Wir danken Haruya Ohno, Kosaku Shinoda, Louis Sharp, Emi Tomoda und Lauren Ruiz für Diskussionen, technische Hilfe und redaktionelle Unterstützung auf dem Manuskript. Diese Arbeit wurde durch Zuschüsse aus dem NIH (DK087853), aus dem Programm für Breakthrough Biomedical Research und von Asubio Pharm Inc. SKULA wurde von einem Anteil PhD-Stipendien an der Universität von Kopenhagen und dem EU FP7 Projekt Diabat (HEALTH-F2 abgestützt -2.011-278.373) an Lise Madsen und Karsten Kristiansen. Wir erkennen auch die DERC Zentrum Zuschuss (NIH P30 DK063720).

Ein. Bereiten Verdauung Medium Make 5 ml pro 5 Mäuse pro Gewebe (ca. 1 ml / 1 g Fettgewebe). <ol><li> Wiegen in Verdauungsenzyme: - Collaginase D: 1,5 u / ml (1108874103, 1 g, Roche, 70.334.223) - Dispase II: 2,4 u / ml (04942078001, 0.980 mg / lyo, Roche, 11.466.200) </li><li> 25 ml PBS und gut mischen sich aufzulösen </li><li> Hinzufügen CaCl 2 unmittelbar vor dem Aufschluss des Gewebes bei einer Endkonzentration von 10 mM </li></ol> 2. Dissect Fettgewebe von Mäusen <ol><li> Dissection sollte sorgfältig durchgeführt werden, und unmittelbar nach der Mäuse (6-8 Wochen alt) geopfert werden. Arbeiten sterile mit Ethanol auf der Maus Fell gesprüht, bevor Sie es öffnen. Legen Sie das Gewebe direkt in sauberen PBS, separate interskapularen BAT und des Unterhautzellgewebes inguinal WAT. </li><li> Für interskapularen BAT: die Maus mit dem Rücken stellten sich gelegt, geschnitten entlang der Rückseite und den ganzen Weg bis zum Hals offen. Die brauneFettgewebe kann direkt unter der Haut zwischen den Schultern (interskapularen) gefunden werden. BAT als zwei Lappen, Schmetterling geformt gesehen werden. Eine dünne Schicht aus weißem Fett Abdecken der BAT sollte sorgfältig entfernt werden. </li><li> Für die subkutane WAT (inguinal WAT): Haut entfernen. Leistenbruch WAT wird direkt unter der Haut auf beiden Seiten gefunden, beginnend fast auf den Rücken und geht neben, Innenseite der Oberschenkel und nach unten in Richtung des Hodens. </li></ol> 3. Ausschneiden und Digest Fettgewebe <ol><li> Schnelles Entfernen alle Verunreinigungen wie Haare, Skelettmuskulatur und Bindegewebe von den Gewebeschnitten. </li><li> Trocknen Gewebe schnell auf Papier nicht verwässern Dissektion Medium mit PBS und legen Sie sie auf einer trockenen Platte. </li><li> Fügen Digestionsmedium (hinzugefügt CaCl 2 vor der Verdauung) und Mince das Gewebe in kleine Stücke schneiden. Mix sehr gut durch Auf-und Abpipettieren mit einer 5 ml Pipette. Übertragen der zerkleinerten Gewebe in 50 ml Röhrchen mit dem Rest des Aufschlusses medium, mischen noch mehr durch Auf-und Abpipettieren. </li><li> Digest 37 ° C mit konstantem Rühren bei 150 UpM für 40-50 min. Überprüfen Sie alle 10-15 min sicherstellen, dass die Verdauung gut und über-Verdauung zu verhindern. </li></ol> Hinweis: Die korrekte Digestionsmedium und Zeit sind wichtig. Das Gewebe muss gut verdaut werden, aber überschüssige Verdauung kann die Zellen schädigen. 4. Filter Zellsuspension <ol><li> Stoppen Verdau durch Zugabe von 5 ml Vollmedium (DMEM/F12 mit 10% FPS und P / S). Die Zellen sollten fast völlig homogen. Gut mischen durch Pipettieren. </li><li> Zentrifuge bei 700 × g für 10 min. </li><li> SVF kann nun als bräunliches Pellet am Boden des Röhrchens gesehen werden. Saugen Sie die ölige reife Adipozyten Schicht auf der Oberseite und die meisten der flüssigen Schicht - halten Sie das Pellet und löst ihn in 10 ml Vollmedium. Gut mischen. </li><li> Legen Sie eine Zellsieb (50-70 Mikrometer Durchmesser) über einen neuen 50<html> ml-Tube und Filtern der Zellsuspension. </li></ol> 5. Platte Cells <ol><li> Übertragen Zellsuspension in ein 15 ml Röhrchen und Zentrifuge bei 700 × g für 10 min. </li><li> Anzusaugen Mediums und Resuspendieren Pellet in 10 ml Vollmedium. Pipette und gut mischen. </li><li> Schätzen Sie, wie viele Platten benötigt werden. Dies kann variieren und hängt von der Pelletgröße. Eine allgemeine Regel ist 2 von 10 cm Platten aus 5 Mäusen inguinal WAT und eine 10 cm Platte für BAT. </li><li> Platte Zellen auf Kollagen beschichteten Platten (R &amp; D) in Vollmedium </li><li> 1-2 Stunden nach Ausplattieren der Zellen, absaugen Medium, zweimal mit PBS waschen und mit frischem Medium. Dieser Schritt ist wichtig, da dies roten Blutzellen, Immunzellen und andere Verunreinigungen entfernen kann. </li></ol> 6. Differenzieren Cells <ol><li> Die Wartung und die Induktion Medien. </li></ol> Erhaltungsmedium Komplett-Medium mit: ent &quot;&gt; Insulin, Endkonzentration. 5 pg / ml (5 mg / ml Brühe, *** 100 ul Essigsäure in 10 ml H 2 O zur Vorbereitung angesäuert Wasser pH-Wert 2,5. aufzulösen Insulin in der angesäuerten Wasser. Shop bestellt -20 ° C) 3,3 &#39;,5-Triiodo-L-thyronine (T3), Endkonzentration. 1 nM (10 uM Lager auflösen *** in 1N NaOH T3 und fügen mittel-bis 10 uM Lager zu machen. Sigma cat # T-2877) Lagerung bei 4 ° C, gut für 1 Woche Induktionsmedium Erhaltungsmedium enthält folgende Verbindungen: Indomethacin, Endkonzentration. 125 uM (0,125 M Lager in Ethanol, Sigma cat # I-7378). Indomethacin muss erwärmt auf 60 ° C aufgelöst werden. Dexamethason, Endkonzentration. 2 pg / ml (2 mg / ml Socke in Ethanol, Sigma cat # D-1756) 3-Isobutyl-1-methylxanthin (IBMX), Endkonzentration. 0,5 mm (0,25 M Stammlösung in DMSO, Sigma cat # I-5879) Rosiglitazon, Endkonzentration. 0,5 uM(10 mM Stammlösung in DMSO, Sigma cat # R-2408) Hinweis: Stellen Sie frische Induktionsmedium jeder Zeit. <ol start="2"><li> Wachsen primären Adipozyten zu 95-97% Konfluenz in Vollmedium (konfluent, aber nicht zu voll) </li><li> Anderer regelmäßigen Vollmedium mit Induktionsmedium (Tag 0) </li><li> Nach 48 Stunden (Tag 2), ändern Sie mittel-bis Erhaltungsmedium mit Rosiglitazon (0,5 uM) </li><li> Nach weiteren 48 Stunden (Tag 4), an die frische Wartung Medium mit Rosiglitazon (1 pM) für 2-3 Tage ändern. 6-7 Tage nach dem Hinzufügen des Induktionsmedium werden Zellen vollständig differenziert zu reifen Fettzellen und sind mit Öltröpfchen gefüllt. Tröpfchen etwa 3-4 Tage nach der Induktion erscheinen. </li></ol> Hinweis: Ändern Medium alle 2-3 Tage, bis die Zellen vollständig differenziert. Zellen können jetzt geerntet und mRNA-Expression von UCP1 und other braunen Adipozyten-spezifische Gene können durch qRT-PCR gemessen werden. Western Blot verwendet, um Proteine ​​zu detektieren.

<ol>
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Die Autoren erklären, dass sie keine finanziellen Interessen haben.

Hier präsentieren wir Ihnen eine zuverlässige zelluläre System, um die Entwicklung von beige / brite Zellen in primären kultivierten Adipozyten in Mäusen untersucht werden. Wie zu mehreren verfügbaren immortalisierten Zelllinien verglichen werden, ist dieses System dürfte verbesserte Relevanz für die Bräunung der weißen Fett in vivo bieten. Obwohl die Studie dieser primären Adipozyten bietet einige Vorteile, es existieren auch einige Einschränkungen und Bedenken, die unb...

<html> Adipositas ist dramatisch zunehmenden weltweit und ist heute eines der schwerwiegendsten Bedenken für die öffentliche Gesundheit 1 betrachtet. Dieser Zustand ist mit einem Ungleichgewicht in der Energieaufnahme relativ zu Ausgaben und führt überschüssige Energie als Lipid in weißem Fettgewebe (WAT) gespeichert verwandt. Vergrößerten WAT ist mit einer erhöhten Körpermasse und Gewicht zugeordnet ist, während braunes Fettgewebe hat die Fähigkeit, überschüssige Energie abzuleiten, um Wärme zu erzeugen. Daher BAT kann als Schutz gegen Kälte und Übergewicht 2,3 funktionieren. Dies wird durch Auskuppeln der Elektronentransport in Mitochondrien durch entkoppelnde Protein 1 (UCP1) erreicht. Dieses Protein wird als ein Markenzeichen für nonshivering Thermogenese in BAT 3. Mehrere Studien in den letzten Jahren gezeigt, dass erwachsene Menschen funktionale BAT 4-8 haben und somit Manipulation von BAT beim Menschen kann eine mögliche therapeutische Intervention im Kampf gegen Fettleibigkeit und die damit verbundenen Krankheiten. jove_content &quot;&gt; Aktuelle Daten zeigen, dass zwei Arten von braunen Fettzellen bei Nagetieren existieren;&quot; klassischen &quot;oder&quot; pre-existierenden &quot;braunes Fett entwickelt sich während der pränatalen Phase und bildet gewidmet braunen Fettgewebe Depots in interskapularen Region und anderen peripheren Geweben Auf der anderen Seite. ein &quot;induzierbare&quot; Form von braunem Fett (sogenannte brite oder beige Zellen) entwickelt sich während der postnatalen Stufe und erscheint durchsetzt im weißen Fettgewebe. Die zwei Typen von braunen Fettzellen auch von verschiedenen Entwicklungsstadien Ursprünge getrennt. Während die vorbestehenden braunen Fettzellen entstehen aus myoblastsic-ähnliche Myf5 Vorstufen entstehen die induzierbare brite / beige Zellen in WAT durchsetzt von einem nicht-Abstammungslinie Myf5 9,10. Zusätzlich Regulationswege dieses Zelltyps wahrscheinlich unterschiedlich vom Myf5 abgeleiteten braun ist Adipozyten 11. Die Entwicklung der beige Zellen (dh &quot;Bräunungs&quot; von weißem Fett) in Reaktion auf chronische Kälteexposition und aktiviert werdenβ3-Adrenozeptor-Agonisten oder PPAR &amp;ggr;-Agonisten bei Erwachsenen 12-14. Die beige / brite Zellen wahrscheinlich ein vielversprechendes therapeutisches Ziel für Manipulation Gesamtenergiebilanz sein und kann potentiell Teil Entfettungskur geworden, daher ist es wichtig, genaue molekulare Mechanismen und Signalwege durch welche Umweltreize steuern die Entwicklung der beige verstehen Zellen. Um die molekulare Kontrolle der Bräunung von weißem Fett zu verstehen, werden in vitro-Versuche am besten als Differenzierung von Präadipozyten erfolgt vielmehr asynchron geeignet und es ist schwierig, die Zellen in situ 15 detektieren. Obwohl Studien zur Entwicklung Adipozyten somit haben bis jetzt überwiegend auf Zelllinien wie 3T3-L1, 3T3-F442A oder HIB1 durchgeführt erscheinen diese Zelllinien, die molekulare Unterschrift beige Zellen fehlt. Auf der anderen Seite, sind primäre Adipozyten aus subkutaner WAT isoliert am ehesten die Verarbeitung rekapitulierens der Bräunung der weiße Fett in einer Zelle autonom. Hier bieten wir ein Protokoll für eine effektive Isolierung des Stroma-Kreislauf-Fraktion aus Fettgewebe und zur Induktion der Bräunung von weißem Fett in Reaktion auf PPAR &amp;ggr;-Agonisten. Rosiglitazon ist gezeigt worden, eine besonders effektive Mediator Bräunungsgrad in diesen Zellen vorhanden sein. Wie zuvor 16 angedeutet, kann dieses zellulare System verwendet, um eine zuverlässige Zellularsystem um die Entwicklung von beige / brite Zellen zu untersuchen dienen.

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> Reagens </td></tr><tr><td> Collaginase D </td><td> Roche </td><td> 11088874103 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Dispase II </td><td> Roche </td><td> 04942078001 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> CaCl 2 </td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> DMEM-Medium </td><td> Fischer </td><td> 10017-CV </td><td> Mit 2,5 g / l Glukose und L-Glutamin, ohne Natriumpyruvat </td></tr><tr><td> Insulin </td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> T3 (3,3 &#39;,5-Triiod-L-Thyronin) </td><td> Sigma </td><td> T-2877 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Indomethacin </td><td> Sigma </td><td> I-7378 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Dexamethasone </td><td> Sigma </td><td> D-1756 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> IBMX </td><td> Sigma </td><td> I-5879 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Rosiglitazone </td><td> Sigma </td><td> R-2408 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> Ausrüstung </td></tr><tr><td> Kollagen beschichteten Schalen </td><td> BD </td><td> 354450 </td><td> 10 cm Platten </td></tr><tr><td> 70 um-Filter </td><td> BD Falcon </td><td> 352350 </td><td> Zellsieb, 70 um Nylon 1/ea </td></tr></tbody></table>

isolation and differentiation of stromal vascular cells to beige/brite cells

Braunen Fettzellen haben die Fähigkeit, die Atmungskette der Mitochondrien entkoppeln und dissipieren chemische Energie als Wärme. Entwicklung UCP1-positiven braunen Fettzellen in weißem Fettgewebe (sogenannte beige oder brite Zellen) hoch ist durch eine Vielzahl von Umweltreize wie chronische Kälteexposition oder durch PPAR &amp;ggr; Agonisten induziert wird, somit hat dieses Zelltyps Potential als therapeutisches Ziel für Behandlung von Fettleibigkeit. Obwohl die meisten verewigt Adipozyten Linien nicht rekapitulieren können den Prozess der &quot;Bräunung&quot; der weißen Fett in Kultur, primären Adipozyten aus stromalen vaskulären Fraktion im subkutanen weißen Fettgewebe (WAT) isoliert eine zuverlässige zelluläre System, um die molekulare Kontrolle der beige / brite-Zell-Entwicklung zu studieren . Hier beschreiben wir ein Protokoll für eine effektive Trennung von Primär-und Präadipozyten zur Induzierung der Differenzierung zu beige / brite Zellen in Kultur. Die Bräunung Effekt kann durch die Expression von braunem Fett-selektive Markierung beurteilt werdenten wie UCP1.

Browning von primären Adipozyten kann durch Messung mRNA-Expression von UCP1 und andere braune Fett-spezifisch oder selektiv Gene durch qRT-PCR zugegriffen werden. Präsentiert in Abbildung 1 ist Genexpressionsdaten in inguinal WAT-abgeleiteten primären Adipozyten. Die Zellen wurden induziert in der Gegenwart von zwei verschiedenen Dosen von Rosiglitazon bei 50 nM und 500 nM unterscheiden sind. Eine Untergruppe von Zellen wurde mit Forskolin bei 10 pM für 4 Stunden vor der Ernte behandelt. D...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation and Differentiation of Stromal Vascular Cells to Beige/Brite Cells at JoVE.com

Isolation and Differentiation of Stromal Vascular Cells to Beige/Brite Cells

Primäre weißen Präadipozyten aus weißem Fettgewebe von Mäusen isoliert werden in beige / brite Zellen unterschieden werden. Präsentiert hier ist ein zuverlässiger zellulären Modellsystem, um die molekulare Regulation von &quot;Bräunung&quot; der weiße Fett zu studieren.

Isolation und Differenzierung von Stroma-Vascular Cells Beige / Brite Cells

Brown adipocytes have the ability to uncouple the  respiratory chain in mitochondria and dissipate chemical energy as heat.  Development of UCP1-positive ...

isolation-differentiation-stromal-vascular-cells-to-beigebrite

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

38.4K Aufrufe.  University of California, San Francisco. Primäre weißen Präadipozyten aus weißem Fettgewebe von Mäusen isoliert werden in beige / brite Zellen unterschieden werden. Präsentiert hier ist ein zuverlässiger zellulären Modellsystem, um die molekulare Regulation von "Bräunung" der weiße Fett zu studieren.

Serie: Isolation and Differentiation of Stromal Vascular Cells to Beige/Brite Cells

Isolation and Animal Serum Free Expansion of Human Umbilical Cord Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells (MSCs) and Endothelial Colony Forming Progenitor Cells (ECFCs)

The umbilical cord is a rich source for progenitor cells with high proliferative potential including mesenchymal stromal cells (also termed mesenchymal stem cells, MSCs) and endothelial colony forming progenitor cells (ECFCs). Both cell types are key players in maintaining the integrity of tissue and are probably also involved in regenerative processes and tumor formation.
To study their biology and function in a comparative manner it is important to have both cells types available from the same donor. It may also be beneficial for regenerative purposes to derive MSCs and ECFCs from the same tissue.
Because cellular therapeutics should eventually find their way from bench to bedside we established a new method to isolate and further expand progenitor cells without the use of animal protein. Pooled human platelet lysate (pHPL) replaced fetal bovine serum in all steps of our protocol to completely avoid contact of the cells to xenogeneic proteins.
This video demonstrates a methodology for the isolation and expansion of progenitor cells from one umbilical cord.
All materials and procedures will be described.

Isolation and Animal Serum Free Expansion of Human Umbilical Cord Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells MSCs and Endothelial Colony Forming Progenitor Cells ECFCs

This protocol describes the isolation and subsequent expansion of mesenchymal stromal cells and endothelial colony forming cells without the use of animal serum to generate autologous pairs for experimental transplantation purposes.

Isolation und tierisches Serum Freie Expansion der menschlichen Nabelschnur Derived mesenchymale Stromazellen (MSCs) und Endothelial Colony Forming Progenitorzellen (ECFCs)

The umbilical cord is a rich source for progenitor cells with high proliferative potential including mesenchymal stromal cells (also termed mesenchymal ...

Forschung

Biologie

Induction and Analysis of Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition

Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is essential for proper morphogenesis during development. Misregulation of this process has been implicated as a key event in fibrosis and the progression of carcinomas to a metastatic state. Understanding the processes that underlie EMT is imperative for the early diagnosis and clinical control of these disease states. Reliable induction of EMT in vitro is a useful tool for drug discovery as well as to identify common gene expression signatures for diagnostic purposes. Here we demonstrate a straightforward method for the induction of EMT in a variety of cell types. Methods for the analysis of cells pre- and post-EMT induction by immunocytochemistry are also included. Additionally, we demonstrate the effectiveness of this method through antibody-based array analysis and migration/invasion assays.

A straightforward method is described for the induction of epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) in a variety of cell types. Methods for the analysis of cells in EMT states by immunocytochemistry are included.

Induktion und Analyse von epithelialen zu mesenchymalen Transition

Epithelial  to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is essential for proper morphogenesis during  development. Misregulation of this  process has been implicated ...

Isolation and Primary Culture of Mouse Aortic Endothelial Cells

The vascular endothelium is essential to normal vascular homeostasis. Its dysfunction participates in various cardiovascular disorders. The mouse is an important model for cardiovascular disease research. This study demonstrates a simple method to isolate and culture endothelial cells from the mouse aorta without any special equipment. To isolate endothelial cells, the thoracic aorta is quickly removed from the mouse body, and the attached adipose tissue and connective tissue are removed from the aorta. The aorta is cut into 1 mm rings. Each aortic ring is opened and seeded onto a growth factor reduced matrix with the endothelium facing down. The segments are cultured in endothelial cell growth medium for about 4 days. The endothelial sprouting starts as early as day 2. The segments are then removed and the cells are cultured continually until they reach confluence. The endothelial cells are harvested using neutral proteinase and cultured in endothelial cell growth medium for another two passages before being used for experiments. Immunofluorescence staining indicated that after the second passage the majority of cells were double positive for Dil-ac-LDL uptake, Lectin binding, and CD31 staining, the typical characteristics of endothelial cells. It is suggested that cells at the second to third passages are suitable for in vitro and in vivo experiments to study the endothelial biology. Our protocol provides an effective means of identifying specific cellular and molecular mechanisms in endothelial cell physiopathology.

The vascular endothelial cells play a significant role in many important cardiovascular disorders. This article describes a simple method to isolate and expand endothelial cells from the mouse aorta without using any special equipment. Our protocol provides an effective means of identifying mechanisms in endothelial cell physiopathology.

Isolation und Primärkultur von Maus Aortic Endothelial Cells

The vascular endothelium is essential to normal vascular homeostasis. Its dysfunction participates in various cardiovascular disorders. The mouse is an ...

Isolation of CD146+ Resident Lung Mesenchymal Stromal Cells from Rat Lungs

Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are increasingly recognized for their therapeutic potential in a wide range of diseases, including lung diseases. Besides the use of bone marrow and umbilical cord MSCs for exogenous cell therapy, there is also increasing interest in the repair and regenerative potential of resident tissue MSCs. Moreover, they likely have a role in normal organ development, and have been attributed roles in disease, particularly those with a fibrotic nature. The main hurdle for the study of these resident tissue MSCs is the lack of a clear marker for the isolation and identification of these cells. The isolation technique described here applies multiple characteristics of lung resident MSCs (L-MSCs). Upon sacrifice of the rats, lungs are removed and rinsed multiple times to remove blood. Following mechanical dissociation by scalpel, the lungs are digested for 2-3 hr using a mix of collagenase type I, neutral protease and DNase type I. The obtained single cell suspension is subsequently washed and layered over density gradient medium (density 1.073 g/ml). After centrifugation, cells from the interphase are washed and plated in culture-treated flasks. Cells are cultured for 4-7 days in physiological 5% O2, 5% CO2 conditions. To deplete fibroblasts (CD146-) and to ensure a population of only L-MSCs (CD146+), positive selection for CD146+ cells is performed through magnetic bead selection. In summary, this procedure reliably produces a population of primary L-MSCs for further in vitro study and manipulation. Because of the nature of the protocol, it can easily be translated to other experimental animal models.

Isolation of CD146+ Resident Lung Mesenchymal Stromal Cells from Rat Lungs

This protocol describes an isolation technique for obtaining primary lung resident mesenchymal stromal cells from rats, through the use of enzymatic digestion, density gradient separation, plastic adherence and CD146+ magnetic bead selection.

Isolierung von CD146<sup&gt; +</sup&gt; Resident Lung mesenchymalen Stromazellen aus Rattenlungen

Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are increasingly recognized for their therapeutic potential in a wide range of diseases, including lung diseases. Besides ...

Isolation of Murine Coronary Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells

While the isolation and culture of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) from large vessels is well established, we sought to isolate and culture VSMCs from the coronary circulation. Hearts with intact aortic arches were removed and perfused via retrograde Langendorff with digestion solution containing 300 Units/ml of collagenase type II, 0.1 mg/ml soybean trypsin inhibitor and 1 M CaCl2. The perfusates were collected at 15 min intervals for 90 min, pelleted by centrifugation, resuspended in plating media, and plated on tissue culture dishes. VSMCs were characterized by presence of SM22&#945;, &#945;-SMA, and vimentin. One of the main advantages of using this technique is the ability to isolate VSMCs from the coronary circulation of mice. Although the small number of cells obtained can limit some of the applications for which the cells can be utilized, isolated coronary VSMCs can be used in a variety of well-established cell culture techniques and assays. Studies investigating VSMCs from genetically modified mice can provide further information about structure-function and signaling processes associated with vascular pathologies.

The purpose of this protocol is to demonstrate the isolation and culture techniques of murine primary vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) from the coronary circulation. Once VSMCs have been isolated, they can be used for many standard culture techniques.

Die Isolierung von murinen Coronary glatten Gefäßmuskelzellen

While the isolation and culture of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) from large vessels is well established, we sought to isolate and culture VSMCs ...

Nephrotoxin Microinjection in Zebrafish to Model Acute Kidney Injury

The kidneys are susceptible to harm from exposure to chemicals they filter from the bloodstream. This can lead to organ injury associated with a rapid decline in renal function and development of the clinical syndrome known as acute kidney injury (AKI). Pharmacological agents used to treat medical circumstances ranging from bacterial infection to cancer, when administered individually or in combination with other drugs, can initiate AKI. Zebrafish are a useful animal model to study the chemical effects on renal function in vivo, as they form an embryonic kidney comprised of nephron functional units that are conserved with higher vertebrates, including humans. Further, zebrafish can be utilized to perform genetic and chemical screens, which provide opportunities to elucidate the cellular and molecular facets of AKI and develop therapeutic strategies such as the identification of nephroprotective molecules. Here, we demonstrate how microinjection into the zebrafish embryo can be utilized as a paradigm for nephrotoxin studies.

Renal injuries incurred from nephrotoxins, which include drugs ranging from antibiotics to chemotherapeutics, can result in complex disorders whose pathogenesis remains incompletely understood. This protocol demonstrates how zebrafish can be used for disease modeling of these conditions, which can be applied to the identification of renoprotective measures.

Nephrotoxin Mikroinjektion in Zebrabärbling akuten Nierenschädigung zu Modell

The kidneys are susceptible to harm from exposure to chemicals they filter from the bloodstream. This can lead to organ injury associated with a rapid ...

A Graphical User Interface for Software-assisted Tracking of Protein Concentration in Dynamic Cellular Protrusions

Filopodia are dynamic, finger-like cellular protrusions associated with migration and cell-cell communication. In order to better understand the complex signaling mechanisms underlying filopodial initiation, elongation and subsequent stabilization or retraction, it is crucial to determine the spatio-temporal protein activity in these dynamic structures. To analyze protein function in filopodia, we recently developed a semi-automated tracking algorithm that adapts to filopodial shape-changes, thus allowing parallel analysis of protrusion dynamics and relative protein concentration along the whole filopodial length. Here, we present a detailed step-by-step protocol for optimized cell handling, image acquisition and software analysis. We further provide instructions for the use of optional features during image analysis and data representation, as well as troubleshooting guidelines for all critical steps along the way. Finally, we also include a comparison of the described image analysis software with other programs available for filopodia quantification. Together, the presented protocol provides a framework for accurate analysis of protein dynamics in filopodial protrusions using image analysis software.

We present a software solution for semi-automated tracking of relative protein concentration along the length of dynamic cellular protrusions.

Eine grafische Benutzeroberfläche für die softwaregestützte Verfolgung der Proteinkonzentration in dynamischen zellulären Vorsprüngen

Filopodia are dynamic, finger-like cellular protrusions associated with migration and cell-cell communication. In order to better understand the complex ...

Isolation, Characterization, and Differentiation of Cardiac Stem Cells from the Adult Mouse Heart

Myocardial infarction (MI) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality around the world. A major goal of regenerative medicine is to replenish the dead myocardium after MI. Although several strategies have been used to regenerate myocardium, stem cell therapy remains a major approach to replenish the dead myocardium of an MI heart. Accumulating evidence suggests the presence of resident cardiac stem cells (CSCs) in the adult heart and their endocrine and/or paracrine effects on cardiac regeneration. However, CSC isolation and their characterization and differentiation toward myocardial cells, especially cardiomyocytes, remains a technical challenge. In the present study, we provided a simple method for the isolation, characterization, and differentiation of CSCs from the adult mouse heart. Here, we describe a density gradient method for the isolation of CSCs, where the heart is digested by a 0.2% collagenase II solution. To characterize the isolated CSCs, we evaluated the expression of CSCs/cardiac markers Sca-1, NKX2-5, and GATA4, and pluripotency/stemness markers OCT4, SOX2, and Nanog. We also determined the proliferation potential of isolated CSCs by culturing them in a Petri dish and assessing the expression of the proliferation marker Ki-67. For evaluating the differentiation potential of CSCs, we selected seven- to ten-days cultured CSCs. We transferred them to a new plate with a cardiomyocyte differentiation medium. They are incubated in a cell culture incubator for 12 days, while the differentiation medium is changed every three days. The differentiated CSCs express cardiomyocyte-specific markers: actinin and troponin I. Thus, CSCs isolated with this protocol have stemness and cardiac markers, and they have a potential for proliferation and differentiation toward cardiomyocyte lineage.

The overall goal of this article is to standardize the protocol for the isolation, characterization, and differentiation of cardiac stem cells (CSCs) from the adult mouse heart. Here, we describe a density gradient centrifugation method to isolate murine CSCs and elaborated methods for CSC culture, proliferation, and differentiation into cardiomyocytes.

Isolierung, Charakterisierung und Differenzierung von kardialen Stammzellen von Erwachsenen Maus Herzen

Myocardial infarction (MI) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality around the world. A major goal of regenerative medicine is to replenish the dead ...

Isolation, Proliferation and Differentiation of Rhesus Macaque Adipose-Derived Stem Cells

Adipose tissue provides a rich and accessible source of multipotent stem cells, which are able to self-renew. These adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) provide a consistent ex vivo cellular system that are functionally like that of in vivo adipocytes. Use of ADSCs in biomedical research allows for cellular investigation of adipose tissue metabolic regulation and function. ADSC differentiation is necessary for adequate adipocyte expansion, and suboptimal differentiation is a major mechanism of adipose dysfunction. Understanding changes in ADSC differentiation is crucial to understanding the development of metabolic dysfunction and disease. The protocols described in this manuscript, when followed, will yield mature adipocytes that can be used for several in vitro functional tests to assess ADSC metabolic function, including but not limited to assays measuring glucose uptake, lipolysis, lipogenesis, and secretion. Rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) are physiologically, anatomically, and evolutionarily similar to humans and as such, their tissues and cells have been used extensively in biomedical research and for development of treatments. Here, we describe ADSC isolation using fresh subcutaneous and omental adipose tissue obtained from 4&#8211;9-year old rhesus macaques. Adipose tissue samples are enzymatically digested in collagenase followed by filtration and centrifugation to isolate ADSCs from the stromal vascular fraction. Isolated ADSCs are proliferated in stromal media followed by approximately 14&#8211;21 days of differentiation using a cocktail of 0.5 &#956;g/mL dexamethasone, 0.5 mM isobutyl methylxanthine, and 50 &#956;M indomethacin in stromal media. Mature adipocytes are observed at approximately 14 days of differentiation. In this manuscript, we describe protocols for ADSC isolation, proliferation, and differentiation in vitro. Although, we have focused on ADSCs from rhesus macaque adipose tissue, these protocols can be utilized for adipose tissue obtained from other animals with minimal adjustments.

In this article, we describe isolation of rhesus macaque derived adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) using an enzymatic tissue digestion protocol. Next, we describe ADSC proliferation which includes cell detachment, counting and plating. Lastly, ADSC differentiation is described using specific adipogenic inducing agents. Additionally, we describe staining techniques to confirm differentiation.

Isolierung, Proliferation und Differenzierung von Rhesusaffen-Fettstammzellen

Adipose tissue provides a rich and accessible source of multipotent stem cells, which are able to self-renew. These adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) ...

Isolation of High Quality Murine Atrial and Ventricular Myocytes for Simultaneous Measurements of Ca2+ Transients and L-Type Calcium Current

Mouse models play a crucial role in arrhythmia research and allow studying key mechanisms of arrhythmogenesis including altered ion channel function and calcium handling. For this purpose, atrial or ventricular cardiomyocytes of high quality are necessary to perform patch-clamp measurements or to explore calcium handling abnormalities. However, the limited yield of high-quality cardiomyocytes obtained by current isolation protocols does not allow both measurements in the same mouse. This article describes a method to isolate high-quality murine atrial and ventricular myocytes via retrograde enzyme-based Langendorff perfusion, for subsequent simultaneous measurements of calcium transients and L-type calcium current from one animal. Mouse hearts are obtained, and the aorta is rapidly cannulated to remove blood. Hearts are then initially perfused with a calcium-free solution (37 &#176;C) to dissociate the tissue at the level of intercalated discs and afterwards with an enzyme solution containing little calcium to disrupt extracellular matrix (37 &#176;C). The digested heart is subsequently dissected into atria and ventricles. Tissue samples are chopped into small pieces and dissolved by carefully pipetting up and down. The enzymatic digestion is stopped, and cells are stepwise reintroduced to physiologic calcium concentrations. After loading with a fluorescent Ca2+-indicator, isolated cardiomyocytes are prepared for simultaneous measurement of calcium currents and transients. Additionally, isolation pitfalls are discussed and patch-clamp protocols and representative traces of L-type calcium currents with simultaneous calcium transient measurements in atrial and ventricular murine myocytes isolated as described above are provided.

Isolation of High Quality Murine Atrial and Ventricular Myocytes for Simultaneous Measurements of Ca2+ Transients and L-Type Calcium Current

Mouse models allow studying key mechanisms of arrhythmogenesis. For this purpose, high quality cardiomyocytes are necessary to perform patch-clamp measurements. Here, a method to isolate murine atrial and ventricular myocytes via retrograde enzyme-based Langendorff perfusion, which allows simultaneous measurements of calcium-transients and L-type calcium current, is described.

Isolierung von hochwertigen atrialen und ventrikulären Myozyten der Maus für die simultane Messung von Ca2+ Transienten und L-Typ Calciumstrom

Mouse models play a crucial role in arrhythmia research and allow studying key mechanisms of arrhythmogenesis including altered ion channel function and ...