This work was performed using the Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London startup funds to K.N.A.

HINWEIS: Die Tiere wurden durch die Imperial Colleges und Tierschutz beibehalten und in Übereinstimmung behandelt mit den institutionellen Richtlinien und alle Tier Verfahren genehmigt und ethische Überprüfung zuständige Gremium (AWERB) und das Innenministerium und der Harvard University Institutional Animal Care und Verwenden Committee (IACUC) in Übereinstimmung mit Bundes- und Landesvorschriften. 1. Reagenzien und Geräte-Setup <ol><li> Thaw, aliquoten und speichern 1 mg / ml Laminin-Lösung bei -80 ° C. Löse 2 ul in 1 ml DMEM / F12, was in einer Beschichtungskonzentration von 1-2 &amp; mgr; g / cm 2. HINWEIS: Thaw Laminin langsam auf Eis und lösen sich in kaltem DMEM / F12 und unmittelbar darauf an den Platten / Deck hinzuzufügen. </li><li> Verdünnen Sie 75 ml 0,01% Poly-L-Ornithin in 425 ml PBS und bei 4 ° C. HINWEIS: Die Haltbarkeit der Arbeitslösung bis zu einem Monat. </li><li> Lösen Sie 25% (w / v) BSA in PBS, pH 7,4, und bei 4 ° C für bis zu eine year. </li><li> Bereiten Sie 50% FBS (in HBSS) Deaktivierung Medien. </li><li> Bereiten Komplettmedium durch Zugabe von 50 U / ml Penicillin und Streptomycin, 1x N2 Ergänzung, 5% (Vol / Vol) FBS, 0,36% D - (+) - Glucose (w / v), 0,25% BSA (w / v), um DMEM / F12 und bei 4 ° C. HINWEIS: Die Haltbarkeitsdauer beträgt bis zu 10 Tage. </li><li> Ort Deck in kochendem 70% (vol / vol) Ethanol für mindestens 30 min, um jegliche Spuren von Fett und Autoklaven entfernen. </li><li> Ort Deck in Platten mit 24 Vertiefungen und fügen 500 ul Poly-L-Ornithin-Lösung in jede Kammer. Inkubieren Sie 1 Stunde unter der Gewebekultur Haube bei RT und dann waschen 3 Mal mit 500 ul Wasser. Gib 500 ul Laminin-Lösung zu jeder Platte und Inkubation O / N in der befeuchteten Gewebekulturinkubator bei 37 ºC. HINWEIS: Wenn keine Waschschritte nach Laminin Behandlung notwendig, Waschen der Poly-L-Ornithin weniger als dreimal führt zum Tod der Zellen nach 24 h Kultivierung. </li><li> Polieren Sie die Spitzen der Glaspipetten über Erdgas oder Taschenlampe flahm. HINWEIS: Nach diesem Schritt wird der Durchmesser der Spitze sollte etwa die Hälfte seiner normalen Größe sein. </li><li> Schneiden Sie die Kappen von 1,5 ml Mikrozentrifugenröhrchen, mit einem autoklavierten Scheren und Autoklaven. </li></ol> 2. Präparation der embryonalen ventralen Mittelhirn <ol><li> Narkotisieren timed-schwangeren (E12.5) Dämme durch CO 2 Inhalation und durch Genickbruch einschläfern. </li><li> Sprühen Sie den Bauch mit 70% Ethanol und eine Bauchschnitt, bis die Gebärmutter Säcke alle ausgesetzt sind. Mit einer Pinzette schneiden die vaginale Befestigung und entfernen Gebärmutter. Legen Sie die Gebärmutter in eiskaltem HBSS, in einer 100 mm Petrischale. </li><li> Embryonen aus der Gebärmutter und Fruchtblase zu entfernen, mit einer Pinzette (Abbildung 1C). Platz Embryonen in frischem eiskaltem HBSS. HINWEIS: Das Rechteck in Figur 1D zeigt die Stelle von embryonalen ventralen Mittelhirn. </li><li> Legen Sie die Embryonen unter Dissektionsmikroskop (10-fache Vergrößerung) und sezieren die MittelhirnBogen, indem das Gehirn an der Landenge und Mittelhirn-Zwischenhirn Randbereich, mit dem bioscissor und Pinzette (1E, siehe 1A für Linien der Einschnitt Abbildung). </li><li> Nach dem Herausnehmen der gesamten Mittelhirn, einen Schnitt in der mediodorsal Mittelhirn (1F). </li><li> Hirnhaut entfernen, mit zwei Zangen (Abbildung 1H). HINWEIS: entscheidender Schritt: Dieser Schritt ist wichtig für eine optimale Ausbeute und neuronale Überleben. Da die Kulturbedingungen optimal für Gehirnzellen sind, die meisten der Zellen aus dem umgebenden Gewebe zu sterben nach der Plattierung und die apoptotische Signal dieses Gewebe kann die Integrität der Kulturen schädigen. </li><li> Glätten Sie das Mittelhirn Gewebe auf der Petrischale, die Schmetterlingsform beobachten und schneiden etwa die Hälfte eines jeden Flügels, mit einem sterilisierten Rasierklinge (Abbildung 1 H, I). HINWEIS: Figur 1J zeigt die isolierte ventralen Mittelhirn. </li><li> Übertragen Sie dieStück ventralen Mittelhirn in eiskaltes HBSS in einem 15 ml konischen Rohr und fahren Sie mit dem nächsten Embryo. Hinweis: Die Schritte 2,1-2,8 sollte nicht mehr als 1 Stunde. Halten Sie die Embryonen außerhalb dieses Zeitrahmens auf Eis sinkt die Lebensfähigkeit der Zellen deutlich. </li></ol> 3. Die Dissoziation von ventralen Mittelhirn-Zellen <ol><li> Übertragen Sie die Stücke von ventralen Mittelhirn unter einer Sterilbank. Entfernen Sie die HBSS und 1 ml vorgewärmten (37 ° C) 0,05% Trypsin-EDTA in das konische Röhrchen (Menge reicht für bis zu 12 Stück der ventralen Mittelhirn). Inkubieren des Gewebes bei 37 ° C für 5-10 min. </li><li> Entfernen Trypsin-EDTA unter der Haube und 1 ml Deaktivierung Medium (das Serum wird Trypsin deaktivieren) auf das Gewebe. </li><li> Entfernen Sie die Deaktivierung Medium und waschen Sie das Gewebe in 1 ml vollständigem Medium zweimal. HINWEIS: Vermeiden Entfernen aller das Medium von der Röhre und Pipettieren der Gewebe, Verwerfen der dissoziierten Zellen zu verhindern. </li><li> In 1 ml Vollmedium und tritUrat das Gewebe mit einer feuerpolierten Glaspipette. Bildung von Blasen zu vermeiden, und weiterhin Verreiben bis einzelne Zellsuspension erreicht wird. Hinweis: geht normalerweise 8-10 durch den verengten Spitze für vollständige Dissoziation erforderlich. </li><li> Zentrifugieren Sie die Zellen bei 400 xg für 5 Minuten bei Raumtemperatur und entfernen Sie das Medium. </li><li> Re-suspendieren des Pellets in 1 ml Komplettmedium durch langsames Auf- und Abpipettieren mit bis zu viermal. </li></ol> 4. Überzug ventralen Mittelhirn-Zellen <ol><li> Nimm 10 &amp; mgr; l der Zellsuspension mit 90 ul Trypan-Blau-Lösung und die Anzahl der Zellen mit einem Hämozytometer. HINWEIS: Die Lebensfähigkeit der Zellen kann auf dieser Stufe auch überprüft werden. </li><li> Zeigen sterilisierten Mikrozentrifugenröhrchen Caps in 100 mm Petrischalen und übertragen Sie die Poly-L-Ornithin / Laminin beschichtete Deckgläser, mit einer Pinzette, einer nach dem anderen auf der Oberseite der Caps. HINWEIS: Waschen Sie die Deckgläser und vermeiden Trocknen des Laminin, da dies dazu führen uneven Kulturen und Abnahme der Überlebensfähigkeit der Zellen. </li><li> Die Lautstärke auf 1.500 Zellen pro 1 &amp; mgr; l durch Zugabe von komplettem Medium und Zugabe von 100 &amp; mgr; l (insgesamt 150.000 Zellen) der Zellsuspension auf jedes Deckglas (das Volumen ist optimal, um die Oberfläche des Deckglases ohne Verschütten zu bedecken). Schließen die Petrischalen und inkubieren für 1 h in einem befeuchteten Brutschrank (37 ° C, 5% CO 2). HINWEIS: kritischer Schritt: Dieser Schritt ist für die Verbesserung der Befestigung und die Lebensfähigkeit der Zellen und zur Erhöhung der Anzahl der Deckplättchen pro Embryo erforderlich. Alternativ können die Zellen direkt in die Vertiefungen (mit Deckgläschen), aber die Anzahl von Zellen sollten bis 350.000 pro Well (statt 150.000) erhöht werden übertragen. In anderen Worten, mit dieser Methode können 8-10 Deck erworben werden, während die Direktübertragung ergibt etwa 3-4 Deck weil der Zellen, die an den Platten anzubringen (neben oder unterhalb der Deck). Die durchschnittliche viability der Kulturen, unter Verwendung dieses Verfahrens betrug etwa 90%. </li></ol> 5. Kultur Wachstum und Wartung <ol><li> Nach 1 Stunde Inkubation sorgfältig übertragen Sie die Deckgläser mit dem Medium in 24-Well-Platten, enthaltend 400 &amp; mgr; l vorgewärmten (37 ° C) vollständigem Medium (Gesamtvolumen: 500 ul). Die Zellen O / N bei 37 ° C. </li><li> Innerhalb von 24 Stunden nach der Inkubation die Wells vorsichtig fügen 500 ul Vollmedium in jede Vertiefung. Hinweis: die ersten paar Stunden ist die kritischste Phase für das Überleben von dopaminergen Neuronen und die Anzahl der überlebenden Zellen nicht signifikant über diesen Punkt hinaus zu ändern. </li><li> Sie zusätzliche Medien hinzufügen, nicht zu den Kulturen in den ersten zwei Wochen, bis das Medium wird gelb. Wenn Kultivierung für mehr als zwei Wochen oder mittlere Farbumschlag nach gelb, Austausch Hälfte der Medien (500 ul) mit frischem Komplettvorgewärmten Medien (in der Regel alle zwei Wochen). HINWEIS: Die dopaminerge Neuronen innerhalb derKulturen würden für mehr als 6 Wochen unter diesen Bedingungen zu überleben. </li></ol>

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No conflict of interest declared.

Dopaminerge Neuronen im Mittelhirn sind die Hauptquelle von Dopamin im ZNS. Sie werden in drei Gruppen unterteilt, Substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc), ventralen Tegmentum (VTA) und retrorubral Feld (RRF) 10, 11. Die Neuronen im VTA SNpc und führen zu großen dopaminergen Bahnen, mesocorticalen, mesolimbischen und nigrostriatalen, in Funktionen beteiligt wie die Kontrolle der Emotionen, Motivation und Verhalten des Motors. Untergang der Neuronen in SNpc und funktionellen Störung des nigrostriatalen System...

Verlust von dopaminergen Neuronen aus der Substantia nigra pars compacta führt zu den Kardinal motorischen Symptome der Parkinson-Krankheit (PD), die zweithäufigste neurodegenerative Erkrankung. Die zugrunde liegende Ursache für den Niedergang des Mittelhirn neuronalen Population ist nicht bekannt. Um die biochemischen Wege für die Entwicklung und Modulation neurophysiologischen Eigenschaften und das Überleben von Neuronen mesDA mehrere Zellkultur- und Tiermodellsystemen verantwortlich verwendet wurden studieren. Immortalisierte Zelllinien, einschließlich der Ratte dopaminergen Zelllinie 1RB 3 AN 27 (N27), der menschlichen dopaminergen Neuroblastom-Zelllinie SH-SY5Y, der Maus dopaminergen Hybridzellinie MN9D und Menschen mesencephalen LUHMES Zellen für biochemische und begrenzte mechanistische Studien 1 verwendet wurde -5. Für die Untersuchung des spezifischen Verlust mesDA Neuronen mehrere Neurobasis und genetische Modelle wurden entwickelt 6-8. Primäre ventralen Mittelhirn KulturenStellen ein unverzichtbares Werkzeug für die Untersuchung der neuronalen und synaptischen Eigenschaften der dopaminergen Neuronen und die Wege in der Pathogenese dieser häufige Erkrankung beteiligt. Hier präsentieren wir Ihnen ein ausführliches Protokoll für die Isolierung von Mittelhirn dopaminergen Neuronen, die Änderungen zu höheren Überlebensfähigkeit und erhöhte Ausbeute an Deckgläsern pro Embryo enthält. Die Nutzung vorzeitige E12.5 Maushirn (E14.5 in rat) erhöht die Überlebensfähigkeit. In diesem Alter Neuronen nicht Axone entwickelt noch, die Zellen intakt beim Präparieren verlässt und den Stress dadurch deutlich erhöht Überlebensfähigkeit minimiert. Darüber hinaus sorgfältige Präparation der ventralen Mittelhirn, wie in Abschnitt 2 dieses Protokoll beschrieben, weiter verbessert Überlebensfähigkeit. Um die Anzahl der Deckgläser pro Embryo zu erhöhen, wird eine alternative Beschichtungsverfahren in Abschnitt 4 dieses Protokolls vorgestellt. Dies führt zu einer Ausbeute von bis zu 10 Deck pro Embryo im Vergleich zu 4 Deckgläser unterStandard Plattierungsbedingungen wodurch die Menge der Tiere pro Versuch. Neuronen in Kultur zeigen Auswuchs von Axonen und Dendriten bilden synaptische Verbindungen und zeigen das Vorhandensein von neuronalen und synaptischen Marker machen diese Kulturen für Live Cell Imaging, immunzytochemischen und elektrophysiologische Untersuchungen geeignet. Weiterhin ist die Verwendung von neuronalen Kulturen erleichtert und pharmakologische Manipulation. Auswuchs von Neuriten von Tag 2 in vitro ermöglicht die Entwicklungsstudien. Ferner ermöglicht die langfristige Überlebensrate von Kulturen (bis zu sechs Wochen) für ein Studium des langsame, progressive Degeneration dieser Neuronen geeignet.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="721">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:364px;">Name of Material/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Dulbecco&#39;s modified Eagle medium nutrient mixture F-12</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>11330</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Hanks&#39; Balanced Salt Solution (HBSS) (1X), liquid</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>24020-117)</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Fetal bovine serum, heat-inactivated (FBS)</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>16140</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">N2 Supplement (100X), liquid</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>17502-048)</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">D-(+)-Glucose solution (45% (wt/vol) in water</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>G8769</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Bovine serum albumin BSA</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>A9430</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Laminin from Engelbreth-Holm-Swarm murine sarcoma basement membrane</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>L2020</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Penicillin/streptomycin</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>15070</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Trypsin (0.05% (wt/vol)</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>25300</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Bovine serum albumin (BSA) cell culture tested</td>
			<td>Sigma&#160;</td>
			<td>A9418</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P3813</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Anti-Tyrosine hydroxylase (Th) antibody</td>
			<td>Pel-Freez Biologicals</td>
			<td>P60101-0&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Poly-L-ornithine, 0.01% solution</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P4957</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Anti-Map2 (Microtubule associated protein-2A and -2B) antibody</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>MAB3418</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Anti-Synapsin-1 antibody</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>AB1543P</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Alexa Fluor 488 donkey anti-rabbit IgG&#160;&#160; antibody</td>
			<td>Molecular Probes</td>
			<td>A-21206</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Alexa Fluor 594 donkey anti-rabbit IgG&#160;&#160; antibody</td>
			<td>Molecular Probes</td>
			<td>A-21207</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Alexa Fluor 488 donkey anti-sheep IgG&#160;&#160; antibody</td>
			<td>Molecular Probes</td>
			<td>A-11015</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Alexa Fluor 594 donkey anti-sheep IgG&#160;&#160; antibody</td>
			<td>Molecular Probes</td>
			<td>A-11016</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Alexa Fluor 594 donkey anti-mouse IgG&#160;&#160; antibody</td>
			<td>Molecular Probes</td>
			<td>A-21203</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Trypan blue solution (0.4% (wt/vol)</td>
			<td>Biowhittaker</td>
			<td>17-942E</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Stereo Microscope</td>
			<td>Carl Zeiss</td>
			<td>Stemi 2000-C</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Inverted phase contrast microscope</td>
			<td>Carl Zeiss</td>
			<td>Axiovert 40 C</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Dumont Forceps</td>
			<td>Fine Scientific Tools</td>
			<td>May-45</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Cover Slip Forceps &#8211; Dumoxel</td>
			<td>Fine Scientific Tools</td>
			<td>11251-33</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Two Dumont #45 Forceps &#8211; Dumoxel</td>
			<td>Fine Scientific Tools</td>
			<td>11245-30</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Blade Holder/Breaker Flat Grip - 11cm</td>
			<td>Fine Scientific Tools</td>
			<td>10052-11</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Student Iris Scissors - Straight 11.5cm</td>
			<td>Fine Scientific Tools</td>
			<td>91460-11</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Fiber optic halogen illuminator</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>MKII</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Disposable Borosilicate Glass Pasteur Pipettes</td>
			<td>Fisherbrand</td>
			<td>13-678-20C</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Hemocytometer</td>
			<td>Proscitech</td>
			<td>SVZ2NIOU</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">0.2 &#181;m sterile filter units</td>
			<td>Nalgene</td>
			<td>NL-CE-156-4020</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">100x20mm Petri dishes</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>351005</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Round Cover Slip #1 Thickness German Glass 12mm</td>
			<td>Bellco Glass</td>
			<td>1943-10012&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

isolation, culture and long-term maintenance of primary mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons from embryonic rodent brains

Degeneration of mesencephalic dopaminergic (mesDA) neurons is the pathological hallmark of Parkinson&#8217;s diseae. Study of the biological processes involved in physiological functions and vulnerability and death of these neurons is imparative to understanding the underlying causes and unraveling the cure for this common neurodegenerative disorder. Primary cultures of mesDA neurons provide a tool for investigation of the molecular, biochemical and electrophysiological properties, in order to understand the development, long-term survival and degeneration of these neurons during the course of disease. Here we present a detailed method for the isolation, culturing and maintenance of midbrain dopaminergic neurons from E12.5 mouse (or E14.5 rat) embryos. Optimized cell culture conditions in this protocol result in presence of axonal and dendritic projections, synaptic connections and other neuronal morphological properties, which make the cultures suitable for study of the physiological, cell biological and molecular characteristics of this neuronal population.

Immunhistochemie gegen Tyrosinhydroxylase (Th) zeigt, dass zwischen 0,5-1% der Zellen in Kultur sind dopaminergen. Neuronale Projektionen erscheinen innerhalb von 2 Stunden nach dem Ausstreichen von dem ersten Tag, Axonen und Dendriten unterscheidbar sind (Abbildung 2), unter Verwendung von Tyrosin-Hydroxylase (TH) und Microtubule-Associated Protein 2 (Map2) Antikörper (Abbildung 3). Die Neuronen überleben länger als sechs Wochen zeigen umfangreiche Auswuchs. Das Neuron-Glia-Verhält...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation, Culture and Long-Term Maintenance of Primary Mesencephalic Dopaminergic Neurons From Embryonic Rodent Brains at JoVE.com

Isolation, Culture and Long-Term Maintenance of Primary Mesencephalic Dopaminergic Neurons From Embryonic Rodent Brains

The causes of degeneration of midbrain dopaminergic neurons during Parkinson&#8217;s disease are not fully understood. Cellular culture systems provide an essential tool for study of the neurophysiological properties of these neurons. Here we present an optimized protocol, which can be utilized for in vitro modeling of neurodegeneration.

Isolation, Kultur und langfristige Wartung von Primär mesencephalen dopaminergen Neuronen aus embryonalen Nagetier Brains

Degeneration of mesencephalic dopaminergic (mesDA) neurons is the pathological hallmark of Parkinson&#8217;s diseae. Study of the biological processes ...

isolation-culture-long-term-maintenance-primary-mesencephalic

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

13.8K Aufrufe.  Imperial College London. The causes of degeneration of midbrain dopaminergic neurons during Parkinson’s disease are not fully understood. Cellular culture systems provide an essential tool for study of the neurophysiological properties of these neurons. Here we present an optimized protocol, which can be utilized for in vitro modeling of neurodegeneration.

Serie: Isolation, Culture and Long-Term Maintenance of Primary Mesencephalic Dopaminergic Neurons From Embryonic Rodent Brains

Dissection and Culture of Commissural Neurons from Embryonic Spinal Cord

Commissural neurons have been widely used to investigate the mechanisms underlying axon guidance during embryonic spinal cord development. The cell bodies of these neurons are located in the dorsal spinal cord and their axons follow stereotyped trajectories during embryonic development. Commissural axons initially project ventrally towards the floorplate. After crossing the midline, these axons turn anteriorly and project towards the brain. Each of these steps is regulated by the action of several guidance cues. Cultures highly enriched in commissural neurons are ideally suited for many experiments addressing the mechanisms of axon pathfinding, including turning assays, immunochemistry and biochemistry. Here, we describe a method to dissect and culture commissural neurons from E13 rat dorsal spinal cord. First, the spinal cord is isolated and dorsal strips are dissected out. The dorsal tissue is then dissociated into a cell suspension by trypsinization and mechanical disruption. Neurons are plated onto poly-L-lysine-coated glass coverslips or tissue-culture dishes. After 30 hours in vitro, most neurons have extended an axon. The purity of the culture (Yam et al. 2009), typically over 90%, can be assessed by immunolabeling with the commissural neuron markers DCC, LH2 and TAG1 (Helms and Johnson, 1998). This neuronal preparation is a useful tool for in vitro studies of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of commissural axon growth and guidance during spinal cord development.

This video demonstrates a method to dissect and culture commissural neurons from E13 rat dorsal spinal cord. Dissociated commissural neurons are useful to study the cellular and molecular mechanisms of axon growth and guidance.

Dissection und Kultur kommissuralen Nervenzellen aus embryonalen Rückenmark

Commissural neurons have been widely used to investigate the mechanisms underlying axon guidance during embryonic spinal cord development. The cell bodies ...

Forschung

Neurowissenschaften

Nucleofection and Primary Culture of Embryonic Mouse Hippocampal and Cortical Neurons

Hippocampal and cortical neurons have been used extensively to study central nervous system (CNS) neuronal polarization, axon/dendrite outgrowth, and synapse formation and function. An advantage of culturing these neurons is that they readily polarize, forming distinctive axons and dendrites, on a two dimensional substrate at very low densities. This property has made them extremely useful for determining many aspects of neuronal development. Furthermore, by providing glial conditioning for these neurons they will continue to develop, forming functional synaptic connections and surviving for several months in culture. In this protocol we outline a technique to dissect, culture and transfect embryonic mouse hippocampal and cortical neurons. Transfection is accomplished by electroporating DNA into the neurons before plating via nucleofection. This protocol has the advantage of expressing fluorescently-tagged fusion proteins early in development (~4-8hrs after plating) to study the dynamics and function of proteins during polarization, axon outgrowth and branching. We have also discovered that this single transfection before plating maintains fluorescently-tagged fusion protein expression at levels appropriate for imaging throughout the lifetime of the neuron (&gt; 2 months in culture). Thus, this methodology is useful for studying protein localization and function throughout CNS development with little or no disruption of neuronal function.

This protocol outlines the steps required to dissect, transfect via electroporation and culture mouse hippocampal and cortical neurons. Short-term cultures may be used for studies of axon outgrowth and guidance, while long-term cultures can be used for studies of synaptogenesis and dendritic spine analysis.

Nucleofection und Primärkultur von embryonalen Maus-Hippocampus und kortikalen Neuronen

Hippocampal and cortical neurons have been used extensively to study central nervous system (CNS) neuronal polarization, axon/dendrite outgrowth, and ...

Isolation and Culture of Hippocampal Neurons from Prenatal Mice

Primary cultures of rat and murine hippocampal neurons are widely used to reveal cellular mechanisms in neurobiology. By isolating and growing individual neurons, researchers are able to analyze properties related to cellular trafficking, cellular structure and individual protein localization using a variety of biochemical techniques. Results from such experiments are critical for testing theories addressing the neural basis of memory and learning. However, unambiguous results from these forms of experiments are predicated on the ability to grow neuronal cultures with minimum contamination by other brain cell types. In this protocol, we use specific media designed for neuron growth and careful dissection of embryonic hippocampal tissue to optimize growth of healthy neurons while minimizing contaminating cell types (i.e. astrocytes). Embryonic mouse hippocampal tissue can be more difficult to isolate than similar rodent tissue due to the size of the sample for dissection. We show detailed dissection techniques of hippocampus from embryonic day 19 (E19) mouse pups. Once hippocampal tissue is isolated, gentle dissociation of neuronal cells is achieved with a dilute concentration of trypsin and mechanical disruption designed to separate cells from connective tissue while providing minimum damage to individual cells. A detailed description of how to prepare pipettes to be used in the disruption is included. Optimal plating densities are provided for immuno-fluorescence protocols to maximize successful cell culture. The protocol provides a fast (approximately 2 hr) and efficient technique for the culture of neuronal cells from mouse hippocampal tissue.

We provide a protocol for the culture of highly purified hippocampal neurons from prenatal mouse brains without the use of a feeder glial cell layer.

Isolierung und Kultivierung von Neuronen im Hippocampus von Mäusen Pränatale

Primary cultures of rat and murine hippocampal neurons are widely used to reveal cellular mechanisms in neurobiology. By isolating and growing individual ...

Isolation and Culture of Endothelial Cells from the Embryonic Forebrain

Embryonic brain endothelial cells can serve as an important tool in the study of angiogenesis and neurovascular development and interactions. The two vascular networks of the embryonic forebrain, pial and periventricular, are spatially distinctive and have different origins and growth patterns. Endothelial cells from the pial and periventricular vascular networks have unique gene expression profiles and functions. Here we present a step-by-step protocol for isolation, culture, and verification of pure populations of endothelial cells from the periventricular vascular network (PVECs) of the embryonic forebrain (telencephalon). In this approach, telencephalon devoid of pial membrane obtained from embryonic day 15 mice is minced, digested with collagenase/dispase, and dispersed mechanically into a single cell suspension. PVECs are purified from cell suspension using positive selection with anti-CD-31/PECAM-1 antibody conjugated to MicroBeads using a strong magnetic separation method. Purified cells are cultured on collagen 1&#160;coated culture dishes in endothelial cell culture medium until they become confluent and further subcultured. PVECs obtained with this protocol exhibit cobblestone and spindle shaped phenotypes, as visualized by phase-contrast light microscopy and fluorescence microscopy. Purity of PVEC cultures was established with endothelial cell markers. In our hands, this method reliably and consistently yields pure populations of PVECs. This protocol will benefit studies aimed at gaining mechanistic insights into forebrain angiogenesis, understanding PVEC interactions, and cross-talks with neuronal cell types and holds tremendous potential for therapeutic angiogenesis.

This video demonstrates an easy and reliable strategy for preparation of pure cultures of endothelial cells from the embryonic forebrain within 10-12 days and will be useful for research focused on many aspects of cerebral angiogenesis.

Isolierung und Kultivierung von Endothelzellen aus dem embryonalen Vorderhirn

Embryonic brain endothelial cells can serve as an important tool in the study of angiogenesis and neurovascular development and interactions. The two ...

Primary Culture of Mouse Dopaminergic Neurons

Dopaminergic neurons represent less than 1% of the total number of neurons in the brain. This low amount of neurons regulates important brain functions such as motor control, motivation, and working memory. Nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons selectively degenerate in Parkinson&#39;s disease (PD). This progressive neuronal loss is unequivocally associated with the motors symptoms of the pathology (bradykinesia, resting tremor, and muscular rigidity). The main agent responsible of dopaminergic neuron degeneration is still unknown. However, these neurons appear to be extremely vulnerable in diverse conditions. Primary cultures constitute one of the most relevant models to investigate properties and characteristics of dopaminergic neurons. These cultures can be submitted to various stress agents that mimic PD pathology and to neuroprotective compounds in order to stop or slow down neuronal degeneration. The numerous transgenic mouse models of PD that have been generated during the last decade further increased the interest of researchers for dopaminergic neuron cultures. Here, the video protocol focuses on the delicate dissection of embryonic mouse brains. Precise excision of ventral mesencephalon is crucial to obtain neuronal cultures sufficiently rich in dopaminergic cells to allow subsequent studies. This protocol can be realized with embryonic transgenic mice and is suitable for immunofluorescence staining, quantitative PCR, second messenger quantification, or neuronal death/survival assessment.

Dopaminergic neurons play a vital regulatory role in the brain. Their loss is associated with Parkinson's disease. In this video, we show how to generate primary cultures of central dopaminergic neurons from embryonic mouse mesencephalon. Such cultures are useful to study the extreme vulnerability of these neurons to various stresses.

Primärkultur von Maus dopaminergen Neuronen

Dopaminergic neurons represent less than 1% of the total number of neurons in the brain. This low amount of neurons regulates important brain functions ...

Isolation and Culture of Dissociated Sensory Neurons From Chick Embryos

Neurons are multifaceted cells that carry information essential for a variety of functions including sensation, motor movement, learning, and memory. Studying neurons in vivo can be challenging due to their complexity, their varied and dynamic environments, and technical limitations. For these reasons, studying neurons in vitro can prove beneficial to unravel the complex mysteries of neurons. The well-defined nature of cell culture models provides detailed control over environmental conditions and variables. Here we describe how to isolate, dissociate, and culture primary neurons from chick embryos. This technique is rapid, inexpensive, and generates robustly growing sensory neurons. The procedure consistently produces cultures that are highly enriched for neurons and has very few non-neuronal cells (less than 5%). Primary neurons do not adhere well to untreated glass or tissue culture plastic, therefore detailed procedures to create two distinct, well-defined laminin-containing substrata for neuronal plating are described. Cultured neurons are highly amenable to multiple cellular and molecular techniques, including co-immunoprecipitation, live cell imagining, RNAi, and immunocytochemistry. Procedures for double immunocytochemistry on these cultured neurons have been optimized and described here.

Cell culture models provide detailed control over environmental conditions and thus provide a powerful platform to elucidate numerous aspects of neuronal cell biology. We describe a rapid, inexpensive, and reliable method to isolate, dissociate, and culture sensory neurons from chick embryos. Details of substrata preparation and immunocytochemistry are also provided.

Isolation und Kultur der Dissoziierte sensorischen Neuronen aus Hühnerembryonen

Neurons are multifaceted cells that carry information essential for a variety of functions including sensation, motor movement, learning, and memory. ...

A Simplified Method for Ultra-Low Density, Long-Term Primary Hippocampal Neuron Culture

Culturing primary hippocampal neurons in vitro facilitates mechanistic interrogation of many aspects of neuronal development. Dissociated embryonic hippocampal neurons can often grow successfully on glass coverslips at high density under serum-free conditions, but low density cultures typically require a supply of trophic factors by co-culturing them with a glia feeder layer, preparation of which can be time-consuming and laborious. In addition, the presence of glia may confound interpretation of results and preclude studies on neuron-specific mechanisms. Here, a simplified method is presented for ultra-low density (~2,000 neurons/cm2), long-term (&#62;3 months) primary hippocampal neuron culture that is under serum free conditions and without glia cell support. Low density neurons are grown on poly-D-lysine coated coverslips, and flipped on high density neurons grown in a 24-well plate. Instead of using paraffin dots to create a space between the two neuronal layers, the experimenters can simply etch the plastic bottom of the well, on which the high density neurons reside, to create a microspace conducive to low density neuron growth. The co-culture can be easily maintained for &#62;3 months without significant loss of low density neurons, thus facilitating the morphological and physiological study of these neurons. To illustrate this successful culture condition, data are provided to show profuse synapse formation in low density cells after prolonged culture. This co-culture system also facilitates the survival of sparse individual neurons grown in islands of poly-D-lysine substrates and thus the formation of autaptic connections.

Low density cultures of primary hippocampal neurons usually require glia feeder layer to supply neurotrophic factors and sustain longevity. We describe here a simplified method to culture ultra-low density neurons on glass coverslips in the presence of a high density neuronal feeder layer, which facilitates investigation of specific neuronal-autonomous mechanisms.

Ein vereinfachtes Verfahren für Ultra-Low Density, Long-Term Primäre Hippocampus Kultur

Culturing primary hippocampal neurons in vitro facilitates mechanistic interrogation of many aspects of neuronal development. Dissociated embryonic ...

Spinal Cord Neurons Isolation and Culture from Neonatal Mice

We present a protocol for the isolation and culture of spinal cord neurons. The neurons are obtained from neonatal C57BL/6 mice and are isolated on postnatal day 1-3. A mouse litter, usually 4-10 pups born from one breeding pair, is gathered for one experiment, and spinal cords are collected individually from each mouse after euthanasia with isoflurane. The spinal column is dissected out and then the spinal cord is released from the column. The spinal cords are then minced to increase the surface area of delivery for an enzymatic protease that allows for the neurons and other cells to be released from the tissue. Trituration is then used to release the cells into solution. This solution is subsequently fractionated in a density gradient to separate the various cells in solution, allowing for neurons to be isolated. Approximately 1-2.5 x 106 neurons can be isolated from one litter group. The neurons are then seeded onto wells coated with adhesive factors that allow for proper growth and maturation. The neurons take approximately 7 days to reach maturity in the growth and culture medium and can be used thereafter for treatment and analysis.

This study presents a technique for the isolation of neurons from WT neonatal mice. It requires the careful dissection of the spinal cord from the neonatal mouse, followed by the separation of neurons from the spinal cord tissue through mechanical and enzymatic cleavage.

Wirbelsäule Neuronen Isolierung und Kultur aus neonatalen Mäusen

We present a protocol for the isolation and culture of spinal cord neurons. The neurons are obtained from neonatal C57BL/6 mice and are isolated on ...

Generation and Long-term Maintenance of Nerve-free Hydra

The interstitial cell lineage of Hydra includes multipotent stem cells, and their derivatives: gland cells, nematocytes, germ cells, and nerve cells. The interstitial cells can be eliminated through two consecutive treatments with colchicine, a plant-derived toxin that kills dividing cells, thus erasing the potential for renewal of the differentiated cells that are derived from the interstitial stem cells. This allows for the generation of Hydra that lack nerve cells. A nerve-free polyp cannot open its mouth to feed, egest, or regulate osmotic pressure. Such animals, however, can survive and be cultured indefinitely in the laboratory if regularly force-fed and burped. The lack of nerve cells allows for studies of the role of the nervous system in regulating animal behavior and regeneration. Previously published protocols for nerve-free Hydra maintenance involve outdated techniques such as mouth-pipetting with hand-pulled micropipette tips to feed and clean the Hydra. Here, an improved protocol for maintenance of nerve-free Hydra is introduced. Fine-tipped forceps are used to force open the mouth and insert freshly killed Artemia. Following force-feeding, the body cavity of the animal is flushed with fresh medium using a syringe and hypodermic needle to remove undigested material, referred to here as "burping". This new method of force-feeding and burping nerve-free Hydra through the use of forceps and syringes eliminates the need for mouth-pipetting using hand-pulled micropipette tips. It thus makes the process safer and significantly more time efficient. To ensure that the nerve cells in the hypostome have been eliminated, immunohistochemistry using anti-tyrosine-tubulin is conducted.

Generation and Long-term Maintenance of Nerve-free Hydra

Through a double treatment with colchicine, a plant-derived toxin that kills dividing cells, nerve-free Hydra vulgaris can be generated. These Hydra cannot feed or egest on their own. This paper describes an improved method for long-term maintenance of nerve free Hydra vulgaris in the laboratory.

Erzeugung und Langzeitpflege von Nervenfreiheit<em&gt; Hydra</em

The interstitial cell lineage of Hydra includes multipotent stem cells, and their derivatives: gland cells, nematocytes, germ cells, and nerve cells. The ...

Isolation and RNA Extraction of Neurons, Macrophages and Microglia from Larval Zebrafish Brains

To gain a detailed understanding of the role of different CNS cells during development or the establishment and progression of brain pathologies, it is important to isolate these cells without changing their gene expression profile. The zebrafish model provides a large number of transgenic fish lines in which specific cell types are labelled; for example neurons in the NBT:DsRed line or macrophages/microglia in the mpeg1:eGFP line. Furthermore, antibodies have been developed to stain specific cells, such as microglia with the 4C4 antibody.
Here, we describe the isolation of neurons, macrophages and microglia from larval zebrafish brains. Central to this protocol is the avoidance of an enzymatic tissue digestion at 37 &#176;C, which could modify cellular profiles. Instead a mechanical system of tissue homogenization at 4 &#176;C is used. This protocol entails homogenization of brains into cell suspension, their immuno-staining and the isolation of neurons, macrophages and microglia by FACS. Afterwards, we extracted RNA from those cells and evaluated their quality/quantity. We managed to obtain RNA of high quality (RNA Integrity Number (RIN) &#62; 7) to perform qPCR on macrophages/microglia and neurons, and transcriptomic analysis on microglia. This approach enables a better characterization of these cells, as well as a clearer understanding about their role in development and pathologies.

We present a protocol to isolate neurons, macrophages and microglia from larval zebrafish brains under physiological and pathological conditions. Upon isolation, RNA is extracted from these cells to analyze their gene expression profile. This protocol allows for the collection of high-quality RNA for performing downstream analysis like qPCR and transcriptomics.

Isolation und RNA-Extraktion von Neuronen, Makrophagen und Mikroglia aus Larven Zebrafisch Gehirne

To gain a detailed understanding of the role of different CNS cells during development or the establishment and progression of brain pathologies, it is ...