These studies were supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health, National Institute for Alcoholism and Alcohol Abuse to M.G. (P20AA017828, R01AA020634, P50 AA022537). The authors thank Jill Bettinger for helpful discussions and Jacqueline DeLoyht for technical assistance.

1. Tag vor dem Assay <ol><li> Sammeln Fliegen in frischen Lebensmitteln Fläschchen in Gruppen von 11 (gleichgeschlechtlichen) unter kurzen (1-5 min) CO 2. </li><li> Lassen Sie Fliegen auf O / N in der Lebensmittelfläschchen umwelt selbst kontrollierte Verkaufsflächen wiederherzustellen (in der Regel 25 ° C, 60% relative Feuchtigkeit, 12 h Hell / Dunkel-Zyklus). </li><li> Bereiten Ethanol-Lösung (en) durch Verdünnen reine (100%) in Ethanol gereinigt (≥18 MQ) Wasser auf eine Endkonzentration (n) für das geplante Experiment geeignet. Anschließend Lösung (en) auf RT O / N zurück. Hinweis: Die Verdünnung von Ethanol ist exotherm. </li></ol> 2. Tag der Assay <ol><li> Für jedes zu prüfende Ampulle von Fliegen, vorzubereiten (i) eine saubere, leere Konserven Fläschchen; dh Testfläschchen, (ii) ein neuer Celluloseacetat Stecker, (iii) ein Silicon-Stopfen und (iv) 1 ml Ethanollösung (siehe Tabelle 3). </li><li> Bereiten Testraum durch Einstellen der Temperatur auf 20-25 ° C und die relative Luftfeuchtigkeit um 55-65%. </li><li> Haben Sie eine andere Arbeitskraftvergeben Sie einen eindeutigen Code für jede Gruppe von Fläschchen und notieren Sie den Code für später. Zeigen codierten Röhrchen mit Fliegen im Testraum für ein paar Minuten akklimatisieren. </li><li> Beschriften Sie leere Testfläschchen bis hin zu Codes auf Fly Ampullen von 2,3 entsprechen. </li><li> Konstruieren Sie eine Hardcopy Testprotokoll in einer Tabellenkalkulation ähnlich Tabelle 1 Eingabe der Codes in Spalten (eine Spalte / Fläschchen). </li><li> Mit dem Testprotokoll als Leitfaden, ordnen codiert Essen Fläschchen mit Fliegen und leere Testfläschchen in entsprechende Felder in den Testraum. Hinweis: Eine sinnvolle maximale Anzahl der Fläschchen, um zu testen, ist 24 (dh, 6 Sätze von 4 Flaschen je). </li><li> Über fliegt aus der Nahrung in die Fläschchen abgestimmt / beschriftet leer Test Fläschchen und sofort legen Celluloseacetat Stecker in Testfläschchen bis Celluloseacetat Stecker sind 2 cm unterhalb der Flasche Tops. </li><li> Im Folgenden behandeln jede Zeile von vier Ampullen als Set zu gestaffelten 1-Minuten-Intervallen. </li><li> Für die Zeit 0 Beurteilung, fassen Jedes Fläschchen individuell with Daumen und Zeigefinger, und tippen Sie vorsichtig auf dem Tisch drei Mal, um Fliegen auf den Boden der Ampulle klopfen, warten Sie 30 Sekunden und dann zählen die Anzahl der Fliegen, die unbeweglich / tot sind. Notieren Sie sich die Anzahl der unbeweglich / tote Fliegen für jedes Fläschchen zum Zeitpunkt 0 min in dem gedruckten Testprotokoll. </li><li> Timer starten Zählen kontinuierlich zum Zeitpunkt 0 und beginnt sofort mit Zugabe von 1 ml Ethanol zu Celluloseacetat Stecker in die Fläschchen für die erste Zeile / Set von 4 Flaschen. Zugabe von 1 ml Ethanol zu der Celluloseacetat Topfen in die Fläschchen in 5 Sekunden-Intervallen in der Reihenfolge, wie sie getestet werden. Hinzufügen von Ethanol zu der Celluloseester-Stecker in einer kreisförmigen Bewegung, so daß das Ethanol gleichmäßig in der Celluloseacetat Topfen absorbiert. Wenn Ethanol wurde an alle 4 Testdurchstechflaschen in der Menge hinzugefügt wurde, legen Sie eine Silikonkappe in jedem Fläschchen, um sie zu versiegeln. </li><li> Zu Zeiten 1, 2, 3, 4 und 5 min, 1 ml Ethanol zu den zweiten, dritten, vierten, fünften und sechsten Sätze von 4 Flaschen sind. Weiter Einsetzen Silikonstopper nachZugabe von Ethanol zu jedem Satz von 4 Flaschen. </li><li> Zum Zeitpunkt 6 min, testen Sie den ersten Satz von 4 Durchstechflaschen durch Greifen einer Flasche mit Daumen und Zeigefinger, leichtes Klopfen auf den Tisch dreimal, um Fliegen auf den Boden der Ampulle klopfen, warten 30 Sekunden und dann Zählen und Aufzeichnen der Gesamtzahl der Fliegen, die sediert werden. Score fliegt wie betäubt, wenn sie (i) stehen auf dem Boden des Gefäßes, aber nicht zu Fuß oder (ii) liegen auf dem Rücken, mit oder ohne mit den Flügeln schlugen. </li><li> Fassen Sie das Fläschchen in der Höhe von 5 Sekunden-Intervallen mit dem Zeitplan in der Tabelle 2. </li><li> Zu Zeiten 7, 8, 9, 10 und 11 min, testen die zweiten, dritten, vierten, fünften und sechsten Sätze von Fläschchen, die jeweils wie für den ersten Satz durchgeführt. </li><li> Zum Zeitpunkt 12 min, Testen des ersten Satzes von 4 Flaschen wiederum wie in 2.12 beschrieben, und weiterhin die Prüfung der zweiten, dritten, vierten, fünften und sechsten Sätze von Röhrchen bei 13, 14, 15, 16 und 17 min, auf. </li><li> Weiter Testfliegen wie in 2.12 beschrieben, bis alle Fliegen sind sedated. </li><li> Geben Sie die Gesamtzahl der Fliegen in jeder Flasche in der Papiertestprotokoll. Zensieren unbeweglich / tote Fliegen zum Zeitpunkt 0 aus der Gesamtzahl der Fliegen. </li><li> Berechnen Sie die prozentuale aktive Fliegen an jedem Bewertungszeitpunkt und Plot-Daten als% aktive Fliegen (y-Achse) gegen die Zeit (x-Achse). Quantifizieren Ethanol Sedierung durch Interpolation Sedierung Zeit 50 Werte (ST50, Zeit zu 50% Sedierung) von Polynom dritter Ordnung oder S-förmigen Kurvenanpassungen oder Berechnung Fläche unter der Kurve. </li><li> Kompilieren von Daten aus decodiert Fläschchen und statistische Analysen durchführen (zB Einweg-ANOVA mit Bonferroni Mehrfachvergleichstest) gegebenenfalls für das experimentelle Design. </li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

Einfache Tests, die reproduzierbar quantifizieren sinn Phänotypen sind von großem Wert für die Analyse des Verhaltens. Die hier beschriebenen Arbeiten werden mehrere praktische Aspekte eines Tests zur Messung von Ethanol Sedierung Empfindlichkeit und schnelle Toleranz in Drosophila. Obwohl nicht ein Schwerpunkt dieser Arbeit, sind Verhaltensanalysen durch die Erhaltung der Umwelt und genetischen Hintergrund Konstante für Probanden in einer Studie erleichtert. Ferner sollten Vergleiche typischerweise zwische...

Alkoholkonsum Störung (EUR) ist ein enormes Gesundheitsproblem weltweit (in 1 überprüft). Obwohl die Mechanismen, die der Entwicklung von AUD komplex sind, sind diese Erkrankungen einen wichtigen genetischen Komponente (zB 2). Die große Erblichkeit der AUD und der konservierten Verhaltensreaktionen auf auf viele Arten (in 3,4 prüft) haben starkes Interesse an der Verwendung von genetischen Modellorganismen, um die Beteiligung bestimmter Gene in Ethanol bezogene Verhaltensweisen gegenüber ein besseres Verständnis der molekularen Grundlagen der Untersuchung erzeugten Ethanol AUD. Die Fruchtfliege Drosophila melanogaster, hat als einer der führenden Modellorganismus für die Erforschung molekulargenetischen Mechanismen der Ethanol-Verhalten (in 3,4 prüft) entstanden. Studium der Fliegen haben Rollen für mehrere Signalwege in Verhaltensreaktionen auf Ethanol (in 5 mit Beiträgen) hervorgehoben. Interessanterweise, die Verhaltens respons beeinflussen einige der Gene und Signalwegees zu Ethanol in Fliegen auch in Nagetier Ethanolrelevante Verhaltensweisen und / oder menschlichen AUD (zB 6-14) in Verbindung gebracht. Die Erhaltung der Mechanismen, die Ethanolrelevante Verhaltensweisen zwischen den Arten, zusammen mit der Suite von genetischer Werkzeuge zur Verfügung, in der Drosophila-Modellsystem, unterstreichen den Nutzen der Fruchtfliege Modell zur Untersuchung der Genetik von Verhaltensreaktionen auf Ethanol. Empfindlichkeit 15,16 und der Toleranz (in 17 überprüft), um beim Menschen Ethanol wird zur Entwicklung von AUD verbunden. Beide Verhaltensreaktionen auf Ethanol in Fliegen über eine Vielzahl von Labortests (in 3,4 Bewertung) modelliert werden. Alle der Fliegen Assays den Autoren bekannt sind auf beiden zeitabhängigen Ethanol-induzierten Sedierung / Inkoordination oder zeitabhängigen Rückgewinnung aus Ethanol Sedierung basiert. In einem früheren Artikel aus unserer Gruppe über die Genetik der Ethanolsensitivität und rapid Toleranz in Drosophila, einem Verhaltenstest basierend auf Ethanoldampf-induzierten Sedierung von Fliegen wurde 18 verwendet. Testing in diesem Test wurde durch die Übertragung von Live-Erwachsenen initiiert fliegt ohne Betäubung, um Nahrung zu leeren Fläschchen, Trapping die Fliegen in den Fläschchen mit einer Celluloseacetat-Stecker, Zugabe von Ethanol zu der Spitze (dh nicht-fly-Seite) des Celluloseacetats Stecker, und Abdichten der Ampulle, die Fliegen, Celluloseacetat Stecker und Ethanol mit einem Silikonstopper (siehe schematische Abbildung S3 Referenz 18). Mehrere Fläschchen, die verschiedene Gruppen von Fliegen wurden parallel untersucht, der Durchsatz erhöht dieses Assays. Die Fläschchen wurden eine anonyme Code gegeben und Experimentatoren wurden Behandlungsgruppe geblendet, um unbeabsichtigte Verzerrungen bei der Beurteilung der Sedierung zu vermeiden. In einer Standard-Experiment fliegt in Ampullen wurden sanft mit 6-Minuten-Intervallen abgegriffen und nach einer 30 Sekunden Erholung, wurde die Anzahl der sediert Fliegen in jedem Fläschchen gezählt und converted, um die prozentuale aktive Fliegen. Fliegen absorbiert Ethanoldampf aus dem Celluloseacetat-Plug in einem zeitabhängig, was zu einem progressiven Anstieg der internen Ethanol 18 und Sedierung (siehe Referenz 18 und 1A und 1B in diesem Bericht). Sedierung in diesem Test wurde operativ wie Fliegen (i) stehen in der Abwesenheit von Walking oder (ii) auf dem Rücken liegend mit oder ohne mit den Flügeln schlugen definiert. Hier wird diese Ethanol Sedierung Assay im Detail beschrieben, wird eine weitere Betriebsoptimierung relevant Verwendung vorgesehen, und der Assay wird verwendet, um den Beitrag der Nahrungsergänzung Optionen auf fly Sedierung Empfindlichkeit ansprechen.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>food vials</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>89092-772</td>
			<td>narrow</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Flugs</td>
			<td>Genesee/flystuff.com</td>
			<td>49-102</td>
			<td>narrow</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>silicone stopper</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>09-704-1l</td>
			<td>#4</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ethanol</td>
			<td>Pharmaco-Aaper</td>
			<td>111000200</td>
			<td>200 proof</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

an inexpensive, scalable behavioral assay for measuring ethanol sedation sensitivity and rapid tolerance in drosophila

Alkoholkonsum Störung (EUR) ist ein ernstes Gesundheitsproblem. Trotz einer großen erbliche Komponente auf AUD, wenige Gene wurden eindeutig in ihrer Ätiologie in Verbindung gebracht. Die Fruchtfliege Drosophila melanogaster, ist ein leistungsfähiges Modell für die Erforschung molekulargenetischen Mechanismen, die alkoholbedingte Verhaltensweisen und hält daher ein großes Versprechen für die Identifizierung und das Verständnis der Funktion von Genen, die AUD beeinflussen. Die Verwendung der Drosophila-Modell für diese Art von Untersuchungen hängt von der Verfügbarkeit von Assays, die zuverlässig Verhaltensreaktionen auf Ethanol zu messen. Dieser Bericht beschreibt eine für die Beurteilung Ethanol Empfindlichkeit und schnelle Toleranz in Fliegen-Assay. Ethanol Empfindlichkeit in diesem Test gemessen wird durch das Volumen und die Konzentration von Ethanol verwendet wird, eine Vielzahl von zuvor berichtet, genetische Manipulationen, und auch die Länge der Zeit beeinflusst die Fliegen ohne Nahrung unmittelbar vor der Prüfung untergebracht. Demgegenüber Ethanol sensitivity in diesem Test gemessen wird, nicht von der Kraft der Fliegen Handhabung, des Geschlechts der Fliegen, und Ergänzung des Wachstumsmediums mit Antibiotika oder lebende Hefe beeinflußt. Drei verschiedene Methoden zur Quantifizierung von Ethanol Empfindlichkeit beschrieben, die alle zu wesentlichen nicht unterscheidbar Ethanolsensitivität Ergebnisse. Durch die Skalierbarkeit dieses Tests, kombiniert mit seiner Gesamt Einfachheit zu Set-up und relativ niedrige Kosten, machen es für kleine und große genetische Analyse von Ethanolsensitivität und schnelle Toleranz in Drosophila geeignet.

Die Rohdaten dieser Ethanol Sedierung Assays ist die Zahl der Fliegen, die als Funktion der Ethanoldampf Einwirkzeit sediert. Rohdaten werden auf die prozentuale aktive Fliegen als eine Funktion der Zeit umgewandelt werden (Primärdaten, die 1A, B, D - F). Empfindlichkeit gegenüber Ethanol Sedierung von den primären Daten, wie Sedation Zeit 50 (ST50) quantifiziert werden, die Zeit für 50% der Fliegen erforderlich sedierten oder aea unter der Kurve (AUC) zu werden, durch Interpolation...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about An Inexpensive, Scalable Behavioral Assay for Measuring Ethanol Sedation Sensitivity and Rapid Tolerance in Drosophila at JoVE.com

An Inexpensive, Scalable Behavioral Assay for Measuring Ethanol Sedation Sensitivity and Rapid Tolerance in Drosophila

Straightforward assays for measuring ethanol sensitivity and rapid tolerance in Drosophila facilitate the use of this model organism for investigating these important ethanol-related behaviors. Here, a relatively simple, scalable assay for measuring ethanol sensitivity and rapid tolerance in flies is described.

Eine preiswerte, skalierbare Behavioral Assay zur Messung von Ethanol Sedierung Empfindlichkeit und Rapid Toleranz in<em&gt; Drosophila</em

Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a serious health challenge. Despite a large hereditary component to AUD, few genes have been unambiguously implicated in ...

an-inexpensive-scalable-behavioral-assay-for-measuring-ethanol

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

An Inexpensive, Scalable Behavioral Assay for Measuring Ethanol Sedation Sensitivity and Rapid Tolerance in Drosophila

10.2K Aufrufe.  Virginia Commonwealth University. Straightforward assays for measuring ethanol sensitivity and rapid tolerance in Drosophila facilitate the use of this model organism for investigating these important ethanol-related behaviors. Here, a relatively simple, scalable assay for measuring ethanol sensitivity and rapid tolerance in flies is described.

Serie: An Inexpensive, Scalable Behavioral Assay for Measuring Ethanol Sedation Sensitivity and Rapid Tolerance in Drosophila

Combining Behavioral Endocrinology and Experimental Economics: Testosterone and Social Decision Making

Behavioral endocrinological research in humans as well as in animals suggests that testosterone plays a key role in social interactions. Studies in rodents have shown a direct link between testosterone and aggressive behavior1 and folk wisdom adapts these findings to humans, suggesting that testosterone induces antisocial, egoistic or even aggressive behavior2. However, many researchers doubt a direct testosterone-aggression link in humans, arguing instead that testosterone is primarily involved in status-related behavior3,4. As a high status can also be achieved by aggressive and antisocial means it can be difficult to distinguish between anti-social and status seeking behavior.
We therefore set up an experimental environment, in which status can only be achieved by prosocial means. In a double-blind and placebo-controlled experiment, we administered a single sublingual dose of 0.5 mg of testosterone (with a hydroxypropyl-&beta;-cyclodextrin carrier) to 121 women and investigated their social interaction behavior in an economic bargaining paradigm. Real monetary incentives are at stake in this paradigm; every player A receives a certain amount of money and has to make an offer to another player B on how to share the money. If B accepts, she gets what was offered and player A keeps the rest. If B refuses the offer, nobody gets anything. A status seeking player A is expected to avoid being rejected by behaving in a prosocial way, i.e. by making higher offers.
The results show that if expectations about the hormone are controlled for, testosterone administration leads to a significant increase in fair bargaining offers compared to placebo. The role of expectations is reflected in the fact that subjects who report that they believe to have received testosterone make lower offers than those who say they believe that they were treated with a placebo. These findings suggest that the experimental economics approach is sensitive for detecting neurobiological effects as subtle as those achieved by administration of hormones. Moreover, the findings point towards the importance of both psychosocial as well as neuroendocrine factors in determining the influence of testosterone on human social behavior.

The procedure described in this protocol shows that testosterone administration and folk beliefs about testosterone may be associated with directly opposed social behaviors.

Die Kombination Behavioral Endokrinologie und Experimentelle Wirtschaftsforschung: Testosteron und Social Decision Making

Behavioral endocrinological research in humans as well as in animals suggests that testosterone plays a key role in social interactions. Studies in ...

Forschung

Neurowissenschaften

A Simple Way to Measure Ethanol Sensitivity in Flies

Low doses of ethanol cause flies to become hyperactive, while high doses are sedating. The sensitivity to ethanol-induced sedation of a given fly strain is correlated with that strain s ethanol preference, and therefore sedation is a highly relevant measure to study the genetics of alcohol responses and drinking. We demonstrate a simple way to expose flies to ethanol and measure its intoxicating effects. The assay we describe can determine acute sensitivity, as well as ethanol tolerance induced by repeat exposure. It does not require a technically involved setup, and can therefore be applied in any laboratory with basic fly culture tools.

A simple assay to measure the sedating effects of ethanol on Drosophila flies, based on the loss of righting reflex, is described.

Ein einfacher Weg zu Ethanol Empfindlichkeit in Flies Measure

Low doses of ethanol cause flies to become hyperactive, while high doses are sedating. The sensitivity to ethanol-induced sedation of a given fly strain ...

Microdialysis of Ethanol During Operant Ethanol Self-administration and Ethanol Determination by Gas Chromatography

Operant self-administration methods are commonly used to study the behavioral and pharmacological effects of many drugs of abuse, including ethanol. However, ethanol is typically self-administered orally, rather than intravenously like many other drugs of abuse. The pharmacokinetics of orally administered drugs are more complex than intravenously administered drugs. Because understanding the relationship between the pharmacological and behavioral effects of ethanol requires knowledge of the time course of ethanol reaching the brain during and after drinking, we use in vivo microdialysis and gas chromatography with flame ionization detection to monitor brain dialysate ethanol concentrations over time. 
Combined microdialysis-behavioral experiments involve the use of several techniques. In this article, stereotaxic surgery, behavioral training and microdialysis, which can be adapted to test a multitude of self-administration and neurochemical centered hypotheses, are included only to illustrate how they relate to the subsequent phases of sample collection and dialysate ethanol analysis. Dialysate ethanol concentration analysis via gas chromatography with flame-ionization detection, which is specific to ethanol studies, is described in detail. Data produced by these methods reveal the pattern of ethanol reaching the brain during the self-administration procedure, and when paired with neurochemical analysis of the same dialysate samples, allows conclusions to be made regarding the pharmacological and behavioral effects of ethanol.

A method to determine the time course of ethanol concentration in the brains of rats during operant ethanol self-administration is described. Gas chromatography with flame ionization detection is used to quantify ethanol in the dialysate samples, because it has the sensitivity required for the small volumes that are generated.

Microdialysis Ethanol während operante Ethanol Selbstverwaltung und Ethanol Bestimmung durch Gaschromatographie

Operant self-administration methods are commonly used to study the behavioral and pharmacological effects of many drugs of abuse, including ethanol.  ...

Measuring Changes in Tactile Sensitivity in the Hind Paw of Mice Using an Electronic von Frey Apparatus

Measuring inflammation-induced changes in thresholds of hind paw withdrawal from mechanical pressure is a useful technique to assess changes in pain perception in rodents. Withdrawal thresholds can be measured first at baseline and then following drug, venom, injury, allergen,&#160;or otherwise evoked inflammation by applying an accurate force on very specific areas of the skin. An electronic von Frey apparatus allows precise assessment of mouse hind paw withdrawal thresholds that are not limited by the available filament sizes in contrast to classical von Frey measurements. The ease and rapidity of measurements allow for incorporation of assessment of tactile sensitivity outcomes in diverse models of rapid-onset inflammatory and neuropathic pain as multiple measurements can be taken within a short time period. Experimental measurements for individual rodent subjects can be internally controlled against individual baseline responses and exclusion criteria easily established to standardize baseline responses within and across experimental groups. Thus, measurements using an electronic von Frey apparatus represent a useful modification of the well-established classical von Frey filament-based assays for rodent mechanical allodynia that may also be applied to other nonhuman mammalian models.

Electronic von Frey measurements are an effective and improved alternative to classical von Frey filaments, as they allow rapid and precise measurement of changes in rodent mechanical withdrawal thresholds to continuously applied pressure stimuli before and after an inflammatory event.

Messung von Veränderungen in Taktile Empfindlichkeit in der Hinterpfote von Mäusen unter Verwendung eines elektronischen von Frey Apparat

Measuring inflammation-induced changes in thresholds of hind paw withdrawal from mechanical pressure is a useful technique to assess changes in pain ...

A Simple and Inexpensive Method for Determining Cold Sensitivity and Adaptation in Mice

Cold hypersensitivity is a serious clinical problem, affecting a broad subset of patients and causing significant decreases in quality of life. The cold plantar assay allows the objective and inexpensive assessment of cold sensitivity in mice, and can quantify both analgesia and hypersensitivity. Mice are acclimated on a glass plate, and a compressed dry ice pellet is held against the glass surface underneath the hindpaw. The latency to withdrawal from the cooling glass is used as a measure of cold sensitivity.
Cold sensation is also important for survival in regions with seasonal temperature shifts, and in order to maintain sensitivity animals must be able to adjust their thermal response thresholds to match the ambient temperature. The Cold Plantar Assay (CPA) also allows the study of adaptation to changes in ambient temperature by testing the cold sensitivity of mice at temperatures ranging from 30 &#176;C to 5 &#176;C. Mice are acclimated as described above, but the glass plate is cooled to the desired starting temperature using aluminum boxes (or aluminum foil packets) filled with hot water, wet ice, or dry ice. The temperature of the plate is measured at the center using a filament T-type thermocouple probe. Once the plate has reached the desired starting temperature, the animals are tested as described above.
This assay allows testing of mice at temperatures ranging from innocuous to noxious. The CPA yields unambiguous and consistent behavioral responses in uninjured mice and can be used to quantify both hypersensitivity and analgesia. This protocol describes how to use the CPA to measure cold hypersensitivity, analgesia, and adaptation in mice.

The Cold Plantar Assay (CPA) measures cold responsiveness between 30 &#176;C and 5 &#176;C, and can also measure cold adaptation. This protocol describes how to use the CPA to measure cold hypersensitivity, analgesia, and adaptation in mice.

Eine einfache und kostengünstige Methode zur Bestimmung der Überempfindlichkeit auf Kälte und Anpassung an der Maus

Cold hypersensitivity is a serious clinical problem, affecting a broad subset of patients and causing significant decreases in quality of life.  The cold ...

An Assay for Measuring the Effects of Ethanol on the Locomotion Speed of Caenorhabditis elegans

Alcohol use disorders are a significant public health concern, for which there are few effective treatment strategies. One difficulty that has delayed the development of more effective treatments is the relative lack of understanding of the molecular underpinnings of the effects of ethanol on behavior. The nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans (C.&#160;elegans), provides a useful model in which to generate and test hypotheses about the molecular effects of ethanol. Here, we describe an assay that has been developed and used to examine the roles of particular genes and environmental factors in behavioral responses to ethanol, in which locomotion is the behavioral output. Ethanol dose-dependently causes an acute depression of crawling on an agar surface. The effects are dynamic; animals exposed to a high concentration demonstrate an initial strong depression of crawling, referred to here as initial sensitivity, and then partially recover locomotion speed despite the continued presence of the drug. This ethanol-induced behavioral plasticity is referred to here as the development of acute functional tolerance. This assay has been used to demonstrate that these two phenotypes are distinct and genetically separable. The straightforward locomotion assay described here is suitable for examining the effects of both genetic and environmental manipulations on these acute behavioral responses to ethanol in C.&#160;elegans.

An Assay for Measuring the Effects of Ethanol on the Locomotion Speed of Caenorhabditis elegans

C. elegans is a useful model for studying the effects of ethanol on behavior. We present a behavioral assay that quantifies the effects of ethanol on the locomotion speed of crawling worms; both initial sensitivity and the development of acute functional tolerance to ethanol can be measured with this assay.

Ein Test zur Messung der Wirkung von Ethanol auf die Fortbewegungsgeschwindigkeit der<em&gt; Caenorhabditis elegans</em

Alcohol use disorders are a significant public health concern, for which there are few effective treatment strategies. One difficulty that has delayed the ...

A Behavioral Assay for Mechanosensation of MARCM-based Clones in Drosophila melanogaster

Because of the structural and functional homology to the hair cells of the mammalian inner ear, the neurons that innervate the Drosophila external sense organs provide an excellent model system for the study of mechanosensation. This protocol describes a simple touch behavior in fruit flies which can be used to identify mutations that interfere with mechanosensation. The tactile stimulation of a macrochaete bristle on the thorax of flies elicits a grooming reflex from either the first or third leg. Mutations that interfere with mechanotransduction (such as NOMPC), or with other aspects of the reflex arc, can inhibit the grooming response. A traditional screen of adult behaviors would have missed mutants that have essential roles during development. Instead, this protocol combines the touch screen with mosaic analysis with a repressible cell marker (MARCM) to allow for only limited regions of homozygous mutant cells to be generated and marked by the expression of green fluorescent protein (GFP). By testing MARCM clones for abnormal behavioral responses, it is possible to screen a collection of lethal p-element mutations to search for new genes involved in mechanosensation that would have been missed by more traditional methods.

A Behavioral Assay for Mechanosensation of MARCM-based Clones in Drosophila melanogaster

In order to identify novel mutations affecting mechanosensation, we designed an assay that measures the behavioral response to tactile stimulation of fly bristles in mutant clones generated by the MARCM method. The combination of techniques allows for the identification of mechanosensitive mutations that would otherwise be lethal.

Ein Verhaltenstest für Mechanosensation der MARCM-basierte Klonen in<em&gt; Drosophila melanogaster</em

Because of the structural and functional homology to the hair cells of the mammalian inner ear, the neurons that innervate the Drosophila external sense ...

Electrophysiological Method for Recording Intracellular Voltage Responses of Drosophila Photoreceptors and Interneurons to Light Stimuli In Vivo

Voltage responses of insect photoreceptors and visual interneurons can be accurately recorded with conventional sharp microelectrodes. The method described here enables the investigator to measure long-lasting (from minutes to hours) high-quality intracellular responses from single Drosophila R1-R6 photoreceptors and Large Monopolar Cells (LMCs) to light stimuli. Because the recording system has low noise, it can be used to study variability among individual cells in the fly eye, and how their outputs reflect the physical properties of the visual environment. We outline all key steps in performing this technique. The basic steps in constructing an appropriate electrophysiology set-up for recording, such as design and selection of the experimental equipment are described. We also explain how to prepare for recording by making appropriate (sharp) recording and (blunt) reference electrodes. Details are given on how to fix an intact fly in a bespoke fly-holder, prepare a small window in its eye and insert a recording electrode through this hole with minimal damage. We explain how to localize the center of a cell's receptive field, dark- or light-adapt the studied cell, and to record its voltage responses to dynamic light stimuli. Finally, we describe the criteria for stable normal recordings, show characteristic high-quality voltage responses of individual cells to different light stimuli, and briefly define how to quantify their signaling performance. Many aspects of the method are technically challenging and require practice and patience to master. But once learned and optimized for the investigator's experimental objectives, it grants outstanding in vivo neurophysiological data.

Electrophysiological Method for Recording Intracellular Voltage Responses of Drosophila Photoreceptors and Interneurons to Light Stimuli In Vivo

Sharp microelectrodes enable accurate electrophysiological characterization of photoreceptor and visual interneuron output in living Drosophila. Here we show how to use this method to record high-quality voltage responses of individual cells to controlled light stimulation. This method is ideal for studying neural information processing in insect compound eyes.

Elektrophysiologische Verfahren zur Aufzeichnung von intrazellulärer Spannung Antworten von<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Fotorezeptoren und Inter auf Lichtreize<em&gt; In Vivo</em

Voltage responses of insect photoreceptors and visual interneurons can be accurately recorded with conventional sharp microelectrodes. The method ...

Measuring and Altering Mating Drive in Male Drosophila melanogaster

Despite decades of investigation, the neuronal and molecular bases of motivational states remain mysterious. We have recently developed a novel, reductionist, and scalable system for in-depth investigation of motivation using the mating drive of male Drosophila&#160;melanogaster (Drosophila), the methods for which we detail here. The behavioral paradigm centers on the finding that male mating drive decreases alongside fertility over the course of repeated copulations and recovers over ~3 d. In this system, the powerful neurogenetic tools available in the fly converge with the genetic accessibility and putative wiring diagram available for sexual behavior. This convergence allows rapid isolation and interrogation of small neuronal populations with specific motivational functions. Here we detail the design and execution of the satiety assay that is used to measure and alter courtship motivation in the male fly. Using this assay, we also demonstrate that low male mating drive can be overcome by stimulating dopaminergic neurons. The satiety assay is simple, affordable, and robust to influences of genetic background. We expect the satiety assay to generate many new insights into the neurobiology of motivational states.

Measuring and Altering Mating Drive in Male Drosophila melanogaster

This article describes a behavioral assay that uses male mating drive in Drosophila melanogaster to study motivation. Using this method, researchers can utilize advanced fly neurogenetic techniques to uncover the genetic, molecular, and cellular mechanisms that underlie this motivation.

Messen und Ändern von Mating Antrieb in Male<em&gt; Drosophila melanogaster</em

Despite decades of investigation, the neuronal and molecular bases of motivational states remain mysterious. We have recently developed a novel, ...

Novel Assay for Cold Nociception in Drosophila Larvae

How organisms sense and respond to noxious temperatures is still poorly understood. Further, the mechanisms underlying sensitization of the sensory machinery, such as in patients experiencing peripheral neuropathy or injury-induced sensitization, are not well characterized. The genetically tractable Drosophila model has been used to study the cells and genes required for noxious heat detection, which has yielded multiple conserved genes of interest. Little is known however about the cells and receptors important for noxious cold sensing. Although, Drosophila does not survive prolonged exposure to cold temperatures (&#8804;10 &#186;C), and will avoid cool, preferring warmer temperatures in behavioral preference assays, how they sense and possibly avoid noxious cold stimuli has only recently been investigated.
Here we describe and characterize the first noxious cold (&#8804;10 &#186;C) behavioral assay in Drosophila. Using this tool and assay, we show an investigator how to qualitatively and quantitatively assess cold nociceptive behaviors. This can be done under normal/healthy culture conditions, or presumably in the context of disease, injury or sensitization. Further, this assay can be applied to larvae selected for desired genotypes, which might impact thermosensation, pain, or nociceptive sensitization. Given that pain is a highly conserved process, using this assay to further study&#160;thermal nociception will likely glean important understanding of pain processes in other species, including vertebrates.

Novel Assay for Cold Nociception in Drosophila Larvae

Here we demonstrate a novel assay to study cold nociception in Drosophila larvae. This assay utilizes a custom-built Peltier probe capable of applying a focal noxious cold stimulus and results in quantifiable cold-specific behaviors. This technique will allow further cellular and molecular dissection of cold nociception.

Neuartige Assay für kalte Nozizeption in<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Larvae

How organisms sense and respond to noxious temperatures is still poorly understood. Further, the mechanisms underlying sensitization of the sensory ...