There are no acknowledgements for this study.

Participants were outpatients of a vascular surgical unit at a local teaching hospital and gave informed consent to participate in this study. The study was approved by the NHS Local Research Ethics Committee (REC reference: 07/Q1105/12) and the protocol complied with the IRB guidelines of the University of Hull. All participants completed the Sensory Organization Test and Motor Control Test on the EquiTest. Ankle brachial pressure index was measured preexercise to categorize disease severity.
1. Ankle Brachial Pressure Index (ABPI) Measurement
<ol>
	<li>Allow the participant to rest in the supine position for at least 5 min before the ABPI measurement is taken.</li>
	<li>Adjust a standard sphygmomanometer cuff over the brachial artery above the elbow and the dorsalis pedis and posterior tibial arteries above the ankle. Rapidly inflate the cuffs to 20 mmHg above the audible systolic pressure before deflating at a constant rate of 2 mm/sec.</li>
	<li>Record the systolic pressure as the pressure at which the first sustained systolic pressure is audible. Then using a hand-held Doppler probe (5-8 MHz), measure the systolic pressures of the dorsalis pedis and posterior tibial arteries.</li>
	<li>Calculate ABPI with ankle systolic pressure as the numerator, over the brachial systolic pressure as the denominator.</li>
</ol>
Note: There are several methods currently used to determine the numerator value of the ABPI. The American Heart Association advocates using the higher systolic pressure of the two leg arteries for the numerator12 which is what we used, while another method reported in the literature states using the lower systolic pressure13. A third method recommends using the average systolic pressure from the dorsalis pedis and posterior tibial arteries13.
2. Equipment Setup
<ol>
	<li>Ensure the area surrounding the EquiTest is free of obstructions and remove any object from the dual force plates and turn on the EquiTest system. Complete the dual force plate support surface and visual surround calibration. 
	Note: Movement of the force plates occurs along an x-&#160;and y-axis. The dual force plates first translate forwards and backwards about the y-axis, which is parallel to the floor, at a maximum linear velocity of 15.24 cm/sec. They then rotate about the x-axis, so as to facilitate ankle dorsiflexion (toes up) and plantarflexion (toes down), at a maximum angular velocity of 50&#176;/sec (0.87 rad/sec). The visual surround tilts forwards and backward about the x-axis at a maximum angular velocity of 15&#176;/sec (0.26 rad/sec) across a range of &#177;10&#176;. Four force transducers in two independent force plates measure vertical forces for each limb; a fifth transducer, beneath the pin joint that connects the two force plates, measures shear force overall.</li>
	<li>Enter the participant information (e.g.&#160;age and height) into the software program. Indicate their age and height accurately. 
	Note: The participant&#39;s results will be compared against an age-matched normative dataset (20-59, 60-69, 70-79 years). Height will allow for the magnitude (small, medium, and large) of the backwards and forwards force plate translations to be scaled according to their height.</li>
	<li>Choose whether to turn the display screen within the visual surround on or off. 
	Note: If the display screen is turned on, the participant will get real-time visual biofeedback about their COG movement, which may be useful for practice sessions or when the operator wants the participant to see their score. The results from each trial are processed upon completion of the trial and displayed as green or red bars. Green bars indicate the participant performed better than the age-matched normative data, while red bars indicate their performance was worse.</li>
</ol>
3. Participant Preparation
<ol>
	<li>Request that the participant wears comfortable loose clothing and removes their shoes for tests on the EquiTest. Have the participant put on the safety harness, while securing the long straps through their legs and fastening the waist buckle.</li>
	<li>Position the participant onto the dual force plates and clip the karabiner from the safety straps into the D-rings of the security harness. 
	Note: The participant is now securely fixed to the safety bar (via the safety straps) which will prevent them from actually falling, should they lose their balance (or feel like they are going to lose their balance) during the testing.</li>
	<li>Center the participant&#39;s feet on the support surface: position the medial malleolus of each foot over the blue horizontal line, so that the ankle joint is aligned with the transverse rotational axis, and position the lateral side of the calcaneous according to the S, M, or T surface markings. Adjust the tension on the safety straps so they are neither too slack nor too taught. 
	Note: According to the participant&#39;s height, small ranges from 76-140 cm, medium from 141-165 cm, and tall from 166-203 cm (Figure 1A). Backwards and forwards movements of the support surface (dual force plates) occur along the y-axis, while side to side movements on the support surface occur along the x-axis. The dual force plates can rotate about the x-axis, which represents the transverse axis of the ankle joint. When the participant is standing with ankles over the blue horizontal line and with feet equidistant laterally from the center line (y-axis) according to the S, M, or T markings, their center of gravity should be located directly above the x-&#160;and y-axis intercept. This position acts as a reference point for the calculation of sway angles</li>
	<li>Ask the participant to stand upright, with their hands at their sides, looking straight ahead at the visual surround. Request they refrain from moving their feet for the duration of the test (Figure 1B). 
	Note: If the feet are correctly positioned, the center of gravity (COG) display should illustrate the stick figure at the intersection of the x-&#160;and y-axis. However, if the stick figure is misaligned and the feet are correctly positioned (according to the instructions above), do not readjust the feet.</li>
</ol>
4. Sensory Organization Test (SOT)
<ol>
	<li>Complete Conditions 1-6 on the SOT protocol. 
	Note: The SOT consists of 6 conditions, each comprised of 3 trials lasting 20 sec each. In Conditions 1 and 2, the participant stands quietly with eyes open and closed, respectively. This establishes whether sway increases when visual cues are removed and determines how effectively the participant makes use of somatosensory input. In Condition 3, the participant stands with their eyes open; the visual surround is sway-referenced and visual cues become inaccurate. In Condition 4, the support surface is sway-referenced; thus somatosensory cues become inaccurate. Condition 5 is performed with eyes closed and a sway-referenced support surface. This determines how the participant makes use of vestibular cues when visual cues are removed and somatosensory cues are inaccurate. Finally, in Condition 6, the visual surround and support surface are both sway-referenced, which identifies if the participant relies on visual cues even when they are inaccurate. The SOT conditions are graded in difficulty. The first 3 conditions are performed on a static support surface, while the last 3 conditions use a dynamic support surface.</li>
	<li>Evaluate the score after each trial (a green or a red bar will appear displaying the participant&#39;s Equilibrium score relative to the age-matched normative dataset). Interrupt any trial at any time if the participant looks like they require assistance.</li>
	<li>Mark any trial where the participant takes a step, touches the visual surround or starts to fall as a loss of balance (LOB). Allow the participant to rest in between trials if necessary and accurately reposition feet afterwards.</li>
</ol>
Allow the software to compute the results for the following variables of interest: Equilibrium score - an overall indicator of balance; Strategy analysis - an indicator of ankle vs. hip strategy dominance; Sensory analysis - an indicator of which sensory system is used to maintain balance (i.e.&#160;somatosensory, visual, vestibular or visual preference); and initial COG alignment prior to onset of each trial. Equilibrium score is computed according to Equation 1, where 12.5&#176; represents the maximum normal postural sway in the anterior-posterior direction; &#952; represents the participant&#39;s s calculated maximum anterior-posterior COG displacements14. A score of 100 represents perfect stability; a score of 0 indicates a loss of balance.
<img alt=" Equation 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/51077/51077eq1.jpg" /> 
Strategy score represents the peak-to-peak amplitude of the shear oscillation relative to the maximum possible shear force of 25 lbs (11.4 kg), where 25 lbs is the difference between maximum and minimum shear force generated by individuals who only used the hip strategy to maintain balance on a narrow beam (Nashner, unpublished data; cited in EquiTest System Operator&#39;s Manual)14. A score near 100 indicates a full ankle strategy; a score near 0 indicates a full hip strategy with maximum shear force. The Sensory analysis computes four sensory ratios by using the average Equilibrium scores from specific pairs of sensory test conditions. These are:
<img alt=" Equation 2-5" src="/files/ftp_upload/51077/51077eq2-5.jpg" /> 
Initial COG alignment is determined as the average anterior-posterior COG position in the preceding half second before each SOT trial.
5. Motor Control Test (MCT)
<ol>
	<li>Complete all 6 conditions on the MCT, including 3 forwards and 3 backwards translations that are graded in magnitude (small, medium, and large). 
	Note: Small translations represent a threshold stimulus, while large translations require the participant to produce a maximal response. Medium translations are in between the two ends of the spectrum. Each condition is performed 3x, with a random delay of 1.5-2.5 sec in between. The horizontal displacement of the support surface during each translation is scaled according to the participant&#39;s height.</li>
	<li>Ensure the feet are positioned precisely on the support surface according to the above instructions. Perform the trials in the standardized order (first backwards, then forwards translations). Interrupt any trial if necessary and record a loss of balance as above. 
	Note: The full MCT takes approximately 5-10 min to complete without rests. Allow the software to compute the results for the following variables of interest: Weight symmetry - weight bearing distribution in the left vs. right limbs prior to the onset of a translation as measured by the force transducers; Latency - time lapse (in milliseconds) between the onset of support surface translation and the participant&#39;s active force response, measured for each limb independently; and Amplitude scaling (or Relative response strength) - strength of the participant&#39;s active force response to arrest the angular momentum imparted to the body during the backwards and forwards translations. The response strength is measured for each leg independently in units of angular momentum (degrees/second) and normalized to body height and weight.</li>
</ol>
6. Participant Debriefing
<ol>
	<li>Assist the participant down from the platform following the completion of the SOT and MCT. Discuss the implications of their findings by explaining how they performed overall on the SOT and MCT.</li>
	<li>If appropriate, discuss or refer the participant to a balance training program with qualified supervision if they scored poorly on any of the tests. Recommend further medical investigations if the participant scored poorly on any of the sensory scores.</li>
</ol>

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A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Balance+impairment,+physical+ability,+and+its+link+with+disease+severity+in+patients+with+intermittent+claudication.">Balance impairment, physical ability, and its link with disease severity in patients with intermittent claudication.</a> Ann. Vasc. Surg. 27, 68-74 (2013).</li><li>Hirsch, A. 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Am. Coll. Car. 47, e1-e192 (2005).</li><li>McDermott, M. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lower+ankle/brachial+index,+as+calculated+by+averaging+the+dorsalis+pedis+and+posterior+tibial+arterial+pressures,+and+association+with+leg+functioning+in+peripheral+arterial+disease).">Lower ankle/brachial index, as calculated by averaging the dorsalis pedis and posterior tibial arterial pressures, and association with leg functioning in peripheral arterial disease).</a> J. Vasc. Surg. 32, 1164-1171 (2000).</li><li>NeuroCom International, Inc. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Instructions+for+use:+EquiTest+system+operator's+manual.+Version+8.2.">Instructions for use: EquiTest system operator's manual. Version 8.2.</a> , (2004).</li><li>Hiatt, W. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Medical+treatment+of+peripheral+arterial+disease+and+claudication.">Medical treatment of peripheral arterial disease and claudication.</a> N. Eng. J. Med. 344, 1608-1621 (2001).</li><li>Olin, J. W., Hirsch, A. T., Olin, J. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+clinical+evaluation+and+office-based+detection+of+peripheral+arterial+disease.">The clinical evaluation and office-based detection of peripheral arterial disease.</a> An office-based approach to the diagnosis and treatment of peripheral arterial disease. I: The epidemiology and practical detection of peripheral arterial disease. , 10-17 (1998).</li><li>Kaufman, K. 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The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests. The authors have no real or perceived conflicts of interest involved with the publication of this manuscript.

The assessment of postural control is important in individuals who have a higher susceptibility to falls, often because of ageing or disease. Computerized dynamic posturography is a unique technique in that the sensory systems responsible for balance can be challenged through separate protocols that systematically differentiate between impairments4. The Sensory Organization Test (SOT) can identify when a person makes poor use of somatosensory, visual, or vestibular cues or relies on visual input even when it i...

Computerized dynamic posturography (CDP) is an assessment technique to measure postural control objectively. It isolates and quantifies the functional contributions of different sensory systems (i.e.&#160;somatosensory, visual and vestibular input) and the mechanisms for integrating these sensory input for maintaining balance. It is a valuable tool for investigating sensory, motor and central adaptive impairments1. Computerized dynamic posturography detects postural sway by measuring shifts in the center of gravity (COG) as a person moves within their limits of stability. It can quantify postural strategies to static and dynamic perturbations, by determining whether an individual uses an ankle or hip strategy during the CDP protocols, or a combination of the two, in response to postural disturbances.
Balance assessments are routine in clinical and rehabilitation settings. They provide an indication of a person&#39;s ability to control their balance under different conditions, such as reduced base of support (e.g.&#160;tandem or unilateral stance) or without visual input (e.g.&#160;eyes closed). Thus they are often used to determine an individual&#39;s susceptibility towards falling. Several validated and reliable balance tests, such as the Berg Balance Scale2 and the Tinetti Gait and Balance test3, are commonly used clinically to evaluate an individual&#39;s ability to maintain balance during functional tasks. While&#160;the tests were designed primarily for use with older people, they are also subjective, and liable to ceiling effects, especially among community-dwelling elderly with high levels of functioning. Computerized dynamic posturography with the EquiTest provides an objective assessment of postural control and thus requires the use of more complex equipment than routine clinical tests. However, it is also more costly and not portable. Thus, it is intended to complement, not replace, existing clinical measures that categorize the mechanisms of balance disorders.
Intermittent claudication, a frequently reported symptom of peripheral arterial disease, is characterized by a cramping pain developed in the lower extremities during physical activity and relieved with rest. Claudicants have impaired balance and gait; they exhibit functional limitations and are susceptible to falling. Ankle brachial pressure index (ABPI) is a simple, noninvasive method for detecting the presence of peripheral arterial disease with intermittent claudication concomitant with impaired lower limb function. The disease is commonly treated noninvasively with lifestyle and exercise programs4. The early detection of postural impairments is beneficial for the effective prevention of falls1. Whilst measuring the ABPI is not necessary for patients without symptoms of peripheral arterial disease with intermittent claudication, or for patients with other balance-related dysfunction, it is important as part of a complete medical examination in patients where peripheral arterial disease is suspected and movement and balance are affected adversely.
Computerized dynamic posturography, with protocols such as the Sensory Organization Test and Motor Control Test on the EquiTest, has been used in studies investigating balance in healthy older adults5, to differentiate between elderly fallers and nonfallers6, in individuals with balance disorders7 and even with transtibial amputee populations8,9. Computerized dynamic posturography has been assessed previously with a claudicant population, and results have indicated that 52% of claudicants exhibit vestibular dysfunction10 and perform significantly worse with increasing claudication severity11. Thus this objective balance measurement technique is deemed sensitive enough to differentiate postural control strategies in patients according to disease severity. This paper will focus on the use of computerized dynamic posturography in the assessment of balance in patients diagnosed with intermittent claudication caused by peripheral arterial disease.

<table border="1">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Name of Material/ Equipment</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NeuroCom EquiTest</td>
			<td>NeuroCom, a division of Natus Medical Incorporated, San Carlos, CA, USA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Handheld Doppler Ultrasound</td>
			<td>Huntleigh Technology Plc, Cardiff, UK</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sphygmomanometer (blood pressure) cuff</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

computerized dynamic posturography for postural control assessment in patients with intermittent claudication

Computerized dynamic posturography with the EquiTest is an objective technique for measuring postural strategies under challenging static and dynamic conditions. As part of a diagnostic assessment, the early detection of postural deficits is important so that appropriate and targeted interventions can be prescribed. The Sensory Organization Test (SOT) on the EquiTest determines an individual&#39;s use of the sensory systems (somatosensory, visual, and vestibular) that are responsible for postural control. Somatosensory and visual input are altered by the calibrated sway-referenced support surface and visual surround, which move in the anterior-posterior direction in response to the individual&#39;s postural sway. This creates a conflicting sensory experience. The Motor Control Test (MCT) challenges postural control by creating unexpected postural disturbances in the form of backwards and forwards translations. The translations are graded in magnitude and the time to recover from the perturbation is computed.
Intermittent claudication, the most common symptom of peripheral arterial disease, is characterized by a cramping pain in the lower limbs and caused by muscle ischemia secondary to reduced blood flow to working muscles during physical exertion. Claudicants often display poor balance, making them susceptible to falls and activity avoidance. The Ankle Brachial Pressure Index (ABPI) is a noninvasive method for indicating the presence of peripheral arterial disease and intermittent claudication, a common symptom in the lower extremities. ABPI is measured as the highest systolic pressure from either the dorsalis pedis or posterior tibial artery divided by the highest brachial artery systolic pressure from either arm. This paper will focus on the use of computerized dynamic posturography in the assessment of balance in claudicants.

Ankle Brachial Pressure Index (ABPI)
An individual&#39;s ABPI can be used to classify the presence of peripheral arterial disease. An ABPI of 1.0-1.2 falls within a normal range. Values from 0.9-1.0 are acceptable, but 0.4-0.9 is indicative of mild to moderate peripheral arterial disease severity. ABPI of &#60;0.4 confirms severe peripheral arterial disease15. An ABPI of &#60;0.9 is 95% sensitive and 99% specific for peripheral arterial disease16 and is associated with leg f...

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Computerized Dynamic Posturography for Postural Control Assessment in Patients with Intermittent Claudication

Individuals with intermittent claudication exhibit poor balance compared to healthy controls. Computerized dynamic posturography is an objective method for measuring an individual's postural responses to balance disturbances. This provides an objective reflection of the person&#x2019;s ability to respond to situations under which sensory stimuli are altered and unexpected perturbations occur.

Computerized dynamic posturography with the EquiTest is an objective technique for measuring postural strategies under challenging static and dynamic ...

computerized-dynamic-posturography-for-postural-control-assessment

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11.3K Aufrufe.  University of Sydney. Individuals with intermittent claudication exhibit poor balance compared to healthy controls. Computerized dynamic posturography is an objective method for measuring an individual's postural responses to balance disturbances. This provides an objective reflection of the person’s ability to respond to situations under which sensory stimuli are altered and unexpected perturbations occur.