Die Finanzierung dieser Forschung wurde von The Garnett Pässe und Rodney Williams Memorial Foundation und der La Trobe University zur Verfügung gestellt.

<ol>
	<li>Mauger, S. J., Shivdasani, M. N., Rathbone, G. D., Argent, R. E., Paolini, A. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+in+vivo+investigation+of+first+spike+latencies+in+the+inferior+colliculus+in+response+to+multichannel+penetrating+auditory+brainstem+implant+stimulation.">An in vivo investigation of first spike latencies in the inferior colliculus in response to multichannel penetrating auditory brainstem implant stimulation.</a> Journal of Neural Engineering. 7, 036004-036004 (2010).</li><li>Shivdasani, M. N., Mauger, S. J., Argent, R. E., Rathbone, G. D., Paolini, A. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inferior+colliculus+responses+to+dual-site+intralamina+stimulation+in+the+ventral+cochlear+nucleus.">Inferior colliculus responses to dual-site intralamina stimulation in the ventral cochlear nucleus.</a> J. Comp. Neurol. 518, 4226-4242 (2010).</li><li>Shivdasani, M. N., Mauger, S. J., Rathbone, G. D., Paolini, A. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inferior+colliculus+responses+to+multichannel+microstimulation+of+the+ventral+cochlear+nucleus:+Implications+for+auditory+brain+stem+implants.">Inferior colliculus responses to multichannel microstimulation of the ventral cochlear nucleus: Implications for auditory brain stem implants.</a> Journal of Neurophysiology. 99, 1-13 (2007).</li><li>Lenarz, M., Lim, H. H., Patrick, J. F., Anderson, D. J., Lenarz, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electrophysiological+Validation+of+a+Human+Prototype+Auditory+Midbrain+Implant+in+a+Guinea+Pig+Model.">Electrophysiological Validation of a Human Prototype Auditory Midbrain Implant in a Guinea Pig Model.</a> JARO. 7, 383-398 (2006).</li><li>Lim, H. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Auditory+Cortical+Responses+to+Electrical+Stimulation+of+the+Inferior+Colliculus:+Implications+for+an+Auditory+Midbrain+Implant.">Auditory Cortical Responses to Electrical Stimulation of the Inferior Colliculus: Implications for an Auditory Midbrain Implant.</a> Journal of Neurophysiology. 96, 975-988 (2006).</li><li>Otto, K. J., Rousche, P. J., Kipke, D. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microstimulation+in+auditory+cortex+provides+a+substrate+for+detailed+behaviors.">Microstimulation in auditory cortex provides a substrate for detailed behaviors.</a> Hearing research. 210, 112-117 (2005).</li><li>Gai, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Detection+of+Tones+in+Reproducible+Noise+Maskers+by+Rabbits+and+Comparison+to+Detection+by+Humans.">Detection of Tones in Reproducible Noise Maskers by Rabbits and Comparison to Detection by Humans.</a> JARO. 8, 522-538 (2007).</li><li>Miller, C. A., Woodruff, K. E., Pfingst, B. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+responses+from+guinea+pigs+with+cochlear+implants.+I.+Electrophysiological+and+psychophysical+measures.">Functional responses from guinea pigs with cochlear implants. I. Electrophysiological and psychophysical measures.</a> Hearing Research. 92, 85-99 (1995).</li><li>Beitel, R. E., Vollmer, M., Snyder, R. L., Schreiner, C. E., Leake, P. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Behavioral+and+neurophysiological+thresholds+for+electrical+cochlear+stimulation+in+the+deaf+cat.">Behavioral and neurophysiological thresholds for electrical cochlear stimulation in the deaf cat.</a> Audiology &#38; Neurotology. 5, 31-38 (2000).</li><li>Beitel, R. E., Snyder, R. L., Schreiner, C. E., Raggio, M. W., Leake, P. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electrical+cochlear+stimulation+in+the+deaf+cat:+comparisons+between+psychophysical+and+central+auditory+neuronal+thresholds.">Electrical cochlear stimulation in the deaf cat: comparisons between psychophysical and central auditory neuronal thresholds.</a> J. Neurophysiol. 83, 2145-2162 (2000).</li><li>Vollmer, M., Beitel, R. E., Snyder, R. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Auditory+detection+and+discrimination+in+deaf+cats:+Psychophysical+and+neural+thresholds+for+intracochlear+electrical+signals.">Auditory detection and discrimination in deaf cats: Psychophysical and neural thresholds for intracochlear electrical signals.</a> Journal of Neurophysiology. 86, 2330-2343 (2001).</li><li>LeDoux, J. E., Cicchetti, P., Xagoraris, A., Romanski, L. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+lateral+amygdaloid+nucleus:+sensory+interface+of+the+amygdala+in+fear+conditioning.">The lateral amygdaloid nucleus: sensory interface of the amygdala in fear conditioning.</a> Journal of Neuroscience. 10, 1062-1069 (1990).</li><li>McCreery, D. B., Yuen, T. G., Agnew, W. F., Bullara, L. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+characterization+of+the+effects+on+neuronal+excitability+due+to+prolonged+microstimulation+with+chronically+implanted+microelectrodes.">A characterization of the effects on neuronal excitability due to prolonged microstimulation with chronically implanted microelectrodes.</a> IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering. 44, 931-939 (1997).</li><li>Liu, X., McPhee, G., Seldon, H. L., Clark, G. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Histological+and+physiological+effects+of+the+central+auditory+prosthesis:+surface+versus+penetrating+electrodes.">Histological and physiological effects of the central auditory prosthesis: surface versus penetrating electrodes.</a> Hearing Research. 114, 264-274 (1997).</li><li>Polikov, V. S., Tresco, P. A., Reichert, W. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Response+of+brain+tissue+to+chronically+implanted+neural+electrodes.">Response of brain tissue to chronically implanted neural electrodes.</a> Journal of Neuroscience Methods. 148, 1-18 (2005).</li></ol>

Dr. Antonio Paolini ist ein Direktor von Bioengenesis Technologies Pty Ltd, die die australischen Vertreter für Tucker Davis Technologies und dem australischen Distributor von NeuroNexus Probes sind.

Die hier beschriebenen Techniken stellen ein Mittel zum Testen einer Reihe von Diskriminierung und damit schnell, mit kurzen Trainingszeiten und damit für eine wesentliche Automatisierung und minimiert so Forscher Zeit für die Datenverarbeitung erforderlich. Anhand der Daten aus dem implantierten EKG, Berechnung der Herzfrequenz (HR) Veränderung in Zeiten der Stimulus-Präsentation erhalten kann automatisiert werden. Fehler bei der EKG-Verarbeitung (z. B. fehlende einen einzigen Herzschlag) können leicht identifiziert werden, da sie fälschlicherweise große Veränderungen in der scheinbaren Herzfrequenz für einen sehr kurzen Zeitraum zu produzieren, und wie leicht Fehlererkennung minimiert die Voraussetzung für die zeitintensive manuelle Sichtung von Daten . Die Technik für die Implantation des EKG-Telemetrie-Gerät beschrieben, die durchgängige Produktion von Aufnahmen mit wenig oder gar keine Störungen (siehe Abbildungen 1 und 2). Allerdings können relativ kleine Schwankungen in der Platzierung der Elektrode in das Mediastinum Region, um Störungen aus dem nahe gelegenen Muskel führens und insbesondere Atmung-assoziierten Lärm. Überprüfen der korrekten Platzierung der Elektroden während der Implantation, insbesondere nach der Naht führt an Ort und Stelle, erlaubt Feineinstellungen von Blei Platzierung um Störungen zu minimieren. Der Prozess der Hirn-Implantation in den Nucleus cochlearis ist schwierig. Durch die Verwendung von seriellen Präsentationen von bandpaßgefilterten Lärm von mehreren Frequenzbereichen, anstatt breitbandiges Rauschen wie zuvor bereits 3 verwendet, können Antworten von Zellpopulationen an der Elektrode Sites schnell im Hinblick auf Frequenz-Antwort eher werden als die weniger spezifischen Lärm bewertet Antwort. Die Fähigkeit, schnell zu identifizieren, wenn eine ausreichende Frequenzbereich abgestimmt Zellpopulationen zugänglich sind kritisch in der Forschung, wenn elektrische Impulse Diskriminierung getestet wird. Wenn nicht genügend Frequenz-Verteilung erhalten wird, dann Vergleich zwischen Stimulation der unterschiedlichen Frequenzbereichen ist einfach nicht möglich. Dennoch ist die längeren Prozessder Frequenz-Amplituden-Mapping bleibt entscheidend für die Bereitstellung Detail in Bezug auf die Breite des Tunings von Zellpopulationen und sollten vor der Befestigung der Elektroden an Ort und Stelle durchgeführt werden. Im Verhaltenstraining und Tests, ermöglicht die Aufnahme eines nicht-Stimulus (oder stumm) Zeitraum zwischen Studien, vor Beginn des Stimulus, das Ansprechen auf eine initiale Reizbeginn untersucht werden. Beim Gebrauch von elektrischen Nervenstimulation, bietet eine Antwort auf Reizbeginn Beweis für die einfache Erkennung des Reizes. Somit wird, wenn es keine Stimulusbeginn Antwort, aber dann reagieren, wenn der zweite Impuls abwechselnd eingebracht wird, kann gefolgert werden, dass nur diese Impulse detektiert werden kann. Ohne Aufnahme einer solchen Ruhephase, gäbe es keine Möglichkeit festzustellen, dass der frühere Reiz nicht erkannt wurde. Eine Einschränkung in diesem Verhaltens-Tests Technik ist, dass das Fehlen der Maul-Schocks nach der Präsentation des NEURA geliefertl Stimulation kann zur Entwicklung von Spezifität in konditionierter Furcht führen wird, dass Angst nur zum Ausdruck, wenn der akustische Reiz dargeboten wird. Das heißt, dass das Tier erfahren, dass die sensorische Effekte insbesondere von neuronalen Stimulation mit empfängt kein Fußschock zugeordnet sind. Im Gegensatz dazu konnte die Bereitstellung Fuß-Schocks nach der Präsentation des neuronalen Stimulation auf eine konditionierte Furcht des neuronalen Stimulus selbst, sich von allen Sound-ähnlichen Eigenschaften der neuronalen Reiz haben können führen. Ergebnisse erhält man, wenn ohne einen Fuß-Schock nach neuronale Stimulation sicherlich stärkere Beweise für neuronale Impulse als Ton-wie als diejenigen mit einem Fuß-Schock nach neuronaler Stimulation, wie im ersten Fall konditionierte Furcht von der akustischen zur Neurostimulation verallgemeinert hat. Dennoch ist das Risiko der Entwicklung Spezifität für akustische als neuronale Stimulation auf. Die Verwendung von bandpaßgefilterten Lärm als akustischer Reiz, anstatt reiner Ton-Bursts, von denen die ersterekann besser auf die Wahrnehmungserlebnis neuronaler Stimulation, könnte das Risiko von solchen Spezifität zu entwickeln. Allerdings führt ein solches Verfahren eine zusätzliche Variable der Bandbreite des Filters, der die Diskriminierung Aufgaben, beeinträchtigt wird. Eine zusätzliche Einschränkung mit einer chronischen Implantation neuronalen wie erforderlich für Verhaltenstests, zugeordnet ist, die Änderung in Abhängigkeit von der Elektrode oder des dazugehörigen neuronalen Gewebe über die Zeit. Die Stimulation von Nervengewebe kann sowohl temporäre Unterdrückung der neuronalen Aktivität 13 und Gewebeveränderungen wie Zellverlust 14 und Hirngewebe direkte Reaktion auf die Elektrode führen. 15 Der beschriebene Ansatz zur Implantation und Verhaltenstests bietet ein Mittel, um sowohl Erkennung und Unterscheidung von akustischen und elektrischen Reize mit einer kurzen Ausbildung, und die Fähigkeit zur Steuerung von Prozess-Frequenz ausüben zu testen. Die Technik der Verwendung Änderung in HR als Messe von konditionierter Furcht könnten erhoben werden, nicht nur auditive Tests, sondern ganz allgemein zu allen sensorischen Tests, in denen Impulse für jeden einzelnen Zeitraum erbracht werden kann, und in denen der Nachweis der sensorischen Diskriminierung gewünscht wird.

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> Name </td><td> Firma </td><td> Modell </td><td> Kommentare </td></tr><tr><td> PowerLab </td><td> ADInstruments </td><td> ML880 </td><td> Aufzeichnungen empfangenen Daten aus dem implantierten Sender TR40 </td></tr><tr><td> SmartCtrl-Controller-Karte </td><td> Med Associates </td><td> DIG-716b </td><td> Steuert die Verhaltens-Prüfkammer, einschließlich Fuß-Schock </td></tr><tr><td> Modulare Verhaltensstörungen Prüfkammer </td><td> Med Associates </td><td> ENV-009 </td><td> Prüfkammer-size: 30.5cm x 39.4cm </td></tr><tr><td> Aversiven Reiz-Generator </td><td> Med Associates </td><td> ENV-410B </td><td> Liefert aversive Fuß-Schock für Metall-Bar Boden des Käfigs durch eine Solid-State-Scrambler-Einheit </td></tr><tr><td> Programmierbaren Dämpfer </td><td> TDT </td><td> PA5 </td><td> Steuert die amplItude der gelieferten akustisches Signal, um eine stabile Amplitude über Frequenzen zu gewährleisten </td></tr><tr><td> Elektrostatische Lautsprecher-Treiber </td><td> TDT </td><td> ED1 </td><td> Treibt die elektrostatischen Lautsprechern (EC1, ES1) </td></tr><tr><td> Freifeld-Lautsprecher elektrostatische </td><td> TDT </td><td> ES1 </td><td> Klingt präsentiert mit dieser Lautsprecher in der Verhaltens-Prüfkammer </td></tr><tr><td> Gekoppelt elektrostatische Lautsprecher </td><td> TDT </td><td> EC1 </td><td> Klingt präsentiert mit dieser Lautsprecher während Nervenimplantat Chirurgie </td></tr><tr><td> Stimulator Base Station </td><td> TDT </td><td> RX7 </td><td> Steuert Lieferung der elektrischen Nervenstimulation (zur Verwendung mit MS16) </td></tr><tr><td> Mikrostimulator </td><td> TDT </td><td> MS16 </td><td> Liefert Mehrkanal elektrische Nervenstimulation </td></tr><tr><td> Die Verarbeitung Basisstation </td><td> TDT </td><td> RZ2 </td><td> Aufzeichnungen neuronalen Aktivität des Gehirns während der Implantation (mit Vorverstärker PZ2) </td></tr><tr><td> Vorverstärker </td><td> TDT </td><td> PZ2-256 </td><td> 256-Kanal-Vorverstärker mit hoher Impedanz </td></tr><tr><td> Telemetrie-Empfänger-Gerät </td><td> Telemetrie-Forschung </td><td> TR162 </td><td> Empfängt digitales Signal von TR40, und wandelt, um verstärkt Analogausgang </td></tr><tr><td> Implantierbare Elektrokardiogramm Telemetriegerät </td><td> Telemetrie-Forschung </td><td> TR40 </td><td> Das implantierte Gerät Sender, Probenahme bei 2kHz </td></tr><tr><td> Multifunktions-Prozessor </td><td> Tucker Davis Technologies (TDT) </td><td> RX6 </td><td> Wird verwendet, um akustische Reize erzeugen </td></tr><tr><td> Vertex Castavaria </td><td> Vertex Dental </td><td></td><td> Dental Acrylsäure verwendet, um die Elektrode zu fixieren </td></tr><tr><td> Kwik-Sil Kleber, mit niedriger Viskosität </td><td> World Precision Instruments </td><td></td><td> Silikonkautschuk zur Beschichtung der Elektrodenschäfte </td></tr><tr><td> Multichannel-Elektrode </td><td> NeuroNexus </td><td> a2x16-10mm 100-500-413 </td><td> Die 2-Schaft 32-Kanal-extrazellulären Elektrodenanordnung zur Implantation verwendet. Die Elektrodenpositionen wurden aktiviert, um eine Beschichtung aus Iridiumoxid in Vorbereitung für die Stimulation zu erzeugen. </td></tr></tbody></table>

behavioral determination of stimulus pair discrimination of auditory acoustic and electrical stimuli using a classical conditioning and heart-rate approach

Akute Tierpräparate haben in der Forschung verwendet wurden prospektiv untersucht Elektrode Designs und Verfahren zur Stimulation für die Integration in neuronalen Hörgeräten, wie Hirnstammimplantate 1-3 und auditorischen Mittelhirn Implantate 4,5. Während akute Experimente können erste Einblicke auf die Wirksamkeit des Implantats zu geben, die Prüfung der chronisch implantierten Tiere wach und bietet den Vorteil einer Untersuchung der psycho-physischen Eigenschaften der Empfindungen induziert mit implantierten Geräten 6,7. Verschiedene Techniken, wie belohnungsbasierten operante Konditionierung 6-8, bedingt Vermeidung 9-11, oder klassische Angstkonditionierung 12 sind, um Verhaltensänderungen Bestätigung der Erfassung eines relevanten Stimulus Attribut angeben. Auswahl einer Technik umfasst Ausgleich Aspekte, einschließlich der Zeiteffizienz (oft eine schlechte Belohnung Ansätze), die Fähigkeit, eine Vielzahl von TestStimulus Attribute gleichzeitig (begrenzt in konditionierten Vermeidungs-) und Zuverlässigkeit der Maßnahme wiederholt Reize (eine potentielle Einschränkung, wenn physiologische Maßnahmen eingesetzt werden). Hier wird eine klassische Konditionierung Angst Verhaltensstörungen Methode vorgestellt, die verwendet werden, um gleichzeitig zu testen sowohl die Erkennung eines Reizes, und einer Diskriminierung zwischen zwei Stimuli werden. Herz-Rate wird als Maß für Angstreaktion, reduziert oder eliminiert die Notwendigkeit für zeitraubende Videocodierung für Gefrier Verhalten oder andere ähnliche Maßnahmen verwendet (obwohl solche Maßnahmen enthalten, um konvergente nachweisen können). Die Tiere wurden konditioniert, die diese Methoden in drei 2-stündige Konditionierung Sitzungen, die jeweils 48 Stimulus-Studien. Nachfolgende 48-Studie Testfahrten wurden dann verwendet, um für den Nachweis von jedem Stimulus präsentiert in Paaren, und Test-Diskriminierung zwischen den Mitglied Reize von jedem Paar zu testen. Diese Verhaltensweisen Verfahren ist in dargestelltdie Rahmenbedingungen der Nutzung der auditiven prothetischen Forschung. Die Implantation von EKG-Telemetrie-Geräte angezeigt wird. Nachfolgende Implantation in das Gehirn Elektroden Cochlear Nucleus, durch die Überwachung der neuronalen Antworten auf akustische Stimulation geführt, und die Fixierung der Elektrode in Platz für chronische Anwendung ist ebenfalls dargestellt.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Behavioral Determination of Stimulus Pair Discrimination of Auditory Acoustic and Electrical Stimuli Using a Classical Conditioning and Heart-rate Approach at

Behavioral Determination of Stimulus Pair Discrimination of Auditory Acoustic and Electrical Stimuli Using a Classical Conditioning and Heart-rate Approach

Die Anwendung einer klassischen Konditionierung Angst Verhaltensstörungen Paradigma für die auditive prothetischen Forschungen an Ratten beschrieben. Dieses Paradigma stellt einen Mechanismus zur Identifizierung sowohl Erkennung und Unterscheidung zwischen, deutliche akustische und elektrische Reize mittels Herzfrequenz als Zielparameter.

Behavioral Bestimmung des Stimulus-Pair-Diskriminierung von Auditory Akustische und elektrische Reize mit einem klassischen Konditionierung und Herzfrequenz-Ansatz

Acute animal preparations have been used in research prospectively investigating electrode designs and stimulation techniques for integration into neural ...

behavioral-determination-stimulus-pair-discrimination-auditory

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Electrical Engineering

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Unit 1

Frequency Response

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14.4K Aufrufe.  La Trobe University. Die Anwendung einer klassischen Konditionierung Angst Verhaltensstörungen Paradigma für die auditive prothetischen Forschungen an Ratten beschrieben. Dieses Paradigma stellt einen Mechanismus zur Identifizierung sowohl Erkennung und Unterscheidung zwischen, deutliche akustische und elektrische Reize mittels Herzfrequenz als Zielparameter.

Serie: Behavioral Determination of Stimulus Pair Discrimination of Auditory Acoustic and Electrical Stimuli Using a Classical Conditioning and Heart-rate Approach

Behavioural Pharmacology in Classical Conditioning of the Proboscis Extension Response in Honeybees (Apis mellifera)

Honeybees (Apis mellifera) are well known for their communication and orientation skills and for their impressive learning capability1,2. Because the survival of a honeybee colony depends on the exploitation of food sources, forager bees learn and memorize variable flower sites as well as their profitability. Forager bees can be easily trained in natural settings where they forage at a feeding site and learn the related signals such as odor or color. Appetitive associative learning can also be studied under controlled conditions in the laboratory by conditioning the proboscis extension response (PER) of individually harnessed honeybees3,4. This learning paradigm enables the study of the neuronal and molecular mechanisms that underlie learning and memory formation in a simple and highly reliable way5-12. A behavioral pharmacology approach is used to study molecular mechanisms. Drugs are injected systemically to interfere with the function of specific molecules during or after learning and memory formation13-16.
Here we demonstrate how to train harnessed honeybees in PER conditioning and how to apply drugs systemically by injection into the bee flight muscle.

Behavioural Pharmacology in Classical Conditioning of the Proboscis Extension Response in Honeybees Apis mellifera

We demonstrate how to implement a behavioral pharmacology method in an appetitive olfactory conditioning paradigm in honeybees (Apis mellifera) by systemic application of drugs. This method allows investigation of the mechanisms underlying learning and memory formation in a simple and reliable way.

Behavioural Pharmacology in Classical Conditioning der Proboscis Erweiterung Reaktionszeit in Honigbienen ( Apis mellifera)

Honeybees (Apis mellifera) are well known for their communication and orientation skills and for their impressive learning capability1,2. Because the ...

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Neurowissenschaften

A Lightweight, Headphones-based System for Manipulating Auditory Feedback in Songbirds

Experimental manipulations of sensory feedback during complex behavior have provided valuable insights into the computations underlying motor control and sensorimotor plasticity1. Consistent sensory perturbations result in compensatory changes in motor output, reflecting changes in feedforward motor control that reduce the experienced feedback error. By quantifying how different sensory feedback errors affect human behavior, prior studies have explored how visual signals are used to recalibrate arm movements2,3 and auditory feedback is used to modify speech production4-7. The strength of this approach rests on the ability to mimic naturalistic errors in behavior, allowing the experimenter to observe how experienced errors in production are used to recalibrate motor output.
Songbirds provide an excellent animal model for investigating the neural basis of sensorimotor control and plasticity8,9. The songbird brain provides a well-defined circuit in which the areas necessary for song learning are spatially separated from those required for song production, and neural recording and lesion studies have made significant advances in understanding how different brain areas contribute to vocal behavior9-12. However, the lack of a naturalistic error-correction paradigm - in which a known acoustic parameter is perturbed by the experimenter and then corrected by the songbird - has made it difficult to understand the computations underlying vocal learning or how different elements of the neural circuit contribute to the correction of vocal errors13.
The technique described here gives the experimenter precise control over auditory feedback errors in singing birds, allowing the introduction of arbitrary sensory errors that can be used to drive vocal learning. Online sound-processing equipment is used to introduce a known perturbation to the acoustics of song, and a miniaturized headphones apparatus is used to replace a songbird's natural auditory feedback with the perturbed signal in real time. We have used this paradigm to perturb the fundamental frequency (pitch) of auditory feedback in adult songbirds, providing the first demonstration that adult birds maintain vocal performance using error correction14. The present protocol can be used to implement a wide range of sensory feedback perturbations (including but not limited to pitch shifts) to investigate the computational and neurophysiological basis of vocal learning.

We describe the design and assembly of miniaturized headphones suitable for replacing a songbird&#x2019;s natural auditory feedback with a manipulated acoustic signal. Online sound processing hardware is used to manipulate song output, introduce real-time errors in auditory feedback via the headphones, and drive vocal motor learning.

Ein Leichtes, Kopfhörer-basierte System zur Manipulation Auditory Feedback in Songbirds

Experimental manipulations of sensory feedback during complex behavior have provided valuable insights into the computations underlying motor control and ...

Functional Imaging of Auditory Cortex in Adult Cats using High-field fMRI

Current knowledge of sensory processing in the mammalian auditory system is mainly derived from electrophysiological studies in a variety of animal models, including monkeys, ferrets, bats, rodents, and cats. In order to draw suitable parallels between human and animal models of auditory function, it is important to establish a bridge between human functional imaging studies and animal electrophysiological studies. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is an established, minimally invasive method of measuring broad patterns of hemodynamic activity across different regions of the cerebral cortex. This technique is widely used to probe sensory function in the human brain, is a useful tool in linking studies of auditory processing in both humans and animals and has been successfully used to investigate auditory function in monkeys and rodents. The following protocol describes an experimental procedure for investigating auditory function in anesthetized adult cats by measuring stimulus-evoked hemodynamic changes in auditory cortex using fMRI. This method facilitates comparison of the hemodynamic responses across different models of auditory function thus leading to a better understanding of species-independent features of the mammalian auditory cortex.

Functional studies of the auditory system in mammals have traditionally been conducted using spatially-focused techniques such as electrophysiological recordings. The following protocol describes a method of visualizing large-scale patterns of evoked hemodynamic activity in the cat auditory cortex using functional magnetic resonance imaging.

Funktionelle Bildgebung Auditory Cortex bei erwachsenen Katzen mit Hochfeld-fMRI

Current knowledge of sensory processing in the mammalian auditory system is mainly derived from electrophysiological studies in a variety of animal ...

High Resolution Quantitative Synaptic Proteome Profiling of Mouse Brain Regions After Auditory Discrimination Learning

The molecular synaptic mechanisms underlying auditory learning and memory remain largely unknown. Here, the workflow of a proteomic study on auditory discrimination learning in mice is described. In this learning paradigm, mice are trained in a shuttle box Go/NoGo-task to discriminate between rising and falling frequency-modulated tones in order to avoid a mild electric foot-shock. The protocol involves the enrichment of synaptosomes from four brain areas, namely the auditory cortex, frontal cortex, hippocampus, and striatum, at different stages of training. Synaptic protein expression patterns obtained from trained mice are compared to na&#239;ve controls using a proteomic approach. To achieve sufficient analytical depth, samples are fractionated in three different ways prior to mass spectrometry, namely 1D SDS-PAGE/in-gel digestion, in-solution digestion and phospho-peptide enrichment. 
High-resolution proteomic analysis on a mass spectrometer and label-free quantification are used to examine synaptic protein profiles in phospho-peptide-depleted and phospho-peptide-enriched fractions of synaptosomal protein samples. A commercial software package is utilized to reveal proteins and phospho-peptides with significantly regulated relative synaptic abundance levels (trained/na&#239;ve controls). Common and differential regulation modes for the synaptic proteome in the investigated brain regions of mice after training were observed. Subsequently, meta-analyses utilizing several databases are employed to identify underlying cellular functions and biological pathways.

The identification of molecules and pathways controlling synaptic plasticity and memory is still a major challenge in neuroscience. Here, a workflow is described addressing the relative quantification of synaptic proteins supposedly involved in the molecular reorganization of synapses during learning and memory consolidation in an auditory learning paradigm.

Hohe Auflösung Quantitative Synaptische Proteome Profilieren von Maus Hirnregionen Nach Auditory Diskriminierung Lernen

The molecular synaptic mechanisms underlying auditory learning and memory remain largely unknown. Here, the workflow of a proteomic study on auditory ...

The Use of Trace Eyeblink Classical Conditioning to Assess Hippocampal Dysfunction in a Rat Model of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders

Neonatal rats were administered a relatively high concentration of ethyl alcohol (11.9% v/v) during postnatal days 4-9, a time when the fetal brain undergoes rapid organizational change and is similar to accelerated brain changes that occur during the third trimester in humans. This model of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs) produces severe brain damage, mimicking the amount and pattern of binge-drinking that occurs in some pregnant alcoholic mothers. We describe the use of trace eyeblink classical conditioning (ECC), a higher-order variant of associative learning, to assess long-term hippocampal dysfunction that is typically seen in alcohol-exposed adult offspring. At 90 days of age, rodents were surgically prepared with recording and stimulating electrodes, which measured electromyographic (EMG) blink activity from the left eyelid muscle and delivered mild shock posterior to the left eye, respectively. After a 5 day recovery period, they underwent 6 sessions of trace ECC to determine associative learning differences between alcohol-exposed and control rats. Trace ECC is one of many possible ECC procedures that can be easily modified using the same equipment and software, so that different neural systems can be assessed. ECC procedures in general, can be used as diagnostic tools for detecting neural pathology in different brain systems and different conditions that insult the brain.

Trace eyeblink classical conditioning (ECC) was used to assess hippocampal-dependent associative learning in adult rats that were administered a high concentration (11.9% v/v) of alcohol during early neonatal brain development. In general, ECC procedures are sound diagnostic tools for detecting brain dysfunction across many psychological and biomedical settings.

Die Verwendung von Trace Eyeblink klassische Konditionierung hippocampale Funktionsstörung in einem Rattenmodell der Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders bewerten

Neonatal rats were administered a relatively high concentration of ethyl alcohol (11.9% v/v) during postnatal days 4-9, a time when the fetal brain ...

Drosophila Courtship Conditioning As a Measure of Learning and Memory

Many insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying learning and memory have been elucidated through the use of simple behavioral assays in model organisms such as the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster. Drosophila is useful for understanding the basic neurobiology underlying cognitive deficits resulting from mutations in genes associated with human cognitive disorders, such as intellectual disability (ID) and autism. This work describes a methodology for testing learning and memory using a classic paradigm in Drosophila known as courtship conditioning. Male flies court females using a distinct pattern of easily recognizable behaviors. Premated females are not receptive to mating and will reject the male&#39;s copulation attempts. In response to this rejection, male flies reduce their courtship behavior. This learned reduction in courtship behavior is measured over time, serving as an indicator of learning and memory. The basic numerical output of this assay is the courtship index (CI), which is defined as the percentage of time that a male spends courting during a 10 min interval. The learning index (LI) is the relative reduction of CI in flies that have been exposed to a premated female compared to na&#239;ve flies with no previous social encounters. For the statistical comparison of LIs between genotypes, a randomization test with bootstrapping is used. To illustrate how the assay can be used to address the role of a gene relating to learning and memory, the pan-neuronal knockdown of Dihydroxyacetone phosphate acyltransferase (Dhap-at) was characterized here. The human ortholog of Dhap-at, glyceronephosphate O-acyltransferase (GNPT), is involved in rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata type 2, an autosomal-recessive syndrome characterized by severe ID. Using the courtship conditioning assay, it was determined that Dhap-at is required for long-term memory, but not for short-term memory. This result serves as a basis for further investigation of the underlying molecular mechanisms.

Drosophila Courtship Conditioning As a Measure of Learning and Memory

This protocol describes a Drosophila learning and memory assay called courtship conditioning. This classic assay is based on a reduction of male courtship behavior after sexual rejection by a non-receptive premated female. This natural form of behavioral plasticity can be used to test learning, short-term memory, and long-term memory.

Drosophila Courtship Conditioning Als Maß für Lernen und Gedächtnis

Many insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying learning and memory have been elucidated through the use of simple behavioral assays in model ...

Quantifying Infra-slow Dynamics of Spectral Power and Heart Rate in Sleeping Mice

Three vigilance states dominate mammalian life: wakefulness, non-rapid eye movement (non-REM) sleep, and REM sleep. As more neural correlates of behavior are identified in freely moving animals, this three-fold subdivision becomes too simplistic. During wakefulness, ensembles of global and local cortical activities, together with peripheral parameters such as pupillary diameter and sympathovagal balance, define various degrees of arousal. It remains unclear the extent to which sleep also forms a continuum of brain states-within which the degree of resilience to sensory stimuli and arousability, and perhaps other sleep functions, vary gradually-and how peripheral physiological states co-vary. Research advancing the methods to monitor multiple parameters during sleep, as well as attributing to constellations of these functional attributes, is central to refining our understanding of sleep as a multifunctional process during which many beneficial effects must be executed. Identifying novel parameters characterizing sleep states will open opportunities for novel diagnostic avenues in sleep disorders.
We present a procedure to describe dynamic variations of mouse non-REM sleep states via the combined monitoring and analysis of electroencephalogram (EEG)/electrocorticogram (ECoG), electromyogram (EMG), and electrocardiogram (ECG) signals using standard polysomnographic recording techniques. Using this approach, we found that mouse non-REM sleep is organized into cycles of coordinated neural and cardiac oscillations that generate successive 25-s intervals of high and low fragility to external stimuli. Therefore, central and autonomic nervous systems are coordinated to form behaviorally distinct sleep states during consolidated non-REM sleep. We present surgical manipulations for polysomnographic (i.e., EEG/EMG combined with ECG) monitoring to track these cycles in the freely sleeping mouse, the analysis to quantify their dynamics, and the acoustic stimulation protocols to assess their role in the likelihood of waking up. Our approach has already been extended to human sleep and promises to unravel common organizing principles of non-REM sleep states in mammals.

Here, we present experimental and analytical procedures to describe the temporal dynamics of the neural and cardiac variables of non-REM sleep in mice, which modulate sleep responsiveness to acoustic stimuli.

Quantifizierung der infra-langsamen Dynamik der spektralen Kraft und der Herzfrequenz bei schlafenden Mäusen

Three vigilance states dominate mammalian life: wakefulness, non-rapid eye movement (non-REM) sleep, and REM sleep. As more neural correlates of behavior ...

Desensitization and Recovery of Crayfish Photoreceptors Upon Delivery of a Light Stimulus

A method to study desensitization and recovery of crayfish photoreceptors is presented. We performed intracellular electrical recordings of photoreceptor cells in isolated eyestalks using the discontinuous single electrode-switched voltage-clamp configuration. First, with a razor blade we made an opening in the dorsal cornea to get access to the retina. Thereafter, we inserted a glass electrode through the opening, and penetrated a cell as reported by the recording of a negative potential. Membrane potential was clamped at the photoreceptor's resting potential and a light-pulse was applied to activate currents. Finally, the two light-flash protocol was employed to measure current desensitization and recovery. The first light-flash triggers, after a lag period, the transduction ionic current, which after reaching a peak amplitude decays towards a desensitized state; the second flash, applied at varying time intervals, assesses the state of the light-activated conductance. To characterize the light-elicited current, three parameters were measured: 1) latency (the time elapsed between light flash delivery and the moment in which current achieves 10% of its maximum value); 2) peak current; and 3) desensitization time constant (exponential time constant of the current decay phase). All parameters are affected by the first pulse.
To quantify recovery from desensitization, the ratio p2/p1 was employed versus time between pulses. p1 is the peak current evoked by the first light-pulse, and p2 is the peak current evoked by the second pulse. These data were fitted to a sum of exponential functions. Finally, these measurements were carried out as function of circadian time.

A protocol for the study of desensitization and sensitivity recovery of crayfish photoreceptors as a function of circadian time is presented.

Desensitisierung und Wiederherstellung von Krebse Photorezeptoren nach der Lieferung eines leichten Stimulus

A method to study desensitization and recovery of crayfish photoreceptors is presented. We performed intracellular electrical recordings of photoreceptor ...

An Objective and Reproducible Test of Olfactory Learning and Discrimination in Mice

Olfaction is the predominant sensory modality in mice and influences many important behaviors, including foraging, predator detection, mating, and parenting. Importantly, mice can be trained to associate novel odors with specific behavioral responses to provide insight into olfactory circuit function. This protocol details the procedure for training mice on a Go/No-Go operant learning task. In this approach, mice are trained on hundreds of automated trials daily for 2&#8211;4 weeks and can then be tested on novel Go/No-Go odor pairs to assess olfactory discrimination, or be used for studies on how odor learning alters the structure or function of the olfactory circuit. Additionally, the mouse olfactory bulb (OB) features ongoing integration of adult-born neurons. Interestingly, olfactory learning increases both the survival and synaptic connections of these adult-born neurons. Therefore, this protocol can be combined with other biochemical, electrophysiological, and imaging techniques to study learning and activity-dependent factors that mediate neuronal survival and plasticity.

Here, we train mice on an associative learning task to test odor discrimination. This protocol also allows for studies on learning-induced structural changes in the brain.

Eine objektive und reproduzierbare Test der olfaktorischen Lern- und Diskriminierung bei Mäusen

Olfaction is the predominant sensory modality in mice and influences many important behaviors, including foraging, predator detection, mating, and ...

Cochlear Implant Surgery and Electrically-evoked Auditory Brainstem Response Recordings in C57BL/6 Mice

Cochlear implants (CIs) are neuroprosthetic devices that can provide a sense of hearing to deaf people. However, a CI cannot restore all aspects of hearing. Improvement of the implant technology is needed if CI users are to perceive music and perform in more natural environments, such as hearing out a voice with competing talkers, reflections, and other sounds. Such improvement requires experimental animals to better understand the mechanisms of electric stimulation in the cochlea and its responses in the whole auditory system. The mouse is an increasingly attractive model due to the many genetic models available. However, the limited use of this species as a CI model is mainly due to the difficulty of implanting small electrode arrays. More details about the surgical procedure are therefore of great interest to expand the use of mice in CI research.
In this report, we describe in detail the protocol for acute deafening and cochlear implantation of an electrode array in the C57BL/6 mouse strain. We demonstrate the functional efficacy of this procedure with electrically-evoked auditory brainstem response (eABR) and show examples of facial nerve stimulation. Finally, we also discuss the importance of including a deafening procedure when using a normally hearing animal. This mouse model provides a powerful opportunity to study genetic and neurobiological mechanisms that would be of relevance for CI users.

Animal models of cochlear implants can advance knowledge of the technological bases of treating permanent sensorineural hearing loss with electrical stimulation. This study presents a surgical protocol for acute deafening and cochlear implantation of an electrode array in mice as well as the functional assessment with auditory brainstem response.

Cochlea-Implantat-Chirurgie und elektrisch evozierten Auditory Brainstem Response Aufnahmen bei C57BL/6 Mäusen

Cochlear implants (CIs) are neuroprosthetic devices that can provide a sense of hearing to deaf people. However, a CI cannot restore all aspects of ...