This paper is dedicated to my beloved wife Maren and our little Karl.

1. Vorbereitung der Rinderaugen <ol><li> Erhalten Rinderaugen direkt nach der Schlachtung des Tieres. </li><li> Transportieren die geschützten Augen &quot;sichel Lösung&quot; ein spezielles Medium, enthaltend 120 mM NaCl, 2 mM KCl, 0,1 mM MgCl 2, 0,15 mM CaCl 2, 1,5 mM NaH 2 PO 4, 13,5 mM Na 2 HPO 4 und 5 mM Glucose bei RT. </li><li> Führen Sie die Vorbereitung der Netzhaut unter dunklen Bedingungen angepasst mit einem dim rotes Licht. </li><li> Entfernen Sie den vorderen Teil des Auges. Führen Sie einen äquatorialen Schnitt ca. 4 mm hinter dem Limbus. Hornhaut, Iris, Ziliarkörper und Linse Danach entfernen Sie in einem Stück. Halten Sie die Netzhaut in Sickel-Lösung. </li><li> Mechanisch lösen Sie die Glaskörper-Anhänge an den Netzhautoberfläche und entfernen Sie die Glaskörper aus der offenen Augenmuschel. </li><li> Danach teilen das Auge in vier Quadranten und Punch-Out runden Flächen von ca. 7 mm Durchmesser mit einem Hohlbohrer. </li><li> Trennen die Netzhaut vorsichtigaus dem Pigmentepithel und auf ein Aufnahmegerät in einem Karton vor Licht geschützt. Die Aufzeichnungsvorrichtung besteht aus einem Kunststoff mit einer Maschen Betreuers in der Mitte; legen Sie die Netzhaut auf dem Netz und dann fix mit einem Kunststoffring direkt auf den Elektroden. HINWEIS: Die Kunststoff Maintainer hat zwei Kanäle, um eine konstante Strömung des Mediums zu ermöglichen. </li></ol> 2. Aufnahme der Elektroretinogramm (ERG) <ol><li> Um das Elektroretinogramm aufzunehmen, verwenden zwei Silber / Silberchlorid-Elektroden auf jeder Seite der Netzhaut und versorgen die Retina bei einer konstanten Geschwindigkeit von ca. Perfusion 1 ml / min, und konstanter Temperatur von 37 ° C. Verwenden Sie die &quot;Sickel-Lösung&quot; mit Sauerstoff gesättigt. </li><li> Vor Beginn der Messung, dunkel Anpassung der Netzhaut (Schutz vor Licht bei allen Messungen) und verwenden Sie Stimulus Abständen von fünf Minuten. Verwenden Sie eine 1 Hz einzelne weiße Xenon-Blitz für die Stimulation mit einer Intensität von 6,3 mlx an der Netzhautoberfläche gesetzt. </li&gt; <li> Verwenden kalibrierten Neutralfilter und einen Lichtreiz von 10 us durch einen Timer, um optimale Antworten haben gesteuert. </li><li> Zur Messung und Verarbeitung der Daten, filtern die ERG und verstärken sie (100 Hz Hochpassfilter, 50 Hz Notch-Filter, 100.000 x Verstärkung) mit einem Gras RPS312RM Verstärker. Versuchen herausfiltern möglich Störfrequenzen, die das Signal stören können. Um die Daten zu verarbeiten, verwenden Sie einen Analog-zu-Digital-Datenerfassungskarte auf einem Desktop-Computer (PC-kompatibel). </li><li> Nach der Dunkeladaptation Zeitraum konstant Perfusion messen die Amplituden des elektrischen Signals, bis stabile b-Wellenamplituden erfasst werden. HINWEIS: Die Amplituden gilt als stabil, wenn fünf Einzelmessungen erreicht einen Mittelwert abweichen und weniger als 10%. Ein gutes Beispiel für Einzelmessungen wird in Abbildung 1 wiedergegeben. </li><li> Um den Test zu starten, wechseln reinem Sauerstoff entweder durch reinen Stickstoff (Anzahl der Einzelversuche, n = 5), um eine Hypoxie testenoder 250 &amp; mgr; m Glutamat (n = 5). </li><li> Notieren Sie die elektrischen Antworten alle 5 min für 45 min. </li><li> Nach der Testphase durchströmen die Netzhaut mit Standardmedium mit Sauerstoff gesättigt 75 Minuten und Blick auf die Veränderungen der b-Wellenamplitude. Dies ist der Auswaschphase. Messen des b-Wellenamplitude von der Wanne der a-Welle auf die Spitze der b-Welle. </li><li> Um die Wirkung von Hypoxie oder Glutamat an der Photorezeptor-Potentials unter skotopischen Bedingungen zu untersuchen, unterdrücken die b-Welle, die durch Zugabe von 1 mM in die Nährlösung. </li><li> Nach der Aufnahme einer stabilen Photorezeptor-Potentials für 30 Minuten, führt das Verfahren nach wie vor Freilegung der Netzhaut 45 Minuten zu den verschiedenen Spüllösungen mit 1 mM Aspartat. Verwenden Sie den gleichen Zeitraum Auswaschen (Schritt 2.8), wie oben erwähnt. </li></ol> 3. Datenanalyse <ol><li> Um die Daten statistisch auszuwerten, sorgen für eine Normalverteilung für alle Daten, beispielsweise unter Verwendung des Kolmogorov-SmirnovTest 15. </li><li> Berechnen Sie die Reduzierung der a- und b-Wellenamplituden in Prozent nach der Belichtungsphase im Vergleich zur letzten Messung vor der Ausstellung. Vergleichen Sie die Reduzierung der ERG-Amplituden nach 45 Minuten - am Ende der Ausstellung Zeitraum - zum ERG gemessen vor der Anwendung. </li><li> Vergleichen der A- und B-Welle am Ende der Auswaschphase zur entsprechenden Amplitude vor Exposition, um eine mögliche Wiederherstellung zu prüfen. </li><li> Für die statistische Analyse, die Software JMP Statistik-Software SPSS oder Software. Berechnen von Daten im gesamten als Mittelwert ± Standardabweichung. Schätzwert von der entsprechenden statistischen Grundlage. HINWEIS: Diese Tests können unterschiedlich sein, je nach Versuchsumfang. Bei dieser Einstellung verwendet der Student-gepaarten t-Test. </li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

In dieser Studie wurde eine signifikante Auswirkung auf die b-Wellenamplitude nach 45 min von Hypoxie gefunden. Diese Reduktion war nach der Auswaschphase signifikant. Eine ähnliche Wirkung auf die Photorezeptor-Potentials beobachtet werden. Die Ergebnisse werden von anderen veröffentlichten Daten 16 und geben Sie uns die Gelegenheit, mögliche neuroprotektive Effekte nach Hypoxie Studium unterstützt. Nach 45 min Exposition von 250 &amp; mgr; M Glut...

Neuroprotektion ist ein starker Forschungsgebiet in der ophthalmologischen Forschung in den letzten Jahrzehnten. Die Retina ist ein hochempfindliches neuronalen Netzwerk, hängt signifikant von Sauerstoffversorgung und wird stark durch den Stoffwechsel des ihn umgebenden Zellen beeinflusst. Die wichtigsten Augenkrankheiten zu Schädigungen von Nervenzellen im Zusammenhang stehen retinalen Gefäßverschlüssen, Glaukom und Netzhautablösung. Arterienverschluss, als Beispiel für die Netzhautgefäßverschluss führt zu einem plötzlichen Verlust des Sehvermögens durch Hypoxie des inneren Netzhaut ein. Es wird häufig mit allgemein vaskulären Pathologien 2 und führt zu einer anhaltenden Sehverlust 1 zugeordnet sind, wobei nur 8% der Patienten nach der Sehschärfe signifikant 1. Obwohl arteriellen Fibrinolyse wurde als Behandlungsoption vorgeschlagen worden, könnte der Nutzen nicht in einer randomisierten klinischen Studie 3 angezeigt. Glaukom und Netzhautablösungbeide haben eine Erhöhung der Glutamatkonzentration 4-6. Glutamat unter physiologischen Bedingungen als exzitatorische Transmitter im gesamten Zentralnervensystem und der inneren Retina 7,8 angetroffen. Erhöhte Glutamatspiegel nicht nur bei Glaukom und Netzhautablösung 5,6, sondern auch in proliferative diabetische Retinopathie 9 gefunden. Eine Erhöhung Glutamat führt möglicherweise zu Exzitotoxizität und daher Nervenzellschädigung 10. In den meisten Fällen von Netzhautablösung und in einigen Fällen der proliferativen diabetischen Retinopathie Operation auf der Netzhaut (Vitrektomie) notwendig. Während der Vitrektomie mechanische Manipulation, helles Licht von der optischen Faser oder durch hohe Durchflussraten von Spüllösungen bei langen Operationen ausgeübten Scherspannung üben eine zusätzliche Belastung auf der Netzhaut 11,12. Alle genannten Erkrankungen ist gemeinsam, dass die Pathologie zur retin lokalisiertenein allein und stellen die ophthalmologische Gemeinschaft vor der Herausforderung, Wege, um die Netzhaut als neurosensorische System zu schützen. Das Elektroretinogramm (ERG) ist das Standardverfahren für die Bewertung der in vivo-Photorezeptor-Funktion (a-Welle), und die Funktion der inneren Retina (b-Welle). Die ERG wird durch Silber-Elektroden in die Hornhaut eingeführt, gemessen und die Augen sind durch eine zunehmende Licht stimuliert, um Defekte in Stäbchen oder Zapfen oder in der inneren Netzhaut erkennen. Unterschiedliche Fehler in der Netzhaut kann durch Veränderungen in der Amplitude (der Stärke der Antwort) oder die Latenz (die Zeit bis zur Antwort-Intervall) des ERG festgestellt werden. Verschiedene ERG-Protokoll und Messverfahren (Muster-ERG, multifokalen ERG-oder Hellfeld-ERG) ermöglichen eine weitere Differenzierung von Mängeln. Die Technik des isolierten Netzhaut wurde vor kurzem eingeführt wurde, wodurch es möglich wird, um Effekte auf die Netzhaut ohne Interferenzen von zB eine Studie Tieres zu evaluierenAllgemeinreaktionen 13,14. Es war das Ziel dieser Studie zu bewerten, und die Einführung einer definierten und standardisierten Spannungsmodell für Hypoxie und Glutamat Belastung des Superfusion isoliert Retina. So hoffen wir, die Grundlagen für künftige Studien über neuroprotektive Effekte von bestimmten Agenten oder intraokularen Spüllösungen legen.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="573">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Name of Material/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;">120 mM NaCl&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Merck Pharma, Germany</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">1,064,041,000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">2 mM KCl,&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Merck Pharma, Germany</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">1,050,010,250</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">0.1 mM MgCl2,&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Merck Pharma, Germany</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">58,330,250</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">0.15 mM CaCl2</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Merck Pharma, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">111 TA106282</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">1.5 mM NaH2PO4/13.5 mM Na2HPO4&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Merck Pharma, Germany</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">1,065,860,500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">5 mM glucose</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Merck Pharma, Germany</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">40,741,000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

glutamate and hypoxia as a stress model for the isolated perfused vertebrate retina

Neuroprotektion ist in der ophthalmologischen Forschung in den letzten Jahrzehnten eine starke Untersuchungsfeld und wirkt sich Krankheiten wie Glaukom, Netzhautgefäßverschluss, Netzhautablösung, und diabetische Retinopathie. Es war das Ziel dieser Studie, einen standardisierten Stress-Modell für zukünftige therapeutische präklinischen Tests einzuführen. Rindernetzhäute wurden präpariert und mit einem Sauerstoff gesättigt Standardlösung durchströmt, und der ERG wurde aufgezeichnet. Nach dem Aufzeichnen stabil b-Wellen, Hypoxie (reines N 2) oder Glutamat Belastung (250 &amp; mgr; m glutamat) wurde für 45 min ausgeübt wird. Um die Auswirkungen auf allein Photorezeptorfunktion zu untersuchen, wurde 1 mM zugegeben, um eine Aspartat-Wellen erhalten. ERG-Erholung wurde für 75 min überwacht. Hypoxie wurde eine Abnahme in einer Wellenamplitude von 87,0% nach einer Expositionszeit von 45 min (Abnahme von 36,5% nach dem Ende der Auswaschphase p = 0,03) angemerkt (p &lt;0,01). Zusätzlich wird ein Anfangs decrLeichtigkeit der b-Wellenamplituden von 87,23% erfasst wurde, dass die statistische Signifikanz erreichte (p &lt;0,01, Abnahme von 25,5% am Ende der Auswaschphase, p = 0,03). Für 250 &amp; mgr; m Glutamat, einem anfänglichen 7,8% Reduktion der a-Wellen-Amplituden (p&gt; 0,05), gefolgt von einer Reduktion von 1,9% (p&gt; 0,05). Eine Verringerung von 83,7% der b-Wellenamplituden (p &lt;0,01) wurde festgestellt; nach einer Auswaschung von 75 min war die Reduktion von 2,3% (p = 0,62). In dieser Studie wird eine standardisierte Spannungsmodell dargestellt, die nützlich für mögliche neuroprotektive Wirkung in der Zukunft identifiziert werden kann.

Nach 1 Stunde der Durchblutung der Netzhautpräparate mit sauerstoffgesättigten Standardlösung (1A und B) ERG-Amplituden zeigten Stabilisierung und weniger Variation der Amplituden zwischen Einzelmessungen. pH-Wert, osmotischer Druck, Temperatur und pO 2 (außer für Hypoxie testing) wurden für alle Versuche konstant gehalten. Um die Photorezeptorsignal aus dem Signal der inneren Retina zu isolieren, wurde 1 mM Aspartat zu der Standardlösung zugesetzt, um die b-W...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Glutamate and Hypoxia as a Stress Model for the Isolated Perfused Vertebrate Retina at JoVE.com

Glutamate and Hypoxia as a Stress Model for the Isolated Perfused Vertebrate Retina

Mit dieser Studie stellen wir einen standardisierten Stress-Modell für die isolierte superfundiert Rinderretina für zukünftige therapeutische präklinischen Tests. Die Wirkung von entweder Hypoxie (reines N 2) oder Glutamat Stress (250 uM Glutamat) auf Netzhautfunktion von a- und b-Wellenamplituden dargestellt wurde ausgewertet.

Glutamat und Hypoxie als Stress-Modell für die isolierten perfundierten Wirbel Retina

Neuroprotection has been a strong field of investigation in ophthalmological research in the past decades and affects diseases such as glaucoma, retinal ...

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Medicine

7.8K Aufrufe.  University Eye Hospital Tübingen.  Mit dieser Studie stellen wir einen standardisierten Stress-Modell für die isolierte superfundiert Rinderretina für zukünftige therapeutische präklinischen Tests. Die Wirkung von entweder Hypoxie (reines N 2) oder Glutamat Stress (250 uM Glutamat) auf Netzhautfunktion von a- und b-Wellenamplituden dargestellt wurde ausgewertet. 

Serie: Glutamate and Hypoxia as a Stress Model for the Isolated Perfused Vertebrate Retina

Development of a Unilaterally-lesioned 6-OHDA Mouse Model of Parkinson's Disease

The unilaterally lesioned 6-hyroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-lesioned rat model of Parkinson's disease (PD) has proved to be invaluable in advancing our understanding of the mechanisms underlying parkinsonian symptoms, since it recapitulates the changes in basal ganglia circuitry and pharmacology observed in parkinsonian patients1-4. However, the precise cellular and molecular changes occurring at cortico-striatal synapses of the output pathways within the striatum, which is the major input region of the basal ganglia remain elusive, and this is believed to be site where pathological abnormalities underlying parkinsonian symptoms arise3,5.
In PD, understanding the mechanisms underlying changes in basal ganglia circuitry following degeneration of the nigro-striatal pathway has been greatly advanced by the development of bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) mice over-expressing green fluorescent proteins driven by promoters specific for the two striatal output pathways (direct pathway: eGFP-D1; indirect pathway: eGFP-D2 and eGFP-A2a)8, allowing them to be studied in isolation. For example, recent studies have suggested that there are pathological changes in synaptic plasticity in parkinsonian mice9,10. However, these studies utilised juvenile mice and acute models of parkinsonism. It is unclear whether the changes described in adult rats with stable 6-OHDA lesions also occur in these models. Other groups have attempted to generate a stable unilaterally-lesioned 6-OHDA adult mouse model of PD by lesioning the medial forebrain bundle (MFB), unfortunately, the mortality rate in this study was extremely high, with only 14% surviving the surgery for 21 days or longer11. More recent studies have generated intra-nigral lesions with both a low mortality rate &gt;80% loss of dopaminergic neurons, however expression of L-DOPA induced dyskinesia11,12,13,14 was variable in these studies. Another well established mouse model of PD is the MPTP-lesioned mouse15. Whilst this model has proven useful in the assessment of potential neuroprotective agents16, it is less suitable for understanding mechanisms underlying symptoms of PD, as this model often fails to induce motor deficits, and shows a wide variability in the extent of lesion17, 18.
Here we have developed a stable unilateral 6-OHDA-lesioned mouse model of PD by direct administration of 6-OHDA into the MFB, which consistently causes &gt;95% loss of striatal dopamine (as measured by HPLC), as well as producing the behavioural imbalances observed in the well characterised unilateral 6-OHDA-lesioned rat model of PD. This newly developed mouse model of PD will prove a valuable tool in understanding the mechanisms underlying generation of parkinsonian symptoms.

Development of a Unilaterally-lesioned 6-OHDA Mouse Model of Parkinson&#039;s Disease

A protocol for performing unilateral 6-OHDA lesions of the medial forebrain bundle in mice is described. This method has a low mortality rate (13.3 %) with 89% of the surviving animals showing &#62;95% loss of striatal dopamine and 90.63&#177;-4.02 % ipsiversive rotational bias towards the side of the lesion.

Entwicklung eines Einseitig-läsionierten 6-OHDA Mausmodell der Parkinson-Krankheit

The unilaterally lesioned 6-hyroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-lesioned rat model of Parkinson's disease (PD) has proved to be invaluable in advancing our ...

Forschung

Medizin

The Trier Social Stress Test Protocol for Inducing Psychological Stress

This article demonstrates a psychological stress protocol for use in a laboratory setting. Protocols that allow researchers to study the biological pathways of the stress response in health and disease are fundamental to the progress of research in stress and anxiety.1 Although numerous protocols exist for inducing stress response in the laboratory, many neglect to provide a naturalistic context or to incorporate aspects of social and psychological stress. Of psychological stress protocols, meta-analysis suggests that the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) is the most useful and appropriate standardized protocol for studies of stress hormone reactivity.2 In the original description of the TSST, researchers sought to design and evaluate a procedure capable of inducing a reliable stress response in the majority of healthy volunteers.3 These researchers found elevations in heart rate, blood pressure and several endocrine stress markers in response to the TSST (a psychological stressor) compared to a saline injection (a physical stressor).3 Although the TSST has been modified to meet the needs of various research groups, it generally consists of a waiting period upon arrival, anticipatory speech preparation, speech performance, and verbal arithmetic performance periods, followed by one or more recovery periods. The TSST requires participants to prepare and deliver a speech, and verbally respond to a challenging arithmetic problem in the presence of a socially evaluative audience.3 Social evaluation and uncontrollability have been identified as key components of stress induction by the TSST.4 In use for over a decade, the goal of the TSST is to systematically induce a stress response in order to measure differences in reactivity, anxiety and activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) or sympathetic-adrenal-medullary (SAM) axis during the task.1 Researchers generally assess changes in self-reported anxiety, physiological measures (e.g. heart rate), and/or neuroendocrine indices (e.g. the stress hormone cortisol) in response to the TSST. Many investigators have adopted salivary sampling for stress markers such as cortisol and alpha-amylase (a marker of autonomic nervous system activation) as an alternative to blood sampling to reduce the confounding stress of blood-collection techniques. In addition to changes experienced by an individual completing the TSST, researchers can compare changes between different treatment groups (e.g. clinical versus healthy control samples) or the effectiveness of stress-reducing interventions.1

This article describes a protocol for inducing psychological stress in participants, which enables researchers to measure psychological, physiological and neuroendocrine responses to stress within single participants or between groups.

Die Trier Social Stress Test-Protokoll zur Induktion psychischer Stress

This article demonstrates a psychological stress protocol for use in a laboratory setting.  Protocols that allow researchers to study the biological ...

Biomarkers in an Animal Model for Revealing Neural, Hematologic, and Behavioral Correlates of PTSD

Identification of biomarkers representing the evolution of the pathophysiology of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is vitally important, not only for objective diagnosis but also for the evaluation of therapeutic efficacy and resilience to trauma. Ongoing research is directed at identifying molecular biomarkers for PTSD, including traumatic stress induced proteins, transcriptomes, genomic variances and genetic modulators, using biologic samples from subjects' blood, saliva, urine, and postmortem brain tissues. However, the correlation of these biomarker molecules in peripheral or postmortem samples to altered brain functions associated with psychiatric symptoms in PTSD remains unresolved. Here, we present an animal model of PTSD in which both peripheral blood and central brain biomarkers, as well as behavioral phenotype, can be collected and measured, thus providing the needed correlation of the central biomarkers of PTSD, which are mechanistic and pathognomonic but cannot be collected from people, with the peripheral biomarkers and behavioral phenotypes, which can.
Our animal model of PTSD employs restraint and tail shocks repeated for three continuous days - the inescapable tail-shock model (ITS) in rats. This ITS model mimics the pathophysiology of PTSD 17, 7, 4, 10. We and others have verified that the ITS model induces behavioral and neurobiological alterations similar to those found in PTSD subjects 17, 7, 10, 9. Specifically, these stressed rats exhibit (1) a delayed and exaggerated startle response appearing several days after stressor cessation, which given the compressed time scale of the rat's life compared to a humans, corresponds to the one to three months delay of symptoms in PTSD patients (DSM-IV-TR PTSD Criterian D/E 13), (2) enhanced plasma corticosterone (CORT) for several days, indicating compromise of the hypothalamopituitary axis (HPA), and (3) retarded body weight gain after stressor cessation, indicating dysfunction of metabolic regulation.
The experimental paradigms employed for this model are: (1) a learned helplessness paradigm in the rat assayed by measurement of acoustic startle response (ASR) and a charting of body mass; (2) microdissection of the rat brain into regions and nuclei; (3) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for blood levels of CORT; (4) a gene expression microarray plus related bioinformatics tools 18. This microarray, dubbed rMNChip, focuses on mitochondrial and mitochondria-related nuclear genes in the rat so as to specifically address the neuronal bioenergetics hypothesized to be involved in PTSD.

We describe a rat model of post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) that reveals the persistent alterations in neuroendocrine function and the delayed long-term, exaggerated fear response, characteristic of PTSD patients. The animal model and methods described here are useful for correlating biomarkers in brain nuclei, which are mechanistic but cannot be measured in patients, with biomarkers in peripheral white blood cells, which can.

Biomarker in einem Tiermodell für die Aufdeckung Neural, hämatologischen und Behavioral Korrelate der PTSD

Identification of biomarkers representing the evolution of the pathophysiology of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is vitally important, not only for ...

The In ovo CAM-assay as a Xenograft Model for Sarcoma

Sarcoma is a very rare disease that is heterogeneous in nature, all hampering the development of new therapies. Sarcoma patients are ideal candidates for personalized medicine after stratification, explaining the current interest in developing a reproducible and low-cost xenotransplant model for this disease. The chick chorioallantoic membrane is a natural immunodeficient host capable of sustaining grafted tissues and cells without species-specific restrictions. In addition, it is easily accessed, manipulated and imaged using optical and fluorescence stereomicroscopy. Histology further allows detailed analysis of heterotypic cellular interactions.
This protocol describes in detail the in ovo grafting of the chorioallantoic membrane with fresh sarcoma-derived tumor tissues, their single cell suspensions, and permanent and transient fluorescently labeled established sarcoma cell lines (Saos-2 and SW1353). The chick survival rates are up to 75%. The model is used to study graft- (viability, Ki67 proliferation index, necrosis, infiltration) and host (fibroblast infiltration, vascular ingrowth) behavior. For localized grafting of single cell suspensions, ECM gel provides significant advantages over inert containment materials. The Ki67 proliferation index is related to the distance of the cells from the surface of the CAM and the duration of application on the CAM, the latter determining a time frame for the addition of therapeutic products.

The In ovo CAM-assay as a Xenograft Model for Sarcoma

The in ovo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) is grafted with fresh sarcoma-derived tumor tissues, their single cell suspensions, and permanent and transient fluorescently labeled established sarcoma cell lines. The model is used to study graft- (viability, Ki67 proliferation index, necrosis, infiltration) and host (fibroblast infiltration, vascular ingrowth) behavior.

Die<em&gt; In ovo</em&gt; CAM-Assay als Xenograftmodel für Sarkom

Sarcoma is a very rare disease that is heterogeneous in nature, all hampering the development of new therapies. Sarcoma patients are ideal candidates for ...

Retinal Detachment Model in Rodents by Subretinal Injection of Sodium Hyaluronate

Subretinal injection of sodium hyaluronate is a widely accepted method of inducing retinal detachment (RD). However, the height and duration of RD or the occurrence of subretinal hemorrhage can affect photoreceptor cell death in the detached retina. Hence, it is advantageous to create reproducible RDs without subretinal hemorrhage for evaluating photoreceptor cell death. We modified a previously reported method to create bullous and persistent RDs in a reproducible location with rare occurrence of subretinal hemorrhage. The critical step of this modified method is the creation of a self-sealing scleral incision, which can prevent leakage of sodium hyaluronate after injection into the subretinal space. To make the self-sealing scleral incision, a scleral tunnel is created, followed by scleral penetration into the choroid with a 30 G needle. Although choroidal hemorrhage may occur during this step, astriction with a surgical spear reduces the rate of choroidal hemorrhage. This method allows a more reproducible and reliable model of photoreceptor death in diseases that involve RD such as rhegmatogenous RD, retinopathy of prematurity, diabetic retinopathy, central serous chorioretinopathy, and age-related macular degeneration (AMD).

Creating experimental retinal detachments with a reproducible and sustained height of detachment, and without subretinal hemorrhage, is important for studying the pathophysiology of photoreceptor cell loss in retinal disease and evaluating potential therapeutic interventions. Here, we report such a method in detail.

Modell Netzhautablösung in Nagetiere durch subretinale Injektion von Natriumhyaluronat

Subretinal injection of sodium hyaluronate is a widely accepted method of inducing retinal detachment (RD). However, the height and duration of RD or the ...

Excitotoxic Stimulation of Brain Microslices as an In vitro Model of Stroke

Examining molecular mechanisms involved in neuropathological conditions, such as ischemic stroke, can be difficult when using whole animal systems. As such, primary or &#39;neuronal-like&#39; cell culture systems are commonly utilized. While&#160;these systems are relatively easy to work with, and are useful model systems in which various functional outcomes (such as cell death) can be readily quantified, the examined outcomes and pathways in cultured immature neurons (such as excitotoxicity-mediated cell death pathways) are not necessarily the same as those observed in mature brain, or in intact tissue. Therefore, there is the need to develop models in which cellular mechanisms in mature neural tissue can be examined. We have developed an in vitro technique that can be used to investigate a variety of molecular pathways in intact nervous tissue. The technique described herein utilizes rat cortical tissue, but this technique can be adapted to use tissue from a variety of species (such as mouse, rabbit, guinea pig, and chicken) or brain regions (for example, hippocampus, striatum, etc.). Additionally, a variety of stimulations/treatments can be used (for example, excitotoxic, administration of inhibitors, etc.). In conclusion, the brain slice model described herein can be used to examine a variety of molecular mechanisms involved in excitotoxicity-mediated brain injury.

Excitotoxic Stimulation of Brain Microslices as an In vitro Model of Stroke

We have developed a brain slice model which can be used to examine molecular mechanisms involved in excitotoxicity-mediated brain injury.&#160;This technique generates viable mature brain tissue and reduces animal numbers required for experimentation, whilst keeping the neuronal circuitry, cellular interactions, and postsynaptic compartments partly intact.

Exzitotoxische Stimulation der Hirn Microslices als<em&gt; In-vitro-</em&gt; Modell der Stroke

Examining molecular mechanisms involved in neuropathological conditions, such as ischemic stroke, can be difficult when using whole animal systems. As ...

Isolated Hepatic Perfusion as a Treatment for Liver Metastases of Uveal Melanoma

Isolated hepatic perfusion (IHP) is a procedure where the liver is surgically isolated and perfused with a high concentration of the chemotherapeutic agent melphalan. Briefly, the procedure starts with the setup of a percutaneous veno-venous bypass from the femoral vein to the external jugular vein. Via a laparotomy, catheters are then inserted into the proper hepatic artery and the caval vein. The portal vein and the caval vein, both supra- and infrahepatically, are then clamped. The arterial and venous catheters are connected to a heart lung machine and the liver is perfused with melphalan (1 mg/kg body weight) for 60 min. This way it is possible to locally perfuse the liver with a high dose of a chemotherapeutic agent, without leakage to the systemic circulation.
In previous studies including patients with isolated liver metastases of uveal melanoma, an overall response rate of 33-100% and a median survival between 9 and 13 months, have been reported. The aim of this protocol is to give a clear description of how to perform the procedure and to discuss IHP as a treatment option for liver metastases of uveal melanoma.

Here, we present a protocol how to perform an isolated liver perfusion (IHP) with melphalan and we also discuss IHP as a treatment option for liver metastases of uveal melanoma.

Isolierte Leberperfusion als Behandlung für Lebermetastasen von Aderhautmelanom

Isolated hepatic perfusion (IHP) is a procedure where the liver is surgically isolated and perfused with a high concentration of the chemotherapeutic ...

A Thrombotic Stroke Model Based On Transient Cerebral Hypoxia-ischemia

Stroke research has endured many setbacks in translating neuroprotective therapies into clinical practice. In contrast, the real-world therapy (tPA thrombolysis) rarely produces benefits in mechanical occlusion-based experimental models, which dominate preclinical stroke research. This split between the bench and bedside suggests the need to employ tPA-responsive models in preclinical stroke research. To this end, a simple and tPA-reactive thrombotic stroke model is invented and described here. This model consists of transient occlusion of the unilateral common carotid artery and delivery of 7.5% oxygen through a face mask in adult mice for 30 min, while maintaining the animal rectal temperature at 37.5 &#177; 0.5 &#176;C. Although reversible ligation of the unilateral carotid artery or hypoxia each suppressed cerebral blood flow only transiently, the combination of both insults caused lasting reperfusion deficits, fibrin and platelet deposition, and large infarct in the middle cerebral artery-supplied territory. Importantly, tail-vein injection of recombinant tPA at 0.5, 1, or 4 hr post-tHI (10 mg/kg) provided time-dependent reduction of the mortality rate and infarct size. This new stroke model is simple and can be standardized across laboratories to compare experimental results. Further, it induces thrombosis without craniectomy or introducing pre-formed emboli. Given these unique merits, the tHI model is a useful addition to the repertoire of preclinical stroke research.

Thromboembolic stroke models are vital tools for optimizing the recanalization therapy. Here we report a murine thrombotic stroke model based on transient cerebral hypoxic-ischemic (tHI) insult, which triggers thrombosis and infarction, and responds favorably to tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)-mediated fibrinolysis in a therapeutic window similar to those in stroke patients.

A thrombotischer Schlaganfall Modell basierend auf Transient zerebrale Hypoxie-Ischämie

Stroke research has endured many setbacks in translating neuroprotective therapies into clinical practice. In contrast, the real-world therapy (tPA ...

A Model to Simulate Clinically Relevant Hypoxia in Humans

In case of apnea, arterial partial pressure of oxygen (pO2) decreases, while partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) increases. To avoid damage to hypoxia sensitive organs such as the brain, compensatory circulatory mechanisms help to maintain an adequate oxygen supply. This is mainly achieved by increased cerebral blood flow. Intermittent hypoxia is a commonly seen phenomenon in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Acute airway obstruction can also result in hypoxia and hypercapnia. Until now, no adequate model has been established to simulate these dynamics in humans. Previous investigations focusing on human hypoxia used inhaled hypoxic gas mixtures. However, the resulting hypoxia was combined with hyperventilation and is therefore more representative of high altitude environments than of apnea. Furthermore, the transferability of previously performed animal experiments to humans is limited and the pathophysiological background of apnea induced physiological changes is poorly understood. In this study, healthy human apneic divers were utilized to mimic clinically relevant hypoxia and hypercapnia during apnea. Additionally, pulse-oximetry and Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) were used to evaluate changes in cerebral and peripheral oxygen saturation before, during, and after apnea.

Hypoxia simulation in humans has usually been performed by inhaling hypoxic gas mixtures. For this study, apneic divers were used to simulate dynamic hypoxia in humans. Additionally, physiological changes in desaturation and re-saturation kinetics were evaluated with non-invasive tools such as Near-Infrared-Spectroscopy (NIRS) and peripheral oxygenation saturation (SpO2).

Ein Modell Simulieren von klinisch relevanter Hypoxie beim Menschen

In case of apnea, arterial partial pressure of oxygen (pO2) decreases, while partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) increases. To avoid damage to ...

Isometric Contractility Measurement of the Mouse Mesenteric Artery Using Wire Myography

The wire myograph technique is used to assess the contractility of vascular smooth muscles in response to depolarization, GPCR agonists/inhibitors and drugs. It is widely used in many studies on the physiological functions of vascular smooth muscle, the pathogenesis of vascular diseases such as hypertension, and the development of smooth muscle relaxant drugs. The mouse is a widely used model animal with a large pool of disease models and genetically modified strains. We introduced this method to measure the isometric contraction of mouse mesenteric artery in detail. A 1.4-mm segment of mouse mesenteric resistance artery was isolated and mounted on a myograph chamber by passing two steel wires through its lumen. After equilibration and normalization steps, the vessel segment was potentiated by a high-K+ solution twice prior to the contraction assay. As an example of the application of this method in drug development, we measured the relaxant effect of a novel natural substance, neoliensinine, isolated from a Chinese herb, embryos of the lotus seed (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) on mouse mesenteric arteries. The vessel segments mounted on the myograph chamber were stimulated with a high-K+ solution. When the force tension reached a stable sustained phase, cumulative doses of neoliensinine were added to the chamber. We found that neoliensinine had a dose-dependent relaxant effect on smooth muscle contraction, thus suggesting that it bears potential activity against hypertension. In addition, as the vessel segment can survive at least 4 hours after mounting and maintain contractility induced by the high-K+ solution for many times, we suggest that the wire myograph system may be used for the time-consuming process of drug screening.

The wire myograph technique is used to investigate vascular smooth muscle functions and screen new drugs. We report a detailed protocol for measuring the isometric contractility of the mouse mesenteric artery and for screening new relaxants of vascular smooth muscle.

Messung der isometrischen Kontraktilität der Maus mesenterialen Arterie mit Draht Myographie

The wire myograph technique is used to assess the contractility of vascular smooth muscles in response to depolarization, GPCR agonists/inhibitors and ...