This study was supported by the NIH grant NS074559 (to C. K.). We thank all collaborators who contributed to our research articles that the present methodology report is based upon.

Dieses Protokoll wird von der Institutional Animal Care und Verwenden Committee (IACUC) der Emory University zugelassen und folgt den National Institutes of Health der Leitlinie für die Pflege und Verwendung von Labortieren. 1. Setup- <ol><li> Vorbereitung des chirurgischen Bett auf Erwärmung Pad mit Wärmepumpe bei 37 ° C für mindestens 15 min vor der Operation verbunden sind. Legen Sie eine Nackenrolle mit dem Lauf 3-ml-Spritze auf dem OP-Bett. Bereiten Sie das Anästhesiegas mit 2% Isofluran in der medizinischen Luft. </li><li> Bereiten autoklaviertem Zangen, Scheren, Nadelhalter Mikro, Gefäßklemme, Wattestäbchen und Nähte. Bereiten Gewebekleber und Augensalbe. </li><li> Einrichten des Hypoxie-System und Temperaturregler mit Wärmelampe und rektale Sonde. Bereiten Hypoxie Gas mit 2% Isofluran in 7,5% O 2 von 92,5% N 2 ausgeglichen. </li><li> Eine Stunde vor der Operation werden die Mäuse durch eine subkutane Injektion einer langsamen Freisetzung: Meloxicam (4,0 mg / kg) analgesized. </li></ol> &lt;p class = &quot;jove_title&quot;&gt; 2. Transiente zerebrale Hypoxie-Ischämie (1B) <ol><li> Betäuben 10-13 Wochen alten männlichen C57BL / 6-Mäuse mit einem Gewicht von 22 bis 30 g in der Narkose Kammer mit 3% Isofluran, bis das Tier nicht reagiert zu Fuß Squeeze, und entfernen Sie die Haare auf der rechten Hals mit Hilfe eines elektronischen Rasierer. </li><li> Platzieren Mäuse auf dem chirurgischen Bett mit 2% Isofluran in medizinischer Luft mit einer Fließgeschwindigkeit von 2 L / min verbunden. Sichere Vorderbeine gestreckt entlang Nackenrolle an den Seiten mit einem Pflaster. </li><li> Reinigen Sie die Operationsstelle für Schnitt mit betadine gefolgt von Alkohol und Wattestäbchen. </li><li> Unter Binokular, Machen Sie einen 0,5 cm rechten Hals-Schnitt mit einem geraden Pinzette und ein Mikro Schere etwa 0,2 cm seitlich von der Mittellinie der Haut. </li><li> Verwenden Sie ein Paar fein gezackten Pinzette auseinander die Faszie und Gewebe zu ziehen, um die rechte Arteria carotis communis (RCCA) aussetzen. Sorgfältig trennen die RCCA vom Vagusnerv unter Verwendung eines Paares von feinen glatten Pinzette. </li><li> Live-Knoten zwei vorgeschnittene 5-0 Seidennaht (lösbare) auf der RCCA und nähen Sie dann die Haut mit 4-0 Nylon Monofilamentnahtmaterial (Abbildung 1c). </li><li> Bewerben Augensalbe auf beiden Augen bis zur Trockenheit zu verhindern. </li><li> Schnell übertragen die Mäuse auf Hypoxie-System und setzen Nase und Mund in Gesichtsmaske mit 2% Isofluran in 7,5% O 2 bei einer Fließgeschwindigkeit von 0,5 bis 1 l / min für 30 min. <ol><li> Bei Hypoxie Verwenden Temperaturregler mit Heizlampen, die rektale Temperatur bei 37,5 ± 0,5 ° C zu steuern. Überwachen Sie die Atemfrequenz bei 80-120 Atemzüge / min. Die Aufrechterhaltung der Körpertemperatur über 37 ° C während der Hypoxie die Konsistenz der Hirninfarkt erstellen. Niedrige Atemfrequenz geschieht in der Regel nach 20 min Hypoxie. Entfernen Sie die Gesichtsmaske und lassen normale Luftzufuhr, wenn die Atemfrequenz unter bis 40. Das dauert 1-2 Minuten und nicht in die 30 min Hypoxie Dauer zu zählen. </li></ol></li><li> Nach Hypoxie, zu übertragenMäuse auf eine chirurgische Bett und lassen Sie die beiden Fäden aus RCCA. Schließen Sie die Wunde mit Gewebekleber, und zurück in den Käfig Mäuse dann. Schließen Sie die Tiere, wenn beide von zwei Live-Knoten unerwartet nach Hypoxie freigegeben. </li><li> Überwachen Sie die Mäuse für 5-10 Minuten, um von Hypoxie und Anästhesie zu erholen. Setzen Sie den benetzten Essen im Käfig und senden es an Tierstation. Hinweis: Tiere, die leichte bis schwere Drehverhalten bei 24 Stunden nach THI mit Gehirn Verletzung korreliert. Die meisten Tiere mit Anfallssymptome sterben, bevor der 24-Stunden-Zeitpunkt nach THI. </li></ol> 3. Laser Speckle Contrast Imaging Anmerkung: Obwohl dies nicht ein wesentlicher Vorgang des THI-Modell kann eine zweidimensionale Laser-Speckle Kontrastbildgebungssystem 16 verwendet werden, um die Änderungen des zerebralen Blutflusses (CBF) während oder nach transienter Hypoxie-Ischämie zu charakterisieren. Um die Veränderungen des CBF unter Thi unmittelbar nach der st dokumentieren, Rekordep 2.6. Alternativ zu CBF Erholung nach THI Beleidigung zu vergleichen, diese Verfahren nach dem Schritt 2.10 durchgeführt werden. <ol><li> Ein anästhesierten Maus in die Bauchlage und führen eine 1 cm lange Inzision auf die Kopfhaut mit dem Schädel belichtet, jedoch ungeöffnet. </li><li> Überwachen CBF in beiden Gehirnhälften unter einem Blutfluss Imager nach Herstellerprotokoll und starten Sie die Aufzeichnung der Hirndurchblutung unmittelbar nach dem CCAO Operation (Schritt 2.6). Fahren Sie für 50 min. </li><li> Die ausgewählten Bereiche mit der MoorFLPI Software nach den Anweisungen des Herstellers (Abbildung 2) zeigen CBF-Bild mit beliebigen Einheiten in einem 16-Farbpalette und in Echtzeit zu analysieren. </li><li> Nach Aufzeichnung der CBF Bild, schließen Sie die Kopfhaut mit Gewebekleber und senden Sie das Tier in den Käfig. </li></ol> 4. tPA Verwaltung <ol><li> Injizieren Tiere am Schwanzvene mit dem Lösungsmittel oder 10 mg / kg rekombinanten tPA (220-300 &amp;# 956; l von 1 mg / m tPA) bei 0,5, 1, oder 4 h nach tCCAo zuzüglich Hypoxie (Abbildung 4). </li></ol> 5. Brain Damage Erkennung mit verschiedenen Optionen Hinweis: Um die Gehirnproben zu sammeln, einschläfern die Mäuse bei 1, 4 oder 24 Stunden nach der THI. <ol><li> Führen Quantifizierung der Infarktvolumen von in-vivo-2,3,5-Triphenyltetrazoliumchlorid (TTC) Verfahren bei 24 Stunden nach der THI Beleidigung als vorherige beschrieben. 17 <ol><li> Intraperitoneal injizieren Tiere mit 1,4 M Mannit-Lösung (~ 0,1 ml / g Körpergewicht) 30 Minuten vor transkardialer Perfusion. Transkardialer perfuse Mäuse mit PBS, gefolgt von 10 ml 2% TTC. </li><li> Entfernen Sie das Gehirn von Tieren, die mit chirurgischen Instrumenten nach 10 Minuten aufnehmen und in 4% Paraformaldehyd für die Fixierung über Nacht und Abschnitt in 1 mm Dicke mit einem Vibratom. </li><li> Machen Sie ein Reihe von vier geschnittene Gehirn gleitet durch Digital-Mikroskop und quantify das Infarktvolumen als das Verhältnis der Infarktfläche (weißer Bereich in der rechten Seite), um den Bereich der unbeschädigt ist, mit der kontralateralen Hemisphäre ImageJ Software. </li></ol></li><li> Alternativ führen Thrombosebildung durch Immunfluoreszenz bei 1 Stunde nach THI Beleidigung. <ol><li> Frieren Sie den festen Gehirn in OCT-Verbindung und Abschnitt die Gehirne bei 12 &amp; mgr; m Dicke mit Hilfe eines Kryostaten. </li><li> Inkubieren des Gehirns Schlitten mit Kaninchen-anti-Fibrinogen-Antikörper (1: 100) gefolgt von Ziegen-Anti-Kaninchen-Alexa Fluro 488 Farbstoff (1: 200), um die Fluoreszenz an einem Fluoreszenzmikroskop zu beobachten. </li></ol></li><li> Alternativ führen Gefäß Behinderung durch Schwanzveneninjektion von 100 ul 2% Evans-Blau-Farbstoff in 4 Stunden nach THI Beleidigung. <ol><li> Euthanize die Mäuse und schnell geschnitten Kopf, um Gehirn nach Evans blue Injektion in 4% Paraformaldehyd zu entfernen. Hinweis: Es dauert 5-10 Minuten für Evans blue Zirkulation mit blauer Farbe sowohl von Vorder- und Hinterbeine. </li><li> Abschnitauf festen Gehirn bei 100 &amp; mgr; m Dicke mit Hilfe eines Schlittenmikrotoms und beobachten Sie die Fluoreszenz unter Verwendung eines 680 nm Emissionsfilter auf einem Fluoreszenzmikroskop. </li></ol></li></ol>

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Schlaganfall ist ein großes gesundheitliches Problem von wachsender Bedeutung für jede Gesellschaft mit einer alternden Bevölkerung. Weltweit ist Schlaganfall die zweithäufigste Todesursache mit einem geschätzten 5,9 Millionen tödlichen Ereignisse im Jahr 2010, das entspricht 11,1% aller Todesfälle 18. Schlaganfall ist die dritthäufigste Ursache für Behinderungen bereinigte Lebensjahre (DALYs) verloren global im Jahr 2010, die sich aus dem fünften Platz im Jahr 1990 19. Diese epidemiologi...

Thrombolyse und Rekanalisation ist die effektivste Therapie des akuten ischämischen Schlaganfalls in der klinischen Praxis 1. Dennoch war die Mehrheit der präklinischen Forschung Neuroprotektion in einem transienten Mechaniker Obstruktion Modell (intraluminale Naht mittleren Hirnarterie), die schnelle Wiederherstellung des zerebralen Blutflusses nach dem Entfernen des Gefäßverschlusses erzeugt und zeigt wenig bis keine Vorteile tPA Thrombolyse durchgeführt. Es wurde vorgeschlagen, dass die zweifelhaften Wahl der Taktmodelle beigetragen, zumindest teilweise auf die Schwierigkeit bei der Übersetzung neuroprotektive Therapie für die Patienten 2,3. Daher gibt es eine zunehmende Forderung nach Einsatz tPA-responsive thromboembolischen Schlaganfall-Modelle in der präklinischen Forschung, aber solche Modelle haben auch technische Probleme (siehe Diskussion) 4-7. Hier beschreiben wir eine neue thrombotischer Schlaganfall-Modell auf Grund einseitiger transiente hypoxischischämischer (THI) Beleidigung und ihre Reaktionen auf intravenöse tPA-Therapie 8. Die THI Schlaganfall-Modell wurde auf der Grundlage des Verfahrens Levine (dauerhafte Unterbindung der einseitigen Halsschlagader, gefolgt von der Exposition gegenüber transiente Hypoxie in einer Kammer), die für Versuche mit erwachsenen Ratten im Jahr 1960 9 erfunden wurde entwickelt. Die ursprüngliche Levine Verfahren in Vergessenheit geraten, weil nur erzeugt variable Hirnschäden, aber das gleiche Beleidigung verursacht konsequente Neuropathologie in Nagetier Welpen, als es von Robert Vannucci und seine Kollegen als ein Modell der neonatalen hypoxischischämischer Enzephalopathie (HIE) 1981 10 wieder eingeführt. In den letzten Jahren einige Ermittler neu adaptierte das Levine-Vannucci Modell erwachsener Mäuse durch Einstellen der Temperatur in der hypoxischen Kammer 11. Es ist plausibel, dass die im Widerspruch Hirnläsionen in der ursprünglichen Levine Verfahren kann von schwankenden Körpertemperaturen von erwachsenen Nagetieren in der hypoxischen Kammer auftreten. Um diese Hypothese zu testen, modifizierten wir die Levine Verfahren durch Verabreichung hypoxischen Gasdurch eine Gesichtsmaske, während die Nagetierkerntemperatur bei 37 ° C auf dem OP-Tisch 12. Wie erwartet, strenge Kontrolle der Körpertemperatur stark die Reproduzierbarkeit der HALLO-induzierte Gehirnpathologie erhöht. Die HALLO Beleidigung löst auch Koagulation, Autophagie und Grau und weißen Substanz Verletzungen 13. Andere Forscher haben auch die HALLO-Modell, um nach Schlaganfall Entzündungsreaktionen 14 zu untersuchen. Ein einzigartiges Merkmal des HALLO Schlaganfall-Modell ist, dass es genau das Virchow-Trias der Thrombusbildung, einschließlich der Stauung des Blutflusses, Endothelverletzung (zB aufgrund von HALLO-induzierten oxidativen Stress) und Hyperkoagulabilität (HALLO-induzierte Blutplättchen-Aktivierung) (folgt 1A) 15. Als solches kann die HALLO-Modell einige pathophysiologischen Mechanismen relevant, um reale ischämischen Schlaganfall zu erfassen. Mit dieser Idee im Hinterkopf, haben wir weiter verfeinert die HALLO-Modell mit reversible Ligation des unilateral Arteria carotis communis (also um einen transienten HALLO Insult zu schaffen) und testete seine Antworten auf tPA Thrombolyse mit oder ohne Edaravone. Edaravone ist ein Radikalfänger in Japan bereits genehmigt, um ischämischen Schlaganfall innerhalb von 24 Stunden nach Auftreten 9 zu behandeln. Unsere Experimente zeigten, dass so kurz wie 30 Minuten Transienten HALLO löst thrombotischen Infarkt, und das kombinierte tPA-Behandlung verleiht Edaravone Synergieeffekte 8. Hier beschreiben wir detailliert chirurgischen Verfahren und methodologischen Überlegungen des THI-Modell, das verwendet werden kann, um Reperfusion Behandlungen von akutem ischämischem Schlaganfall zu optimieren.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>adult male mice</td>
			<td>Charles River</td>
			<td>C57BL/6&#160;</td>
			<td>10~13 weeks old (22~30 g)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mobile Laboratory Animal Anesthesia System</td>
			<td>VetEquip</td>
			<td>901807</td>
			<td>anesthesia</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Medical air (Compressed) air tank</td>
			<td>Airgas</td>
			<td>UN1002</td>
			<td>anesthesia</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isoflurane</td>
			<td>Piramal Healthcare</td>
			<td>NDC 66794-013-25</td>
			<td>anesthesia</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Multi-Station Lab Animal AnesthesiaSystem</td>
			<td>Surgivet</td>
			<td>V703501</td>
			<td>hypoxia system</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>7.5% O2 balanced by 92.5% N2 tank</td>
			<td>Airgas</td>
			<td>UN1956</td>
			<td>hypoxia system</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Temperature Controller with heating lamp&#160;</td>
			<td>Cole Parmer&#160;</td>
			<td>EW-89000-10</td>
			<td>temperature controllers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rectal probe</td>
			<td>Cole Parmer&#160;</td>
			<td>NCI-00141PG</td>
			<td>temperature controllers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dissecting microscope&#160;</td>
			<td>Olympus&#160;</td>
			<td>SZ40</td>
			<td>surgical setup</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heat pump with warming pad</td>
			<td>Gaymar&#160;</td>
			<td>TP700</td>
			<td>surgical setup</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fine curved forceps (serrated)</td>
			<td>FST</td>
			<td>11370-31</td>
			<td>surgical instrument</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fine curved forceps (smooth)</td>
			<td>FST</td>
			<td>11373-12</td>
			<td>surgical instrument</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>micro scissors</td>
			<td>FST</td>
			<td>15000-03</td>
			<td>surgical instrument</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>micro needle holders</td>
			<td>FST</td>
			<td>12060-01</td>
			<td>surgical instrument</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Halsted-Mosquito hemostats</td>
			<td>FST</td>
			<td>13008-12</td>
			<td>surgical instrument</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5-0 silk suture&#160;</td>
			<td>Harvard Apparatus</td>
			<td>624143</td>
			<td>surgical supplies</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>4-0 Nylon monofilament suture</td>
			<td>LOOK</td>
			<td>766B</td>
			<td>surgical supplies</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tissue glue</td>
			<td>Abbott Laboratories</td>
			<td>NC9855218</td>
			<td>surgical supplies</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Puralube Vet ointment</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>NC0138063&#160;</td>
			<td>eye dryness prevention&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MoorFLPI-2 blood flow imager</td>
			<td>Moor</td>
			<td>780-nm laser source</td>
			<td>Laser Speckle Contrast Imaging</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mannitol</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>M4125</td>
			<td>in-vivo TTC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC)&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>T8877</td>
			<td>in-vivo TTC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vibratome</td>
			<td>Stoelting</td>
			<td>51425</td>
			<td>brain section for in-vivo TTC&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Digital microscope</td>
			<td>Dino-Lite</td>
			<td>AM2111</td>
			<td>whole-braina imaging</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>O.C.T compound</td>
			<td>Sakura Finetek</td>
			<td>4583</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>goat anti-rabbit Alexa Fluro 488</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>A11008</td>
			<td>Immunohistochemistry</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cryostat</td>
			<td>Vibratome</td>
			<td>ultrapro 5000</td>
			<td>brain section for IHC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Evans blue</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>E2129</td>
			<td>Detecting vascular perfusion</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microtome</td>
			<td>Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
			<td>5000</td>
			<td>brain section for histology</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Avertin (2, 2, 2-Tribromoethanol)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>T48402</td>
			<td>euthanasia</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fluorescent microscope</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>DP73</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a thrombotic stroke model based on transient cerebral hypoxia-ischemia

Stroke Forschung hat viele Rückschläge bei der Übersetzung neuroprotektive Therapien in die klinische Praxis ausgehalten. Im Gegensatz dazu die reale Therapie (tPA Thrombolyse) selten produziert Vorteile in mechanischen Verschluss-basierten experimentellen Modellen, die präklinische Schlaganfallforschung dominieren. Diese Spaltung zwischen der Bank und Nacht schlägt vor, die Notwendigkeit, die tPA-responsive Modelle in präklinische Schlaganfallforschung beschäftigen. Zu diesem Zweck ist ein einfacher und tPA-reaktiven thrombotischer Schlaganfall-Modell erfunden und hier beschrieben. Dieses Modell besteht aus transienten Okklusion der einseitigen Arteria carotis communis und die Lieferung von 7,5% Sauerstoff über eine Gesichtsmaske in erwachsenen Mäusen für 30 min, während die Tier rektale Temperatur bei 37,5 ± 0,5 ° C. Obwohl reversible Ligation des einseitigen Karotis oder Hypoxie jeweils drückt zerebralen Blutfluß nur vorübergehend, die Kombination beider Beleidigungen verursacht dauerhafte Reperfusion Defiziten, Fibrin und die Blutplättchenablagerung und große Infarct in der A. cerebri media versorgten Gebiet. Wichtig ist, dass Schwanzvenen-Injektion von rekombinantem tPA bei 0,5, 1, oder 4 Stunden nach der THI (10 mg / kg) bereitgestellt zeitabhängige Verringerung der Sterblichkeit und die Infarktgröße. Diese neue Hub-Modell ist einfach und kann in Laboren standardisiert auf experimentellen Ergebnissen zu vergleichen. Ferner induziert es Thrombose ohne Kraniektomie oder zu vorgeformten Embolien. Angesichts dieser einzigartigen Verdienste ist die THI-Modell eine sinnvolle Ergänzung zum Repertoire präklinische Schlaganfallforschung.

Zweidimensionale Laserfleckenkontrast-Bildgebung (LSCI) 16 wurde verwendet, um die Änderungen des zerebralen Blutflusses (CBF) durch 30-minütiges transienten einseitige Carotisokklusion (tCCAO), 30 min Einwirkung von Hypoxie (7,5% Sauerstoff) und 30 min einseitigen Vergleichs Karotis-Ligation unter Hypoxie (THI). Dieses Experiment zeigte, dass unter Normoxie tCCAO drückte die CBF auf der Carotis, ligiert Hemisphäre zu ~ 50% des Ausgangswertes, der schnell auf über 85% nach dem Lösen der Carotisokklusion...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Thrombotic Stroke Model Based On Transient Cerebral Hypoxia-ischemia at JoVE.com

A Thrombotic Stroke Model Based On Transient Cerebral Hypoxia-ischemia

Thromboembolic stroke models are vital tools for optimizing the recanalization therapy. Here we report a murine thrombotic stroke model based on transient cerebral hypoxic-ischemic (tHI) insult, which triggers thrombosis and infarction, and responds favorably to tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)-mediated fibrinolysis in a therapeutic window similar to those in stroke patients.

A thrombotischer Schlaganfall Modell basierend auf Transient zerebrale Hypoxie-Ischämie

Stroke research has endured many setbacks in translating neuroprotective therapies into clinical practice. In contrast, the real-world therapy (tPA ...

a-thrombotic-stroke-model-based-on-transient-cerebral-hypoxia-ischemia

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14.7K Aufrufe.  The Emory University School of Medicine. Thromboembolic stroke models are vital tools for optimizing the recanalization therapy. Here we report a murine thrombotic stroke model based on transient cerebral hypoxic-ischemic (tHI) insult, which triggers thrombosis and infarction, and responds favorably to tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)-mediated fibrinolysis in a therapeutic window similar to those in stroke patients. 

Serie: A Thrombotic Stroke Model Based On Transient Cerebral Hypoxia-ischemia

Modeling Stroke in Mice - Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion with the Filament Model

Stroke is among the most frequent causes of death and adult disability, especially in highly developed countries. However, treatment options to date are very limited. To meet the need for novel therapeutic approaches, experimental stroke research frequently employs rodent models of focal cerebral ischaemia. Most researchers use permanent or transient occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) in mice or rats.
Proximal occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) via the intraluminal suture technique (so called filament or suture model) is probably the most frequently used model in experimental stroke research. The intraluminal MCAO model offers the advantage of inducing reproducible transient or permanent ischaemia of the MCA territory in a relatively non-invasive manner. Intraluminal approaches interrupt the blood flow of the entire territory of this artery. Filament occlusion thus arrests flow proximal to the lenticulo-striate arteries, which supply the basal ganglia. Filament occlusion of the MCA results in reproducible lesions in the cortex and striatum and can be either permanent or transient. In contrast, models inducing distal (to the branching of the lenticulo-striate arteries) MCA occlusion typically spare the striatum and primarily involve the neocortex. In addition these models do require craniectomy. In the model demonstrated in this article, a silicon coated filament is introduced into the common carotid artery and advanced along the internal carotid artery into the Circle of Willis, where it blocks the origin of the middle cerebral artery. In patients, occlusions of the middle cerebral artery are among the most common causes of ischaemic stroke. Since varying ischemic intervals can be chosen freely in this model depending on the time point of reperfusion, ischaemic lesions with varying degrees of severity can be produced. Reperfusion by removal of the occluding filament at least partially models the restoration of blood flow after spontaneous or therapeutic (tPA) lysis of a thromboembolic clot in humans.
In this video we will present the basic technique as well as the major pitfalls and confounders which may limit the predictive value of this model.

Filamentous occlusion of the Middle cerebral artery is a common model for studying ischemic stroke in mice.

Modeling Stroke in Mice - Middle Zerebralarterie mit dem Filament-Modell

Stroke is among the most frequent causes of death and adult disability, especially in highly developed countries. However, treatment options to date are ...

Forschung

Medizin

Intraluminal Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion (MCAO) Model for Ischemic Stroke with Laser Doppler Flowmetry Guidance in Mice

Stroke is the third leading cause of death and the leading cause of disability in the world, with an estimated cost of near $70 billion 
in the United States in 20091,2. The intraluminal middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model was developed by Koizumi4 in 1986 to simulate this 
impactful human pathology in the rat. A modification of the MCAO method was later presented by Longa3. Both techniques have been widely used to identify 
molecular mechanisms of brain injury resulting from ischemic stroke and potential therapeutic modalities5. This relatively noninvasive method in rats has been 
extended to use in mice to take advantage of transgenic and knockout strains6,7. To model focal cerebral ischemia, an intraluminal suture is advanced via 
the internal carotid artery to occlude the base of the MCA. Retracting the suture after a specified period of time mimics spontaneous reperfusion, but the 
suture can also be permanently retained. This video will be demonstrating the two major approaches for performing intraluminal MCAO procedure in mice in a 
stepwise fashion, as well as providing insights for potential drawbacks and pitfalls. The ischemic brain tissue will subsequently be stained by 
2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) to evaluate the extent of cerebral infarction8.

Intraluminal Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion MCAO Model for Ischemic Stroke with Laser Doppler Flowmetry Guidance in Mice

The intraluminal middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model is the most frequent used model among experimental ischemic stroke models. Here we will demonstrate the entire model in detail with the guide of Laser Doppler flowmetry, and its representative results.

Intraluminale Nahen Zerebralarterie (MCAO) Modell des ischämischen Schlaganfalls mit Laser-Doppler-Flussmessung Guidance in Mäuse

Stroke is the third leading cause of death and the leading cause of disability in the world, with an estimated cost of near $70 billion 
in the United ...

Bilateral Common Carotid Artery Occlusion as an Adequate Preconditioning Stimulus to Induce Early Ischemic Tolerance to Focal Cerebral Ischemia

There is accumulating evidence, that ischemic preconditioning - a non-damaging ischemic challenge to the brain - confers a transient protection to a subsequent damaging ischemic insult. We have established bilateral common carotid artery occlusion as a preconditioning stimulus to induce early ischemic tolerance to transient focal cerebral ischemia in C57Bl6/J mice. In this video, we will demonstrate the methodology used for this study.

There is accumulating evidence, that ischemic preconditioning (PC) &#x2013; a non-damaging ischemic challenge to the brain - confers a transient protection to a subsequent damaging ischemic insult. We established bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCCAO) as a preconditioning stimulus to induce early ischemic tolerance (IT) to transient focal cerebral ischemia (induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion, MCAO) in C57Bl6/J mice.

Bilaterale Arteria carotis communis Occlusion als adäquate Vorbehandlung Stimulus zu frühe ischämische Toleranz zu Focal zerebraler Ischämie induzieren

There is accumulating evidence, that ischemic preconditioning - a non-damaging ischemic challenge to the brain - confers a transient protection to a ...

Endothelin-1 Induced Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion Model for Ischemic Stroke with Laser Doppler Flowmetry Guidance in Rat

Stroke is the number one cause of disability and third leading cause of death in the world, costing an estimated $70 billion in the United States in 20091, 2. Several models of cerebral ischemia have been developed to mimic the human condition of stroke. It has been suggested that up to 80% of all strokes result from ischemic damage in the middle cerebral artery (MCA) area3. In the early 1990s, endothelin-1 (ET-1) 4 was used to induce ischemia by applying it directly adjacent to the surface of the MCA after craniotomy. Later, this model was modified 5 by using a stereotaxic injection of ET-1 adjacent to the MCA to produce focal cerebral ischemia. The main advantages of this model include the ability to perform the procedure quickly, the ability to control artery constriction by altering the dose of ET-1 delivered, no need to manipulate the extracranial vessels supplying blood to the brain as well as gradual reperfusion rates that more closely mimics the reperfusion in humans5-7. On the other hand, the ET-1 model has disadvantages that include the need for a craniotomy, as well as higher variability in stroke volume8. This variability can be reduced with the use of laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) to verify cerebral ischemia during ET-1 infusion. Factors that affect stroke variability include precision of infusion and the batch of the ET-1 used6. Another important consideration is that although reperfusion is a common occurrence in human stroke, the duration of occlusion for ET-1 induced MCAO may not closely mimic that of human stroke where many patients have partial reperfusion over a period of hours to days following occlusion9, 10. This protocol will describe in detail the ET-1 induced MCAO model for ischemic stroke in rats. It will also draw attention to special considerations and potential drawbacks throughout the procedure.

Several animal models of cerebral ischemia have been developed to simulate the human condition of stroke. This protocol describes the endothelin-1 (ET-1) induced middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model for ischemic stroke in rats. In addition, important considerations, advantages, and shortcomings of this model are discussed.

Endothelin-1 induzierte Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion Modell für ischämischen Schlaganfall mit Laser Doppler Flowmetrie Guidance in Rat

Stroke is the number one cause of disability and third leading cause of death in the world, costing an estimated $70 billion in the United States in ...

Optimized System for Cerebral Perfusion Monitoring in the Rat Stroke Model of Intraluminal Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion

The translational potential of pre-clinical stroke research depends on the accuracy of experimental modeling. Cerebral perfusion monitoring in animal models of acute ischemic stroke allows to confirm successful arterial occlusion and exclude subarachnoid hemorrhage. Cerebral perfusion monitoring can also be used to study intracranial collateral circulation, which is emerging as a powerful determinant of stroke outcome and a possible therapeutic target. Despite a recognized role of Laser Doppler perfusion monitoring as part of the current guidelines for experimental cerebral ischemia, a number of technical difficulties exist that limit its widespread use. One of the major issues is obtaining a secure and prolonged attachment of a deep-penetration Laser Doppler probe to the animal skull. In this video, we show our optimized system for cerebral perfusion monitoring during transient middle cerebral artery occlusion by intraluminal filament in the rat. We developed in-house a simple method to obtain a custom made holder for twin-fibre (deep-penetration) Laser Doppler probes, which allow multi-site monitoring if needed. A continuous and prolonged monitoring of cerebral perfusion could easily be obtained over the intact skull.

Cerebral perfusion monitoring has been demonstrated to improve accuracy in ischemic stroke models. Technical difficulties often limit the use of this essential tool for cerebrovascular research. In this video, an optimized system is shown to obtain a single or multi-site hemodynamic monitoring during intraluminal middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats.

Optimierte System for Cerebral Perfusion Überwachung im Rat Stroke Modell Intraluminal Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion

The translational potential of pre-clinical stroke research depends on the accuracy of experimental modeling. Cerebral perfusion monitoring in animal ...

A Murine Model of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

In this video publication a standardized mouse model of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is presented. Bleeding is induced by endovascular Circle of Willis perforation (CWp) and proven by intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring. Thereby a homogenous blood distribution in subarachnoid spaces surrounding the arterial circulation and cerebellar fissures is achieved. Animal physiology is maintained by intubation, mechanical ventilation, and continuous on-line monitoring of various physiological and cardiovascular parameters: body temperature, systemic blood pressure, heart rate, and hemoglobin saturation. Thereby the cerebral perfusion pressure can be tightly monitored resulting in a less variable volume of extravasated blood. This allows a better standardization of endovascular filament perforation in mice and makes the whole model highly reproducible. Thus it is readily available for pharmacological and pathophysiological studies in wild type and genetically altered mice.

A standardized mouse model of subarachnoid hemorrhage by intraluminal Circle of Willis perforation is described. Vessel perforation and subarachnoid bleeding are monitored by intracranial pressure monitoring. In addition various vital parameters are recorded and controlled to maintain physiologic conditions.

Einem Mausmodell der Subarachnoidalblutung

In this video publication a standardized mouse model of subarachnoid  hemorrhage (SAH) is presented. Bleeding is induced by endovascular Circle of  Willis ...

Excitotoxic Stimulation of Brain Microslices as an In vitro Model of Stroke

Examining molecular mechanisms involved in neuropathological conditions, such as ischemic stroke, can be difficult when using whole animal systems. As such, primary or &#39;neuronal-like&#39; cell culture systems are commonly utilized. While&#160;these systems are relatively easy to work with, and are useful model systems in which various functional outcomes (such as cell death) can be readily quantified, the examined outcomes and pathways in cultured immature neurons (such as excitotoxicity-mediated cell death pathways) are not necessarily the same as those observed in mature brain, or in intact tissue. Therefore, there is the need to develop models in which cellular mechanisms in mature neural tissue can be examined. We have developed an in vitro technique that can be used to investigate a variety of molecular pathways in intact nervous tissue. The technique described herein utilizes rat cortical tissue, but this technique can be adapted to use tissue from a variety of species (such as mouse, rabbit, guinea pig, and chicken) or brain regions (for example, hippocampus, striatum, etc.). Additionally, a variety of stimulations/treatments can be used (for example, excitotoxic, administration of inhibitors, etc.). In conclusion, the brain slice model described herein can be used to examine a variety of molecular mechanisms involved in excitotoxicity-mediated brain injury.

Excitotoxic Stimulation of Brain Microslices as an In vitro Model of Stroke

We have developed a brain slice model which can be used to examine molecular mechanisms involved in excitotoxicity-mediated brain injury.&#160;This technique generates viable mature brain tissue and reduces animal numbers required for experimentation, whilst keeping the neuronal circuitry, cellular interactions, and postsynaptic compartments partly intact.

Exzitotoxische Stimulation der Hirn Microslices als<em&gt; In-vitro-</em&gt; Modell der Stroke

Examining molecular mechanisms involved in neuropathological conditions, such as ischemic stroke, can be difficult when using whole animal systems. As ...

Modeling Stroke in Mice: Permanent Coagulation of the Distal Middle Cerebral Artery

Stroke is the third most common cause of death and a main cause of acquired adult disability in developed countries. Only very limited therapeutical options are available for a small proportion of stroke patients in the acute phase. Current research is intensively searching for novel therapeutic strategies and is increasingly focusing on the sub-acute and chronic phase after stroke because more patients might be eligible for therapeutic interventions in a prolonged time window. These delayed mechanisms include important pathophysiological pathways such as post-stroke inflammation, angiogenesis, neuronal plasticity and regeneration. In order to analyze these mechanisms and to subsequently evaluate novel drug targets, experimental stroke models with clinical relevance, low mortality and high reproducibility are sought after. Moreover, mice are the smallest mammals in which a focal stroke lesion can be induced and for which a broad spectrum of transgenic models are available. Therefore, we describe here the mouse model of transcranial, permanent coagulation of the middle cerebral artery via electrocoagulation distal of the lenticulostriatal arteries, the so-called &#8220;coagulation model&#8221;. The resulting infarct in this model is located mainly in the cortex; the relative infarct volume in relation to brain size corresponds to the majority of human strokes. Moreover, the model fulfills the above-mentioned criteria of reproducibility and low mortality. In this video we demonstrate the surgical methods of stroke induction in the &#8220;coagulation model&#8221; and report histological and functional analysis tools.

Various murine models of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) are widely used in experimental brain research. Here, we demonstrate the model of transcranial permanent distal MCAO which produces consistent cortical infarction of a size corresponding to damage imposed by the majority of human ischemic strokes.

Modellierung Schlaganfall bei Mäusen: Permanent Koagulation der distalen A. cerebri media

Stroke is the third most common cause of death and a main cause of acquired adult disability in developed countries. Only very limited therapeutical ...

Embolic Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion (MCAO) for Ischemic Stroke with Homologous Blood Clots in Rats

Clinically, thrombolytic therapy with use of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) remains the most effective treatment for acute ischemic stroke. However, the use of tPA is limited by its narrow therapeutic window and by increased risk of hemorrhagic transformation. There is an urgent need to develop suitable stroke models to study new thrombolytic agents and strategies for treatment of ischemic stroke. At present, two major types of ischemic stroke models have been developed in rats and mice: intraluminal suture MCAO and embolic MCAO. Although MCAO models via the intraluminal suture technique have been widely used in mechanism-driven stroke research, these suture models do not mimic the clinical situation and are not suitable for thrombolytic studies. Among these models, the embolic MCAO model closely mimics human ischemic stroke and is suitable for preclinical investigation of thrombolytic therapy. This embolic model was first developed in rats by Overgaard et al.1 in 1992 and further characterized by Zhang et al. in 19972. Although embolic MCAO has gained increasing attention, there are technical problems faced by many laboratories. To meet increasing needs for thrombolytic research, we present a highly reproducible model of embolic MCAO in the rat, which can develop a predictable infarct volume within the MCA territory. In brief, a modified PE-50 tube is gently advanced from the external carotid artery (ECA) into the lumen of the internal carotid artery (ICA) until the tip of the catheter reaches the origin of the MCA. Through the catheter, a single homologous blood clot is placed at the origin of the MCA. To identify the success of MCA occlusion, regional cerebral blood flow was monitored, neurological deficits and infarct volumes were measured. The techniques presented in this paper should help investigators to overcome technical problems for establishing this model for stroke research.

Embolic Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion MCAO for Ischemic Stroke with Homologous Blood Clots in Rats

In this paper, we demonstrate a standard method for producing an embolic middle cerebral artery occlusion with homologous blood clots (fibrin-rich) in adult rat. This model closely mimics human ischemic stroke and is suitable for preclinical study of thrombolytic therapy for ischemic stroke.

Embolischen mittleren Hirnarterie Okklusion (MCAO) für ischämischen Schlaganfall mit homologen Blutgerinnsel in Ratten

Clinically, thrombolytic therapy with use of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) remains the most effective treatment for acute ischemic ...

Simultaneous PET/MRI Imaging During Mouse Cerebral Hypoxia-ischemia

Dynamic changes in tissue water diffusion and glucose metabolism occur during and after hypoxia in cerebral hypoxia-ischemia reflecting a bioenergetics disturbance in affected cells. Diffusion weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) identifies regions that are damaged, potentially irreversibly, by hypoxia-ischemia. Alterations in glucose utilization in the affected tissue may be detectable by positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of 2-deoxy-2-(18F)fluoro-&#7429;-glucose ([18F]FDG) uptake. Due to the rapid and variable nature of injury in this animal model, acquisition of both modes of data must be performed simultaneously in order to meaningfully correlate PET and MRI data. In addition, inter-animal variability in the hypoxic-ischemic injury due to vascular differences limits the ability to analyze multi-modal data and observe changes to a group-wise approach if data is not acquired simultaneously in individual subjects. The method presented here allows one to acquire both diffusion-weighted MRI and [18F]FDG uptake data in the same animal before, during, and after the hypoxic challenge in order to interrogate immediate physiological changes.

The method presented here uses simultaneous positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. In the cerebral hypoxia-ischemia model, dynamic changes in diffusion and glucose metabolism occur during and after injury. The evolving and irreproducible damage in this model necessitates simultaneous acquisition if meaningful multi-modal imaging data are to be acquired.

Gleichzeitige PET / MRT-Bildgebung während Maus zerebrale Hypoxie-Ischämie

Dynamic changes in tissue water diffusion and glucose metabolism occur during and after hypoxia in cerebral hypoxia-ischemia reflecting a bioenergetics ...