This work was supported by the DFG (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, German Research Foundation) SFB 854 (Sonderforschungsbereich, collaborative research center). 
Thanks to Hans-Holger G&#228;rtner, Audiovisuelles Medienzentrum, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany, for technical support.

Diese Studie wurde mit Genehmigung des Landes Sachsen und Sachsen-Anhalt, Regierungspräsidium Dresden / Halle durchgeführt werden, nach § 8 des Gesetzes für den Tierschutz (24D-9168,11-1 / 2008-24). 1 Zellisolation 1.1 Herstellung von Ober- und Unterschenkel <ol><li> Anesthetize der Maus unter Verwendung einer 5% Isofluran Konzentration durch Verdampfen von Isofluran in einem geschlossenen Behälter. Wenn sich die Maus nicht mehr bewegt für 3 Sekunden, führen Sie den Genickbruch. </li><li> Desinfizieren Sie die Hinterbeine mit Ethanol (96%). Haut und Muskeln entfernen und trennen Sie die Knochen mit einem sterilen Skalpell. <ol><li> Beginnen Sie mit einem Leistenhautschnitt, und verlängern die Inzision in Richtung der Innenknöchel und die eine Kreis Präparation der Haut um den Unterschenkel. Entfernen Sie die Haut der Beine vollständig durch Abziehen es proximal. </li><li> Nehmen Sie den Quadrizeps vom Femur mit einem scharfen Skalpell entfernen sowohl die vorderen peroneusund die Wadenmuskelgruppen und desartikulieren das Bein im Hüftgelenk durch die Anordnung und sezieren die Bänder. </li><li> Starten Sie nach vorne und fahren rund um das Gelenk durch vorsichtiges Drehen des Beins und Durchschneiden der Bänder, wodurch der gemeinsame disarticulating. </li></ol></li><li> Waschen Femur und Tibia mit 96% Ethanol für ein Minimum von 90 Sekunden auf eine aseptische Zellpräparation zu gewährleisten. Fahren Sie mit der Waschprozess mit sterilem PBS abzuspülen restliche Ethanol. Hinweis: Alle nachfolgenden Schritte müssen steril zur Vermeidung von Verunreinigungen sein. </li></ol> 1.2 Ernte von Knochenmark <ol><li> Schneiden Sie das proximale und distale Ende jedes Knochens mit einer feinen Schere, um den Zugriff auf die Ober- und Unterschenkelwellen zu gewinnen. Seien Sie vorsichtig mit diesem Schritt, da diese Knochen sehr leicht brechen. </li><li> Spülen die Knochen mit warmem Medium (M199 + 10% fötales Kälberserum (FCS) + 1% Penicillin / Streptomycin). Verwenden Sie eine sterile 28-G-Nadel, eine 1-ml-Spritze und zwischen 10 bis 15 ml Medium proKnochen zum Spülen. </li><li> Halten Sie die Knochen mit einer feinen Pinzette und spülen Sie eins nach dem anderen, bis sie halbdurchscheinend macht. Druck vorsichtig auf das Ende des Spritzenkolbens anwenden, um die Zellspannung zu minimieren. </li><li> Filtern Sie das Knochenmark durch einen 70 &amp; mgr; m Nylon-Web und sammeln das Filtrat. Um die maximale Menge an Knochenmarkextrakt wiederholt gründlich von den distalen und proximalen Enden. </li><li> Spülen Sie das Sieb mit PBS und sammeln das Filtrat. Vorsichtig zu entfernen Schmutz und Zellkonglomerate durch leichtes Rühren und Pipettieren. </li></ol> 1.3 Anbau <ol><li> Zentrifugieren Sie die Zellsuspension bei 250 · g für 10 min bei RT. Überstand verwerfen und die Zellen resuspendieren mit etwa 25 ml Medium. Wiederholen Sie einmal. </li><li> Die Zellen in 6 ml Medium nach der zweiten Waschstufe. Mischungs 50 ul der Zell-Lösung mit 50 ul Trypanblau. Zählen Sie die Zellen in einer Zählkammer unter einem Lichtmikroskop. Berechnung der Anzahl von cEllen in der Lösung mit dieser Formel: <img alt="Gleichung 1" fo:content-width="1.3in" src="/files/ftp_upload/52347/52347eq1.jpg" /></li><li> Seed die Zellen auf 6-Well-Ultra-Low-Befestigungsfläche Platten dauerhafte Haftung an der Unterseite der Platte zu verhindern. Verwenden Sie eine Konzentration von 10 6 Zellen pro ml mit bis zu 6 ml pro Vertiefung. </li><li> Ergänzen Sie die Suspension mit 20 ng / ml M-CSF auf die Zelldifferenzierung fördern. </li><li> Kultur die Zellen für 5 Tage bei 37 ° C und 5% Kohlendioxid und beobachten täglich. </li></ol> 1.4 Die Ernte der Zellen Hinweis: Diese Schritte sollten auf Eis durchgeführt werden. Gehen Sie entweder mit 1.4.1 oder 1.4.2 entsprechend. <ol><li> Zu diesem Zeitpunkt ernten die gesamte Kultur, einschließlich differenzierter Makrophagen, die zu den Kulturplatten haftet, auch wenn sie ultra-low-Befestigungsfläche Platten. <ol><li> Ernte der gesamten Kultur durch vorsichtiges Pipettieren und Abnehmen mit einer Lösung von 4 ° C PBS, 0,5% Rinderserumalbumin (BSA) und 2 mM EDTA. Wiederholen, bis die Platten frei von verbleibenden anhaftenden Zellen - Bestätigung unter dem Mikroskop, wenn nicht sicher. </li></ol></li><li> Alternativ verwerfen adhärenten Makrophagen durch Ernte des Überstands mit den Zellen in Suspension, die überwiegend Monozyten enthalten. <ol><li> Ernte der nicht-adhärenten Zellen mit einer Lösung von EDTA-freies PBS und 0,5% BSA. Sie nicht zu viel Kraft, um zu vermeiden, verdrängen leicht anhaftenden Makrophagen gelten. </li></ol></li></ol> 1.5 FACS-Analyse (optional) Anmerkung: Es ist möglich, die Zellsuspension von CD117 + Stamm- und Vorläuferzellen durch die Verwendung von MACS abzureichern. Verwenden Hersteller Protokolle für dieses Verfahren. <ol><li> Ernte der Zellen gemäß einem der Schritte 1.4.1 oder 1.4.2. </li><li> Zentrifugieren Sie die Zellen bei 250 × g für 10 Minuten bei 4 ° C und wiederholen Sie diesen Schritt wieder. </li><li> Resuspendieren mindestens 250.000 Zellen in 300 ul FACS buffer pro Sonde. </li><li> Übertragungszelle Lösung auf eine 96-well-Platte (30 &amp; mgr; l pro Vertiefung). </li><li> Zentrifugieren Sie die Zellsuspension bei 250 xg für 5 Minuten bei 4 ° C. </li><li> Entfernen Sie den Überstand und fügen Sie 25 ul Antikörper in jede Vertiefung (Verwendung Hersteller Verdünnung). </li><li> Färben die Zellen mit Antikörpern (nach Herstellerprotokollen für Zell Phänotypisierung nach den Schritten 1.5.1-1.5.6. Üblicherweise verwendete Marker für Monozyten / Makrophagen zur Identität CD11b, F4 / 80 (Figur 3), CD115 (Abbildung 2), Gr- 1. Anmerkung: Für eine weitere Beschreibung von Zell Lösungen ist die Verwendung von Markern, wie CD4, CD8a, CD11c, CD25, CD45, CD45R, CD62L, CD80, CD86, CD145, CD117, MHCⅡ, Ly6C, Ly6G und CD192 empfohlen. Cellular Eigenschaften wurden zuvor beschrieben 12. </li><li> Die Sonden für 20 min Inkubation bei 4 ° C. </li><li> Zentrifuge die Sonden bei 250 × g für 5 min bei 4 ° C und Resuspension mit 200 ul FACS-Puffer. Wiederholen thist Schritt zweimal. </li><li> Übertragen Sie die Sonden in FACS-Röhrchen und führen Sie die FACS-Analyse 12. </li><li> Führen FACS-Analyse 12 am Tag 0, 3 und 5, um die Zelldifferenzierung zu analysieren. </li></ol> 2. Injektion in die Schwanzvene 2.1 Vorbereitung <ol><li> Erwärmen die Tiere auf einer Heizplatte bei 37 ° C für ca. 10 min. Beachten Sie die Tiere unter Erwärmung auf Anzeichen einer Überhitzung zu erkennen. </li><li> Resuspendieren der Monozyten, isoliert in Schritten 1.1- 1.4, in 150 ul NaCl, und laden Sie die Zellen in eine 1 ml Insulinspritze mit einer 30G Nadel. Die Lösung leicht vortexen vor dem Laden der Spritze, um sicherzustellen, dass alle Monozyten injiziert werden. Immer Griff Zellen auf Eis, Wärme-vermittelte Bindung und Aktivierung von Monozyten zu vermeiden. </li></ol> 2.2 Einstweilige <ol><li> Vermeiden Sie andere Mäuse stören im Käfig bei der Auswahl einer Maus zur intravenösen Injektion. </li><li> Platzieren Sie die Maus in die Restrainer. Vermeiden Sie zu viel prEssure und seien Sie vorsichtig mit den Hinterbeinen. (Figur 4) Hinweis: Alternativ können Sie auch eine Vollnarkose zu stressfreien Umgang mit den Tieren zu gewährleisten. </li><li> Stellen Sie sicher, dass die Maus bietet Platz zum Atmen vor dem Schließen der Verzögerer. </li></ol> 2.3 Injection <ol><li> Desinfizieren Sie die Injektionsstelle mit Desinfektionsmittel. Spray auf dem Schwanz der Maus und lassen Sie stehen für mindestens 1 min. </li><li> Stoppen Venenblutdurchfluß des Schwanzes durch sanften Druck auf die seitlichen Heckseite oberhalb der Injektionsstelle, für eine bessere Sichtbarkeit der Venen. </li><li> Drehen Sie den Schwanz 90 Grad, vor der Injektion. (Figur 5) </li><li> Injizieren bei einem Winkel von 45 Grad. Injizieren Sie langsam und nicht mehr als 5 &amp; mgr; l pro g zu schaden Tiere zu vermeiden. </li><li> Wenn es eine Blase, die ein Zeichen für eine fehlgeschlagene Einspritzung ist, ab sofort nicht und wiederholen Sie die Injektion weiter proximal. </li><li> Stoppen Sie die Blutungen an der Injektionsseite durch leichten pressure für etwa 1 min. </li><li> Am Ende des Verfahrens, öffnen Sie die Rückziehvorrichtung und die Maus in seinem Käfig. </li><li> Beachten Sie die Maus für 20 Minuten, um sicherzustellen, dass das Tier nicht von der Injektions geschädigt und Brustlage beibehalten wird. Verlängern Sie die Zeit der Beobachtung, bis die Maus gewinnt ausreichend Bewusstsein. Bringen Sie die Maus, um das Unternehmen von anderen Tieren nur nachdem sie vollständig erholt hat. </li></ol>

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The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

Wir beschreiben ein einfaches und kostengünstiges Verfahren, um große Mengen an murine Monozyten aus Knochenmark zu isolieren. Im Vergleich zu anderen Protokollen mit dem peripheren Blut, die Monozyten Ausbeuten 5 von 1,4 x10 6 zu erhalten, werden wir in der Lage, höhere Ausbeuten an 11 x 10 6 ± 3 x 10 6 Monozyten aus einer Spendermaus erhalten. Wenn angesichts Herausforderungen mit diesem Verfahren ist es wichtig, die Möglichkeit einer Verunr...

The isolation of monocytes is important and critical for many in vitro and in vivo studies. These cells are targets for diseases such as peripheral arterial disease, coronary heart disease, or other ischemic diseases, since collateral vessel growth is strongly driven by local inflammation. Inflammatory responses include endothelial activation and local recruitment of leukocytes, mainly monocytes, which then mature to macrophages and create a highly arteriogenic environment by secreting multiple growth factors to induce the remodeling of an arteriole into a functional collateral artery1-3. Monocytes also mature to dendritic cells, which are frequently used for immunological studies4,5 and cancer research6,7.
Problematic in the approach for monocyte isolation from peripheral blood8 is the high number of donor animals needed to produce a sufficient amount of monocytes for most analyses. Former protocols describe methods such as density gradient centrifugation and cell depletion via MACS9 when isolating monocytes; however, these techniques can alter the characteristics and functionality of monocytes which can lead to difficulties in interpretation10,11. Moreover, these methods are difficult and can reduce experimental reproducibility.
Our aim with this protocol is to provide a simple and cost effective method to generate large amounts of bone marrow-derived monocytes. Due to the high cell yield of 11 x 106 &#177; 3 x 106 cells obtained by this protocol, we can substantially reduce the number of mice required during the isolation of bone marrow-derived monocytes. The procedure can be completed within a minimal amount of time, and without using expensive and complicated techniques as referenced above. Here, we extract monocytes from native bone marrow suspension of donor mice, cultivate the suspension on ultralow attachment plates, and supplement the solution with 20 ng/ml M-CFS. On day 5 of incubation, cells are harvested and characterized to confirm functional and phenotypic properties.
For experiments in the field of arteriogenesis, intravenous transplantation of these bone marrow-derived monocytes into mice is an effective method of systemic drug delivery, which can be combined with femoral artery ligation in common peripheral arterial disease models.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>6-well-ultra-low-attachment plate</td>
			<td>Corning Incorporated, NY, USA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>6-well-ultra-low-attachment plate, with cap, sterile</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>8- 12 week old, male, balb/c mice&#160;</td>
			<td>Charles River, Sulzfeld, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>96-well-plate</td>
			<td>Greiner bio one GmbH, Frickenhausen, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Blue dead cell stain</td>
			<td>Life technologies GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bovine serum albumine</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare, Freiburg, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Fraction V, pH 7,0</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Canules</td>
			<td>B. Braun, Melsungen AG, Melsungen, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>28G, 30G</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD115</td>
			<td>eBioscience, San Diego, USA</td>
			<td>12-1152</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD11b</td>
			<td>eBioscience, San Diego, USA</td>
			<td>53-0112</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell culture dish</td>
			<td>Greiner Bio-One GmbH, Frickenhausen, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>With cap, steril</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifuge</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter GmbH, Krefeld, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Allegra&#174; X-15R centrifuge</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Depilatory cream</td>
			<td>Veet, Mannheim, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Disinfection agent</td>
			<td>Sch&#252;lke&#38;Mayr GmbH, Norderstedt, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Kodan Tinktur forte</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Disposable scalpel No.10&#160;</td>
			<td>Feather safety razor Co.Ltd, Osaka, Japan&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EDTA</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich, Hamburg, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethanol 96%&#160;</td>
			<td>Otto Fischar GmbH und Co KG, Saarbr&#252;cken, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Extraction unit Pipetus</td>
			<td>Hirschmann Laborger&#228;te GmbH &#38; Co.KG, Eberstadt, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>F4/80</td>
			<td>AbD Serotec, D&#252;sseldorf, Germany</td>
			<td>MCA497APC</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FACS buffer&#160;</td>
			<td>Manufactured by our group with single components</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>PBS, 0,5% BSA, 0,1% NaN3</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FACS device</td>
			<td>Becton, Dickinson and Company, Franklyn Lakes, New Jersey, USA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>BD FACS Canto II</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FACS tubes&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>Becton, Dickinson and Company, Franklyn Lakes, New Jersey, USA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Falcon&#174; pipette</td>
			<td>Becton Dickenson Labware, NY, USA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal calf serum</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich, Hamburg, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fine forceps</td>
			<td>Rubis, Stabio, Switzerland</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gloves</td>
			<td>R&#246;sner-Matby Meditrade GmbH, Kiefersfelden, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gr1</td>
			<td>eBioscience, San Diego, USA</td>
			<td>53-5931</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heating plate&#160;</td>
			<td>Labotect GmbH, G&#246;ttingen, Germany&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Hot Plate 062</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Incubator</td>
			<td>Ewald Innovationstechnik GmbH, Bad Nenndorf, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Incu safe</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isofluran</td>
			<td>Baxter Deutschland GmbH, Unterschlei&#223;heim, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Light microscope</td>
			<td>Carl Zeiss SMT GmbH, Oberkochen, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Axiovert 40 &#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Macrophage-Colony Stimulating Factor</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich, Hamburg, Germany</td>
			<td><a href="http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/sigma/srp3110?lang=de&amp;region=DE">SRP3110&#160;</a></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mechanical shaker</td>
			<td>IKA, Staufen, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>ms2 minishaker</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Medium 199</td>
			<td>PAA Laboratories GmbH, Pasching, Austria</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Warm in 37 &#176;C water bath before use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micro test tubes</td>
			<td>Eppendorf AG, Hamburg, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microbiological work bench</td>
			<td>Thermo Electron, LED GmbH, Langenselbold, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Hera safe</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Monocyte wash buffer&#160;</td>
			<td>Manufactured by our group with single components</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>PBS, 0,5% BSA, 2mM EDTA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mouse restrainer</td>
			<td>Various</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaCl</td>
			<td>Berlin Chemie AG, Berlin, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaN3 (sodium acide)</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich, Hamburg, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Neubauer counting chamber</td>
			<td>Paul Marienfeld GmbH und Co.KG, Lauda-K&#246;nigshofen, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nylon cellsieve</td>
			<td>Becton, Dickinson and Company, Franklyn Lakes, New Jersey, USA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Cell strainer, 70 &#181;m mesh size</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin/Streptomycin</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich, Hamburg, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphate buffered saline</td>
			<td>Life technologies GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>pH 7.4, sterile</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pipettes</td>
			<td>Eppendorf AG, Hamburg, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>10&#181;L/100&#181;L/200&#181;L/1000&#181;L</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pipetting heads</td>
			<td>Eppendorf AG, Hamburg, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Serological pipette</td>
			<td>Greiner Bio-One GmbH, Frickenhausen, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Cellstar 5 ml, 10 ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Suction unit</td>
			<td>Integra bioscience, Fernwald, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Vacusafe comfort</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Surgical scissors</td>
			<td>Word Precision Instruments, Inc., Sarasota, USA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Syringe</td>
			<td>B. Braun, Melsungen AG, Melsungen, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>1mL Omnifix&#174; -F insuline syringe</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tubes with cap</td>
			<td>Greiner bio one GmbH, Frickenhausen, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>15mL/50mL Cellstar tubes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Warm water bath</td>
			<td>Julabo Labortechnik GmbH, Seelbach, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Julabo SW22</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

isolation and intravenous injection of murine bone marrow derived monocytes

As a subtype of leukocytes and progenitors of macrophages, monocytes are involved in many important processes of organisms and are often the subject of various fields in biomedical science. The method described below is a simple and effective way to isolate murine monocytes from heterogeneous bone marrow.
Bone marrow from the femur and tibia of Balb/c mice is harvested by flushing with phosphate buffered saline (PBS). Cell suspension is supplemented with macrophage-colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) and cultured on ultra-low attachment surfaces to avoid adhesion-triggered differentiation of monocytes. The properties and differentiation of monocytes are characterized at various intervals. Fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS), with markers like CD11b, CD115, and F4/80, is used for phenotyping. At the end of cultivation, the suspension consists of 45%&#177; 12% monocytes. By removing adhesive macrophages, the purity can be raised up to 86%&#177; 6%. After the isolation, monocytes can be utilized in various ways, and one of the most effective and common methods for in vivo delivery is intravenous tail vein injection. 
This technique of isolation and application is important for mouse model studies, especially in the fields of inflammation or immunology. Monocytes can also be used therapeutically in mouse disease models.

Das aus dem Knochenmark der Maus extrahiert Zelllösung besteht aus verschiedenen Zelltypen. Die wichtigsten Zelltypen sind Lymphozyten, Granulozyten und Monozyten. Zelltypen können durch Grße und Granularität, die in Abbildung 1 für native Suspensionen und Zellen nach 5 Tagen der Differenzierung geerntet gezeigt wird geschätzt werden. Beachten Sie die Verschiebung zelluläre Zusammensetzung während der Kultivierung. Jedoch muss eine genaue Klassifizierung der Bevölkerung auf die markante Express...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation and Intravenous Injection of Murine Bone Marrow Derived Monocytes at JoVE.com

Isolation and Intravenous Injection of Murine Bone Marrow Derived Monocytes

Here we present a protocol that generates large amounts of murine monocytes from heterogeneous bone marrow for translational applications. In comparison to others, this new method helps reduce the number of sacrificed animals and lowers costs by avoiding expensive methods such as high gradient magnetic cell separation (MACS).

Isolierung und intravenöse Injektion von Maus-Knochenmark stammenden Monozyten

As a subtype of leukocytes and progenitors of macrophages, monocytes are involved in many important processes of organisms and are often the subject of ...

isolation-intravenous-injection-murine-bone-marrow-derived

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

23.5K Aufrufe.  Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg. Here we present a protocol that generates large amounts of murine monocytes from heterogeneous bone marrow for translational applications. In comparison to others, this new method helps reduce the number of sacrificed animals and lowers costs by avoiding expensive methods such as high gradient magnetic cell separation (MACS).

Serie: Isolation and Intravenous Injection of Murine Bone Marrow Derived Monocytes

Toxoplasma gondii Cyst Wall Formation in Activated Bone Marrow-derived Macrophages and Bradyzoite Conditions

Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular parasite that can invade any nucleated cell of warm-blooded animals. During infection, T. gondii disseminates as a fast replicating form called the tachyzoite. Tachyzoites convert into a slow-growing encysted form called the bradyzoite by a signaling process that is not well characterized. Within animals, bradyzoite cysts are found in the central nervous system and muscle tissue and represent the chronic stage of infection. Conversion to bradyzoites can be simulated in tissue culture by CO2 starvation, using medium with high a pH, or the addition of interferon gamma (IFN&gamma;). Bradyzoites are characterized by the presence of a cyst wall, to which the lectin Dolichos biflorus agglutinin (DBA) binds. Fluorescently labeled DBA is used to visualize the cyst wall in parasites grown in human foreskin fibroblasts (HFFs) that have been exposed to low CO2 and high pH medium. Similarly, parasites residing in murine bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs) display a cyst wall detectable by DBA after the BMMs are activated with IFN&gamma; and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). This protocol will demonstrate how to induce conversion of T. gondii to bradyzoites using a high pH growth medium with low CO2 and activation of BMMs. Host cells will be cultured on coverslips, infected with tachyzoites and either activated with addition of IFN&gamma; and LPS (BMMs) or exposed to a high pH growth medium (HFFs) for three days. Upon completion of infections, host cells will be fixed, permeabilized, and blocked. Cyst walls will be visualized using rhodamine DBA with fluorescence microscopy.

Toxoplasma gondii Cyst Wall Formation in Activated Bone Marrow-derived Macrophages and Bradyzoite Conditions

Toxoplasma gondii converts to a cyst form in response to environmental stresses, which can be mimicked in tissue culture models. This video demonstrates techniques to examine cyst wall formation by activating bone marrow-derived macrophages or changing growth medium pH in fibroblast cells.

Toxoplasma gondii Zystenwand Formation in Activated Knochenmark abgeleiteten Makrophagen und Bradyzoite AGB

Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular parasite that can invade any nucleated cell of warm-blooded animals. During infection, T. gondii ...

Forschung

Immunologie und Infektion

Generation and Labeling of Murine Bone Marrow-derived Dendritic Cells with Qdot Nanocrystals for Tracking Studies

Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen presenting cells (APCs) found in peripheral tissues and in immunological organs such as thymus, bone marrow, spleen, lymph nodes and Peyer's patches 1-3. DCs present in peripheral tissues sample the organism for the presence of antigens, which they take up, process and present in their surface in the context of major histocompatibility molecules (MHC). Then, antigen-loaded DCs migrate to immunological organs where they present the processed antigen to T lymphocytes triggering specific immune responses. One way to evaluate the migratory capabilities of DCs is to label them with fluorescent dyes 4.
Herewith we demonstrate the use of Qdot fluorescent nanocrystals to label murine bone marrow-derived DC. The advantage of this labeling is that Qdot nanocrystals possess stable and long lasting fluorescence that make them ideal for detecting labeled cells in recovered tissues. To accomplish this, first cells will be recovered from murine bone marrows and cultured for 8 days in the presence of granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor in order to induce DC differentiation. These cells will be then labeled with fluorescent Qdots by short in vitro incubation. Stained cells can be visualized with a fluorescent microscopy. Cells can be injected into experimental animals at this point or can be into mature cells upon in vitro incubation with inflammatory stimuli. In our hands, DC maturation did not determine loss of fluorescent signal nor does Qdot staining affect the biological properties of DCs. Upon injection, these cells can be identified in immune organs by fluorescent microscopy following typical dissection and fixation procedures.

Dendritic cells uptake antigens and migrate towards immune organs to present processed antigens to T cells. Qdot nanocrystal labeling provides a long-lasting and stable fluorescent signal. This allows tracking of dendritic cells to different organs by fluorescent microscopy.

Erzeugung und Kennzeichnung von Murine Knochenmark gewonnenen dendritischen Zellen mit Qdot Nanokristalle für Tracking-Studien

Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen presenting cells (APCs) found in peripheral tissues and in immunological organs such as thymus, bone ...

Investigation of Macrophage Polarization Using Bone Marrow Derived Macrophages

The article describes a readily easy adaptive in vitro model to investigate macrophage polarization. In the presence of GM-CSF/M-CSF, hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells from the bone marrow are directed into monocytic differentiation, followed by M1 or M2 stimulation. The activation status can be tracked by changes in cell surface antigens, gene expression and cell signaling pathways.

The article describes a readily easy adaptive in vitro model to investigate macrophage polarization. In the presence of GM-CSF/M-CSF, hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells from the bone marrow are directed into monocytic differentiation, followed by M1 or M2 stimulation. The activation status can be tracked by changes in cell surface antigens, gene expression and cell signaling pathways.

Untersuchung von Makrophagen-Polarisation mit Knochenmark-Makrophagen

The article describes a readily easy adaptive in vitro model to investigate macrophage polarization. In the presence of GM-CSF/M-CSF, hematopoietic ...

Bone Marrow-derived Macrophage Production

Macrophages are critical components of the innate and adaptive immune responses, and they are the first line of defense against foreign invaders because of their powerful microbicidal activities. Macrophages are widely distributed throughout the body and are present in the lymphoid organs, liver, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, central nervous system, bone, and skin. Because of their repartition, they participate in a wide range of physiological and pathological processes. Macrophages are highly versatile cells that are able to recognize microenvironmental alterations and to maintain tissue homeostasis. Numerous pathogens have evolved mechanisms to use macrophages as Trojan horses to survive, replicate in, and infect both humans and animals and to propagate throughout the body. The recent explosion of interest in evolutionary, genetic, and biochemical aspects of host-pathogen interactions has renewed scientific attention regarding macrophages. Here, we describe a procedure to isolate and cultivate macrophages from murine bone marrow that will provide large numbers of macrophages for studying host-pathogen interactions as well as other processes.

Macrophages have long been recognized as a critical component of the innate and adaptive immune responses. The recent explosion of knowledge pertaining to evolutionary, genetic, and biochemical aspects of the interaction between macrophages and microbes has renewed scientific attention to macrophages. This article describes a method to differentiate macrophages from mouse bone marrow.

Knochenmark-abgeleiteten Makrophagen-Produktion

Macrophages are critical components of the innate and adaptive immune responses, and they are the first line of defense against foreign invaders because ...

Tracking Mouse Bone Marrow Monocytes In Vivo

Real time multiphoton imaging provides a great opportunity to study cell trafficking and cell-to-cell interactions in their physiological 3-dimensionnal environment. Biological activities of immune cells mainly rely on their motility capacities. Blood monocytes have short half-life in the bloodstream; they originate in the bone marrow and are constitutively released from it. In inflammatory condition, this process is enhanced, leading to blood monocytosis and subsequent infiltration of the peripheral inflammatory tissues. Identifying the biomechanical events controlling monocyte trafficking from the bone marrow towards the vascular network is an important step to understand monocyte physiopathological relevance. We performed in vivo time-lapse imaging by two-photon microscopy of the skull bone marrow of the Csf1r-Gal4VP16/UAS-ECFP (MacBlue) mouse. The MacBlue mouse expresses the fluorescent reporters enhanced cyan fluorescent protein (ECFP) under the control of a myeloid specific promoter 1, in combination with vascular network labelling. We describe how this approach enables the tracking of individual medullar monocytes in real time to further quantify the migratory behaviour within the bone marrow parenchyma and the vasculature, as well as cell-to-cell interactions. This approach provides novel insights into the biology of the bone marrow monocyte subsets and allows to further address how these cells can be influenced in specific pathological conditions.

Tracking Mouse Bone Marrow Monocytes In Vivo

Monocytes are key regulators of innate immunity and play a critical role in the renewal of the peripheral mononuclear phagocytic system and in case of inflammation. This manuscript describes the procedure of real time imaging of the mouse calvaria bone marrow to study the monocyte mobilisation mechanism.

Tracking-Maus-Knochenmark-Monozyten<em&gt; In-vivo-</em

Real time multiphoton imaging provides a great opportunity to study cell trafficking and cell-to-cell interactions in their physiological 3-dimensionnal ...

Murine Hind Limb Long Bone Dissection and Bone Marrow Isolation

Investigation of the bone and the bone marrow is critical in many research fields including basic bone biology, immunology, hematology, cancer metastasis, biomechanics, and stem cell biology. Despite the importance of the bone in healthy and pathologic states, however, it is a largely under-researched organ due to lack of specialized knowledge of bone dissection and bone marrow isolation. Mice are a common model organism to study effects on bone and bone marrow, necessitating a standardized and efficient method for long bone dissection and bone marrow isolation for processing of large experimental cohorts. We describe a straightforward dissection procedure for the removal of the femur and tibia that is suitable for downstream applications, including but not limited to histomorphologic analysis and strength testing. In addition, we outline a rapid procedure for isolation of bone marrow from the long bones via centrifugation with limited handling time, ideal for cell sorting, primary cell culture, or DNA, RNA, and protein extraction. The protocol is streamlined for rapid processing of samples to limit experimental error, and is standardized to minimize user-to-user variability.

Here we present a protocol for the dissection of hind limb long bones (femurs and tibiae) from the laboratory mouse. We further describe a rapid technique for bone marrow isolation from these bones that utilizes centrifugation for removal of bone marrow from the bone marrow space.

Murine Hind Gliedmaßen langen Knochen Dissection und Knochenmark-Isolation

Investigation of the bone and the bone marrow is critical in many research fields including basic bone biology, immunology, hematology, cancer metastasis, ...

Assessment of Antibody-based Drugs Effects on Murine Bone Marrow and Peritoneal Macrophage Activation

Macrophages are phagocytic innate immune cells, which initiate immune responses to pathogens and contribute to healing and tissue restitution. Macrophages are equally important in turning off inflammatory responses. We have shown that macrophages stimulated with intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) can produce high amounts of the anti-inflammatory cytokine, interleukin 10 (IL-10), and low levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in response to bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS). IVIg is a polyvalent antibody, primarily immunoglobulin Gs (IgGs), pooled from the plasma of more than 1,000 blood donors. It is used to supplement antibodies in patients with immune deficiencies or to suppress immune responses in patients with autoimmune or inflammatory conditions. Infliximab, a therapeutic anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF&#945;) antibody, has also been shown to activate macrophages to produce IL-10 in response to inflammatory stimuli. IVIg and other antibody-based biologics can be tested to determine their effects on macrophage activation. This paper describes methods for derivation, stimulation, and assessment of murine bone marrow macrophages activated by antibodies in vitro and murine peritoneal macrophages activated with antibodies in vivo. Finally, we demonstrate the use of western blotting to determine the contribution of specific cell signaling pathways to anti-inflammatory macrophage activity. These protocols can be used with genetically modified mice, to determine the effect of a specific protein(s) on anti-inflammatory macrophage activation. These techniques can also be used to assess whether specific biologics may act by changing macrophages to an IL-10-producing anti-inflammatory activation state that reduces inflammatory responses in vivo. This can provide information on the role of macrophage activation in the efficacy of biologics during disease models in mice, and provide insight into a potential new mechanism of action in people. Conversely, this may caution against the use of specific antibody-based biologics to treat infectious disease, particularly if macrophages play an important role in host defense against that infection.

Antibody-based drugs have revolutionized treatment for inflammatory diseases. In addition to having direct effects on specific targets, antibodies can activate macrophages to become anti-inflammatory. This protocol describes how anti-inflammatory macrophage activation can be assessed in vitro, using mouse bone marrow macrophages, and in vivo, using peritoneal macrophages.

Bewertung der Antikörper-basierte Medikamente Auswirkungen auf murinen Knochenmark und peritonealen Makrophagen Aktivierung

Macrophages are phagocytic innate immune cells, which initiate immune responses to pathogens and contribute to healing and tissue restitution. Macrophages ...

Detection of Inflammasome Activation and Pyroptotic Cell Death in Murine Bone Marrow-derived Macrophages

Inflammasomes are innate immune signaling platforms that are required for the successful control of many pathogenic organisms, but also promote inflammatory and autoinflammatory diseases. Inflammasomes are activated by cytosolic pattern recognition receptors, including members of the NOD-like receptor (NLR) family. These receptors oligomerize upon the detection of microbial or damage-associated stimuli. Subsequent recruitment of the adaptor protein ASC forms a microscopically visible inflammasome complex, which activates caspase-1 through proximity-induced auto-activation. Following the activation, caspase-1 cleaves pro-IL-1&#946; and pro-IL-18, leading to the activation and secretion of these pro-inflammatory cytokines. Caspase-1 also mediates the inflammatory form of cell death termed pyroptosis, which features the loss of membrane integrity and cell lysis. Caspase-1 cleaves gasdermin D, releasing the N-terminal fragment which forms plasma membrane pores, leading to osmotic lysis.
In vitro, the activation of caspase-1 can be determined by labeling bone marrow-derived macrophages with the caspase-1 activity probe FAM-YVAD-FMK and by labeling the cells with antibodies against the adaptor protein ASC. This technique allows the identification of inflammasome formation and caspase-1 activation in individual cells using fluorescence microscopy. Pyroptotic cell death can be detected by measuring the release of cytosolic lactate dehydrogenase into the medium. This procedure is simple, cost effective and performed in a 96-well plate format, allowing adaptation for screening. In this manuscript, we show that activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome by nigericin leads to the co-localization of the adaptor protein ASC and active caspase-1, leading to pyroptosis.

We describe the detection of NLRP3 inflammasome activation on cellular basis using fluorescence microscopy and staining for active caspase-1 and the adaptor, ASC. A lactate dehydrogenase release assay is presented to detect pyroptotic lysis on a population basis. These techniques can be adapted to study many aspects of inflammasome biology.

Erkennung von Inflammasome Aktivierung und Pyroptotic Zelltod in murinen Makrophagen Knochenmark abgeleitet

Inflammasomes are innate immune signaling platforms that are required for the successful control of many pathogenic organisms, but also promote ...

Identification and Isolation of Oligopotent and Lineage-committed Myeloid Progenitors from Mouse Bone Marrow

Myeloid progenitors that yield neutrophils, monocytes and dendritic cells (DCs) can be identified in and isolated from the bone marrow of mice for hematological and immunological analyses. For example, studies of the cellular and molecular properties of myeloid progenitor populations can reveal mechanisms underlying leukemic transformation, or demonstrate how the immune system responds to pathogen exposure. Previously described flow cytometry strategies for myeloid progenitor identification have enabled significant advances in many fields, but the fractions they identify are very heterogeneous. The most commonly used gating strategies define bone marrow fractions that are enriched for the desired populations, but also contain large numbers of &#34;contaminating&#34; progenitors. Our recent studies have resolved much of this heterogeneity, and the protocol we present here permits the isolation of 6 subpopulations of oligopotent and lineage-committed myeloid progenitors from 2 previously described bone marrow fractions. The protocol describes 3 stages: 1) isolation of bone marrow cells, 2) enrichment for hematopoietic progenitors by magnetic-activated cell sorting (lineage depletion by MACS), and 3) identification of myeloid progenitor subsets by flow cytometry (including fluorescence-activated cell sorting, FACS, if desired). This approach permits progenitor quantification and isolation for a variety of in vitro and in vivo applications, and has already yielded novel insight into pathways and mechanisms of neutrophil, monocyte, and DC differentiation.

We demonstrate how to identify and isolate 6 subsets of myeloid progenitors from murine bone marrow using a combination of magnetic and fluorescence sorting (MACS and FACS). This protocol can be used for in vitro culture assays (methylcellulose or liquid cultures), in vivo adoptive transfer experiments, and RNA/protein analyses.

Identifizierung und Isolierung von Oligopotent und Lineage-committed myeloischen Vorläuferzellen aus Maus Knochenmark

Myeloid progenitors that yield neutrophils, monocytes and dendritic cells (DCs) can be identified in and isolated from the bone marrow of mice for ...

Isolation of Lamina Propria Mononuclear Cells from Murine Colon Using Collagenase E

The intestine is the home to the largest number of immune cells in the body. The small and large intestinal immune systems police exposure to exogenous antigens and modulate responses to potent microbially derived immune stimuli. For this reason, the intestine is a major target site of immune dysregulation and inflammation in many diseases including but, not limited to inflammatory bowel diseases such as Crohn&#8217;s disease and ulcerative colitis, graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) after bone marrow transplantation (BMT), and many allergic and infectious conditions. Murine models of gastrointestinal inflammation and colitis are heavily used to study GI complications and to pre-clinically optimize strategies for prevention and treatment. Data gleaned from these models via isolation and phenotypic analysis of immune cells from the intestine is critical to further immune understanding that can be applied to ameliorate gastrointestinal and systemic inflammatory disorders. This report describes a highly effective protocol for the isolation of mononuclear cells (MNC) from the colon using a mixed silica-based density gradient interface. This method reproducibly isolates a significant number of viable leukocytes while minimizing contaminating debris, allowing subsequent immune phenotyping by flow cytometry or other methods.

The goal of this protocol is to isolate mononuclear cells that reside in the lamina propria of the colon by enzymatic digestion of the tissue using collagenase. This protocol allows for the efficient isolation of mononuclear cells resulting in a single cell suspension which in turn can be used for robust immunophenotyping.

Isolierung von Lamina Propria Mononukleären Zellen aus murine Colon mit Kollagenase E

The intestine is the home to the largest number of immune cells in the body. The small and large intestinal immune systems police exposure to exogenous ...