Die Arbeit wurde durch Zuschüsse aus dem Deustche Forschungsgemeinschaft DFG und dem Leibniz-Institut für Neurobiologie unterstützt. Wir danken Maria-Marina Zempeltzi und Kathrin Ohl für die technische Unterstützung.

<ol>
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Die Autoren haben nichts zu offenbaren.

Dieses Protokoll beschreibt ein Verfahren zur gleichzeitigen ortsspezifische ICMS und Mehrkanal-elektrophysiologischen Ableitungen in einem Lern ​​Tier mit Hilfe eines Zwei-Wege-aversiven Fuß-Schock-gesteuerten Shuttle-Box-System. Das Protokoll betont technischen Schlüsselbegriffe für eine solche Kombination und weist darauf hin, wie wichtig die Erdung des Tieres nur über seinen gemeinsamen Masseelektrode, so dass die gridfloor mit variabler Spannung. Hier wurde Gehör Shuttle-box Lernen Mongolische Rennmäuse a...

Ein grundlegendes Ziel der Behavioral Neuroscience ist es, spezifische Verbindungen zwischen neuronalen strukturellen und funktionellen Eigenschaften, Lernen und Wahrnehmung zu etablieren. Neuronale Aktivität mit der Wahrnehmung und Lernen verbunden sind, können durch elektrophysiologische Ableitung von Aktionspotentialen und lokaler Feldpotentiale in verschiedenen Hirnstrukturen an mehreren Stellen untersucht werden. In der Erwägung, elektrophysiologischen Ableitungen bieten korrelative Zusammenhänge zwischen neuronaler Aktivität und Verhalten, hat direkte elektrische Mikrostimulation intrakortikale (ICMS) seit über einem Jahrhundert war die direkteste Methode zum Testen von kausalen Zusammenhänge von angeregten Populationen von Neuronen und deren Verhaltens- und Wahrnehmungseffekte 1-3. Viele Studien haben gezeigt, dass die Tiere in der Lage, Verwendung von verschiedenen räumlichen und zeitlichen Eigenschaften der elektrischen Impulse in Wahrnehmungsaufgaben in Abhängigkeit von der Stimulationsstelle innerhalb etwa retinotopic 4, t machenonotopic 5 oder somatotopen 6 Regionen in der Hirnrinde. Vermehrung von elektrisch evozierten Aktivität im Cortex wird hauptsächlich durch die Anordnung der axonalen Fasern und deren Verteilung synaptischer Verbindungen 2, die in Kortex ist klar Schicht abhängige 7 bestimmt. Die sich ergebende polysynaptischen Aktivierung durch ICMS evozierte ist von nun an viel weiter verbreitet als die direkten Auswirkungen des elektrischen Feldes 2,8,9. Dies erklärt, warum Schwellen von Wahrnehmungseffekte intrakortikale Mikrostimulation ausgelöst kann stark Schicht abhängige 8,10,11 und ortsabhängige 9 sein. Eine kürzlich durchgeführte Studie zeigte, im Detail, dass die Stimulation der oberen Schichten ergab weiter verbreitet Aktivierung corticocortical Kreisen in erster Linie supragranular Schichten, während die Stimulation der tieferen Schichten der Hirnrinde führen zu einer Brenn, wiederkehrende corticoefferent innerhalb der Säulen-Aktivierung. Parallel Verhaltensexperimente zeigten, dass die letztere viel niedriger Wahrnehmungsdetektions thresholds 8. Daher wurde der Vorteil der ortsspezifischen ICMS so konditionierten Stimuli in Kombination mit elektrophysiologischen Ableitungen genutzt kausal beziehen spezifischen kortikalen Schaltung Aktivierungen 8 zu Verhaltensmaßnahmen von Lern- und Wahrnehmungs im Shuttle-Box. Das Zwei-Wege-Shuttle-Box-Paradigma ist eine gut etablierte Laborgerät zur Vermeidung Lernen 12 zu studieren. Ein Shuttle-Box besteht aus 2 Kammern, die durch eine Hürde oder Tür getrennt. Ein bedingten Reiz (CS), die durch ein geeignetes Signal wie ein Licht oder Ton dargestellt wird, ist um einen aversiven unbedingten Reiz (US) gefolgt, wie beispielsweise ein Fuß-Schock über einem Metallgitterboden. Themen können lernen, die US vermeiden, indem Shuttling von einer Shuttle-Box-Abteil zum anderen in Antwort auf das CS. Shuttle-Box-Lernen beinhaltet eine Folge von unterscheidbaren Lernphasen 13,14: Erstens,Themen lernen, den US vom CS durch klassische Konditionierung vorherzusagen und aus den USA durch instrumentelle Konditionierung zu entkommen, wie die USA auf pendelt beendet. In einer nächsten Phase, Themen zu lernen, um die US-ganz zu vermeiden durch pendelt in Reaktion auf die CS vor dem US-Angriff (Vermeidung Reaktion). Allgemein beinhaltet Shuttle-box Lern klassische Konditionierung, instrumentelle Konditionierung sowie zielgerichtetes Verhalten, je nach Lernphase 14. Der Shuttle-Box-Verfahren lässt sich leicht und eingestellt werden, in der Regel führt zu robusten Verhalten nach einigen täglichen Trainingseinheiten 15-17. Neben einfachen Vermeidungsanlage (Detektion) kann der Shuttle-Box weiter verwendet werden, um Impulse Diskriminierung durch den Einsatz von Go / NoGo Paradigmen zu untersuchen. Hier werden die Tiere darauf trainiert, den US durch eine konditionierte Reaktion (CR) (go Verhalten; Shuttle in die entgegengesetzte Raum) zu vermeiden, als Reaktion auf ein &lt;strong&gt; go-Stimulus (CS +) und von Nogo-Verhalten (Aufenthalt in der Kammer; keine CR) in Reaktion auf ein Nogo-Stimulus (CS) Parallel Mikrostimulation und Erfassung der neuronalen Aktivität mit hoher Dichte Multielektroden-Arrays ermöglichen, um zu studieren. die physiologischen Mechanismen erfolgreiches Lernen zugrunde. Einige technische Details, die grundlegend für die erfolgreiche Kombinationen von Shuttle-Box-Training, ICMS und parallel Elektrophysiologie sind, werden diskutiert.

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			<td>Teflon-insulated stainless steel wire</td>
			<td>California Fine Wire</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>diam. 50&#181;m w/ isolation</td>
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			<td>Pin connector system&#160;</td>
			<td>Molex Holding GmbH</td>
			<td>510470200</td>
			<td>1.25 mm pitch PicoBlade</td>
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			<td>TEM grid Quantifoil</td>
			<td>Science Services</td>
			<td>EQ225-N27</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>Dental acrylic Paladur</td>
			<td>Heraeus Kulzer</td>
			<td>64707938</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>Hand-held drill OmniDrill35</td>
			<td>WPI&#160;</td>
			<td>503599</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>Ketamine 500mg/10ml</td>
			<td>Ratiopharm GmbH</td>
			<td>7538837</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>Rompun 2%, 25ml</td>
			<td>Bayer Vital GmbH</td>
			<td>5066.0</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>Sodium-Chloride 0.9%, 10ml</td>
			<td>B.Braun AG&#160;</td>
			<td>PRID00000772</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>Lubricant KY-Jelly</td>
			<td>Johnson &#38; Johnson</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>Shuttle-box E10-E15</td>
			<td>Coulbourn Instruments</td>
			<td>H10-11M-SC</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>Stimulus generator MCS STG 2000</td>
			<td>Multichannel Systems</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>Plexon Headstage cable 32V-G20</td>
			<td>Plexon Inc.</td>
			<td>HSC/32v-G20</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>Plexon Headstage&#160; 32V-G20</td>
			<td>Plexon Inc.</td>
			<td>HST/32v-G20</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>PBX preamplifier 32 channels</td>
			<td>Plexon Inc.</td>
			<td>32PBX box</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>Multichannel Acquisition System</td>
			<td>Plexon Inc.</td>
			<td>MAP 32/HLK2</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>Cryostate CM3050 S</td>
			<td>Leica Microsystems GmbH</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>Signal processing Card Ni-Daq</td>
			<td>National Instruments</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>Lab StandardTM Stereotaxic Instruments</td>
			<td>Stoelting Co.&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>Audio attenator g.pah</td>
			<td>g.pah Guger technologies</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>Cresyl violet acetate</td>
			<td>Roth GmbH</td>
			<td>7651.2</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>Roticlear&#160;</td>
			<td>Roth GmbH</td>
			<td>A538.1</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>Sodium acetate trihydrate</td>
			<td>Roth GmbH</td>
			<td>6779.1</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>Potassium hexacyanoferrat(II) trihydrate</td>
			<td>Roth GmbH</td>
			<td>7974.2</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>Di-sodium hydrogen phospahte dihydrate</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td align="right">1,065,801,000</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>ICM Impedance Conditioning Module</td>
			<td>FHC</td>
			<td>55-70-0</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>Animal Temperarture Controler</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td>ATC2000</td>
			<td></td>
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</table>

combined shuttle-box training with electrophysiological cortex recording and stimulation as a tool to study perception and learning

Shuttle-box Vermeidung Lernen ist ein etabliertes Verfahren in der Verhaltensneurowissenschaften und Versuchsaufbauten waren traditionell nach Maß; die notwendige Ausrüstung ist nun durch mehrere Handelsunternehmen zur Verfügung. Dieses Protokoll enthält eine detaillierte Beschreibung eines Zwei-Wege-Shuttle-Box-Vermeidungslernparadigma in Nagetieren (hier Mongolische Rennmäuse; Meriones unguiculatus) in Kombination mit ortsspezifischen elektrischen intrakortikale Mikrostimulation (ICMS) und gleichzeitiger chronisch elektrophysiologische in-vivo-Aufnahmen. Die ausführliche Protokoll ist auf mehrere Aspekte der Lernverhalten und die Wahrnehmung in verschiedenen Nagetierarten zu studieren. Standortspezifische ICMS auditiver kortikalen Schaltkreisen als konditionierte Stimuli hier als Werkzeug, um die Wahrnehmungs Relevanz von bestimmten afferenten, abführenden und intrakortikale Verbindungen testen. Verschiedene Aktivierungsmuster können durch die Verwendung verschiedener Stimulationselektrode arr hervorgerufen werdenays für die lokale, Schicht abhängige ICMS oder entfernte ICMS Websites. Verwendung Verhaltenssignalerkennungsanalyse festgestellt werden kann, die Stimulationsstrategie ist am wirksamsten zum Hervorrufen einer behaviorally nachweisbar und der Schenkelsignals. Ferner parallelen Mehrkanal-Aufnahmen mit unterschiedlichen Elektrodenkonstruktionen (Oberflächenelektroden, Tiefenelektroden, etc.) zu ermöglichen für die Untersuchung der neuronalen Observablen über den Zeitverlauf eines solchen Lernprozessen. Es wird diskutiert werden, wie sich Änderungen der Verhaltens Design kann die kognitive Komplexität zu erhöhen (zB Erkennung, Diskriminierung, Umkehr Lernen).

Dieser Abschnitt zeigt ein repräsentatives Beispiel der Shuttle-Box-Lernen in einer Wüstenrennmaus. Das Thema wurde geschult, um zu unterscheiden das ICMS Website zwischen zwei Stimulationselektroden implantiert 700 um voneinander im auditorischen Cortex (Abbildungen 1 und 2). Stimulation Arrays können in unterschiedlichen räumlichen Designs (Abbildung 1) angepasst werden. Hier wurde der Diskriminierung der beiden ICMS-Websites innerhalb von 3 Trainingseinheiten mit...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Combined Shuttle-Box Training with Electrophysiological Cortex Recording and Stimulation as a Tool to Study Perception and Learning at JoVE.com

Combined Shuttle-Box Training with Electrophysiological Cortex Recording and Stimulation as a Tool to Study Perception and Learning

Shuttle-box Vermeidung Lernen wird in Behavioral Neuroscience etablierte. Dieses Protokoll beschreibt, wie Shuttle-Box-Lernen bei Nagetieren mit ortsspezifischen elektrischen intracortical Mikrostimulation (ICMS) und gleichzeitige chronische in vivo-Aufnahmen als Werkzeug, um mehrere Aspekte des Lernens und Wahrnehmung studieren kombiniert werden.

Kombinierte Shuttle-Box-Training mit Elektrophysiologische Cortex Ableitung und Stimulation als ein Instrument zur Wahrnehmung und Lernen Studie

Shuttle-box avoidance learning is a well-established method in behavioral neuroscience and experimental setups were traditionally custom-made; the ...

combined-shuttle-box-training-with-electrophysiological-cortex

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

10.2K Aufrufe.  Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany.  Shuttle-box Vermeidung Lernen wird in Behavioral Neuroscience etablierte. Dieses Protokoll beschreibt, wie Shuttle-Box-Lernen bei Nagetieren mit ortsspezifischen elektrischen intracortical Mikrostimulation (ICMS) und gleichzeitige chronische in vivo-Aufnahmen als Werkzeug, um mehrere Aspekte des Lernens und Wahrnehmung studieren kombiniert werden. 

Serie: Combined Shuttle-Box Training with Electrophysiological Cortex Recording and Stimulation as a Tool to Study Perception and Learning

Compensatory Limb Use and Behavioral Assessment of Motor Skill Learning Following Sensorimotor Cortex Injury in a Mouse Model of Ischemic Stroke

Mouse models have become increasingly popular in the field of behavioral neuroscience, and specifically in studies of experimental stroke. As models advance, it is important to develop sensitive behavioral measures specific to the mouse. The present protocol describes a skilled motor task for use in mouse models of stroke. The Pasta Matrix Reaching Task functions as a versatile and sensitive behavioral assay that permits experimenters to collect accurate outcome data and manipulate limb use to mimic human clinical phenomena including compensatory strategies (i.e., learned non-use) and focused rehabilitative training. When combined with neuroanatomical tools, this task also permits researchers to explore the mechanisms that support behavioral recovery of function (or lack thereof) following stroke. The task is both simple and affordable to set up and conduct, offering a variety of training and testing options for numerous research questions concerning functional outcome following injury. Though the task has been applied to mouse models of stroke, it may also be beneficial in studies of functional outcome in other upper extremity injury models.

Mouse models have become increasingly popular in studies of behavioral neuroscience. As models advance, it is important to develop sensitive behavioral measures specific to the mouse. This protocol describes the Pasta Matrix Reaching Task, which is a skilled motor task for use in mouse models of stroke.

Ausgleichs Gliedmaßen Bedingungen und Verhaltens Bewertung der Motorik Learning Nach sensomotorischen Kortex Verletzung in einem Maus-Modell der ischämischen Schlaganfall

Mouse models have become increasingly popular in the field of behavioral neuroscience, and specifically in studies of experimental stroke. As models ...

Forschung

Verhalten

Stimulating the Lip Motor Cortex with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has proven to be a useful tool in investigating the role of the articulatory motor cortex in speech perception. Researchers have used single-pulse and repetitive TMS to stimulate the lip representation in the motor cortex. The excitability of the lip motor representation can be investigated by applying single TMS pulses over this cortical area and recording TMS-induced motor evoked potentials (MEPs) via electrodes attached to the lip muscles (electromyography; EMG). Larger MEPs reflect increased cortical excitability. Studies have shown that excitability increases during listening to speech as well as during&#160;viewing speech-related movements. TMS can be used also to disrupt the lip motor representation. A 15-min train of low-frequency sub-threshold repetitive stimulation has been shown to suppress motor excitability for a further 15-20 min. This TMS-induced disruption of the motor lip representation impairs subsequent performance in demanding speech perception tasks and modulates auditory-cortex responses to speech sounds. These findings are consistent with the suggestion that the motor cortex contributes to speech perception. This article describes how to localize the lip representation in the motor cortex and how to define the appropriate stimulation intensity for carrying out both single-pulse and repetitive TMS experiments.

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has proven to be a useful tool in investigating the role of the articulatory motor cortex in speech perception.&#160; This article describes how to record motor evoked potentials (MEPs) from the lip muscles and how to disrupt the motor lip representation using repetitive TMS.

Förderung der Lip Motor Cortex mit Transkranielle Magnetstimulation

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has proven to be a useful tool in investigating the role of the articulatory motor cortex in speech perception. ...

Vagus Nerve Stimulation as a Tool to Induce Plasticity in Pathways Relevant for Extinction Learning

Extinction describes the process of attenuating behavioral responses to neutral stimuli when they no longer provide the reinforcement that has been maintaining the behavior. There is close correspondence between fear and human anxiety, and therefore studies of extinction learning might provide insight into the biological nature of anxiety-related disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder, and they might help to develop strategies to treat them. Preclinical research aims to aid extinction learning and to induce targeted plasticity in extinction circuits to consolidate the newly formed memory. Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is a powerful approach that provides tight temporal and circuit-specific release of neurotransmitters, resulting in modulation of neuronal networks engaged in an ongoing task. VNS enhances memory consolidation in both rats and humans, and pairing VNS with exposure to conditioned cues enhances the consolidation of extinction learning in rats. Here, we provide a detailed protocol for the preparation of custom-made parts and the surgical procedures required for VNS in rats. Using this protocol we show how VNS can facilitate the extinction of conditioned fear responses in an auditory fear conditioning task. In addition, we provide evidence that VNS modulates synaptic plasticity in the pathway between the infralimbic (IL) medial prefrontal cortex and the basolateral complex of the amygdala (BLA), which is involved in the expression and modulation of extinction memory.

Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) has emerged as a tool to induce targeted synaptic plasticity in the forebrain to modify a range of behaviors. This protocol describes how to implement VNS to facilitate the consolidation of fear extinction memory.

Vagusnervstimulation als Instrument zur Plastizität in Pathways Relevant für Extinction Learning herbei

Extinction describes the process of attenuating behavioral responses to neutral stimuli when they no longer provide the reinforcement that has been ...

Investigating Motor Skill Learning Processes with a Robotic Manipulandum

Skilled reaching tasks are commonly used in studies of motor skill learning and motor function under healthy and pathological conditions, but can be time-intensive and ambiguous to quantify beyond simple success rates. Here, we describe the training procedure for reach-and-pull tasks with ETH Pattus, a robotic platform for automated forelimb reaching training that records pulling and hand rotation movements in rats. Kinematic quantification of the performed pulling attempts reveals the presence of distinct temporal profiles of movement parameters such as pulling velocity, spatial variability of the pulling trajectory, deviation from midline, as well as pulling success. We show how minor adjustments in the training paradigm result in alterations in these parameters, revealing their relation to task difficulty, general motor function or skilled task execution. Combined with electrophysiological, pharmacological and optogenetic techniques, this paradigm can be used to explore the mechanisms underlying motor learning and memory formation, as well as loss and recovery of function (e.g. after stroke).

A paradigm is presented for training and analysis of an automated skilled reaching task in rats. Analysis of pulling attempts reveals distinct subprocesses of motor learning.

Untersuchung Motorfaehigkeiten Lernprozesse mit einem Robotic Manipulandum

Skilled reaching tasks are commonly used in studies of motor skill learning and motor function under healthy and pathological conditions, but can be ...

Introducing Clicker Training as a Cognitive Enrichment for Laboratory Mice

Establishing new refinement strategies in laboratory animal science is a central goal in fulfilling the requirements of Directive 2010/63/EU. Previous research determined a profound impact of gentle handling protocols on the well-being of laboratory mice. By introducing clicker training to the keeping of mice, not only do we promote the amicable treatment of mice, but we also enable them to experience cognitive enrichment. Clicker training is a form of positive reinforcement training using a conditioned secondary reinforcer, the "click" sound of a clicker, which serves as a time bridge between the strengthened behavior and an upcoming reward. The effective implementation of the clicker training protocol with a cohort of 12 BALB/c inbred mice of each sex proved to be uncomplicated. The mice learned rather quickly when challenged with tasks of the clicker training protocol, and almost all trained mice overcame the challenges they were given (100% of female mice and 83% of male mice). This study has identified that clicker training for mice strongly correlates with reduced fear in the mice during human-mice interactions, as shown by reduced anxiety-related behaviors (e.g., defecation, vocalization, and urination) and fewer depression-like behaviors (e.g., floating). By developing a reliable protocol that can be easily integrated into the daily routine of the keeping of laboratory mice, the lifetime experience of welfare in the mice can be improved substantially.

The development of new refinement strategies for laboratory mice is a challenging task that contributes towards fulfilling the 3R principle. This protocol introduces clicker training as a cognitive enrichment program for laboratory mice.

Einführung in Clicker Ausbildung als Cognitive Anreicherung für Labormäuse

Establishing new refinement strategies in laboratory animal science is a central goal in fulfilling the requirements of Directive 2010/63/EU. Previous ...

Using a Virtual Store As a Research Tool to Investigate Consumer In-store Behavior

People&#39;s responses to products and/or choice environments are crucial to understanding in-store consumer behaviors. Currently, there are various approaches (e.g., surveys or laboratory settings) to study in-store behaviors, but the external validity of these is limited by their poor capability to resemble realistic choice environments. In addition, building a real store to meet experimental conditions while controlling for undesirable effects is costly and highly difficult. A virtual store developed by virtual reality techniques potentially transcends these limitations by offering the simulation of a 3D virtual store environment in a realistic, flexible, and cost-efficient way. In particular, a virtual store interactively allows consumers (participants) to experience and interact with objects in a tightly controlled yet realistic setting. This paper presents the key elements of using a desktop virtual store to study in-store consumer behavior. Descriptions of the protocol steps to: 1) build the experimental store, 2) prepare the data management program, 3) run the virtual store experiment, and 4) organize and export data from the data management program are presented. The virtual store enables participants to navigate through the store, choose a product from alternatives, and select or return products. Moreover, consumer-related shopping behaviors (e.g., shopping time, walking speed, and number and type of products examined and bought) can also be collected. The protocol is illustrated with an example of a store layout experiment showing that shelf length and shelf orientation influence shopping- and movement-related behaviors. This demonstrates that the use of a virtual store facilitates the study of consumer responses. The virtual store can be especially helpful when examining factors that are costly or difficult to change in real life (e.g., overall store layout), products that are not presently available in the market, and routinized behaviors in familiar environments.

This paper describes the use of a desktop virtual store to create virtual shopping environments to investigate in-store consumer behavior. A description of the protocol to build and run experiments, example results from an experiment concerning store layout, and important considerations when conducting virtual store experiments are presented.

Verwenden eines virtuellen Films als Forschungs-Tool zur Untersuchung des Konsumenten-In-Store-Verhaltens

People&#39;s responses to products and/or choice environments are crucial to understanding in-store consumer behaviors. Currently, there are various ...

A Wireless, Bidirectional Interface for In Vivo Recording and Stimulation of Neural Activity in Freely Behaving Rats

In vivo electrophysiology is a powerful technique to investigate the relationship between brain activity and behavior at a millisecond and micrometer scale. However, current methods mostly rely on tethered cable recordings or only use unidirectional systems, allowing either recording or stimulation of neural activity, but not at the same time or same target. Here, a new wireless, bidirectional device for simultaneous multichannel recording and stimulation of neural activity in freely behaving rats is described. The system operates through a single portable head stage that both transmits recorded activity and can be targeted in real-time for brain stimulation using a telemetry-based multichannel software. The head stage is equipped with a preamplifier and a rechargeable battery, allowing stable long-term recordings or stimulation for up to 1 h. Importantly, the head stage is compact, weighs 12 g (including battery) and thus has minimal impact on the animal&#180;s behavioral repertoire, making the method applicable to a broad set of behavioral tasks. Moreover, the method has the major advantage that the effect of brain stimulation on neural activity and behavior can be measured simultaneously, providing a tool to assess the causal relationships between specific brain activation patterns and behavior. This feature makes the method particularly valuable for the field of deep brain stimulation, allowing precise assessment, monitoring, and adjustment of stimulation parameters during long-term behavioral experiments. The applicability of the system has been validated using the inferior colliculus as a model structure.

A Wireless, Bidirectional Interface for In Vivo Recording and Stimulation of Neural Activity in Freely Behaving Rats

A wireless, bidirectional system for multi-channel neural recordings and stimulation in freely behaving rats is introduced. The system is light and compact, thus having minimal impact on the animal&#180;s behavioral repertoire. Moreover, this bidirectional system provides a sophisticated tool to assess causal relationships between brain activation patterns and behavior.

Ein kabelloses, bidirektionale Schnittstelle für In Vivo Aufnahme und Stimulation der neuronalen Aktivität in Ratten frei Verhalten

In vivo electrophysiology is a powerful technique to investigate the relationship between brain activity and behavior at a millisecond and micrometer ...

Paradigms of Lower Extremity Electrical Stimulation Training After Spinal Cord Injury

Skeletal muscle atrophy, increased adiposity and reduced physical activity are key changes observed after spinal cord injury (SCI) and are associated with numerous cardiometabolic health consequences. These changes are likely to increase the risk of developing chronic secondary conditions and impact the quality of life in persons with SCI. Surface neuromuscular electrical stimulation evoked resistance training (NMES-RT) was developed as a strategy to attenuate the process of skeletal muscle atrophy, decrease ectopic adiposity, improve insulin sensitivity and enhance mitochondrial capacity. However, NMES-RT is limited to only a single muscle group. Involving multiple muscle groups of the lower extremities may maximize the health benefits of training. Functional electrical stimulation-lower extremity cycling (FES-LEC) allows for the activation of 6 muscle groups, which is likely to evoke greater metabolic and cardiovascular adaptation. Appropriate knowledge of the stimulation parameters is key to maximizing the outcomes of electrical stimulation training in persons with SCI. Adopting strategies for long-term use of NMES-RT and FES-LEC during rehabilitation may maintain the integrity of the musculoskeletal system, a pre-requisite for clinical trials aiming to restore walking after injury. The current manuscript presents a combined protocol using NMES-RT prior to FES-LEC. We hypothesize that muscles conditioned for 12 weeks prior to cycling will be capable of generating greater power, cycle against higher resistance and result in greater adaptation in persons with SCI.

Spinal cord injury is a traumatic medical condition that may result in elevated risks of chronic secondary metabolic disorders. Here, we presented a protocol using surface neuromuscular electrical stimulation-resistance training in conjunction with functional electrical stimulation-lower extremities cycling as a strategy to ameliorate several of these medical problems.

Paradigmen der unteren Extremität Elektrostimulation Training nach Verletzungen des Rückenmarks

Skeletal muscle atrophy, increased adiposity and reduced physical activity are key changes observed after spinal cord injury (SCI) and are associated with ...

Using Electroencephalography Measurements and High-quality Video Recording for Analyzing Visual Perception of Media Content

This article explores a method to detect differences in visual perception in humans. The method used is based on the psychological (or "cognitive") function of eyeblinks. Participants' eyeblinks are detected and acquired while watching videos specifically created for the investigation. The detection and acquisition of eyeblinks are carried out with the help of a 20-channel electroencephalographic (EEG) wireless device. The international 10-20 system for electrode placement is followed. A high-definition (HD) video camera is used to record participants' facial expressions, for contrast purposes. Instead of using pre-existing media content, purpose-made video content has been created following specific criteria of interest for this investigation, with stimuli enabling researchers to manage the precise parameters of interest. Otherwise, results could be contaminated with uncontrolled variables. The synchronization of the presentation of video stimuli with EEG recordings needs to be done in milliseconds. Analysis of collected data is performed with robust software for working with big matrices. Statistically significant differences in eyeblink rate related to media professionalization and editing style are found with the reported experimental procedures.

We present detection, acquisition, and analysis of eyeblink rates while watching media content.

Mittels Elektroenzephalografie Messungen und qualitativ hochwertige Videoaufnahmen für die Analyse der visuellen Wahrnehmung von Medieninhalten

This article explores a method to detect differences in visual perception in humans. The method used is based on the psychological (or "cognitive") ...

Continuous Theta Burst Stimulation of the Posterior Medial Frontal Cortex to Experimentally Reduce Ideological Threat Responses

Decades of behavioral science research have documented functional shifts in attitudes and ideological adherence in response to various challenges, but little work to date has illuminated the neural mechanisms underlying these dynamics. This paper describes how continuous theta burst transcranial magnetic stimulation may be employed to experimentally assess the causal contribution of cortical regions to threat-related ideological shifts. In the example protocol provided here, participants are exposed to a threat prime-an explicit reminder of their own inevitable death and bodily decomposition-following a downregulation of the posterior medial frontal cortex (pMFC) or a sham stimulation. Next, disguised within a series of distracter tasks, participants' relative degree of ideological adherence is assessed-in the present example, with regard to coalitional prejudice and religious belief. Participants for whom the pMFC has been downregulated exhibit less coalitionally biased responses to an immigrant critical of the participants' national in-group, and less conviction in positive afterlife beliefs (i.e., God, angels, and heaven), despite having recently been reminded of death. These results complement prior findings that continuous theta burst stimulation of the pMFC influences social conformity and sharing and illustrate the feasibility of investigating the neural basis of high-level social cognitive shifts using transcranial magnetic stimulation.

Threats reliably evoke shifts in high-level ideological investment, but little work to date has explored the neural mechanisms underlying these dynamics. This paper describes how continuous theta burst transcranial magnetic stimulation may be employed to test the contribution of the posterior medial frontal cortex (and/or other regions) to threat-related ideological shifts.

Kontinuierliche Theta Burst Stimulation des hinteren medialen frontalen Kortex, experimentell ideologischen Bedrohung Antworten zu reduzieren

Decades of behavioral science research have documented functional shifts in attitudes and ideological adherence in response to various challenges, but ...