We are grateful to the Roney Family Foundation for the support of this study. We acknowledge the contribution of Dr. M. Lucrecia Alvarez to the planning and execution of the experiments described in this work.

. Hinweis: Der in der Isolierung der Exosomen Harn unter Verwendung der modifizierten Fällungsverfahren beteiligten Schritte sind in der Figur 1 dargestellten anfänglichen Schritte beinhalten die Entfernung von großen toten Zellen und Zelltrümmer durch Zentrifugation. Das endgültige Pellet aus der aus jedem nachfolgenden Schritt gesammelten Überstand erhalten entspricht der Exosomen, die in Isolationslösung für die weitere Gewinnung von Protein, RNA und DNA, gelöst wird. 1. Sammlung von Urin <ol><li> Vor der Urinsammlung, bereiten Protease-Inhibitor-Cocktail nach den Anweisungen des Herstellers und fügen 3,125 ml dieser Cocktail in ein leeres steriles Gefäß. Die Röhrchen mit dem Protease-Inhibitor-Cocktail kann dann Freiwillige für Urinsammlung verteilt werden. HINWEIS: Der Grund für das Hinzufügen von Protease-Inhibitor ist, Proteinabbau in der Urinprobe zu minimieren. Obwohl wir speziell verwendet einen Proteaseinhibitor-Cocktail ausSigma, können andere im Handel erhältliche Proteasehemmer ersetzt werden. </li><li> Sammeln Sie etwa 10 ml der ersten Urin. Verarbeiten Sie die Urin unmittelbar nach der Entnahme ohne Lagerung oder Kühlung. Isolieren Sie die Harnwege Exosomen in zweifacher Ausfertigung mit der modifizierten Fällungsverfahren; einer der beiden Analysen für DNA, Gesamt-RNA und Proteinextraktion, während die andere für die Quantifizierung von Harn Exosom-Partikel. HINWEIS: Ein 24-Stunden-Urinprobe für Exosom Isolierung durch Lagerung bei 4 ° C gewonnen werden. </li></ol> 2. Entfernung von Zelltrümmern und Tamm-Horsfall Protein (THP) <ol><li> Übertragen Urinproben auf 15 ml Zentrifugenröhrchen. Zentrifuge 10 ml Harn bei 17.000 × g für 10 min bei 37 ° C, um Zellen und Zelltrümmer (Figur 1) zu beseitigen. </li><li> Mit einer Pipette den Überstand in ein frisches Röhrchen für die weitere Verarbeitung. Das Pellet in 500 ul Isolierungslösung (250 mM Saccharose, 10 mM prüfetAmin, pH 7,6), gefolgt von 10-minütiger Inkubation mit DL-Dithiothreitol (DTT: Endkonzentration 200 mg / ml) bei 37 ° C. HINWEIS: DTT wird hinzugefügt, um THP, die Exosomen Fallen abgebaut, was zu einer verminderten Erträge. Achten Sie darauf, um das Pellet während der Übertragung des Überstandes ungestört zu lassen, und bestätigt, dass der Überstand frei von Pellets. </li><li> Vortex Pelletproben alle 2 min, bis das Pellet vollständig aufgelöst ist. Dann fügen Sie 500 ul der Isolation Lösung des gelösten Pellets. </li><li> Unmittelbar nach der Zugabe der Isolierungslösung zu dem Pellet, Zentrifuge bei 17.000 × g für 10 min bei 37 ° C. Pipette die überstehende und sich mit dem früheren Überstand gesammelt. </li><li> Das Pellet in 50 ul Isolierungslösung für die SDS-PAGE-Analyse. HINWEIS: PBS oder TBS kann anstelle Isolierungslösung verwendet, um das Pellet zu resuspendieren. </li></ol> 3. Isolierung Exosom Pellet <ol><li> Bis 11 ml des gesammelten supernatant Fügen 3,3 ml ExoQuick-TC Reagenz und Inkubieren bei 4 ° C für mindestens 12 Std. ANMERKUNG: Das Verhältnis des Volumens des Überstandes, um ExoQuick-TC Reagenz eingestellt werden kann, um zu erhöhen oder zu verringern exosomalen Ausbeute. Wir beobachteten, dass geringere Mengen an Reagens hinzugefügt kleinere Erträge von Exosomen. </li><li> Nach der Inkubation Zentrifuge wird die Probe / ExoQuick-TC Mischung bei 10.000 × g für 30 min bei 25 ° C. </li><li> Den Überstand in ein frisches Röhrchen für die SDS-PAGE-Analyse. </li><li> Die exosome Pellet bei -80 ° C für DNA, RNA und Protein-Extraktion und Quantifizierung von Exosom-Partikel mit CD9 ELISA 11 gespeichert werden. HINWEIS: Die exosome Pellet bei -80 ° C für 1 Jahr bei begrenzten Einfrieren und Auftauen gelagert werden. </li></ol> 4. Biomarker-Erkennung und Analyse der Exosom Pellet <ol><li> Für Downstream-Analysen, extrahieren DNA, RNA und Protein aus dem Exosom Pellet unter Verwendung des DNA / RNA / Protein-Extraktions-Kit und eine RNA-Isolierung kit gemäß den Anweisungen des Herstellers. Bestimmen Konzentrationen unter Verwendung eines Nanodrop Spektralphotometer durch Messung der Absorption bei 260 nm und 280 nm mit 2 ul Probe. </li><li> Führen quantitative Echtzeit-RT-PCR (qPCR) mit TaqMan MicroRNA Assays (in unserem Fall haben wir menschliche miR-192- und miR-1207-5p spezifische Assays) oder miRNA-spezifischen Primern. </li><li> Für SDS-PAGE-Analyse, verwendet 4-12% Bis-Tris-Gel und getrennte Proteinproben durch eindimensionale Elektrophorese. Visualisieren Gele unter Verwendung der Silberfärbung Kits gemäß den Anweisungen des Herstellers. </li><li> Führen Western Blot Analyse unter Verwendung von PVDF-Membranen gemäß den Anweisungen des Herstellers. Verwenden polyklonalen Kaninchen-Antikörper, um die Apoptose-verknüpften Gens-2 interagierende Protein X oder ALIX und monoklonalen Maus-Antikörpers an Tumor Suszeptibilitätsgens 101 Protein oder TSG101 in der Western-Blot-Detektion. Quantifizieren Sie die Dichte der Banden von Open-Access-NIH ImageJ Software (http://rsbweb.nih.gov/ij/) oderein ähnliches Programm. </li><li> Quantifizieren Sie die Anzahl der Harnwege mit einem CD9 ELISA-Kit nach Herstellerangaben erhalten Exosom Partikel. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Miranda, K. C., Bond, D. T., McKee, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nucleic+acids+within+urinary+exosomes/microvesicles+are+potential+biomarkers+for+renal+disease.">Nucleic acids within urinary exosomes/microvesicles are potential biomarkers for renal disease.</a> Kidney Int. 78, 191-199 (2010).</li><li>Pisitkun, T., Shen, R. F., Knepper, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+and+proteomic+profiling+of+exosomes+in+human+urine.">Identification and proteomic profiling of exosomes in human urine.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 101, 13368-13373 (2004).</li><li>Raj, D. A., Fiume, I., Capasso, G., Pocsfalvi, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+multiplex+quantitative+proteomics+strategy+for+protein+biomarker+studies+in+urinary+exosomes.">A multiplex quantitative proteomics strategy for protein biomarker studies in urinary exosomes.</a> Kidney Int. 81 (12), 1263-1273 (2012).</li><li>Pisitkun, T., Gandolfo, M. T., Das, S., Knepper, M. A., Bagnasco, S. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Application+of+systems+biology+principles+to+protein+biomarker+discovery:+urinary+exosomal+proteome+in+renal+transplantation.">Application of systems biology principles to protein biomarker discovery: urinary exosomal proteome in renal transplantation.</a> Proteomics Clin Appl. 6 (5-6), 268-278 (2012).</li><li>Gonzales, P. A., Zhou, H., Pisitkun, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+and+purification+of+exosomes+in+urine.">Isolation and purification of exosomes in urine.</a> Methods Mol Biol. 641, 89-99 (2010).</li><li>Zhou, H., Yuen, P. S., Pisitkun, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Collection,+storage,+preservation,+and+normalization+of+human+urinary+exosomes+for+biomarker+discovery.">Collection, storage, preservation, and normalization of human urinary exosomes for biomarker discovery.</a> Kidney Int. 69, 1471-1476 (2006).</li><li>Thery, C., Amigorena, S., Clayton, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+and+characterization+of+exosomes+from+cell+culture+supernatants+and+biological+fluids.">Isolation and characterization of exosomes from cell culture supernatants and biological fluids.</a> Curr Prot Cell Biol. 43, 3.22.1-3.22.29 (2006).</li><li>Cheruvanky, A., Zhou, H., Pisitkun, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rapid+isolation+of+urinary+exosomal+biomarkers+using+a+nanomembrane+ultrafiltration+concentrator.">Rapid isolation of urinary exosomal biomarkers using a nanomembrane ultrafiltration concentrator.</a> Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 292, 1657-1661 (2007).</li><li>Gonzales, P. A., Pisitkun, T., Hoffert, J. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Large-scale+proteomics+and+phosphoproteomics+of+urinary+exosomes.">Large-scale proteomics and phosphoproteomics of urinary exosomes.</a> J Am Soc Nephrol. 20, 363-379 (2009).</li><li>Rood, I. M., Deegens, J. K., Merchant, M. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+three+methods+for+isolation+of+urinary+microvesicles+to+identify+biomarkers+of+nephrotic+syndrome.">Comparison of three methods for isolation of urinary microvesicles to identify biomarkers of nephrotic syndrome.</a> Kidney Int. 78, 810-816 (2010).</li><li>Alvarez, M. L., Khosroheidari, M., Kanchi Ravi, R., DiStefano, J. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+protein,+microRNA,+and+mRNA+yields+using+different+methods+of+urinary+exosome+isolation+for+the+discovery+of+kidney+disease+biomarkers.">Comparison of protein, microRNA, and mRNA yields using different methods of urinary exosome isolation for the discovery of kidney disease biomarkers.</a> Kidney Int. Nov. 82 (9), 1024-1032 (2012).</li><li>Kang, S. W., Kim, Y. W., Kim, Y. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Study+of+the+association+of+-667+aquaporin-2+(AQP-2)+A/G+promoter+polymorphism+with+the+incidence+and+clinical+course+of+chronic+kidney+disease+in+Korea.">Study of the association of -667 aquaporin-2 (AQP-2) A/G promoter polymorphism with the incidence and clinical course of chronic kidney disease in Korea.</a> Renal Fail. 29, 693-698 (2007).</li></ol>

Veröffentlichungskosten für diesen Artikel wurden von SBI Biosciences bezahlt.

Die meisten Verfahren, die Ausfällung der Exosomen aus Urin adressieren nicht die Entfernung des polymeren Netzwerks von Tamm-Horsfall-Protein (THP) gebildet. Dieses Protein ist in großen Mengen im Urin, wo sie mutmaßlich Fallen Exosomen während der anfänglichen Zentrifugation bei niedriger Geschwindigkeit vorhanden ist. In unserem modifizierten Methode reduzierten wir THP mit DTT vor Exosom Niederschlag. Wie in Figur 2 gezeigt, wurde eine größere Menge von THP in unverändertem Urin und Pellet b...

Urinary Exosomen sind kleine interne Bläschen von 100 nm von multivesicular bodies (MVB) von allen Zelltypen unter normalen und pathologischen Bedingungen in Urin-Raum einschließlich der glomerulären Podozyten, Nierentubuluszellen und Zellen entlang der Urindrainage-Systeme, die für die miRNAs 1 angereichert werden angezeigt abgeleitet -2. Viele Forscher haben unterschiedliche Proteine ​​in Exosomen aus dem Urin von gesunden Personen als auch solche mit eingeschränkter Nieren- und / oder systematische Erkrankungen 3-5 getrennt erfasst. Exosomen kann unter Verwendung verschiedener Verfahren, wie zweistufige Differential Ultrazentrifugation mit oder ohne Sucrose 6-7 isoliert werden, die Kombination Nanofilter mit Ultrazentrifugation 8-9 oder Präzipitation 10-11. Vor kurzem haben wir eine einfache, schnelle, skalierbare und effektive Methode zur Behandlung von Harn Exosomen isolieren und zu erkennen miRNA und Protein-Biomarkern 11 entwickelt. Obwohl Biomarker können in einer Vielzahl von verschiedenen biologischen Flüssigkeiten nachgewiesen werden, urine ist die ideale Wahl für Patienten mit Erkrankungen der Niere und der ableitenden Harnwege, weil es in großen Mengen in einem relativ nicht-invasive Art und Weise erhalten werden. Obwohl es verschiedene Verfahren zur Behandlung von Harn Exosomen isolieren 6-11, hängt die am meisten verwendeten Verfahren auf Differential Ultrazentrifugation mit einer 30% Saccharose-Kissen. Während dieses Verfahren effizient und die Qualität der resultierenden Exosomen mit diesem Verfahren isoliert hoch ist, das Verfahren selbst erfordert geschultes Personal und ist zeitaufwendig und erfordert mehrere Ultrazentrifugationsschritte. Andere Verfahren, wie Filtration und Fällung, wurden für die Isolierung der Exosomen entwickelt worden, einschließlich eine, die einen proprietären Ausfällungsreagenz verwendet (dh ExoQuick-TC: System Biosciences; Mountain View, CA). Obwohl Fällung mit dieser Reagenz schnell und relativ einfach, die Reinheit der Exosomen isoliert ist gering im Vergleich zu der Ultrazentrifugation method. Vor kurzem haben wir sechs Methoden zur Isolierung von Harn Exosomen, einschließlich einer Modifizierung der Fällungsverfahren unter Verwendung ExoQuick-TC, die in unserem Labor entwickelt 11 verglichen. Wir fanden, dass diese modifizierte Präzipitationsverfahren lieferte höhere Mengen an Protein, miRNA, und mRNAs und das Verfahren selbst schneller und einfacher zu implementieren als Ultrazentrifugation war. Hier beschreiben wir die Versuchsprotokoll unserer modifizierten Fällungsverfahren stufenweise, und verfügen über eine Diskussion der Vor- und Nachteile dieser Technik im Vergleich zu anderen Methoden der Exosom Isolation. Das modifizierte Fällungsverfahren beinhaltet eine anfängliche Ausfällung von Exosom-Partikel, gefolgt von der Entfernung Tamm-Horsfall-Protein, das mit exosomalen Proteine ​​korreliert, und bekanntlich exosome Ausbeute von Urin zu verringern. Wir fanden, dass diese Modifikationen erhöht die Ausbeute und Reinheit des exosomalen Präparat aus Urin.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="736">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Name of Material/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:291px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Corning 15ml Centrifuge Tube</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Corning (Sigma Aldrich)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">CLS430791</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Protease Inhibitor Cocktail</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">P8340</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Centrifuge</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Sorvall</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">DL-dithiothreitol</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">D9779</td>
			<td>used at final concentration of 200 mg/ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">Novex NuPAGE SDS-PAGE system (4-12 % Bis-Tris Gel 1.0 mm, 10 well</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">NP0321BOX</td>
			<td>For SDS-PAGE analysis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">ECL Advance Western blotting detection kit</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">GE Healthcare Life Sciences</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">RPN2135</td>
			<td>For western blot detection of biomarkers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">Exoquick-TC Reagent</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">System Biosciences (SBI)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">EXOTC50A-1</td>
			<td>For exosome isolation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">Exosome CD9 ELISA Complete Kit</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">System Biosciences (SBI)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">EXOEL-CD9-A-1</td>
			<td>For exosome quantification</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">AllPrep DNA/RNA/Protein mini kit</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Qiagen</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">80004</td>
			<td>For DNA, RNA, Protein isolation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Rneasy MinElute Cleanup kit</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Qiagen</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">74204</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">NanoDrop 2000 UV-Vis Spectrophotometer</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>For Protein Quantification</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">ProteoSilver Sliver Stain Kit</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">PROTSIL1-1KT</td>
			<td>For staining SDS-PAGE gels</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Xcell SureLock Mini-Cell Electrophoresis System</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>For running the SDS-PAGE gels</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">TaqMan microRNA assays</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>For RT-PCR assays</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">qBasePlus v1.5 software</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Biogazelle NV</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>For analysis of RT-PCR assay data</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Rabbit polyclonal antibody to ALIX</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Millipore</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>For western blot detection of biomarkers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Mouse monoclonal antibody to TSG101</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Abcam</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>For western blot detection of biomarkers</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a modified precipitation method to isolate urinary exosomes

Identification of biomarkers that allow early detection of kidney diseases in urine and plasma has been an area of active interest for several years. Urinary exosome vesicles, 40-100 nm in size, are released into the urine under normal conditions by cells from all nephron segments and may contain protein, mRNA and microRNA representative of their cell type of origin. Under conditions of renal dysfunction or injury, exosomes may contain altered proportions of these components, which may serve as biomarkers for disease. There are currently several methods available for isolation of urinary exosomes, and we have previously conducted an experimental comparison of each of these approaches, including three based on ultracentrifugation, one using a nanomembrane ultrafiltration concentrator, one using a commercial precipitation reagent and one using a modification of the precipitation technique using ExoQuick reagent that we developed in our laboratory. We found the modified precipitation method produced the highest yield of exosome particles, miRNA, and mRNA, making this approach suitable for the isolation of exosomes for subsequent RNA profiling. We conclude that the modified exosome precipitation method offers a quick, scalable, and effective alternative for the isolation of exosomes from urine. In this report, we describe our modified precipitation technique using ExoQuick reagent for isolating exosomes from human urine.

Urinary Exosomen tragen Protein, miRNA und mRNA-Biomarker von Nierenepithelzellen abgesondert. Die Isolierung und Detektion dieser Exosomen kann ein nützliches Diagnosewerkzeug zur Früherkennung von Nierenkrankheiten bereitzustellen, wie diabetische Nephropathie. Es gibt verschiedene Verfahren zur Isolierung von Exosomen aus Urinproben von menschlichen Probanden gesammelt. Wir haben vorher gegen sechs Methoden der Urin Exosom Isolation und untersucht resultierende Protein, mRNA und miRNA Ebenen 11. Unser Zi...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Modified Precipitation Method to Isolate Urinary Exosomes at JoVE.com

A Modified Precipitation Method to Isolate Urinary Exosomes

This manuscript describes a protocol for isolating exosomes from human urine using a modified precipitation technique.

Eine modifizierte Niederschlag Methode zu Urinary Exosomen Isolieren

Identification of biomarkers that allow early detection of kidney diseases in urine and plasma has been an area of active interest for several years. ...

a-modified-precipitation-method-to-isolate-urinary-exosomes

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

17.5K Aufrufe.  Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGen). This manuscript describes a protocol for isolating exosomes from human urine using a modified precipitation technique.

Serie: A Modified Precipitation Method to Isolate Urinary Exosomes

A Sensitive Method to Quantify Senescent Cancer Cells

Human cells do not indefinitely proliferate. Upon external and/or intrinsic cues, cells might die or enter a stable cell cycle arrest called senescence. Several cellular mechanisms, such as telomere shortening and abnormal expression of mitogenic oncogenes, have been shown to cause senescence. Senescence is not restricted to normal cells; cancer cells have also been reported to senesce.
	Chemotherapeutical drugs have been shown to induce senescence in cancer cells. However, it remains controversial whether senescence prevents or promotes tumorigenesis. As it might eventually be patient-specific, a rapid and sensitive method to assess senescence in cancer cell will soon be required.
	To this end, the standard &beta;-galactosidase assay, the currently used method, presents major drawbacks: it is time consuming and not sensitive. We propose here a flow cytometry-based assay to study senescence on live cells. This assay offers the advantage of being rapid, sensitive, and can be coupled to the immunolabeling of various cellular markers.

Whether senescence prevents or promotes tumorigenesis remains controversial. Since chemotherapeutical drugs can induce cancer cells to senesce, studying senescence is essential for proposing new therapies. However, the standard and broadly used &beta;-galactosidase assay presents major drawbacks. We propose here a rapid and sensitive flow cytometry-based assay to quantify senescence.

Eine empfindliche Methode zur Quantifizierung Seneszente Cancer Cells

Human cells do not indefinitely proliferate. Upon external and/or intrinsic  cues, cells might die or enter a stable cell cycle arrest called senescence. ...

Forschung

Medizin

Murine Cervical Heart Transplantation Model Using a Modified Cuff Technique

Mouse models are of special interest in research since a wide variety of monoclonal antibodies and commercially defined inbred and knockout strains are available to perform mechanistic in vivo studies. While heart transplantation models using a suture technique were first successfully developed in rats, the translation into an equally widespread used murine equivalent was never achieved due the technical complexity of the microsurgical procedure. In contrast, non-suture cuff techniques, also developed initially in rats, were successfully adapted for use in mice1-3. This technique for revascularization involves two major steps I) everting the recipient vessel over a polyethylene cuff; II) pulling the donor vessel over the formerly everted recipient vessel and holding it in place with a circumferential tie. This ensures a continuity of the endothelial layer, short operating time and very high patency rates4.
Using this technique for vascular anastomosis we performed more than 1,000 cervical heart transplants with an overall success rate of 95%. For arterial inflow the common carotid artery and the proximal aortic arch were anastomosed resulting in a retrograde perfusion of the transplanted heart. For venous drainage the pulmonary artery of the graft was anastomosed with the external jugular vein of the recipient5.
Herein, we provide additional details of this technique to supplement the video.

The murine cervical heart transplantation model is well suited for immunological as well as ischemia reperfusion injury studies. We modified the procedure using a non-suture cuff technique and performed more than 1,000 successful transplants with this approach.
Herein, we provide additional details of this technique to supplement the video.

Murine Cervical Herztransplantation Modell mithilfe eines modifizierten Cuff-Technik

Mouse models are of special interest in research since a wide variety of monoclonal antibodies and commercially defined inbred and knockout strains are ...

Urinary Bladder Distention Evoked Visceromotor Responses as a Model for Bladder Pain in Mice

Approximately 3-8 million people in the United States suffer from interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS), a debilitating condition characterized by increased urgency and frequency of urination, as well as nocturia and general pelvic pain, especially upon bladder filling or voiding. Despite years of research, the cause of IC/BPS remains elusive and treatment strategies are unable to provide complete relief to patients. In order to study nervous system contributions to the condition, many animal models have been developed to mimic the pain and symptoms associated with IC/BPS. One such murine model is urinary bladder distension (UBD). In this model, compressed air of a specific pressure is delivered to the bladder of a lightly anesthetized animal over a set period of time. Throughout the procedure, wires in the superior oblique abdominal muscles record electrical activity from the muscle. This activity is known as the visceromotor response (VMR) and is a reliable and reproducible measure of nociception. Here, we describe the steps necessary to perform this technique in mice including surgical manipulations, physiological recording, and data analysis. With the use of this model, the coordination between primary sensory neurons, spinal cord secondary afferents, and higher central nervous system areas involved in bladder pain can be unraveled. This basic science knowledge can then be clinically translated to treat patients suffering from IC/BPS.

Approximately 3-8 million people in the United States suffer from interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS), a debilitating condition characterized in part by pelvic pain. In order to study nervous system contributions to the condition, a physiological model of urinary bladder pain is used in mice and rats.

Harnblase Aufdehnung evozierte viszeromotorische Antworten als Modell für Bladder Pain in Mäuse

Approximately 3-8 million people in the United States suffer from interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS), a debilitating condition ...

A Modified Method for Heterotopic Mouse Heart Transplantion

Mice are often used as heart transplant donors and recipients in studies of transplant immunology due to the wide range of transgenic mice and reagents available. A difficulty is presented due to the small size of the animal and the considerable technical challenges of the microsurgery involved in heart transplantation. In particular, a high rate of technical failure early after transplantation may result from recipient death and post-operative complications such as hind limb paralysis or a non-beating heart. Here, the complete technique for heterotopic mouse heart transplantation is demonstrated, involving harvesting the donor heart and its subsequent implantation into a recipient mouse. The donor heart is harvested immediately following in situ perfusion with cold heparinized saline and transection of the ascending aorta and pulmonary artery. The recipient operation involves preparation of the abdominal aorta and inferior vena cava (IVC), followed by end-to-side anastomosis of the donor aorta with the recipient aorta using a single running 10-0 microsuture and a similar anastomosis of the donor pulmonary artery with the recipient IVC. Following the operation the animal is injected with 0.6 ml normal saline subcutaneously and allowed to recover on a 37&#160;&#176;C heating pad. The results from 227 mouse heart transplants are summarized with a success rate at 48 hr of 86.8%. Of the 13.2% failures within 48 hr, 5 (2.2%) experienced hind limb paralysis, 10 (4.4%) had a non-beating heart due to graft ischemic injury and/or thrombosis, while 15 (6.6%) died within 48 hr.

A technique is demonstrated for the microsurgical procedure for heterotopic transplantation of hearts in mice, including simplified methods for donor harvesting and recipient vessel anastomosis.

Eine modifizierte Methode zur Heterotope Maus Herz-Transplantation

Mice are often used as heart transplant donors and recipients in studies of transplant immunology due to the wide range of transgenic mice and reagents ...

Bladder Smooth Muscle Strip Contractility as a Method to Evaluate Lower Urinary Tract Pharmacology

We describe an in vitro method to measure bladder smooth muscle contractility, and its use for investigating physiological and pharmacological properties of the smooth muscle as well as changes induced by pathology. This method provides critical information for understanding bladder function while overcoming major methodological difficulties encountered in in vivo experiments, such as surgical and pharmacological manipulations that affect stability and survival of the preparations, the use of human tissue, and/or the use of expensive chemicals. It also provides a way to investigate the properties of each bladder component (i.e. smooth muscle, mucosa, nerves) in healthy and pathological conditions.
The urinary bladder is removed from an anesthetized animal, placed in Krebs solution and cut into strips. Strips are placed into a chamber filled with warm Krebs solution. One end is attached to an isometric tension transducer to measure contraction force, the other end is attached to a fixed rod. Tissue is stimulated by directly adding compounds to the bath or by electric field stimulation electrodes that activate nerves, similar to triggering bladder contractions in vivo. We demonstrate the use of this method to evaluate spontaneous smooth muscle contractility during development and after an experimental spinal cord injury, the nature of neurotransmission (transmitters and receptors involved), factors involved in modulation of smooth muscle activity, the role of individual bladder components, and species and organ differences in response to pharmacological agents. Additionally, it could be used for investigating intracellular pathways involved in contraction and/or relaxation of the smooth muscle, drug structure-activity relationships and evaluation of transmitter release.
The in vitro smooth muscle contractility method has been used extensively for over 50 years, and has provided data that significantly contributed to our understanding of bladder function as well as to pharmaceutical development of compounds currently used clinically for bladder management.

This manuscript presents a simple, yet powerful, in vitro method for evaluating smooth muscle contractility in response to pharmacological agents or nerve stimulation. Main applications are drug screening and understanding tissue physiology, pharmacology,&#160;and pathology.

Glatten Muskulatur der Blase Streifen Kontraktilität als eine Methode zur unteren Harnwege Pharmakologie Bewerten

We describe an in vitro method to measure bladder smooth muscle contractility, and its use for investigating physiological and pharmacological properties ...

Human Skeletal Muscle Biopsy Procedures Using the Modified Bergstr&#246;m Technique

The percutaneous biopsy technique enables researchers and clinicians to collect skeletal muscle tissue samples. The technique is safe and highly effective. This video describes the percutaneous biopsy technique using a modified Bergstr&#246;m needle to obtain skeletal muscle tissue samples from the vastus lateralis of human subjects. The Bergstr&#246;m needle consists of an outer cannula with a small opening (&#8216;window&#8217;) at the side of the tip and an inner trocar with a cutting blade at the distal end. Under local anesthesia and aseptic conditions, the needle is advanced into the skeletal muscle through an incision in the skin, subcutaneous tissue, and fascia. Next, suction is applied to the inner trocar, the outer trocar is pulled back, skeletal muscle tissue is drawn into the window of the outer cannula by the suction, and the inner trocar is rapidly closed, thus cutting or clipping the skeletal muscle tissue sample. The needle is rotated 90&#176;&#160;and another cut is made. This process may be repeated three more times. This multiple cutting technique typically produces a sample of 100-200 mg or more in healthy subjects and can be done immediately before, during, and after a bout of exercise or other intervention. Following post-biopsy dressing of the incision site, subjects typically resume their activities of daily living right away and can fully participate in vigorous physical activity within 48-72 hr. Subjects should avoid heavy resistance exercise for 48 hr to reduce the risk of herniation of the muscle through the incision in the fascia.

Human Skeletal Muscle Biopsy Procedures Using the Modified Bergstr&amp;#246;m Technique

The purpose of this video is to present the modified Bergstr&#246;m skeletal muscle biopsy technique on human subjects.

Menschlichen Skelettmuskelbiopsie Verfahren unter Verwendung der modifizierten Technik Bergström

The percutaneous biopsy technique enables researchers and clinicians to collect skeletal muscle tissue samples. The technique is safe and highly ...

An Efficient Sieving Method to Isolate Intact Glomeruli from Adult Rat Kidney

Preservation of glomerular structure and function is pivotal in the prevention of glomerulonephritis, a category of kidney disease characterized by proteinuria which can eventually lead to chronic and end-stage renal disease. The glomerulus is a complex apparatus responsible for the filtration of plasma from the body. In disease, structural integrity is lost and allows for the abnormal leakage of plasma contents into the urine. A method to isolate and examine glomeruli in culture is critical for the study of these diseases. In this protocol, an efficient method of retrieving intact glomeruli from adult rat kidneys while conserving structural and morphological characteristics is described. This process is capable of generating high yields of glomeruli per kidney with minimal contamination from other nephron segments. With these glomeruli, injury conditions can be mimicked by incubating them with a variety of chemical toxins, including protamine sulfate, which causes foot process effacement and proteinuria in animal models. Degree of injury can be assessed using transmission electron microscopy, immunofluorescence staining, and western blotting. Nephrin and Wilms Tumor 1 (WT1) levels can also be assessed from these cultures. Due to the ease and flexibility of this protocol, the isolated glomeruli can be utilized as described or in a way that best suits the needs of the researcher to help better study glomerular health and structure in diseased states.

The main focus of this protocol is to efficiently isolate viable primary glomeruli cultures with minimal contaminants for use in a variety of downstream applications. The isolated glomeruli retain structural relationships between component cell types and can be cultured ex vivo for a short time.

Eine effiziente Methode der Absiebung, intakten Glomeruli von Erwachsenen Ratte Niere zu isolieren

Preservation of glomerular structure and function is pivotal in the prevention of glomerulonephritis, a category of kidney disease characterized by ...

Ultrasonography of the Adult Male Urinary Tract for Urinary Functional Testing

The incidence of clinical benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) is increasing due to the aging population, resulting in a significant economic and quality of life burden. Transgenic and other mouse models have been developed to recreate various aspects of this multifactorial disease; however, methods to accurately quantitate urinary dysfunction and the effectiveness of new therapeutic options are lacking. Here, we describe a method that can be used to measure bladder volume and detrusor wall thickness, urinary velocity, void volume and void duration, and urethral diameter. This would allow for the evaluation of disease progression and treatment efficacy over time. Mice were anesthetized with isoflurane, and the bladder was visualized by ultrasound. For non-contrast imaging, a 3D image was taken of the bladder to calculate volume and evaluate shape; the bladder wall thickness was measured from this image. For contrast-enhanced imaging, a catheter was placed through the dome of the bladder using a 27-gauge needle connected to a syringe by PE50 tubing. A bolus of 0.5 mL of contrast was infused into the bladder until a urination event occurred. Urethral diameter was determined at the point of the Doppler velocity sample window during the first voiding event. Velocity was measured for each subsequent event yielding a flow rate. In conclusion, high frequency ultrasound proved to be an effective method for assessing bladder and urethral measurements during urinary function in mice. This technique may be useful in the assessment of novel therapies for BPH/LUTS in an experimental setting.

We describe the use of high frequency ultrasound with contrast imaging as a method to measure bladder volume, bladder wall thickness, urine velocity, void volume, void duration, and urethral diameter. This strategy can be used to assess voiding dysfunction and treatment efficacy in various mouse models of lower urinary tract dysfunction (LUTD).

Ultrasonographie des adulten männlichen Harntraktes für Harnfunktionstests

The incidence of clinical benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) is increasing due to the aging population, resulting ...

A Modified Simple Method for Induction of Myocardial Infarction in Mice

Myocardial infarction (MI) represents one of the leading causes of death. MI models are widely used for investigating the pathomechanisms of post-MI remodeling and evaluation of novel therapeutics. Different methods (e.g., isoproterenol treatment, cryoinjury, coronary artery ligation, etc.) have been used to induce MI. Compared with isoproterenol treatment and cryoinjury, coronary artery ligation may better reflect the ischemic response and chronic remodeling after MI. However, traditional methods for coronary ligation in mice are technically challenging. The current study describes a simple and efficient process for induction of MI in mice with readily available materials. The mouse chest skin was cut open under stable anesthesia. The heart was immediately externalized through the intercostal space after blunt separation of the pectoralis major and pectoralis minor. The left anterior descending branch (LAD) was ligated with a 6-0 suture 3 mm from its origin. Following LAD ligation, staining with 2,3,5-Triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) indicated successful induction of MI and temporal changes of post-MI scar size. Meanwhile, survival analysis results showed overt mortality within 7 days after MI, mainly due to cardiac rupture. Moreover, post-MI echocardiographic assessment demonstrated successful induction of contractile dysfunction and ventricular remodeling. Once mastered, an MI model can be established in mice within 2-3 min with readily available materials.

Under adequate anesthesia, the mouse heart was externalized through the intercostal space, and myocardial infarction was successfully induced by ligating the left anterior descending artery (LAD) using materials readily available in most laboratories.

Eine modifizierte einfache Methode zur Induktion von Myokardinfarkt bei Mäusen

Myocardial infarction (MI) represents one of the leading causes of death. MI models are widely used for investigating the pathomechanisms of post-MI ...

A Modified Vessel-Sparing Microsurgical Vasoepididymostomy

Microsurgical vasoepididymostomy (MVE) is the main surgical treatment for epididymal obstruction. The vasal vessels are ligated during MVE. However, preserving the vasal vessels during MVE might better simulate the normal physiological structure and be meaningful for patients who have undergone varicocelectomy. Nevertheless, preserving the vasal vessels might elevate the risk of increasing the tension of anastomosis, affecting the patency rate and leading to delayed postoperative bleeding. Therefore, we developed a novel vessel-sparing MVE to make it safer. Here is a summary of the improvements to the procedure. 1) The retrograde dissociation of the vasal vessels on the proximal testicular side was adopted as the main method, and the anterograde dissociation of the vasal vessels on the distal testicular side was adopted as a supplement to dissociate the vasal vessels to be preserved. This improvement ensures the blood supply to the vas deferens that will be used for anastomosis and also provides longer vasal vessels, which reduces the tension of anastomosis. 2) By fixing the vas deferens to be anastomosed and the broken end of the vas deferens, the free vasal vessels get fixed, which resolves the problem of transmission of vas tension to the vasal vessels and reduces the risk of vasal vessel hemorrhage. 3) Dissociation of the vas deferens after opening the tunica vaginalis increases the mobilization of the vas deferens, which also makes the new procedure easier to complete. The evaluation of the outcomes of this new procedure showed that no significant postoperative complications occurred in the patients, and the patency rate was no different from that of the conventional procedure. Therefore, this new, improved procedure can be considered safe, with satisfactory postoperative results.

Here, we present a protocol to preserve the vasal vessels in microsurgical vasoepididymostomy. The surgical security is enhanced by preserving the vasal vessels using a retrograde-anterograde dissociation and fixing the vasal vessels.

Eine modifizierte gefäßschonende mikrochirurgische Vasoepididymostomie

Microsurgical vasoepididymostomy (MVE) is the main surgical treatment for epididymal obstruction. The vasal vessels are ligated during MVE. However, ...