This work was supported by the DFG (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, German Research Foundation) SFB 854 (Sonderforschungsbereich, collaborative research center). 
Thanks to Hans-Holger G&#228;rtner, Audiovisuelles Medienzentrum, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany, for technical support.

Bu çalışmada hayvansal koruma (24D-9168,11-1 / 2008-24) Alman Yasanın 8. göre, Saksonya ve Saksonya Anhalt, Regierungspraesidium Dresden / Halle Devlet izni ile yapıldı. 1 Hücre İzolasyonu Femur ve Tibia 1.1 Hazırlık <ol><li> Kapalı bin izofluran vaporizing bir% 5 izofluran konsantrasyonu kullanılarak fare anestezisi. Fare 3 saniye hareket durduktan sonra, servikal dislokasyon gerçekleştirin. </li><li> Etanol (% 96) ile arka bacaklarda dezenfekte. Cilt ve kasları çıkarın ve steril bir bisturi ile kemikleri ayırın. <ol><li> Inguinal cilt kesi ile başlayın, ve medial malleol doğru kesi uzatmak ve alt baldır çevresindeki deri dairesel bir diseksiyon. Proksimale soyma tamamen bacaklar cilt çıkarın. </li><li> Keskin bir bisturi ile femur kuadriseps kas ayırın, ön Peroneus de kaldırabilirsinizve gastroknemius kas gruplarını bulma ve ligament diseksiyon ile kalça eklemi de bacak dezartikülasyon. </li><li> Öne başlayın ve dikkatle böylece eklem disarticulating, bacak dönen ve ligament transecting ile ortak etrafında devam. </li></ol></li><li> Aseptik hazırlanmasını sağlamak için 90 sn arasında, en az% 96 etanol ile femur ve tibia yıkayın. Etanol kalan durulayın steril PBS ile yıkama işlemini devam edin. Not: Tüm takip eden aşamalar kirlenmesini önlemek için steril olmak zorundadır. </li></ol> Kemik İliği 1.2 Hasat <ol><li> Femoral ve tibial milleri erişmek için ince bir makas her kemiğin proksimal ve distal ucu kesilir. Bu kemikler çok kolay kırılabilir, çünkü bu adımı dikkatli olun. </li><li> Sıcak ortam ile kemik yıkayın (M199 +% 10 fetal dana serumu (FCS), +% 1 Penisilin / Streptomisin). Bir steril 28 G iğne, bir 1 ml şırınga ve 10-15 mi medya başına arasında kullanındurulama için kemik. </li><li> Ince forseps ile kemik tutun ve yarı-saydam olana kadar teker teker yıkayın. Dikkatle hücre stresi en aza indirmek için, enjektör pistonunun ucuna baskı uygulanır. </li><li> 70 mikron naylon web üzerinden kemik iliği Filtre ve süzüntü toplamak. Kemik iliği, azami miktarda çıkarmak için, uzak ve yakın uçlarında tekrar tekrar yıkayın. </li><li> PBS ile elek durulayın ve süzüntü toplamak. Dikkatle enkaz ve nazik karıştırma ve pipetleme hücresel holdingleri yerinden. </li></ol> 1.3 Yetiştirme <ol><li> Oda sıcaklığında 10 dakika boyunca 250 x g&#39;de hücre süspansiyonu santrifüjleyin. Süpernatantı atın ve orta yaklaşık 25 ml hücreleri tekrar süspansiyon. Kez tekrarlayın. </li><li> Ikinci yıkama aşamasından sonra, ortam, 6 ml içinde tekrar süspansiyon hücreleri. Tripan mavisi 50 ul hücre çözeltisinin 50 ul karıştırın. Bir ışık mikroskobu altında bir sayım odasında hücreleri sayın. C sayısını hesaplayınBu formül kullanılarak çözelti içinde arşın: <img alt="Denklem 1" fo:content-width="1.3in" src="/files/ftp_upload/52347/52347eq1.jpg" /></li><li> Plakasının tabanına kadar kalıcı yapışmasını önlemek için bir 6-çukurlu ultra-düşük-bağlantı yüzeyi tabakalarına hücreleri Tohum. Oyuk başına en fazla 6 ml, ml başına 10 6 hücre konsantrasyonuna kullanın. </li><li> Hücre farklılaşmasını teşvik etmek için 20 ng / ml M-CSF ile bir süspansiyon Supplement. </li><li> Kültür, 37 ° C de 5 gün süre ile hücre ve% 5 karbon dioksit ve hergün incelenmiştir. </li></ol> Hücreler 1.4 Hasat Not: Bu aşamaları, buz üzerinde gerçekleştirilmelidir. Buna göre 1.4.1 veya 1.4.2 ya devam edin. <ol><li> Bu noktada, ultra-düşük-bağlantı yüzeyi plakalardır bile, kültür plakalarına yapışacak farklı makrofajlar dahil olmak üzere, tüm kültür hasat edilir. <ol><li> Nazik pipetleme tüm kültür Hasat ve 4 ° C PB çözeltisi ile ayırmaS,% 0.5 büyükbaş hayvan serum albümini (BSA) ve 2 mM EDTA. Emin eğer mikroskop altında teyit - plakaları yapışık hücrelerin kalan net kadar tekrarlayın. </li></ol></li><li> Seçenek olarak ise, esas olarak monositler içeren süspansiyon hücreleri ile süpernatant hasat etmek suretiyle yapışkan makrofajlar atın. <ol><li> Bir EDTA içermeyen PBS çözeltisi ve% 0.5 BSA ile yıkanarak yapışmayan hücreler hasat edilir. Hafif yapışık makrofajlar yerinden oynatmamaya önlemek için çok fazla kuvvet uygulamayın. </li></ol></li></ol> 1.5 FACS-Analiz (İsteğe bağlı) Not: MACS kullanılarak CD117 + stem- ve projenitör hücrelerin hücre süspansiyonu tüketmek için mümkündür. Bu prosedür üretici protokollerini kullanın. <ol><li> Ya 1.4.1 veya 1.4.2 adımları göre hücreleri Hasat. </li><li> 4 ° C&#39;de 10 dakika boyunca 250 x g&#39;de santrifüj hücreleri ve yine bu adımı tekrarlayın. </li><li> FACS b 300 ul süspanse en az 250.000 hücreprob başına uffer. </li><li> 96 oyuklu bir plaka (kuyu başına 30 ul) üzerine hücre çözeltisi aktarın. </li><li> 4 ° C&#39;de 5 dakika boyunca 250 x g&#39;de hücre süspansiyonu santrifüjleyin. </li><li> Süpernatantı ve her bir kuyu (kullanım üreticisi seyreltme) antikor 25 ul ekleyin. </li><li> Adımdan sonra hücre feno üretici protokolleri takiben antikor ile (hücreler 1.5.1-1.5.6. Monosit / makrofaj tanımlanması için yaygın olarak kullanılan belirteçler CD11b, F4 / 80 (Şekil 3), CD115 içerir leke (Şekil 2), ve GR- 1. Not: Hücre çözümleri ilişkin ayrıntılı bilgi için, CD4, CD8a, CD11c, CD25, CD45, CD45R, CD62L, CD80, CD86, CD145, CD117, MHCⅡ, LY6C, Ly6G ve CD192 gibi belirteçlerin kullanılması tavsiye edilir. Hücresel özellikleri önceden 12 tarif edilmiştir. </li><li> 4 ° C&#39;de 20 dakika için sondalar inkübe edin. </li><li> Santrifüj 4 ° C&#39;de 5 dakika boyunca 250 x g&#39;de problar ve FACS tamponu içinde 200 ul süspansiyon haline getirin. Tekrar inciiki adım olduğunu. </li><li> FACS tüpler içine sondaları aktarın ve FACS analizi 12 gerçekleştirin. </li><li> Hücre farklılaşmasını analiz için 0, 3 ve 5, FACS analizi 12 yapın. </li></ol> 2. Kuyruk Ven Enjeksiyon 2.1 Hazırlık <ol><li> Yaklaşık 10 dakika boyunca 37 ° C&#39;de bir ısıtma plakası üzerinde hayvanlar ısıtın. Aşırı ısınma işaretleri tanımak ısınırken hayvanları gözlemlemek. </li><li> NaCI 150 ul, adım 1.1- 1.4 izole monositler, süspanse edin ve bir 30G iğne ile 1 ml insülin şırınga içine hücreleri yükleyin. Hafif tüm monositler enjekte sağlamak için şırınga yüklemeden önce çözüm vorteks. Her zaman ısı aracılı eki ve monositlerin aktivasyonunu önlemek için buz üzerinde hücreleri ele. </li></ol> 2.2 frenleyici <ol><li> Damardan enjeksiyon için bir fare seçerken kafes Diğer fareler rahatsız kaçının. </li><li> Süzgeç içine fare yerleştirin. Çok pr kaçınınessure arka bacaklarda dikkatli olmak ve. (Şekil 4) Not: Alternatif olarak, hayvanların stres ücretsiz kullanımını garanti etmek için genel anestezi kullanın. </li><li> Fare koruyucularını kapatmadan önce nefes için yer olduğundan emin olun. </li></ol> 2.3 Enjeksiyon <ol><li> Dezenfeksiyon maddesi ile enjeksiyon yerinde dezenfekte edin. Fare kuyruğu Sprey ve en az 1 dakika bekletin. </li><li> Damarların daha iyi görüş için, enjeksiyon yerinde yukarıdaki yan kuyruk tarafına hafif basınç uygulayarak kuyruk venöz kan akışını durdurun. </li><li> Enjeksiyon öncesinde, kuyruk 90 derece çevirin. (Şekil 5) </li><li> 45 derecelik bir açıyla enjekte. Yavaş yavaş enjekte ve g başına en fazla 5 ul zarar hayvanlar önlemek için. </li><li> Başarısız bir enjeksiyon bir işaretidir bir kabarcık, varsa, derhal bırakın ve daha proksimal enjeksiyonunu tekrarlamak. </li><li> Nazik p uygulayarak enjeksiyon tarafında kanama durdurmayaklaşık 1 dakika boyunca basıncını kontrol edin. </li><li> Prosedürün sonunda, toplayıcı açmak ve kafeste fare koyun. </li><li> 20 dk hayvan enjeksiyonu zarar değildi ve sternum yatma muhafaza edilmesini sağlamak için fareyi gözlemleyin. Fare yeterli bilince kavuşur kadar gözlem süresini uzatın. Tam kurtarıldı sonra diğer hayvanların şirkete fare dönün. </li></ol>

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The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

Kemik iliğinden sıçangil monosit büyük miktarda izole etmek için basit ve maliyet-etkin bir yöntem tarif eder. Monosit verimleri 5 x10 6 1.4 elde periferik kan kullanan diğer protokoller ile karşılaştırıldığında, biz tek bir donör fare 11 x 10 6 ± 3 x 10 6 monositlerin yüksek verim elde edebiliyoruz. Bu yöntemle zorlukları göz önüne alındığında, bu steril olmayan koşullarda çalışırken kontaminasyon potansiyeli söz ...

The isolation of monocytes is important and critical for many in vitro and in vivo studies. These cells are targets for diseases such as peripheral arterial disease, coronary heart disease, or other ischemic diseases, since collateral vessel growth is strongly driven by local inflammation. Inflammatory responses include endothelial activation and local recruitment of leukocytes, mainly monocytes, which then mature to macrophages and create a highly arteriogenic environment by secreting multiple growth factors to induce the remodeling of an arteriole into a functional collateral artery1-3. Monocytes also mature to dendritic cells, which are frequently used for immunological studies4,5 and cancer research6,7.
Problematic in the approach for monocyte isolation from peripheral blood8 is the high number of donor animals needed to produce a sufficient amount of monocytes for most analyses. Former protocols describe methods such as density gradient centrifugation and cell depletion via MACS9 when isolating monocytes; however, these techniques can alter the characteristics and functionality of monocytes which can lead to difficulties in interpretation10,11. Moreover, these methods are difficult and can reduce experimental reproducibility.
Our aim with this protocol is to provide a simple and cost effective method to generate large amounts of bone marrow-derived monocytes. Due to the high cell yield of 11 x 106 &#177; 3 x 106 cells obtained by this protocol, we can substantially reduce the number of mice required during the isolation of bone marrow-derived monocytes. The procedure can be completed within a minimal amount of time, and without using expensive and complicated techniques as referenced above. Here, we extract monocytes from native bone marrow suspension of donor mice, cultivate the suspension on ultralow attachment plates, and supplement the solution with 20 ng/ml M-CFS. On day 5 of incubation, cells are harvested and characterized to confirm functional and phenotypic properties.
For experiments in the field of arteriogenesis, intravenous transplantation of these bone marrow-derived monocytes into mice is an effective method of systemic drug delivery, which can be combined with femoral artery ligation in common peripheral arterial disease models.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>6-well-ultra-low-attachment plate</td>
			<td>Corning Incorporated, NY, USA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>6-well-ultra-low-attachment plate, with cap, sterile</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>8- 12 week old, male, balb/c mice&#160;</td>
			<td>Charles River, Sulzfeld, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>96-well-plate</td>
			<td>Greiner bio one GmbH, Frickenhausen, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Blue dead cell stain</td>
			<td>Life technologies GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bovine serum albumine</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare, Freiburg, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Fraction V, pH 7,0</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Canules</td>
			<td>B. Braun, Melsungen AG, Melsungen, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>28G, 30G</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD115</td>
			<td>eBioscience, San Diego, USA</td>
			<td>12-1152</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD11b</td>
			<td>eBioscience, San Diego, USA</td>
			<td>53-0112</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell culture dish</td>
			<td>Greiner Bio-One GmbH, Frickenhausen, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>With cap, steril</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifuge</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter GmbH, Krefeld, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Allegra&#174; X-15R centrifuge</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Depilatory cream</td>
			<td>Veet, Mannheim, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Disinfection agent</td>
			<td>Sch&#252;lke&#38;Mayr GmbH, Norderstedt, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Kodan Tinktur forte</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Disposable scalpel No.10&#160;</td>
			<td>Feather safety razor Co.Ltd, Osaka, Japan&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EDTA</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich, Hamburg, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethanol 96%&#160;</td>
			<td>Otto Fischar GmbH und Co KG, Saarbr&#252;cken, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Extraction unit Pipetus</td>
			<td>Hirschmann Laborger&#228;te GmbH &#38; Co.KG, Eberstadt, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>F4/80</td>
			<td>AbD Serotec, D&#252;sseldorf, Germany</td>
			<td>MCA497APC</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FACS buffer&#160;</td>
			<td>Manufactured by our group with single components</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>PBS, 0,5% BSA, 0,1% NaN3</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FACS device</td>
			<td>Becton, Dickinson and Company, Franklyn Lakes, New Jersey, USA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>BD FACS Canto II</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FACS tubes&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>Becton, Dickinson and Company, Franklyn Lakes, New Jersey, USA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Falcon&#174; pipette</td>
			<td>Becton Dickenson Labware, NY, USA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal calf serum</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich, Hamburg, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fine forceps</td>
			<td>Rubis, Stabio, Switzerland</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gloves</td>
			<td>R&#246;sner-Matby Meditrade GmbH, Kiefersfelden, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gr1</td>
			<td>eBioscience, San Diego, USA</td>
			<td>53-5931</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heating plate&#160;</td>
			<td>Labotect GmbH, G&#246;ttingen, Germany&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Hot Plate 062</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Incubator</td>
			<td>Ewald Innovationstechnik GmbH, Bad Nenndorf, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Incu safe</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isofluran</td>
			<td>Baxter Deutschland GmbH, Unterschlei&#223;heim, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Light microscope</td>
			<td>Carl Zeiss SMT GmbH, Oberkochen, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Axiovert 40 &#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Macrophage-Colony Stimulating Factor</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich, Hamburg, Germany</td>
			<td><a href="http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/sigma/srp3110?lang=de&amp;region=DE">SRP3110&#160;</a></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mechanical shaker</td>
			<td>IKA, Staufen, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>ms2 minishaker</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Medium 199</td>
			<td>PAA Laboratories GmbH, Pasching, Austria</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Warm in 37 &#176;C water bath before use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micro test tubes</td>
			<td>Eppendorf AG, Hamburg, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microbiological work bench</td>
			<td>Thermo Electron, LED GmbH, Langenselbold, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Hera safe</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Monocyte wash buffer&#160;</td>
			<td>Manufactured by our group with single components</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>PBS, 0,5% BSA, 2mM EDTA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mouse restrainer</td>
			<td>Various</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaCl</td>
			<td>Berlin Chemie AG, Berlin, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaN3 (sodium acide)</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich, Hamburg, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Neubauer counting chamber</td>
			<td>Paul Marienfeld GmbH und Co.KG, Lauda-K&#246;nigshofen, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nylon cellsieve</td>
			<td>Becton, Dickinson and Company, Franklyn Lakes, New Jersey, USA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Cell strainer, 70 &#181;m mesh size</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin/Streptomycin</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich, Hamburg, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphate buffered saline</td>
			<td>Life technologies GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>pH 7.4, sterile</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pipettes</td>
			<td>Eppendorf AG, Hamburg, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>10&#181;L/100&#181;L/200&#181;L/1000&#181;L</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pipetting heads</td>
			<td>Eppendorf AG, Hamburg, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Serological pipette</td>
			<td>Greiner Bio-One GmbH, Frickenhausen, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Cellstar 5 ml, 10 ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Suction unit</td>
			<td>Integra bioscience, Fernwald, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Vacusafe comfort</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Surgical scissors</td>
			<td>Word Precision Instruments, Inc., Sarasota, USA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Syringe</td>
			<td>B. Braun, Melsungen AG, Melsungen, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>1mL Omnifix&#174; -F insuline syringe</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tubes with cap</td>
			<td>Greiner bio one GmbH, Frickenhausen, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>15mL/50mL Cellstar tubes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Warm water bath</td>
			<td>Julabo Labortechnik GmbH, Seelbach, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Julabo SW22</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

isolation and intravenous injection of murine bone marrow derived monocytes

As a subtype of leukocytes and progenitors of macrophages, monocytes are involved in many important processes of organisms and are often the subject of various fields in biomedical science. The method described below is a simple and effective way to isolate murine monocytes from heterogeneous bone marrow.
Bone marrow from the femur and tibia of Balb/c mice is harvested by flushing with phosphate buffered saline (PBS). Cell suspension is supplemented with macrophage-colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) and cultured on ultra-low attachment surfaces to avoid adhesion-triggered differentiation of monocytes. The properties and differentiation of monocytes are characterized at various intervals. Fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS), with markers like CD11b, CD115, and F4/80, is used for phenotyping. At the end of cultivation, the suspension consists of 45%&#177; 12% monocytes. By removing adhesive macrophages, the purity can be raised up to 86%&#177; 6%. After the isolation, monocytes can be utilized in various ways, and one of the most effective and common methods for in vivo delivery is intravenous tail vein injection. 
This technique of isolation and application is important for mouse model studies, especially in the fields of inflammation or immunology. Monocytes can also be used therapeutically in mouse disease models.

fare kemik iliğinden elde edilen hücre çözeltisi çeşitli hücre tiplerinin oluşur. ana hücre tipi lenfositler, granülositler ve monositlerdir. Hücre tipi farklılaşma 5 gün sonra hasat hem doğal süspansiyonlar ve hücreler için Şekil 1 &#39;de gösterilen boyutta ve ayrıntı ile tahmin edilebilir. Yetiştirilmesi sırasında değişen hücresel bileşim edin. Ancak, nüfusun doğru sınıflandırma hücresel belirteçlerin ayırt edici ifadesi güvenmek gerekir. <p class="jove_conte...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation and Intravenous Injection of Murine Bone Marrow Derived Monocytes at JoVE.com

Isolation and Intravenous Injection of Murine Bone Marrow Derived Monocytes

Here we present a protocol that generates large amounts of murine monocytes from heterogeneous bone marrow for translational applications. In comparison to others, this new method helps reduce the number of sacrificed animals and lowers costs by avoiding expensive methods such as high gradient magnetic cell separation (MACS).

İzolasyon ve Kemirgen Kemik İliği intravenöz enjeksiyon Türetilmiş Monositler

As a subtype of leukocytes and progenitors of macrophages, monocytes are involved in many important processes of organisms and are often the subject of ...

isolation-intravenous-injection-murine-bone-marrow-derived

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

23.5K Görüntüleme.  Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg. Here we present a protocol that generates large amounts of murine monocytes from heterogeneous bone marrow for translational applications. In comparison to others, this new method helps reduce the number of sacrificed animals and lowers costs by avoiding expensive methods such as high gradient magnetic cell separation (MACS).

Video: Isolation and Intravenous Injection of Murine Bone Marrow Derived Monocytes

Toxoplasma gondii Cyst Wall Formation in Activated Bone Marrow-derived Macrophages and Bradyzoite Conditions

Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular parasite that can invade any nucleated cell of warm-blooded animals. During infection, T. gondii disseminates as a fast replicating form called the tachyzoite. Tachyzoites convert into a slow-growing encysted form called the bradyzoite by a signaling process that is not well characterized. Within animals, bradyzoite cysts are found in the central nervous system and muscle tissue and represent the chronic stage of infection. Conversion to bradyzoites can be simulated in tissue culture by CO2 starvation, using medium with high a pH, or the addition of interferon gamma (IFN&gamma;). Bradyzoites are characterized by the presence of a cyst wall, to which the lectin Dolichos biflorus agglutinin (DBA) binds. Fluorescently labeled DBA is used to visualize the cyst wall in parasites grown in human foreskin fibroblasts (HFFs) that have been exposed to low CO2 and high pH medium. Similarly, parasites residing in murine bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs) display a cyst wall detectable by DBA after the BMMs are activated with IFN&gamma; and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). This protocol will demonstrate how to induce conversion of T. gondii to bradyzoites using a high pH growth medium with low CO2 and activation of BMMs. Host cells will be cultured on coverslips, infected with tachyzoites and either activated with addition of IFN&gamma; and LPS (BMMs) or exposed to a high pH growth medium (HFFs) for three days. Upon completion of infections, host cells will be fixed, permeabilized, and blocked. Cyst walls will be visualized using rhodamine DBA with fluorescence microscopy.

Toxoplasma gondii Cyst Wall Formation in Activated Bone Marrow-derived Macrophages and Bradyzoite Conditions

Toxoplasma gondii converts to a cyst form in response to environmental stresses, which can be mimicked in tissue culture models. This video demonstrates techniques to examine cyst wall formation by activating bone marrow-derived macrophages or changing growth medium pH in fibroblast cells.

Aktif Kemik İliği türetilen Makrofajlar ve Bradyzoite Koşullar Toxoplasma gondii Kist Duvar Oluşumu

Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular parasite that can invade any nucleated cell of warm-blooded animals. During infection, T. gondii ...

İmmünoloji ve Enfeksiyon

Generation and Labeling of Murine Bone Marrow-derived Dendritic Cells with Qdot Nanocrystals for Tracking Studies

Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen presenting cells (APCs) found in peripheral tissues and in immunological organs such as thymus, bone marrow, spleen, lymph nodes and Peyer's patches 1-3. DCs present in peripheral tissues sample the organism for the presence of antigens, which they take up, process and present in their surface in the context of major histocompatibility molecules (MHC). Then, antigen-loaded DCs migrate to immunological organs where they present the processed antigen to T lymphocytes triggering specific immune responses. One way to evaluate the migratory capabilities of DCs is to label them with fluorescent dyes 4.
Herewith we demonstrate the use of Qdot fluorescent nanocrystals to label murine bone marrow-derived DC. The advantage of this labeling is that Qdot nanocrystals possess stable and long lasting fluorescence that make them ideal for detecting labeled cells in recovered tissues. To accomplish this, first cells will be recovered from murine bone marrows and cultured for 8 days in the presence of granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor in order to induce DC differentiation. These cells will be then labeled with fluorescent Qdots by short in vitro incubation. Stained cells can be visualized with a fluorescent microscopy. Cells can be injected into experimental animals at this point or can be into mature cells upon in vitro incubation with inflammatory stimuli. In our hands, DC maturation did not determine loss of fluorescent signal nor does Qdot staining affect the biological properties of DCs. Upon injection, these cells can be identified in immune organs by fluorescent microscopy following typical dissection and fixation procedures.

Dendritic cells uptake antigens and migrate towards immune organs to present processed antigens to T cells. Qdot nanocrystal labeling provides a long-lasting and stable fluorescent signal. This allows tracking of dendritic cells to different organs by fluorescent microscopy.

İzleme Araştırmaları Qdot nanokristaller murin Kemik İliği-türevli dendritik hücrelerin üretilmesi ve Etiketleme

Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen presenting cells (APCs) found in peripheral tissues and in immunological organs such as thymus, bone ...

Investigation of Macrophage Polarization Using Bone Marrow Derived Macrophages

The article describes a readily easy adaptive in vitro model to investigate macrophage polarization. In the presence of GM-CSF/M-CSF, hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells from the bone marrow are directed into monocytic differentiation, followed by M1 or M2 stimulation. The activation status can be tracked by changes in cell surface antigens, gene expression and cell signaling pathways.

The article describes a readily easy adaptive in vitro model to investigate macrophage polarization. In the presence of GM-CSF/M-CSF, hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells from the bone marrow are directed into monocytic differentiation, followed by M1 or M2 stimulation. The activation status can be tracked by changes in cell surface antigens, gene expression and cell signaling pathways.

Kemik İliği Türetilmiş makrofajlar kullanarak Makrofaj Polarizasyon İncelenmesi

The article describes a readily easy adaptive in vitro model to investigate macrophage polarization. In the presence of GM-CSF/M-CSF, hematopoietic ...

Bone Marrow-derived Macrophage Production

Macrophages are critical components of the innate and adaptive immune responses, and they are the first line of defense against foreign invaders because of their powerful microbicidal activities. Macrophages are widely distributed throughout the body and are present in the lymphoid organs, liver, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, central nervous system, bone, and skin. Because of their repartition, they participate in a wide range of physiological and pathological processes. Macrophages are highly versatile cells that are able to recognize microenvironmental alterations and to maintain tissue homeostasis. Numerous pathogens have evolved mechanisms to use macrophages as Trojan horses to survive, replicate in, and infect both humans and animals and to propagate throughout the body. The recent explosion of interest in evolutionary, genetic, and biochemical aspects of host-pathogen interactions has renewed scientific attention regarding macrophages. Here, we describe a procedure to isolate and cultivate macrophages from murine bone marrow that will provide large numbers of macrophages for studying host-pathogen interactions as well as other processes.

Macrophages have long been recognized as a critical component of the innate and adaptive immune responses. The recent explosion of knowledge pertaining to evolutionary, genetic, and biochemical aspects of the interaction between macrophages and microbes has renewed scientific attention to macrophages. This article describes a method to differentiate macrophages from mouse bone marrow.

Kemik İliği Makrofaj üretim kaynaklı

Macrophages are critical components of the innate and adaptive immune responses, and they are the first line of defense against foreign invaders because ...

Tracking Mouse Bone Marrow Monocytes In Vivo

Real time multiphoton imaging provides a great opportunity to study cell trafficking and cell-to-cell interactions in their physiological 3-dimensionnal environment. Biological activities of immune cells mainly rely on their motility capacities. Blood monocytes have short half-life in the bloodstream; they originate in the bone marrow and are constitutively released from it. In inflammatory condition, this process is enhanced, leading to blood monocytosis and subsequent infiltration of the peripheral inflammatory tissues. Identifying the biomechanical events controlling monocyte trafficking from the bone marrow towards the vascular network is an important step to understand monocyte physiopathological relevance. We performed in vivo time-lapse imaging by two-photon microscopy of the skull bone marrow of the Csf1r-Gal4VP16/UAS-ECFP (MacBlue) mouse. The MacBlue mouse expresses the fluorescent reporters enhanced cyan fluorescent protein (ECFP) under the control of a myeloid specific promoter 1, in combination with vascular network labelling. We describe how this approach enables the tracking of individual medullar monocytes in real time to further quantify the migratory behaviour within the bone marrow parenchyma and the vasculature, as well as cell-to-cell interactions. This approach provides novel insights into the biology of the bone marrow monocyte subsets and allows to further address how these cells can be influenced in specific pathological conditions.

Tracking Mouse Bone Marrow Monocytes In Vivo

Monocytes are key regulators of innate immunity and play a critical role in the renewal of the peripheral mononuclear phagocytic system and in case of inflammation. This manuscript describes the procedure of real time imaging of the mouse calvaria bone marrow to study the monocyte mobilisation mechanism.

Fare Kemik İliği monositlerin Takip<em&gt; İn Vivo</em

Real time multiphoton imaging provides a great opportunity to study cell trafficking and cell-to-cell interactions in their physiological 3-dimensionnal ...

Murine Hind Limb Long Bone Dissection and Bone Marrow Isolation

Investigation of the bone and the bone marrow is critical in many research fields including basic bone biology, immunology, hematology, cancer metastasis, biomechanics, and stem cell biology. Despite the importance of the bone in healthy and pathologic states, however, it is a largely under-researched organ due to lack of specialized knowledge of bone dissection and bone marrow isolation. Mice are a common model organism to study effects on bone and bone marrow, necessitating a standardized and efficient method for long bone dissection and bone marrow isolation for processing of large experimental cohorts. We describe a straightforward dissection procedure for the removal of the femur and tibia that is suitable for downstream applications, including but not limited to histomorphologic analysis and strength testing. In addition, we outline a rapid procedure for isolation of bone marrow from the long bones via centrifugation with limited handling time, ideal for cell sorting, primary cell culture, or DNA, RNA, and protein extraction. The protocol is streamlined for rapid processing of samples to limit experimental error, and is standardized to minimize user-to-user variability.

Here we present a protocol for the dissection of hind limb long bones (femurs and tibiae) from the laboratory mouse. We further describe a rapid technique for bone marrow isolation from these bones that utilizes centrifugation for removal of bone marrow from the bone marrow space.

Murin Hind Ekstremite Uzun Kemik Diseksiyon ve Kemik İliği İzolasyonu

Investigation of the bone and the bone marrow is critical in many research fields including basic bone biology, immunology, hematology, cancer metastasis, ...

Assessment of Antibody-based Drugs Effects on Murine Bone Marrow and Peritoneal Macrophage Activation

Macrophages are phagocytic innate immune cells, which initiate immune responses to pathogens and contribute to healing and tissue restitution. Macrophages are equally important in turning off inflammatory responses. We have shown that macrophages stimulated with intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) can produce high amounts of the anti-inflammatory cytokine, interleukin 10 (IL-10), and low levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in response to bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS). IVIg is a polyvalent antibody, primarily immunoglobulin Gs (IgGs), pooled from the plasma of more than 1,000 blood donors. It is used to supplement antibodies in patients with immune deficiencies or to suppress immune responses in patients with autoimmune or inflammatory conditions. Infliximab, a therapeutic anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF&#945;) antibody, has also been shown to activate macrophages to produce IL-10 in response to inflammatory stimuli. IVIg and other antibody-based biologics can be tested to determine their effects on macrophage activation. This paper describes methods for derivation, stimulation, and assessment of murine bone marrow macrophages activated by antibodies in vitro and murine peritoneal macrophages activated with antibodies in vivo. Finally, we demonstrate the use of western blotting to determine the contribution of specific cell signaling pathways to anti-inflammatory macrophage activity. These protocols can be used with genetically modified mice, to determine the effect of a specific protein(s) on anti-inflammatory macrophage activation. These techniques can also be used to assess whether specific biologics may act by changing macrophages to an IL-10-producing anti-inflammatory activation state that reduces inflammatory responses in vivo. This can provide information on the role of macrophage activation in the efficacy of biologics during disease models in mice, and provide insight into a potential new mechanism of action in people. Conversely, this may caution against the use of specific antibody-based biologics to treat infectious disease, particularly if macrophages play an important role in host defense against that infection.

Antibody-based drugs have revolutionized treatment for inflammatory diseases. In addition to having direct effects on specific targets, antibodies can activate macrophages to become anti-inflammatory. This protocol describes how anti-inflammatory macrophage activation can be assessed in vitro, using mouse bone marrow macrophages, and in vivo, using peritoneal macrophages.

Fare kemik iliği ve Periton makrofaj harekete geçirmek antikor bazlı ilaçlara etkileri değerlendirilmesi

Macrophages are phagocytic innate immune cells, which initiate immune responses to pathogens and contribute to healing and tissue restitution. Macrophages ...

Detection of Inflammasome Activation and Pyroptotic Cell Death in Murine Bone Marrow-derived Macrophages

Inflammasomes are innate immune signaling platforms that are required for the successful control of many pathogenic organisms, but also promote inflammatory and autoinflammatory diseases. Inflammasomes are activated by cytosolic pattern recognition receptors, including members of the NOD-like receptor (NLR) family. These receptors oligomerize upon the detection of microbial or damage-associated stimuli. Subsequent recruitment of the adaptor protein ASC forms a microscopically visible inflammasome complex, which activates caspase-1 through proximity-induced auto-activation. Following the activation, caspase-1 cleaves pro-IL-1&#946; and pro-IL-18, leading to the activation and secretion of these pro-inflammatory cytokines. Caspase-1 also mediates the inflammatory form of cell death termed pyroptosis, which features the loss of membrane integrity and cell lysis. Caspase-1 cleaves gasdermin D, releasing the N-terminal fragment which forms plasma membrane pores, leading to osmotic lysis.
In vitro, the activation of caspase-1 can be determined by labeling bone marrow-derived macrophages with the caspase-1 activity probe FAM-YVAD-FMK and by labeling the cells with antibodies against the adaptor protein ASC. This technique allows the identification of inflammasome formation and caspase-1 activation in individual cells using fluorescence microscopy. Pyroptotic cell death can be detected by measuring the release of cytosolic lactate dehydrogenase into the medium. This procedure is simple, cost effective and performed in a 96-well plate format, allowing adaptation for screening. In this manuscript, we show that activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome by nigericin leads to the co-localization of the adaptor protein ASC and active caspase-1, leading to pyroptosis.

We describe the detection of NLRP3 inflammasome activation on cellular basis using fluorescence microscopy and staining for active caspase-1 and the adaptor, ASC. A lactate dehydrogenase release assay is presented to detect pyroptotic lysis on a population basis. These techniques can be adapted to study many aspects of inflammasome biology.

Inflammasome harekete geçirmek ve Pyroptotic hücre ölümü fare kemik iliği türevi makrofajlar içinde tespiti

Inflammasomes are innate immune signaling platforms that are required for the successful control of many pathogenic organisms, but also promote ...

Identification and Isolation of Oligopotent and Lineage-committed Myeloid Progenitors from Mouse Bone Marrow

Myeloid progenitors that yield neutrophils, monocytes and dendritic cells (DCs) can be identified in and isolated from the bone marrow of mice for hematological and immunological analyses. For example, studies of the cellular and molecular properties of myeloid progenitor populations can reveal mechanisms underlying leukemic transformation, or demonstrate how the immune system responds to pathogen exposure. Previously described flow cytometry strategies for myeloid progenitor identification have enabled significant advances in many fields, but the fractions they identify are very heterogeneous. The most commonly used gating strategies define bone marrow fractions that are enriched for the desired populations, but also contain large numbers of &#34;contaminating&#34; progenitors. Our recent studies have resolved much of this heterogeneity, and the protocol we present here permits the isolation of 6 subpopulations of oligopotent and lineage-committed myeloid progenitors from 2 previously described bone marrow fractions. The protocol describes 3 stages: 1) isolation of bone marrow cells, 2) enrichment for hematopoietic progenitors by magnetic-activated cell sorting (lineage depletion by MACS), and 3) identification of myeloid progenitor subsets by flow cytometry (including fluorescence-activated cell sorting, FACS, if desired). This approach permits progenitor quantification and isolation for a variety of in vitro and in vivo applications, and has already yielded novel insight into pathways and mechanisms of neutrophil, monocyte, and DC differentiation.

We demonstrate how to identify and isolate 6 subsets of myeloid progenitors from murine bone marrow using a combination of magnetic and fluorescence sorting (MACS and FACS). This protocol can be used for in vitro culture assays (methylcellulose or liquid cultures), in vivo adoptive transfer experiments, and RNA/protein analyses.

Kimlik ve yalıtım Oligopotent ve Lineage için kabul edilen miyeloid ataları fare kemik iliği dan

Myeloid progenitors that yield neutrophils, monocytes and dendritic cells (DCs) can be identified in and isolated from the bone marrow of mice for ...

Isolation of Lamina Propria Mononuclear Cells from Murine Colon Using Collagenase E

The intestine is the home to the largest number of immune cells in the body. The small and large intestinal immune systems police exposure to exogenous antigens and modulate responses to potent microbially derived immune stimuli. For this reason, the intestine is a major target site of immune dysregulation and inflammation in many diseases including but, not limited to inflammatory bowel diseases such as Crohn&#8217;s disease and ulcerative colitis, graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) after bone marrow transplantation (BMT), and many allergic and infectious conditions. Murine models of gastrointestinal inflammation and colitis are heavily used to study GI complications and to pre-clinically optimize strategies for prevention and treatment. Data gleaned from these models via isolation and phenotypic analysis of immune cells from the intestine is critical to further immune understanding that can be applied to ameliorate gastrointestinal and systemic inflammatory disorders. This report describes a highly effective protocol for the isolation of mononuclear cells (MNC) from the colon using a mixed silica-based density gradient interface. This method reproducibly isolates a significant number of viable leukocytes while minimizing contaminating debris, allowing subsequent immune phenotyping by flow cytometry or other methods.

The goal of this protocol is to isolate mononuclear cells that reside in the lamina propria of the colon by enzymatic digestion of the tissue using collagenase. This protocol allows for the efficient isolation of mononuclear cells resulting in a single cell suspension which in turn can be used for robust immunophenotyping.

Lamina Propria Mononükleer Hücrelerin Murine Kolondan Kollajenaz E Kullanarak İzolasyon

The intestine is the home to the largest number of immune cells in the body. The small and large intestinal immune systems police exposure to exogenous ...