HL671795, HL048743 und HL108630: Diese Arbeit wurde vom NIH Zuschüsse unterstützt.

1. Vorbereitung der SDF-1α Glycan Nanopartikel Aufgrund der Zweck der in vivo-Abgabe, Sterilisieren alle Behälter, Pipetten und Spitzen in der Zubereitung verwendet. <ol><li> Die folgenden Stammlösungen in hochreinem Wasser: 1% Dextransulfat; 1M NaOH (steril mit einem PES-Membran gefiltert); 0,1% Chitosan in 0,2% Eisessig (Filter durch 0,8 und 0,22 um Filter nacheinander und Einstellen des pH auf 5,5 mit NaOH später); 0,1M ZnSO 4; 15% Mannit; und 0,92 mg / ml SDF-1α (in Aliquots bei -80 ° C gelagert, und bei 4 ° C gehalten wurde, einmal aufgetaut). </li><li> Sterilisieren Stammlösungen durch 0,22 um Filtermembranen. Beurteilen Endotoxinspiegel in der hergestellten Lösung mit Limulus-Amöbozyten-Lysat (LAL) Gelklumpens Assay. Stellen Sie sicher, dass die Pegel &lt;0,06 EU / ml. </li><li> In 0,18 ml Reinstwasser in ein 1,5 ml-Glasfläschchen mit einem magnetischen Rührstab. Stellen Sie die Rührgeschwindigkeit auf 800 Umdrehungen pro Minute. 0,1 ml 1%Dextransulfat und rühre 2 min. Hinzufügen 0,08 mg SDF-1α (0,087 ml von 0,92 mg / ml SDF-1α-Lösung) und rühre 20 min. </li><li> In 0,33 ml 0,1% Chitosan tropfenweise und unter Rühren für 5 min. Ändern Rührgeschwindigkeit auf die maximale und 0,1 ml 0,1 M ZnSO 4 langsam mit einer 0,1 ml Spritze (über 1 min). </li><li> Zurückzukehren Rührgeschwindigkeit auf 800 Upm und rührt 30 min. Fügen Sie 0,4 ml 15% Mannit und rühren für 5 min. Übertragen der Reaktionsmischung auf ein 1,5 ml Mikrozentrifugenröhrchen. Zentrifugieren bei 16.000 × g bei 4 ° C für 10 min. Anmerkung: Die Anwesenheit von Mannit erleichtert die Resuspension der Partikel nach Zentrifugation. Abhängig von der Dichte des Pellets kann Mannit Konzentration von 0% bis 5% variieren. Vollständige Resuspendierung der Partikel nach jedem Zentrifugationsschritt ist kritisch, um Aggregate in der endgültigen Suspension zu vermeiden. </li><li> Überstand wird abgesaugt und mit einer Pipette den letzten Tropfen Flüssigkeit langsam zu entfernen. 0,2 ml 5% Mannit. Hängen Sie das Pellet mit 0,5 ml, 29 G needle Spritze. 1 ml 5% Mannit. Zentrifugieren bei 16.000 xg für 15 min. </li><li> Wiederholen Sie Schritt 1.6. </li><li> Saugen Sie den Überstand. Das Pellet in 0,2 ml 5% Mannit. Bewahren Sie die Partikel-Suspension bei 4 ° C. Anmerkung: Die Partikelsuspension kann auch bei -80 ° C gefroren gelagert oder lyophilisiert werden. Einschließlich 5% Mannitol in der Suspension ist wesentlich, um die Aggregation der Partikel nach dem Einfrieren und Auftauen oder nach Lyophilisierung und Rehydratisierung zu verhindern. Mannitol kann durch Zentrifugieren der Suspension nach der Lagerung entfernt werden. </li></ol> 2. Messung der Partikelgröße und Zetapotential Die Teilchengröße und Zeta-Potential werden durch dynamische Lichtstreuung und Elektrophorese-Lichtstreuung, die jeweils analysiert, mit einer in der Materialliste angegeben Teilchenanalysator. <ol><li> Richten Sie die folgenden Parameter für Partikelgrößenmessung: Thesaurierung Zeiten: 70; Wiederholungszeiten: 4; Temperatur: 25 ° C;Verdünnungsmittel: Wasser; Intensitätseinstellung: auto. </li><li> Verdünnen Sie die SDF-1α-DS-CS-Probe mit Wasser (10-fache Verdünnung). Last 100 ul der Probe auf eine wegwerfbare UV Küvette wie einem Eppendorf Küvette. Die Küvette in den Küvettenhalter einsetzen. Warten Sie auf die Intensitätseinstellung zu &quot;Optimum&quot; (~ 10.000 cps) zu erreichen. Starten Sie die Datenerfassung. </li><li> Nachdem die Messung abgeschlossen ist, notieren Sie die Kumulanten Ergebnisse der Durchmesser (nm) und Polydispersitätsindex. Der Mittelwert der von jedem der vier wiederholten Ablesungen stammenden Ergebnisse und die Berechnung der Standardabweichung. </li><li> Last 500 ul des 10-fach verdünnten Partikelprobe zu einer Durchflusszelle zum Zeta-Potential-Messung. Richten Sie die folgenden Parameter für die Messung: Thesaurierung Zeiten: 10; Wiederholzeiten: 5; Temperatur: 25 ° C; Verdünnungsmittel: Wasser; Intensitätseinstellung: auto. Aufzeichnung der Ergebnisse des Zetapotential (mV). Durchschnitt das Ergebnis von jedem der 5 wiederholten Ablesungen stammenden, und berechnen Sie die Standard deviation. </li></ol> 3. Quantifizierung von SDF-1α in den Teilchen <ol><li> Verdünne freier Form SDF-1α, um Konzentrationen von 0,01, 0,02, 0,03, 0,04 und 0,05 mg / ml in 1,3 x Laemmli-Probenpuffer. Verdünnen 6 ul SDF-1α-DS-CS Proben mit 40 ul 1,3x Laemmli-Probenpuffer. (Bereiten 4x Laemmli Lager-Puffer, der 0,25 M Tris-HCl, pH 7,5, 8% SDS, 40% Glycerin, 0,05 mg / ml Bromphenolblau und 8% 2-Mercaptoethanol. Teilen Sie die Stammlösung in kleine Aliquots bringen und -20 ° C zur Einzelnutzung.) </li><li> Erhitzen Sie die Proben bei 100 ° C für 10 min. Vortex die Proben zweimal (jeweils 10 Sekunden bei maximaler Geschwindigkeit) während des 10 min Erhitzungsdauer, um die Teilchen vollständig zu dissoziieren. Kühlen Sie die Proben auf Raumtemperatur für 2 min. Zentrifuge bei 10.000 × g für 0,5-1 min hinunter die Wasserkondensat zu bringen. Vortex wieder gut mischen. Hinweis: An dieser Stelle sollte der Probenlösung klar ohne sichtbare Niederschlag vorhanden sein. </li><li> Last 10 &amp;# 181; l Probe / Vertiefung zu einem 4-20% SDS-Gel. Führen Elektrophorese bei 200 V für 20 min. Färben Sie das Gel mit Coomassie-Blau-Färbung Protein. </li><li> Untersuchen Sie die Proteinbande Dichte von SDF-1α mit einem Molekular Imager und Densitometrie-Analyse-Software. Berechnen der Menge des SDF-1α in den Teilchen mit einer Standardkurve mit freiem SDF-1α-Standards konstruiert. </li></ol> 4. In-vitro-Freisetzungstest <ol><li> Mischungs SDF-1α Glykan Teilchen mit Dulbeccos phosphatgepufferter Salzlösung ohne Calcium und Magnesium (D-PBS) bei einem Verhältnis 1: 1 (v / v). </li><li> Teilen Sie die Partikelsuspension in 0,05 ml-Aliquots in 1,5-ml-Röhrchen. Laden der Proben auf den Boden der Röhrchen. Einleiten von Luftblasen zu vermeiden oder die Oberfläche der Flüssigkeit zu stören. Verschließen Sie die Spitze der Röhrchen mit Parafilm. Anmerkung: Dabei wird die Flüssigkeit am Boden während der nachfolgenden oben nach unten auf dem Drehrohrmischer sein. </li><li> Drehen Sie die Rohre auf 37 &amp;# 176; C auf einer rotierenden Mikrorohr Mixer. Aliquots Entfernen aus den Rohren in den angegebenen Zeiten und sofort zu zentrifugieren die Proben bei 16.000 g für 10 min bei 4 ° C. </li><li> Trennen Sie die Überstände und Pellets und Rekonstitution des Pellets mit 0,05 ml D-PBS. Lagern Sie die Proben bei -20 ° C. Nachdem alle Proben gesammelt werden, prüft die Überstände und Pellets auf einem SDS-Gel, wie oben beschrieben. </li></ol> 5. Migration Assay Dieser Test misst die chemotaktische Aktivität von SDF-1α. Wechselwirkung von SDF-1α mit seinem Rezeptor (CXCR4) auf der Zelloberfläche bewirkt Migration der Zelle in Richtung der SDF-1α Gradienten. In diesem Assay werden die Zellen in einen oberen und und SDF-1α-Lösung (die durch eine semipermeable Membran von einer unteren Vertiefung getrennt) in einer unteren Vertiefung geladen. <ol><li> Verdünne SDF-1α (frei oder partikelgebundene Form) mit Migrationspuffer (RPMI-1640-Medium, das 0,5% Rinderserumalbumin) in einem 3-fold serielle Verdünnung, um Endkonzentrationen von 100, 33, 11, 3,7, 1,2, 0,41, 0,14 und 0,05 ng / ml. </li><li> Hinzufügen von 0,6 ml der verdünnten SDF-1α Lösung oder Migrationspuffer allein (negative Kontrolle), um ein gut in der 24-Well-Platte. In 0,57 ml Migrationspuffer auf eine gut (Eingabezellensteuerung). Bei 37 ° C für 30 min. Legen Sie einen durchlässigen Zellkultureinsatzes wie Transwell (Porengröße 5 um, Durchmesser 6,5 mm) auf der Oberseite des unteren gut. Last 0,1 ml Jurkat-Zellen (5 × 10 5) in den Transwell einzufügen. Laden 0,03 ml Zellen direkt an die Eingangszelle Kontrollvertiefung. Inkubieren der Platte bei 37 ° C für 2 h in einem 5% CO 2 -Inkubator. </li><li> Entfernen Sie die Transwell-Einsätze. Übertragen Sie die Zellen, die zu den unteren Vertiefungen in ein 4 ml Polystyrolröhrchen eingewandert sind. Zählen Sie die migrierten Zellen mit einem Durchflusszytometer. </li><li> Migrations Berechnen als Prozentsatz der Eingangszellennummer (Zellennummer in der Eingangszelle Kontrollkavität x 100/30) nach Subtraktion der Anzahlen in negative Kontrollen (Zellen, die Vertiefungen, die nur Migrationspuffer migriert). </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Delair, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Colloidal+polyelectrolyte+complexes+of+chitosan+and+dextran+sulfate+towards+versatile+nanocarriers+of+bioactive+molecules.">Colloidal polyelectrolyte complexes of chitosan and dextran sulfate towards versatile nanocarriers of bioactive molecules.</a> Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 78 (1), 10-18 (2011).</li><li>Morachis, J. M., Mahmoud, E. A., Almutairi, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Physical+and+chemical+strategies+for+therapeutic+delivery+by+using+polymeric+nanoparticles.">Physical and chemical strategies for therapeutic delivery by using polymeric nanoparticles.</a> Pharmacol Rev. 64 (3), 505-519 (2012).</li><li>Yue, Z. 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U. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stromal-derived+factor-1/CXCR4+signaling:+indispensable+role+in+homing+and+engraftment+of+hematopoietic+stem+cells+in+bone+marrow.">Stromal-derived factor-1/CXCR4 signaling: indispensable role in homing and engraftment of hematopoietic stem cells in bone marrow.</a> Stem Cells Dev. 20 (6), 933-946 (2011).</li><li>Sadir, R., Baleux, F., Grosdidier, A., Imberty, A., Lortat-Jacob, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterization+of+the+stromal+cell-derived+factor-1alpha-heparin+complex.">Characterization of the stromal cell-derived factor-1alpha-heparin complex.</a> J Biol Chem. 276 (11), 8288-8296 (2001).</li><li>Amara, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stromal+cell-derived+factor-1alpha+associates+with+heparan+sulfates+through+the+first+beta-strand+of+the+chemokine.">Stromal cell-derived factor-1alpha associates with heparan sulfates through the first beta-strand of the chemokine.</a> J Biol Chem. 274 (34), 23916-23925 (1999).</li><li>Sadir, R., Imberty, A., Baleux, F., Lortat-Jacob, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Heparan+sulfate/heparin+oligosaccharides+protect+stromal+cell-derived+factor-1+(SDF-1)/CXCL12+against+proteolysis+induced+by+CD26/dipeptidyl+peptidase+IV.">Heparan sulfate/heparin oligosaccharides protect stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1)/CXCL12 against proteolysis induced by CD26/dipeptidyl peptidase IV.</a> J Biol Chem. 279 (42), 43854-43860 (1074).</li><li>Yin, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=SDF-1alpha+in+glycan+nanoparticles+exhibits+full+activity+and+reduces+pulmonary+hypertension+in+rats.">SDF-1alpha in glycan nanoparticles exhibits full activity and reduces pulmonary hypertension in rats.</a> Biomacromolecules. 14 (11), 4009-4020 (2013).</li><li>Huang, M., Vitharana, S. 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The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

Wie oben erwähnt, werden die DS-CS Nanopartikeln durch Ladungsneutralisation zwischen Polyanion (DS) und Polykation (CS) Molekülen gebildet. Da die Ladungswechselwirkung während der Molekular Kollision leicht, die Konzentration der Polymerlösungen und die Rührgeschwindigkeit beim Vermischen von entscheidender Bedeutung für die Größe der resultierenden Teilchen. Ein genereller Trend ist, dass mehr DS und CS-Lösungen 15 und höhere Rührgeschwindigkeit Ergebnis in kleinere Partikel verdünnt. <p cl...

Dextransulfat (DS) und Chitosan (CS) sind Polysaccharide mit mehreren substituierten negativ geladenen Sulfatgruppen (DS) oder positiv geladenen Amingruppen (deacetyliert CS). Wenn in einer wässrigen Lösung gemischt, die zwei Polysacchariden Polyelektrolytkomplexe durch elektrostatische Wechselwirkungen. Die resultierenden Komplexe können große Aggregate, die aus der wässrigen Lösung (Präzipitate)-Phase abgetrennt werden, oder kleine Teilchen, die in Wasser dispergierbare (Kolloide) sind zu bilden. Die spezifischen Bedingungen, die zu diesen Ergebnissen beigetragen haben, wurden ausführlich untersucht und wurden zusammengefasst und in einer aktuellen Bewertung 1 im Detail dargestellt. Unter diesen Bedingungen sind die entgegengesetzt geladenen Polymere müssen 1) deutlich unterschiedliche Molmasse zwei grundlegende Anforderungen für die Herstellung von in Wasser dispergierbaren Teilchen; und 2) in einem nicht-stöchiometrischen Verhältnis vermischt werden. Diese Bedingungen werden die ladungsneutrale komplexierten Polymersegmente durch Ladungs ​​erzeugt erlaubenNeutralisation zu trennen und bilden den Kern des Teilchens, und das überschüssige Polymer an der Außenschale 1 bilden. Die in diesem Protokoll beschrieben Glykan Partikel zur pulmonalen Verabreichung von Nanometerdimensionen bestimmt und sind entworfen net werden negativ geladen, und. Die negative Oberflächenladung verringert die Wahrscheinlichkeit der zellulären Aufnahme der Teilchen 2,3. Partikel von Nanometerdimension erleichtern den Durchgang durch die distalen Atemwege. Um dieses Ziel zu erreichen, ist die Menge des DS in dieser Zubereitung von mehr als CS (Gewichtsverhältnis 3: 1); und hochmolekulare DS (Gewichtsmittel MW 500.000) und Niedermolekulare CS (MW-Bereich von 50 bis 190 kDa, 75-85% deacetylierte) verwendet. SDF-1α ist ein Stammzelle Homing Faktor, der die Referenzfahrt-Funktion durch seine chemotaktische Aktivität ausübt. SDF-1α spielt eine wichtige Rolle in der Referenzfahrt und der Wartung von hämatopoetischen Stammzellen im Knochenmark, und bei der Einstellung von progenitor Zellen peripheren Gewebe für Verletzungen Reparatur 4,5. SDF-1α hat eine Heparin-Bindungsstelle in der Proteinsequenz, die das Protein an Heparin / Heparansulfat, Dimere zu binden, aus Protease (CD26 / DPPIV) Inaktivierung geschützt werden, und mit Zielzellen in Wechselwirkung über Zelloberflächenrezeptoren ermöglicht 6-8. DS ähnliche strukturelle Eigenschaften wie Heparin / Heparansulfat; So kann die Bindung von SDF-1α DS wäre ähnlich der des natürlichen polymeren Liganden. In dem folgenden Protokoll beschreiben wir die Herstellung von SDF-1α-DS-CS Nanopartikel. Die Verfahren stellen eine der Formulierungen, die bisher untersucht wurden, 9. Das Protokoll ist ursprünglich aus einer Untersuchung von VEGF-DS-CS-Nanopartikeln 10 angepasst. Eine kleine technische Herstellung beschrieben, die leicht mit den gleichen Stammlösungen und Herstellungsbedingungen skaliert werden kann. Nach der Herstellung werden die Teilchen b gekennzeichnety Prüfung ihrer Größe, Zetapotential, das Ausmaß der SDF-1α Einarbeitung in vitro Freigabezeit, und die Aktivität des einge SDF-1α.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="489">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:255px;">Name</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">Catalog number</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Dextran sulfate</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>BP1585-100</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Chitosan, low molecular weight&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>448869</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Zinc sulfate heptahydrate</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>204986</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">D-Mannitol</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>M9546</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">UltraPure water&#160;</td>
			<td>Invitrogen&#160;</td>
			<td>10977-023</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">SDF-1&#945;</td>
			<td>Prepared according to reference 8.</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Syringe filter, PES membrane 0.22 um.&#160;&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>SLGP033RS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Magnetic Micro Stirring Bars (2 x 7 mm)</td>
			<td>Fisher&#160;</td>
			<td>14-513-63</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Glass vial Kit; SUN-SRi</td>
			<td>Fisher&#160;</td>
			<td>14-823-182</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Delsa Nano C Particle Analyzer&#160;</td>
			<td>Backman Coulter</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Eppendorf UVette Cuvets</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>952010069</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">4&#8211;20% Mini-PROTEAN TGX Gel</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>456-1096</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">GelCode Blue Safe Protein Stain</td>
			<td>Fisher&#160;</td>
			<td>PI-24592</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Molecular Imager VersaDoc MP 4000 System</td>
			<td>BioRad</td>
			<td>170-8640</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Corning Transwell Permeable Supports</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>3421</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Accuri C6 Flow Cytometer</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Dulbecco&#8217;s phosphate buffered saline&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>D8537</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Pyrogent plus kit</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>NC9753738</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

preparation and characterization of sdf-1&#945;-chitosan-dextran sulfate nanoparticles

Chitosan (CS) and dextran sulfate (DS) are charged polysaccharides (glycans), which form polyelectrolyte complex-based nanoparticles when mixed under appropriate conditions. The glycan nanoparticles are useful carriers for protein factors, which facilitate the in vivo delivery of the proteins and sustain their retention in the targeted tissue. The glycan polyelectrolyte complexes are also ideal for protein delivery, as the incorporation is carried out in aqueous solution, which reduces the likelihood of inactivation of the proteins. Proteins with a heparin-binding site adhere to dextran sulfate readily, and are, in turn, stabilized by the binding. These particles are also less inflammatory and toxic when delivered in vivo. In the protocol described below, SDF-1&#945; (Stromal cell-derived factor-1&#945;), a stem cell homing factor, is first mixed and incubated with dextran sulfate. Chitosan is added to the mixture to form polyelectrolyte complexes, followed by zinc sulfate to stabilize the complexes with zinc bridges. The resultant SDF-1&#945;-DS-CS particles are measured for size (diameter) and surface charge (zeta potential). The amount of the incorporated SDF-1&#945; is determined, followed by measurements of its in vitro release rate and its chemotactic activity in a particle-bound form.

Die Größe und Zetapotential der vorbereiteten SDF-1α-DS-CS-Partikel mit einer Partikelanalysegerät bestimmt. Figur 1 zeigt die Analyse der Größenmessung. Aus den Ergebnissen von Kumulanten vier wiederholten Messungen erhalten wird, ist die mittlere hydrodynamische Durchmesser der SDF-1α-DS-CS Partikel 661 ± 8,2 (nm) und die Polydispersität beträgt 0,23 ± 0,02. Das Ergebnis der Zetapotentialmessung ist in Fig. 2 gezeigt Von den fünf wiederholten Messungen, das Zetapotential d...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Preparation and Characterization of SDF-1Î±-Chitosan-Dextran Sulfate Nanoparticles at JoVE.com

Preparation and Characterization of SDF-1&amp;#945;-Chitosan-Dextran Sulfate Nanoparticles

The objective of this protocol is to incorporate SDF-1&#945;, a stem cell homing factor, into dextran sulfate-chitosan nanoparticles. The resultant particles are measured for their size and zeta potential, as well as the content, activity, and in vitro release rate of SDF-1&#945; from the nanoparticles.

Herstellung und Charakterisierung von SDF-1α-Chitosan-Nanopartikel Dextransulfat

Chitosan (CS) and dextran sulfate (DS) are charged polysaccharides (glycans), which form polyelectrolyte complex-based nanoparticles when mixed under ...

preparation-characterization-sdf-1-chitosan-dextran-sulfate

Research

JoVE Journal

Chemistry

Preparation and Characterization of SDF-1&#945;-Chitosan-Dextran Sulfate Nanoparticles

12.3K Aufrufe.  Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School. The objective of this protocol is to incorporate SDF-1α, a stem cell homing factor, into dextran sulfate-chitosan nanoparticles. The resultant particles are measured for their size and zeta potential, as well as the content, activity, and in vitro release rate of SDF-1α from the nanoparticles.

Serie: Preparation and Characterization of SDF-1&#945;-Chitosan-Dextran Sulfate Nanoparticles

Preparation of Silica Nanoparticles Through Microwave-assisted Acid-catalysis

Microwave-assisted synthetic techniques were used to quickly and reproducibly produce silica nanoparticle sols using an acid catalyst with nanoparticle diameters ranging from 30-250 nm by varying the reaction conditions. Through the selection of a microwave compatible solvent, silicic acid precursor, catalyst, and microwave irradiation time, these microwave-assisted methods were capable of overcoming the previously reported shortcomings associated with synthesis of silica nanoparticles using microwave reactors. The siloxane precursor was hydrolyzed using the acid catalyst, HCl. Acetone, a low-tan &#948; solvent, mediates the condensation reactions and has minimal interaction with the electromagnetic field. Condensation reactions begin when the silicic acid precursor couples with the microwave radiation, leading to silica nanoparticle sol formation. The silica nanoparticles were characterized by dynamic light scattering data and scanning electron microscopy, which show the materials&#39; morphology and size to be dependent on the reaction conditions. Microwave-assisted reactions produce silica nanoparticles with roughened textured surfaces that are atypical for silica sols produced by St&#246;ber&#39;s methods, which have smooth surfaces.

Silica nanoparticles were prepared using acid-catalysis of a siloxane precursor and microwave-assisted synthetic techniques resulting in the controlled growth of nanomaterials ranging from 30-250 nm in diameter. The growth dynamics can be controlled by varying the initial silicic acid concentration, time of the reaction, and temperature of reaction.

Herstellung von Silica-Nanopartikeln durch Mikrowellen-unterstützte Säure-Katalyse

Microwave-assisted synthetic techniques were used to quickly and reproducibly produce silica nanoparticle sols using an acid catalyst with nanoparticle ...

Forschung

Chemie

Preparation and Characterization of Individual and Multi-drug Loaded Physically Entrapped Polymeric Micelles

Amphiphilic block copolymers like polyethyleneglycol-block-polylactic acid (PEG-b-PLA) can self-assemble into micelles above their critical micellar concentration forming hydrophobic cores surrounded by hydrophilic shells in aqueous environments. The core of these micelles can be utilized to load hydrophobic, poorly water soluble drugs like docetaxel (DTX) and everolimus (EVR). Systematic characterization of the micelle structure and drug loading capabilities are important before in vitro and in vivo studies can be conducted. The goal of the protocol described herein is to provide the necessary characterization steps to achieve standardized micellar products. DTX and EVR have intrinsic solubilities of 1.9 and 9.6 &#181;g/ml respectively Preparation of these micelles can be achieved through solvent casting which increases the aqueous solubility of DTX and EVR to 1.86 and 1.85 mg/ml, respectively. Drug stability in micelles evaluated at room temperature over 48 hr indicates that 97% or more of the drugs are retained in solution. Micelle size was assessed using dynamic light scattering and indicated that the size of these micelles was below 50 nm and depended on the molecular weight of the polymer. Drug release from the micelles was assessed using dialysis under sink conditions at pH 7.4 at 37 oC over 48 hr. Curve fitting results indicate that drug release is driven by a first order process indicating that it is diffusion driven.

The goal of this protocol is to describe the preparation and characterization of physically entrapped, poorly water soluble drugs in micellar drug delivery systems composed of amphiphilic block copolymers.

Herstellung und Charakterisierung von Einzel-und Multi-Wirkstoff beladen Körperlich Eingeschlossene Polymermicellen

Amphiphilic block copolymers like polyethyleneglycol-block-polylactic acid (PEG-b-PLA) can self-assemble into micelles above their critical micellar ...

Synthesis, Characterization, and Functionalization of Hybrid Au/CdS and Au/ZnS Core/Shell Nanoparticles

Plasmonic nanoparticles are an attractive material for light harvesting applications due to their easily modified surface, high surface area and large extinction coefficients which can be tuned across the visible spectrum. Research into the plasmonic enhancement of optical transitions has become popular, due to the possibility of altering and in some cases improving photo-absorption or emission properties of nearby chromophores such as molecular dyes or quantum dots. The electric field of the plasmon can couple with the excitation dipole of a chromophore, perturbing the electronic states involved in the transition and leading to increased absorption and emission rates. These enhancements can also be negated at close distances by energy transfer mechanism, making the spatial arrangement of the two species critical. Ultimately, enhancement of light harvesting efficiency in plasmonic solar cells could lead to thinner and, therefore, lower cost devices. The development of hybrid core/shell particles could offer a solution to this issue. The addition of a dielectric spacer between a gold nanoparticles and a chromophore is the proposed method to control the exciton plasmon coupling strength and thereby balance losses with the plasmonic gains. A detailed procedure for the coating of gold nanoparticles with CdS and ZnS semiconductor shells is presented. The nanoparticles show high uniformity with size control in both the core gold particles and shell species allowing for a more accurate investigation into the plasmonic enhancement of external chromophores.

The synthesis of uniform gold nanoparticles coated with semiconductor shells of CdS or ZnS is performed. The semiconductor coating is conducted by first depositing a silver sulfide shell and exchanging the silver cations for zinc or cadmium cations.

Synthese, Charakterisierung und Funktionalisierung von Hybrid Au / CdS und Au / ZnS Kern / Schale-Nanopartikel

Plasmonic nanoparticles are an attractive material for light harvesting applications due to their easily modified surface, high surface area and large ...

Synthesis and Characterization of Supramolecular Colloids

Control over colloidal assembly is of utmost importance for the development of functional colloidal materials with tailored structural and mechanical properties for applications in photonics, drug delivery and coating technology. Here we present a new family of colloidal building blocks, coined supramolecular colloids, whose self-assembly is controlled through surface-functionalization with a benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxamide (BTA) derived supramolecular moiety. Such BTAs interact via directional, strong, yet reversible hydrogen-bonds with other identical BTAs. Herein, a protocol is presented that describes how to couple these BTAs to colloids and how to quantify the number of coupling sites, which determines the multivalency of the supramolecular colloids. Light scattering measurements show that the refractive index of the colloids is almost matched with that of the solvent, which strongly reduces the van der Waals forces between the colloids. Before photo-activation, the colloids remain well dispersed, as the BTAs are equipped with a photo-labile group that blocks the formation of hydrogen-bonds. Controlled deprotection with UV-light activates the short-range hydrogen-bonds between the BTAs, which triggers the colloidal self-assembly. The evolution from the dispersed state to the clustered state is monitored by confocal microscopy. These results are further quantified by image analysis with simple routines using ImageJ and Matlab. This merger of supramolecular chemistry and colloidal science offers a direct route towards light- and thermo-responsive colloidal assembly encoded in the surface-grafted monolayer.

A protocol for the synthesis and characterization of colloids coated with supramolecular moieties is described. These supramolecular colloids undergo self-assembly upon the activation of the hydrogen-bonds between the surface-anchored molecules by UV-light.

Synthese und Charakterisierung von supramolekularen Kolloid-

Control over colloidal assembly is of utmost importance for the development of functional colloidal materials with tailored structural and mechanical ...

Sulfate Separation by Selective Crystallization with a Bis-iminoguanidinium Ligand

A simple and effective method for selective sulfate separation from aqueous solutions by crystallization with a bis-guanidinium ligand, 1,4-benzene-bis(iminoguanidinium) (BBIG), is demonstrated. The ligand is synthesized as the chloride salt (BBIG-Cl) by in situ imine condensation of terephthalaldehyde with aminoguanidinium chloride in water, followed by crystallization as the sulfate salt (BBIG-SO4). Alternatively, BBIG-Cl is synthesized ex situ in larger scale from ethanol. The sulfate separation ability of the BBIG ligand is demonstrated by selective and quantitative crystallization of sulfate from seawater. The ligand can be recycled by neutralization of BBIG-SO4 with aqueous NaOH and crystallization of the neutral bis-iminoguanidine, which can be converted back into BBIG-Cl with aqueous HCl and reused in another separation cycle. Finally, 35S-labeled sulfate and &#946; liquid scintillation counting are employed for monitoring the sulfate concentration in solution. Overall, this protocol will instruct the user in the necessary skills to synthesize a ligand, employ it in the selective crystallization of sulfate from aqueous solutions, and quantify the separation efficiency.

A protocol for in situ aqueous synthesis of a bis(iminoguanidinium) ligand and its utilization in selective separation of sulfate is presented.

Sulfate Trennung durch selektive Kristallisation mit einer Bis-iminoguanidinium Ligand

A simple and effective method for selective sulfate separation from aqueous solutions by crystallization with a bis-guanidinium ligand, ...

Preparation and In Vitro Characterization of Dendrimer-based Contrast Agents for Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Paramagnetic complexes of gadolinium(III) with acyclic or macrocyclic chelates are the most commonly used contrast agents (CAs) for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Their purpose is to enhance the relaxation rate of water protons in tissue, thus increasing the MR image contrast and the specificity of the MRI measurements. Current clinically approved contrast agents are low molecular weight molecules that are rapidly cleared from the body. The use of dendrimers as carriers of paramagnetic chelators can play an important role in the future development of more efficient MRI contrast agents. Specifically, the increase in local concentration of the paramagnetic species results in a higher signal contrast. Furthermore, this CA provides a longer tissue retention time due to its high molecular weight and size. Here, we demonstrate a convenient procedure for the preparation of macromolecular MRI contrast agents based on poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimers with monomacrocyclic DOTA-type chelators (DOTA &#8211; 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetate). The chelating unit was appended by exploiting the reactivity of the isothiocyanate (NCS) group towards the amine surface groups of the PAMAM dendrimer to form thiourea bridges. Dendrimeric products were purified and analyzed by means of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and elemental analysis. Finally, high resolution MR images were recorded and the signal contrasts obtained from the prepared dendrimeric and the commercially available monomeric agents were compared.

Preparation and In Vitro Characterization of Dendrimer-based Contrast Agents for Magnetic Resonance Imaging

This protocol describes the preparation and characterization of a dendrimeric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agent that carries cyclen-based macrocyclic chelates coordinating paramagnetic gadolinium ions. In a series of MRI experiments in vitro, this agent produced an amplified MRI signal when compared to the commercially available monomeric analogue.

Vorbereitung und<em&gt; In Vitro</em&gt; Charakterisierung der für Magnetresonanz-Kontrastmittel Dendrimer-basierten

Paramagnetic complexes of gadolinium(III) with acyclic or macrocyclic chelates are the most commonly used contrast agents (CAs) for magnetic resonance ...

Preparation and Characterization of C60/Graphene Hybrid Nanostructures

Physical thermal deposition in a high vacuum environment is a clean and controllable method for fabricating novel molecular nanostructures on graphene. We present methods for depositing and passively manipulating C60 molecules on rippled graphene that advance the pursuit of realizing applications involving 1D C60/graphene hybrid structures. The techniques applied in this exposition are geared towards high vacuum systems with preparation areas capable of supporting molecular deposition as well as thermal annealing of the samples. We focus on C60 deposition at low pressure using a homemade Knudsen cell connected to a scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) system. The number of molecules deposited is regulated by controlling the temperature of the Knudsen cell and the deposition time. One-dimensional (1D) C60 chain structures with widths of two to three molecules can be prepared via tuning of the experimental conditions. The surface mobility of the C60 molecules increases with annealing temperature allowing them to move within the periodic potential of the rippled graphene. Using this mechanism, it is possible to control the transition of 1D C60 chain structures to a hexagonal close packed quasi-1D stripe structure.

Preparation and Characterization of C60/Graphene Hybrid Nanostructures

Here we present a protocol for the fabrication of C60/graphene hybrid nanostructures by physical thermal evaporation. Particularly, the proper manipulation of deposition and annealing conditions allow the control over the creation of 1D and quasi 1D C60 structures on rippled graphene.

Herstellung und Charakterisierung von C60/Graphene Hybrid Nanostructures

Physical thermal deposition in a high vacuum environment is a clean and controllable method for fabricating novel molecular nanostructures on graphene. We ...

Ligand-Mediated Nucleation and Growth of Palladium Metal Nanoparticles

The size, size distribution and stability of colloidal nanoparticles are greatly affected by the presence of capping ligands. Despite the key contribution of capping ligands during the synthesis reaction, their role in regulating the nucleation and growth rates of colloidal nanoparticles is not well understood. In this work, we demonstrate a mechanistic investigation of the role of trioctylphosphine (TOP) in Pd nanoparticles in different solvents (toluene and pyridine) using in situ SAXS and ligand-based kinetic modeling. Our results under different synthetic conditions reveal the overlap of nucleation and growth of Pd nanoparticles during the reaction, which contradicts the LaMer-type nucleation and growth model. The model accounts for the kinetics of Pd-TOP binding for both, the precursor and the particle surface, which is essential to capture the size evolution as well as the concentration of particles in situ. In addition, we illustrate the predictive power of our ligand-based model through designing the synthetic conditions to obtain nanoparticles with desired sizes. The proposed methodology can be applied to other synthesis systems and therefore serves as an effective strategy for predictive synthesis of colloidal nanoparticles.

The main goal of this work is to elucidate the role of capping agents in regulating the size of palladium nanoparticles by combining in situ small angle x-ray scattering (SAXS) and ligand-based kinetic modeling.

Liganden-vermittelten Keimbildung und das Wachstum von Palladium Metall-Nanopartikeln

The size, size distribution and stability of colloidal nanoparticles are greatly affected by the presence of capping ligands. Despite the key contribution ...

High Resolution Physical Characterization of Single Metallic Nanoparticles

Individual molecules can be detected and characterized by measuring the degree by which they reduce the ionic current flowing through a single nanometer-scale pore. The signal is characteristic of the molecule&#39;s physicochemical properties and its interactions with the pore. We demonstrate that the nanopore formed by the bacterial protein exotoxin Staphylococcus aureus alpha hemolysin (&#945;HL) can detect polyoxometalates (POMs, anionic metal oxygen clusters), at the single molecule limit. Moreover, multiple degradation products of 12-phosphotungstic acid POM (PTA, H3PW12O40) in solution are simultaneously measured. The single molecule sensitivity of the nanopore method allows for POMs to be characterized at significantly lower concentrations than required for nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. This technique could serve as a new tool for chemists to study the molecular properties of polyoxometalates or other metallic clusters, to better understand POM synthetic processes, and possibly improve their yield. Hypothetically, the location of a given atom, or the rotation of a fragment in the molecule, and the metal oxidation state could be investigated with this method. In addition, this new technique has the advantage of allowing the real-time monitoring of molecules in solution.&#160;

Here, we present a protocol to detect discrete metal oxygen clusters, polyoxometalates (POMs), at the single molecule limit using a biological nanopore-based electronic platform. The method provides a complementary approach to traditional analytical chemistry tools used in the study of these molecules.

Physikalische Charakterisierung einzelner metallischer Nanopartikel in hoher Auflösung

Individual molecules can be detected and characterized by measuring the degree by which they reduce the ionic current flowing through a single ...

Synthesis and Characterization of Amphiphilic Gold Nanoparticles

Gold nanoparticles covered with a mixture of 1-octanethiol (OT) and 11-mercapto-1-undecane sulfonic acid (MUS) have been extensively studied because of their interactions with cell membranes, lipid bilayers, and viruses. The hydrophilic ligands make these particles colloidally stable in aqueous solutions and the combination with hydrophobic ligands creates an amphiphilic particle that can be loaded with hydrophobic drugs, fuse with the lipid membranes, and resist nonspecific protein adsorption. Many of these properties depend on nanoparticle size and the composition of the ligand shell. It is, therefore, crucial to have a reproducible synthetic method and reliable characterization techniques that allow the determination of nanoparticle properties and the ligand shell composition. Here, a one-phase chemical reduction, followed by a thorough purification to synthesize these nanoparticles with diameters below 5 nm, is presented. The ratio between the two ligands on the surface of the nanoparticle can be tuned through their stoichiometric ratio used during synthesis. We demonstrate how various routine techniques, such as transmission electron microscopy (TEM), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectrometry, are combined to comprehensively characterize the physicochemical parameters of the nanoparticles.

Amphiphilic gold nanoparticles can be used in many biological applications. A protocol to synthesize gold nanoparticles coated by a binary mixture of ligands and a detailed characterization of these particles is presented.

Synthese und Charakterisierung von amphiphilen Gold-Nanopartikeln

Gold nanoparticles covered with a mixture of 1-octanethiol (OT) and 11-mercapto-1-undecane sulfonic acid (MUS) have been extensively studied because of ...