> J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 9 (4), 699-709 (1998).</li><li>Szabo, A. J., Muller, V., Chen, G. F., Samsell, L. J., Erdely, A., Baylis, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nephron+number+determines+susceptibility+to+renal+mass+reduction-induced+CKD+in+Lewis+and+Fisher+344+rats:+implications+for+development+of+experimentally+induced+chronic+allograft+nephropathy.">Nephron number determines susceptibility to renal mass reduction-induced CKD in Lewis and Fisher 344 rats: implications for development of experimentally induced chronic allograft nephropathy.</a> Nephrol. Dial Transplant. 23 (8), 2492-2495 (2008).</li><li>Darling, I. M., Morris, M. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+"true"+creatinine+clearance+in+rats+reveals+extensive+renal+secretion.">Evaluation of "true" creatinine clearance in rats reveals extensive renal secretion.</a> Pharm. Res. 8 (10), 1318-1322 (1991).</li><li>Levey, A. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Measurement+of+renal+function+in+chronic+renal+disease.">Measurement of renal function in chronic renal disease.</a> Kidney Int. 38 (1), 167-184 (1990).</li><li>Myers, G. L., Miller, W. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Recommendations+for+improving+serum+creatinine+measurement:+a+report+from+the+Laboratory+Working+Group+of+the+National+Kidney+Disease+Education+Program.">Recommendations for improving serum creatinine measurement: a report from the Laboratory Working Group of the National Kidney Disease Education Program.</a> Clin. Chem. 52 (1), 5-18 (2006).</li><li>Hostetter, T. H., Meyer, T. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+development+of+clearance+methods+for+measurement+of+glomerular+filtration+and+tubular+reabsorption.">The development of clearance methods for measurement of glomerular filtration and tubular reabsorption.</a> Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 287 (5), F868-F870 (2004).</li><li>Koeners, M. P., Racasan, S., Koomans, H. A., Joles, J. A., Braam, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nitric+oxide,+superoxide+and+renal+blood+flow+autoregulation+in+SHR+after+perinatal+L-arginine+and+antioxidants.">Nitric oxide, superoxide and renal blood flow autoregulation in SHR after perinatal L-arginine and antioxidants.</a> Acta. Physiol. (Oxf). 190 (4), 329-338 (2007).</li><li>van den Brandt, J., Wang, D., Kwon, S. H., Heinkelein, M., Reichardt, H. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lentivirally+generated+eGFP-transgenic+rats+allow+efficient+cell+tracking+in+vivo.">Lentivirally generated eGFP-transgenic rats allow efficient cell tracking in vivo.</a> Genesis. 39 (2), 94-99 (2004).</li><li>Kreutz, R., Kovacevic, L., Schulz, A., Rothermund, L., Ketteler, M., Paul, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+high+NaCl+diet+on+spontaneous+hypertension+in+a+genetic+rat+model+with+reduced+nephron+number.">Effect of high NaCl diet on spontaneous hypertension in a genetic rat model with reduced nephron number.</a> J. Hypertens. 18 (6), 777-782 (2000).</li><li>Liu, Z. C., Chow, K. M., Chang, T. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+two+protocols+of+uremic+rat+model:+partial+nephrectomy+and.">Evaluation of two protocols of uremic rat model: partial nephrectomy and.</a> 25 (6), 935-943 (2003).</li><li>Griffin, K. A., Picken, M., Bidani, A. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Method+of+renal+mass+reduction+is+a+critical+modulator+of+subsequent+hypertension+and+glomerular+injury.">Method of renal mass reduction is a critical modulator of subsequent hypertension and glomerular injury.</a> J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 4 (12), 2023-2031 (1994).</li><li>Meyer, F., Ioshii, S. O., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Laparoscopic+partial+nephrectomy+in+rats.">Laparoscopic partial nephrectomy in rats.</a> Acta. Cir. Bras. 22 (2), 152-156 (2007).</li></ol>

Autoren haben nichts zu offenbaren.

Chirurgische Entfernung von 5/6th der renalen Masse in der Lewis-Ratte, mit einem High-Salz-Diät und temporäre NOS Inhibition kombiniert führt zu einem Modell von CKD, die menschliche CKD ähnelt und ermöglicht Untersuchung der kausalen Mechanismen und Wirksamkeit von therapeutischen Interventionen in CKD. Die 5/6th Nephrektomie Modell ist ein bekannter und vielfach beschrieben Modell für CKD. Allerdings ist das einfache Entfernen 5/6th der renalen Masse nicht sofort Nierenversagen in a...

Aufgrund seiner progressiven Charakter, anschließenden Endstadium Nierenerkrankung und assoziierten kardiovaskulären Morbidität und Mortalität ist CKD ein wachsendes Problem der öffentlichen Gesundheit ein. Verlangsamen CKD Progression ist daher ein großes gesundheitliches Priorität. Seit CKD durch komplexe Störungen der Homöostase gekennzeichnet ist, sind integrative Tiermodellen notwendig, um die Entwicklung und das Fortschreiten von CKD studieren. Die Niere besteht aus einer Vielzahl von verschiedenen Zelltypen, die miteinander interagieren. Diese Komplexität kann nicht in vitro nachgeahmt werden. Um neue therapeutische Interventionen in CKD studieren, benutzen wir die 5/6th Nephrektomie Ablation Modell, ein bekannter experimentellen Modell der progressive Nierenerkrankung, ähnlich mehrere Aspekte der menschlichen CKD 2,3. Die Brutto-Reduktion renaler Masse verursacht progressive glomeruläre und Tubulointerstitielle Verletzung, Verlust der Überrest Nephronen und Entwicklung von systemischen und glomerulären Hypertonie. Es ist mit progr verbundenEssiv intrarenal Kapillare Verlust 4, Entzündung und Glomerulosklerose. Risikofaktoren für CKD unweigerlich Auswirkungen auf die Endothelfunktion 5. Wir verwendeten einen Rattenstamm (Lewis), die relativ beständig um die Entwicklung von CKD ist und deshalb haben wir kombiniert Entfernung von 5/6th der renalen Masse mit Stickstoffmonoxid (NO) Verarmung 6, 7, 8 und eine hohe Salz-Diät 9. Nach der Ankunft und Eingewöhnung, erhalten Tiere eine NO-Synthase-Inhibitor (L-NNA) ergänzt werden, um Trinkwasser (20 mg / L) für einen Zeitraum von 4 Wochen, gefolgt von rechtsseitigen uninephrectomy (UNX) mit Fortsetzung der L-NNA nach zwei Tagen gefolgt . Eine Woche später wird Zwischensumme Nephrektomie (SNX) dh Entfernung 2/3rds renalen Masse auf der linken Seite durchgeführt. Nach SNX werden Tiere erlaubt, für 2 Tage wieder gefolgt von 20 mg / L LNNA in Trinkwasser für einen Zeitraum von 4 Wochen zu erholen. Eine hohe Salz-Diät (6%), in Boden chow (siehe Zeitleiste Abbildung 1) ergänzt wird während des Experiments fortgesetzt. Ter Grund, die UNX auf der rechten Seite durchzuführen und SNX auf der linken Seite ist, dass die Nierengefäße mehr auf der linken Seite, die es einfacher, den Nieren ohne Dehnung der Gefäße zu viel, wenn die Niere außerhalb des Körpers ausgesetzt ist, Zugriff sind . In der Literatur werden Modelle beschrieben, bei dem die Pole des ersten linken Niere entfernt werden, gefolgt von UNX der rechten Niere eine Woche später 10,11,12. In unseren Händen Dieses Modell zeigte eine viel schnellere Entwicklung von Nierenversagen, sondern auch eine viel größere Variation in Verlust der Nierenfunktion. Progression der Niereninsuffizienz im Laufe der Zeit durch Messen Plasma Harnstoff, systolischer Blutdruck und Proteinurie gefolgt. Nach sechs Wochen nach SNX hat Nierenversagen entwickelt, gekennzeichnet durch deutliche Verringerung der glomerulären Filtrationsrate (69%) und des effektiven renalen Plasmaflusses (62%) 13 Hypertonie (systolischer Blutdruck&gt; 150 mmHg), Proteinurie (&gt; 50 mg/24 h) und milden Urämie (&gt; 10 mm). Histologische Merkmale sind Tubulo-interstitielle Schäden, die durch Entzündung, Fibrose und tubuläre Atrophie und fokale Glomerulosklerose führt zu massiven Abbau von gesunden Glomeruli innerhalb der Restbevölkerung (&lt;10%) wider. Follow-up bis 12 Wochen nach SNX zeigt ein weiteres Fortschreiten der CKD und bietet ein Fenster der Gelegenheit für die Bewertung der therapeutischen Interventionen.

<table border="1">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>Reagent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-NNA</td>
			<td>Sigma-aldrich</td>
			<td>N5501</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Spongostan dental: gel foam pads 1x1x1 cm</td>
			<td>Johnson&amp;Johnson</td>
			<td>Ms0005</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethicon Vicryl FS-2S naald 4/0 V392H p/36</td>
			<td>Ethicon</td>
			<td>V303H</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethicon Vicryl RB-1+ naald 5/0 V303H p/36</td>
			<td>Ethicon</td>
			<td>V392H</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Buprenorphine (0.3 mg/ml)</td>
			<td>Via local pharmacist ordered by Reckitt Benckiser pharmaceuticals</td>
			<td>unknown</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>Equipment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Student Tissue Forceps - 1x2 Teeth 12 cm</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools (FST)</td>
			<td>91121-12</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Student Standard Pattern Forceps</td>
			<td>FST</td>
			<td>91100-12</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mayo Scissors</td>
			<td>FST</td>
			<td>14010-15</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2X Semken Forceps</td>
			<td>FST</td>
			<td>11008-13</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Student Iris Scissors</td>
			<td>FST</td>
			<td>91460-11</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Olsen-Hegar Needle Holder</td>
			<td>FST</td>
			<td>12002-14</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

5/6th nephrectomy in combination with high salt diet and nitric oxide synthase inhibition to induce chronic kidney disease in the lewis rat

Chronische Nierenerkrankungen (CKD) ist ein globales Problem. Verlangsamen CKD Progression ist ein großes gesundheitliches Priorität. Seit CKD durch komplexe Störungen der Homöostase gekennzeichnet ist, sind integrative Tiermodellen notwendig, um die Entwicklung und das Fortschreiten von CKD studieren. Um die Entwicklung der CKD und neuartige therapeutische Interventionen in CKD studieren, benutzen wir die 5/6th Nephrektomie Ablation Modell, einem bekannten experimentellen Modell der progressive Nierenerkrankung, ähnlich mehrere Aspekte der menschlichen CKD. Die Brutto-Reduktion renaler Masse verursacht progressive glomeruläre und Tubulointerstitielle Verletzung, Verlust der Überrest Nephronen und Entwicklung von systemischen und glomerulären Hypertonie. Es ist auch mit progressiver Verlust intrarenal Kapillare, Entzündungen und Glomerulosklerose verbunden. Risikofaktoren für CKD unweigerlich Auswirkungen auf die Endothelfunktion. Um dies zu imitieren, kombinieren wir Entfernung von 5/6th der renalen Masse mit Stickstoffmonoxid (NO) Verarmung und eine hohe Salz-Diät. Nach der Ankunft und Eingewöhnung, wieder Tiereceive eine NO-Synthase-Inhibitor (NG-Nitro-L-Arginin) (L-NNA) ergänzt, um Trinkwasser (20 mg / L) für einen Zeitraum von 4 Wochen, gefolgt von rechtsseitigen uninephrectomy gefolgt. Eine Woche später wird eine Zwischensumme Nephrektomie (SNX) auf der linken Seite durchgeführt. Nach SNX werden Tiere erlaubt, für zwei Tage nach LNNA im Trinkwasser (20 mg / L) folgte für einen weiteren Zeitraum von 4 Wochen zu erholen. Eine hohe Salz-Diät (6%), in Boden chow (siehe Zeitleiste Abbildung 1) ergänzt wird während des Experiments fortgesetzt. Progression der Niereninsuffizienz im Laufe der Zeit durch Messen Plasma Harnstoff, systolischer Blutdruck und Proteinurie gefolgt. Nach sechs Wochen nach SNX hat Nierenversagen entwickelt. Die Nierenfunktion wird mittels &quot;Goldstandard&quot; Inulin und para-Amino Hippursäure (PAH)-Clearance-Technologie. Dieses Modell der CKD wird durch eine Verringerung der glomerulären Filtrationsrate (GFR) und des effektiven renalen Plasma-Flow (ERPF), Hypertonie (systolischer Blutdruck&gt; 150 mmHg), Proteinurie (&gt; 50 mg/24 h gekennzeichnet) Und milden Urämie (&gt; 10 mm). Histologische Merkmale sind Tubulointerstitielle Schäden, die durch Entzündung, Fibrose und tubuläre Atrophie und fokale Glomerulosklerose führt zu massiven Abbau von gesunden Glomeruli innerhalb der Restbevölkerung (&lt;10%) wider. Follow-up bis 12 Wochen nach SNX weiteres Fortschreiten der CKD zeigt.

Nach Zwischensumme Nephrektomie ist etwa 1:6 der renalen Gesamt-Masse links. Abbildung 4 zeigt das Gewicht des entfernten Teils der rechten Niere mit Mittelwert und Standardabweichung in zwei früheren Experimenten. Man sollte im Hinterkopf behalten, dass in der Woche nach UNX tritt Hypertrophie der linken Niere, die anzeigt, dass das Gewicht, die entfernt berechnet bezogen auf das Gewicht der rechten Niere immer Ergebnisse in weniger als 5/6th Entfernung werden muss. Da es jedoch nicht möglich, das Ge...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about 5/6th Nephrectomy in Combination with High Salt Diet and Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibition to Induce Chronic Kidney Disease in the Lewis Rat at JoVE.com

5/6th Nephrectomy in Combination with High Salt Diet and Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibition to Induce Chronic Kidney Disease in the Lewis Rat

Ein zweistufiges Verfahren zur chronischen Niereninsuffizienz (CNI) in der Lewis-Ratte etablieren durch chirurgisches Entfernen 5/6th der renalen Masse beschrieben. Kombination des chirurgischen Eingriffs, führt NOS-Hemmung und ein High-Salz-Diät zu einem Modell ähnlich menschlichen CKD, sodass Studie von kausalen Mechanismen und Entwicklung neuartiger therapeutischer Interventionen.

5/6th Nephrektomie in Kombination mit hohen Salz-Diät-und Stickstoffmonoxid-Synthase-Hemmung zu Chronic Kidney Disease in der Lewis-Ratte induzieren

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a global problem. Slowing CKD progression is a major health priority. Since CKD is characterized by complex derangements ...

56th-nephrectomy-combination-with-high-salt-diet-nitric-oxide

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

23.4K Aufrufe.  University Medical Center Utrecht. Ein zweistufiges Verfahren zur chronischen Niereninsuffizienz (CNI) in der Lewis-Ratte etablieren durch chirurgisches Entfernen 5/6th der renalen Masse beschrieben. Kombination des chirurgischen Eingriffs, führt NOS-Hemmung und ein High-Salz-Diät zu einem Modell ähnlich menschlichen CKD, sodass Studie von kausalen Mechanismen und Entwicklung neuartiger therapeutischer Interventionen.

Serie: 5/6th Nephrectomy in Combination with High Salt Diet and Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibition to Induce Chronic Kidney Disease in the Lewis Rat

Analytical Techniques for Assaying Nitric Oxide Bioactivity

Nitric oxide (NO) is a diatomic free radical that is extremely short lived in biological systems (less than 1 second in circulating blood)1. NO may be considered one of the most important signaling molecules produced in our body, regulating essential functions including but not limited to regulation of blood pressure, immune response and neural communication. Therefore its accurate detection and quantification in biological matrices is critical to understanding the role of NO in health and disease. With such a short physiological half life of NO, alternative strategies for the detection of reaction products of NO biochemistry have been developed. The quantification of relevant NO metabolites in multiple biological compartments provides valuable information with regards to in vivo NO production, bioavailability and metabolism. Simply sampling a single compartment such as blood or plasma may not always provide an accurate assessment of whole body NO status, particularly in tissues. The ability to compare blood with select tissues in experimental animals will help bridge the gap between basic science and clinical medicine as far as diagnostic and prognostic utility of NO biomarkers in health and disease. Therefore, extrapolation of plasma or blood NO status to specific tissues of interest is no longer a valid approach. As a result, methods continue to be developed and validated which allow the detection and quantification of NO and NO-related products/metabolites in multiple compartments of experimental animals in vivo. The established paradigm of NO biochemistry from production by NO synthases to activation of soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) to eventual oxidation to nitrite (NO2-) and nitrate (NO3-) may only represent part of NO's effects in vivo. The interaction of NO and NO-derived metabolites with protein thiols, secondary amines, and metals to form S-nitrosothiols (RSNOs), N-nitrosamines (RNNOs), and nitrosyl-heme respectively represent cGMP-independent effects of NO and are likely just as important physiologically as activation of sGC by NO. A true understanding of NO in physiology is derived from in vivo experiments sampling multiple compartments simultaneously. Nitric oxide (NO) methodology is a complex and often confusing science and the focus of many debates and discussion concerning NO biochemistry. The elucidation of new mechanisms and signaling pathways involving NO hinges on our ability to specifically, selectively and sensitively detect and quantify NO and all relevant NO products and metabolites in complex biological matrices. Here, we present a method for the rapid and sensitive analysis of nitrite and nitrate by HPLC as well as detection of free NO in biological samples using in vitro ozone based chemiluminescence with chemical derivitazation to determine molecular source of NO as well as ex vivo with organ bath myography.

The endogenous production of nitric oxide (NO) regulates a wide variety of biological functions. It is becoming increasingly clear that disruption or dysregulation of NO based signaling is involved in many human diseases. Methods to quantify relevant NO metabolites may provide novel diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers for human disease.

Analytische Verfahren zur Bestimmung von Stickoxid Bioaktivität

Nitric oxide (NO) is a diatomic free radical that is extremely short lived in biological systems (less than 1 second in circulating blood)1. NO may be ...

Forschung

Medizin

Catheter Ablation in Combination With Left Atrial Appendage Closure for Atrial Fibrillation

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained cardiac arrhythmia, affecting millions of individuals worldwide 1-3. The rapid, irregular, and disordered electrical activity in the atria gives rise to palpitations, fatigue, dyspnea, chest pain and dizziness with or without syncope 4, 5. Patients with AF have a five-fold higher risk of stroke 6.
Oral anticoagulation (OAC) with warfarin is commonly used for stroke prevention in patients with AF and has been shown to reduce the risk of stroke by 64% 7. Warfarin therapy has several major disadvantages, however, including bleeding, non-tolerance, interactions with other medications and foods, non-compliance and a narrow therapeutic range 8-11. These issues, together with poor appreciation of the risk-benefit ratio, unawareness of guidelines, or absence of an OAC monitoring outpatient clinic may explain why only 30-60% of patients with AF are prescribed this drug 8.
The problems associated with warfarin, combined with the limited efficacy and/or serious side effects associated with other medications used for AF 12,13, highlight the need for effective non-pharmacological approaches to treatment. One such approach is catheter ablation (CA), a procedure in which a radiofrequency electrical current is applied to regions of the heart to create small ablation lesions that electrically isolate potential AF triggers 4. CA is a well-established treatment for AF symptoms 14, 15, that may also decrease the risk of stroke. Recent data showed a significant decrease in the relative risk of stroke and transient ischemic attack events among patients who underwent ablation compared with those undergoing antiarrhythmic drug therapy 16.
Since the left atrial appendage (LAA) is the source of thrombi in more than 90% of patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation 17, another approach to stroke prevention is to physically block clots from exiting the LAA. One method for occluding the LAA is via percutaneous placement of the WATCHMAN LAA closure device. The WATCHMAN device resembles a small parachute. It consists of a nitinol frame covered by fabric polyethyl terephthalate that prevents emboli, but not blood, from exiting during the healing process. Fixation anchors around the perimeter secure the device in the LAA (Figure 1). To date, the WATCHMAN is the only implanted percutaneous device for which a randomized clinical trial has been reported. In this study, implantation of the WATCHMAN was found to be at least as effective as warfarin in preventing stroke (all-causes) and death (all-causes) 18. This device received the Conformit&eacute; Europ&eacute;enne (CE) mark for use in the European Union for warfarin eligible patients and in those who have a contraindication to anticoagulation therapy 19.
Given the proven effectiveness of CA to alleviate AF symptoms and the promising data with regard to reduction of thromboembolic events with both CA and WATCHMAN implantation, combining the two procedures is hoped to further reduce the incidence of stroke in high-risk patients while simultaneously relieving symptoms. The combined procedure may eventually enable patients to undergo implantation of the WATCHMAN device without subsequent warfarin treatment, since the CA procedure itself reduces thromboembolic events. This would present an avenue of treatment previously unavailable to patients ineligible for warfarin treatment because of recurrent bleeding 20 or other warfarin-associated problems.
The combined procedure is performed under general anesthesia with biplane fluoroscopy and TEE guidance. Catheter ablation is followed by implantation of the WATCHMAN LAA closure device. Data from a non-randomized trial with 10 patients demonstrates that this procedure can be safely performed in patients with a CHADS2 score of greater than 1 21. Further studies to examine the effectiveness of the combined procedure in reducing symptoms from AF and associated stroke are therefore warranted.

Catheter ablation is combined with placement of the WATCHMAN Left Atrial Appendage Closure Device to prevent ischemic stroke in a patient with non-valvular atrial fibrillation.

Katheterablation in Kombination mit linken Herzohr Closure für Vorhofflimmern

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained cardiac arrhythmia, affecting millions of individuals worldwide 1-3. The rapid, irregular, and ...

Spectral Karyotyping to Study Chromosome Abnormalities in Humans and Mice with Polycystic Kidney Disease

Conventional method to identify and classify individual chromosomes depends on the unique banding pattern of each chromosome in a specific species being analyzed 1, 2. This classical banding technique, however, is not reliable in identifying complex chromosomal aberrations such as those associated with cancer. To overcome the limitations of the banding technique, Spectral Karyotyping (SKY) is introduced to provide much reliable information on chromosome abnormalities.
SKY is a multicolor fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH) technique to detect metaphase chromosomes with spectral microscope 3, 4. SKY has been proven to be a valuable tool for the cytogenetic analysis of a broad range of chromosome abnormalities associated with a large number of genetic diseases and malignancies 5, 6. SKY involves the use of multicolor fluorescently-labelled DNA probes prepared from the degenerate oligonucleotide primers by PCR. Thus, every chromosome has a unique spectral color after in-situ hybridization with probes, which are differentially labelled with a mixture of fluorescent dyes (Rhodamine, Texas Red, Cy5, FITC and Cy5.5). The probes used for SKY consist of up to 55 chromosome specific probes 7-10.
The procedure for SKY involves several steps (Figure 1). SKY requires the availability of cells with high mitotic index from normal or diseased tissue or blood. The chromosomes of a single cell from either a freshly isolated primary cell or a cell line are spread on a glass slide. This chromosome spread is labeled with a different combination of fluorescent dyes specific for each chromosome. For probe detection and image acquisition,the spectral imaging system consists of sagnac interferometer and a CCD camera. This allows measurement of the visible light spectrum emitted from the sample and to acquire a spectral image from individual chromosomes. HiSKY, the software used to analyze the results of the captured images, provides an easy identification of chromosome anomalies. The end result is a metaphase and a karyotype classification image, in which each pair of chromosomes has a distinct color (Figure 2). This allows easy identification of chromosome identities and translocations. For more details, please visit Applied Spectral Imaging website (<a href="http://www.spectral-imaging.com/" target="_blank">http://www.spectral-imaging.com/</a>).
SKY was recently used for an identification of chromosome segregation defects and chromosome abnormalities in humans and mice with Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease (ADPKD), a genetic disease characterized by dysfunction in primary cilia 11-13. Using this technique, we demonstrated the presence of abnormal chromosome segregation and chromosomal defects in ADPKD patients and mouse models 14. Further analyses using SKY not only allowed us to identify chromosomal number and identity, but also to accurately detect very complex chromosomal aberrations such as chromosome deletions and translocations (Figure 2).

Spectral Karyotyping (SKY) is an advanced cytogenetics technique to identify genomic and chromosomal aberrations. This technique takes advantage of chromosome painting probes, which allow classification of all chromosomes. SKY can also identify complex chromosome aberrations and segregation defects in mice and humans with various diseases, including polycystic kidney disease.

Spektrale Karyotypisierung zu Chromosomenanomalien in Menschen und Mäusen mit Kidney Disease Study

Conventional method to identify and classify individual chromosomes depends on the unique banding pattern of each chromosome in a specific species being ...

A Model of Chronic Nutrient Infusion in the Rat

Chronic exposure to excessive levels of nutrients is postulated to affect the function of several organs and tissues and to contribute to the development of the many complications associated with obesity and the metabolic syndrome, including type 2 diabetes. To study the mechanisms by which excessive levels of glucose and fatty acids affect the pancreatic beta-cell and the secretion of insulin, we have established a chronic nutrient infusion model in the rat. The procedure consists of catheterizing the right jugular vein and left carotid artery under general anesthesia; allowing a 7-day recuperation period; connecting the catheters to the pumps using a swivel and counterweight system that enables the animal to move freely in the cage; and infusing glucose and/or Intralipid (a soybean oil emulsion which generates a mixture of approximately 80% unsaturated/20% saturated fatty acids when infused with heparin) for 72 hr. This model offers several advantages, including the possibility to finely modulate the target levels of circulating glucose and fatty acids; the option to co-infuse pharmacological compounds; and the relatively short time frame as opposed to dietary models. It can be used to examine the mechanisms of nutrient-induced dysfunction in a variety of organs and to test the effectiveness of drugs in this context.

A protocol for chronic infusions of glucose and Intralipid in rats is described. This model can be used to study the impact of nutrient excess on organ function and physiological parameters.

Ein Modell der chronischen Nährstoff Infusion in der Ratte

Chronic exposure to excessive levels of nutrients is postulated to  affect the function of several organs and tissues and to contribute to the  ...

Assessment of Vascular Function in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease

Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) have significantly increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) compared to the general population, and this is only partially explained by traditional CVD risk factors. Vascular dysfunction is an important non-traditional risk factor, characterized by vascular endothelial dysfunction (most commonly assessed as impaired endothelium-dependent dilation [EDD]) and stiffening of the large elastic arteries. While various techniques exist to assess EDD and large elastic artery stiffness, the most commonly used are brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMDBA) and aortic pulse-wave velocity (aPWV), respectively. Both of these noninvasive measures of vascular dysfunction are independent predictors of future cardiovascular events in patients with and without kidney disease. Patients with CKD demonstrate both impaired FMDBA, and increased aPWV. While the exact mechanisms by which vascular dysfunction develops in CKD are incompletely understood, increased oxidative stress and a subsequent reduction in nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability are important contributors. Cellular changes in oxidative stress can be assessed by collecting vascular endothelial cells from the antecubital vein and measuring protein expression of markers of oxidative stress using immunofluorescence. We provide here a discussion of these methods to measure FMDBA, aPWV, and vascular endothelial cell protein expression.

The degree of vascular dysfunction and contributing physiological mechanisms can be assessed in patients with chronic kidney disease by measuring brachial artery flow-mediated dilation, aortic pulse-wave velocity, and vascular endothelial cell protein expression.

Beurteilung der Gefäßfunktion bei Patienten mit chronischer Nierenerkrankung

Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) have significantly increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) compared to the general population, and this ...

Slow-release Drug Delivery through Elvax 40W to the Rat Retina: Implications for the Treatment of Chronic Conditions

Diseases of the retina are difficult to treat as the retina lies deep within the eye. Invasive methods of drug delivery are often needed to treat these diseases. Chronic retinal diseases such as retinal oedema or neovascularization usually require multiple intraocular injections to effectively treat the condition. However, the risks associated with these injections increase with repeated delivery of the drug. Therefore, alternative delivery methods need to be established in order to minimize the risks of reinjection. Several other investigations have developed methods to deliver drugs over extended time, through materials capable of releasing chemicals slowly into the eye. In this investigation, we outline the use of Elvax 40W, a copolymer resin, to act as a vehicle for drug delivery to the adult rat retina. The resin is made and loaded with the drug. The drug-resin complex is then implanted into the vitreous cavity, where it will slowly release the drug over time. This method was tested using 2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate (APB), a glutamate analogue that blocks the light response of the retina. It was demonstrated that the APB was slowly released from the resin, and was able to block the retinal response by 7 days after implantation. This indicates that slow-release drug delivery using this copolymer resin is effective for treating the retina, and could be used therapeutically with further testing.

This paper details how Elvax 40W can be used as a slow-release method for drug delivery to the adult rat retina. The protocol for preparing, loading, and delivering the drug-resin complex to the eye is described.

Slow-Release-Drug Delivery durch Elvax 40W, um die Ratte Retina: Implikationen für die Behandlung von chronischen Erkrankungen

Diseases of the retina are difficult to treat as the retina lies deep within the eye. Invasive methods of drug delivery are often needed to treat these ...

Busulfan as a Myelosuppressive Agent for Generating Stable High-level Bone Marrow Chimerism in Mice

Bone marrow transplantation (BMT) is often used to replace the bone marrow (BM) compartment of recipient mice with BM cells expressing a distinct biomarker isolated from donor mice. This technique allows for identification of donor-derived hematopoietic cells within the recipient mice, and can be used to isolate and characterize donor cells using various biochemical techniques. BMT typically relies on myeloablative conditioning with total body irradiation to generate niche space within the BM compartment of recipient mice for donor cell engraftment. The protocol we describe here uses myelosuppressive conditioning with the chemotherapeutic agent busulfan. Unlike irradiation, which requires the use of specialized facilities, busulfan conditioning is performed using intraperitoneal injections of 20 mg/kg busulfan until a total dose of 60-100 mg/kg has been administered. Moreover, myeloablative irradiation can have toxic side effects and requires successful engraftment of donor cells for survival of recipient mice. In contrast, busulfan conditioning using these doses is generally well tolerated and mice survive without donor cell support. Donor BM cells are isolated from the femurs and tibiae of mice ubiquitously expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP), and injected into the lateral tail vein of conditioned recipient mice. BM chimerism is estimated by quantifying the number of GFP+ cells within the peripheral blood following BMT. Levels of chimerism&nbsp;>80% are typically observed in the peripheral blood 3-4 weeks post-transplant and remain established for at least 1 year. As with irradiation, conditioning with busulfan and BMT allows for the accumulation of donor BM-derived cells within the central nervous system (CNS), particularly in mouse models of neurodegeneration. This busulfan-mediated CNS accumulation may be more physiological than total body irradiation, as the busulfan treatment is less toxic and CNS inflammation appears to be less extensive. We hypothesize that these cells can be genetically engineered to deliver therapeutics to the CNS.

We describe a protocol whereby busulfan conditioning permits the bone marrow of a recipient mouse to be replaced with bone marrow cells from donor mice ubiquitously expressing green fluorescent protein, in the absence of irradiation. This technique is useful to study bone marrow cell accumulation in the central nervous system.

Busulfan als myelosuppressiven Agenten zur Erwirtschaftung stabiler Hochrangige Knochenmark Chimärismus bei Mäusen

Bone marrow transplantation (BMT) is often used to replace the bone marrow (BM) compartment of recipient mice with BM cells expressing a distinct ...

Intravascular Delivery of Biologics to the Rat Kidney

The renal microvascular compartment plays an important role in the progression of kidney disease and hypertension, leading to the development of End Stage Renal Disease with high risk of death for cardiovascular events. Moreover, recent clinical studies have shown that renovascular structure and function may have a great impact on functional renal recovery after surgery. Here, we describe a protocol for the delivery of drugs into the renal artery of rats. This procedure offers significant advantages over the frequently used systemic administration as it may allow a more localized therapeutic effect. In addition, the use of rodents in pharmacodynamic analysis of preclinical studies may be cost effective, paving the way for the design of translational experiments in larger animal models. Using this technique, infusion of rat recombinant Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) protein in rats has induced activation of VEGF signaling as shown by increased expression of FLK1, pAKT/AKT, pERK/ERK. In summary, we established a protocol for the intrarenal delivery of drugs in rats, which is simple and highly reproducible.

The administration of drugs for recovery of kidney function requires control of the localization and distribution of the therapeutic compound. Here, we describe in detail a simple technique for intrarenal delivery of drugs in rats. This procedure may be easily performed with no mortality and high reproducibility.

Die intravaskuläre Lieferung von Biologics zur Rattenniere

The renal microvascular compartment plays an important role in the progression of kidney disease and hypertension, leading to the development of End Stage ...

Assessment of Kidney Function in Mouse Models of Glomerular Disease

The use of murine models to mimic human kidney disease is becoming increasingly common. Our research is focused on the assessment of glomerular function in diabetic nephropathy and podocyte-specific VEGF-A knock-out mice; therefore, this protocol describes the full kidney work-up used in our lab to assess these mouse models of glomerular disease, enabling a vast amount of information regarding kidney and glomerular function to be obtained from a single mouse. In comparison to alternative methods presented in the literature to assess glomerular function, the use of the method outlined in this paper enables the glomerular phenotype to be fully evaluated from multiple aspects. By using this method, the researcher can determine the kidney phenotype of the model and assess the mechanism as to why the phenotype develops. This vital information on the mechanism of disease is required when examining potential therapeutic avenues in these models. The methods allow for detailed functional assessment of the glomerular filtration barrier through measurement of the urinary albumin creatinine ratio and individual glomerular water permeability, as well as both structural and ultra-structural examination using the Periodic Acid Schiff stain and electron microscopy. Furthermore, analysis of the genes dysregulated at the mRNA and protein level enables mechanistic analysis of glomerular function. This protocol outlines the generic but adaptable methods that can be applied to all mouse models of glomerular disease.

This protocol describes a full kidney work-up that should be carried out in mouse models of glomerular disease. The methods allow for detailed functional, structural, and mechanistic analysis of glomerular function, which can be applied to all mouse models of glomerular disease.

Beurteilung der Nierenfunktion in Mausmodellen der glomerulären Erkrankung

The use of murine models to mimic human kidney disease is becoming increasingly common. Our research is focused on the assessment of glomerular function ...

Platelet-based Detection of Nitric Oxide in Blood by Measuring VASP Phosphorylation

Platelets are the blood components responsible for proper blood clotting. Their function is highly regulated by various pathways. One of the most potent vasoactive agents, nitric oxide (NO), can also act as a powerful inhibitor of platelet aggregation. Direct NO detection in blood is very challenging due to its high reactivity with cell-free hemoglobin that limits NO half-life to the millisecond range. Currently, NO changes after interventions are only estimated based on measured changes of nitrite and nitrate (members of the nitrate-nitrite-NO metabolic pathway). However precise, these measurements are rather difficult to interpret vis a vis actual NO changes, due to the naturally high baseline nitrite and nitrate levels that are several orders of magnitude higher than expected changes of NO itself. Therefore, the development of direct and simple methods that would allow one to detect NO directly is long overdue. This protocol addresses a potential use of platelets as a highly sensitive NO sensor in blood. It describes initial platelet rich plasma (PRP) and washed platelet preparations and the use of nitrite and deoxygenated red blood cells as NO generators. Phosphorylation of VASP at serine 239 (P-VASPSer239) is used to detect the presence of NO. The fact that VASP protein is highly expressed in platelets and that it is rapidly phosphorylated when NO is present leads to a unique opportunity to use this pathway to directly detect NO presence in blood.

Here, we present a protocol to address the potential use of platelets as a highly sensitive nitric oxide sensor in blood. It describes initial platelet preparation and the use of nitrite and deoxygenated red blood cells as nitric oxide generators.

Thrombozyten-basierte Erkennung von Stickoxid im Blut durch die Messung VASP Phosphorylierung

Platelets are the blood components responsible for proper blood clotting. Their function is highly regulated by various pathways. One of the most potent ...