Name: hsv-mediated transgene expression of chimeric constructs to study behavioral function of gpcr heteromers in mice
Uploaded: 2016-07-09T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about HSV-Mediated Transgene Expression of Chimeric Constructs to Study Behavioral Function of GPCR Heteromers in Mice at JoVE.com

NIH R01MH084894 participated in the funding of this study. We would like to thank Drs. Yasmin Hurd and Scott Russo at Mount Sinai School of Medicine for the donation of mice and the use of their surgery and behavior facilities during the filming of this work.

NOTE: All procedures for animal breeding and cares were conducted according to the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee&#160;(IACUC) regulation of Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. Be sure to use sterile gloves throughout the procedure.&#160;
1. Drug and Virus Preparation
<ol>
	<li>Drug Preparation
	<ol>
		<li>Prepare 15.0 ml ketamine/xylazine anesthetic by dissolving 1.35 ml of 100 mg/ml Ketamine and 0.75 ml of 20 mg/ml xylazine in 12.9 ml of 0.9% Saline solution. Thoroughly mix s...

<ol>
	<li>Fribourg, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Decoding+the+Signaling+of+a+GPCR+Heteromeric+Complex+Reveals+a+Unifying+Mechanism+of+Action+of+Antipsychotic+Drugs.">Decoding the Signaling of a GPCR Heteromeric Complex Reveals a Unifying Mechanism of Action of Antipsychotic Drugs.</a> Cell. 147 (5), 1011-1023 (2011).</li><li>Gonzalez-Maeso, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+of+a+serotonin/glutamate+receptor+complex+implicated+in+psychosis.">Identification of a serotonin/glutamate receptor complex implicated in psychosis.</a> Nature. 452 (7183), 93-97 (2008).</li><li>Gonzalez-Maeso, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hallucinogens+Recruit+Specific+Cortical+5-HT(2A)+Receptor-Mediated+Signaling+Pathways+to+Affect+Behavior.">Hallucinogens Recruit Specific Cortical 5-HT(2A) Receptor-Mediated Signaling Pathways to Affect Behavior.</a> Neuron. 53 (3), 439-452 (2007).</li><li>Gonzalez-Maeso, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transcriptome+fingerprints+distinguish+hallucinogenic+and+nonhallucinogenic+5-hydroxytryptamine+2A+receptor+agonist+effects+in+mouse+somatosensory+cortex.">Transcriptome fingerprints distinguish hallucinogenic and nonhallucinogenic 5-hydroxytryptamine 2A receptor agonist effects in mouse somatosensory cortex.</a> J Neurosci. 23 (26), 8836-8843 (2003).</li><li>Moreno, J. L., Holloway, T., Albizu, L., Sealfon, S. C., Gonzalez-Maeso, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Metabotropic+glutamate+mGlu2+receptor+is+necessary+for+the+pharmacological+and+behavioral+effects+induced+by+hallucinogenic+5-HT2A+receptor+agonists.">Metabotropic glutamate mGlu2 receptor is necessary for the pharmacological and behavioral effects induced by hallucinogenic 5-HT2A receptor agonists.</a> Neurosci Lett. 493 (3), 76-79 (2011).</li><li>Moreno, J. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+of+Three+Residues+Essential+for+5-HT2A-mGlu2+Receptor+Heteromerization+and+its+Psychoactive+Behavioral+Function.">Identification of Three Residues Essential for 5-HT2A-mGlu2 Receptor Heteromerization and its Psychoactive Behavioral Function.</a> J Biol Chem. 287, 44301-44319 (2012).</li><li>Geyer, M. A., Vollenweider, F. X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Serotonin+research:+contributions+to+understanding+psychoses.">Serotonin research: contributions to understanding psychoses.</a> Trends Pharmacol Sci. 29 (9), 445-453 (2008).</li><li>Nichols, D. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hallucinogens.">Hallucinogens.</a> Pharmacol Ther. 101 (2), 131-181 (2004).</li><li>Hanks, J. B., Gonzalez-Maeso, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Animal+models+of+serotonergic+psychedelics.">Animal models of serotonergic psychedelics.</a> ACS Chem Neurosci. 4 (1), 33-42 (2013).</li><li>Fiorella, D., Rabin, R. A., Winter, J. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Role+of+5-HT2A+and+5-HT2C+receptors+in+the+stimulus+effects+of+hallucinogenic+drugs.+II:+Reassessment+of+LSD+false+positives.">Role of 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptors in the stimulus effects of hallucinogenic drugs. II: Reassessment of LSD false positives.</a> Psychopharmacology (Berl). 121 (3), 357-363 (1995).</li><li>Vollenweider, F. X., Vollenweider-Scherpenhuyzen, M. F., Babler, A., Vogel, H., Hell, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Psilocybin+induces+schizophrenia-like+psychosis+in+humans+via+a+serotonin-2+agonist+action.">Psilocybin induces schizophrenia-like psychosis in humans via a serotonin-2 agonist action.</a> Neuroreport. 9 (17), 3897-3902 (1998).</li><li>Moreno, J. L., Sealfon, S. C., Gonzalez-Maeso, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Group+II+metabotropic+glutamate+receptors+and+schizophrenia.">Group II metabotropic glutamate receptors and schizophrenia.</a> Cell Mol Life Sci. 66 (23), 3777-3785 (2009).</li><li>Kurita, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=HDAC2+regulates+atypical+antipsychotic+responses+through+the+modulation+of+mGlu2+promoter+activity.">HDAC2 regulates atypical antipsychotic responses through the modulation of mGlu2 promoter activity.</a> Nat Neurosci. 15 (9), 1245-1254 (2012).</li><li>Kurita, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Repressive+Epigenetic+Changes+at+the+mGlu2+Promoter+in+Frontal+Cortex+of+5-HT2A+Knockout+Mice.">Repressive Epigenetic Changes at the mGlu2 Promoter in Frontal Cortex of 5-HT2A Knockout Mice.</a> Mol Pharmacol. 83 (6), 1166-1175 (2013).</li><li>Rives, M. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Crosstalk+between+GABAB+and+mGlu1a+receptors+reveals+new+insight+into+GPCR+signal+integration.">Crosstalk between GABAB and mGlu1a receptors reveals new insight into GPCR signal integration.</a> Embo J. 28 (15), 2195-2208 (2009).</li><li>Milligan, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Prevalence,+Maintenance+and+Relevance+of+GPCR+Oligomerization.">The Prevalence, Maintenance and Relevance of GPCR Oligomerization.</a> Mol Pharmacol. (84), 158-169 (2013).</li><li>Ferre, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=G+protein-coupled+receptor+oligomerization+revisited:+functional+and+pharmacological+perspectives.">G protein-coupled receptor oligomerization revisited: functional and pharmacological perspectives.</a> Pharmacol Rev. 66 (2), 413-434 (2014).</li><li>Gonzalez-Maeso, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=GPCR+oligomers+in+pharmacology+and+signaling.">GPCR oligomers in pharmacology and signaling.</a> Mol Brain. 4 (1), 20 (2011).</li><li>Gonzalez-Maeso, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Family+a+GPCR+heteromers+in+animal+models.">Family a GPCR heteromers in animal models.</a> Front Pharmacol. 5, 226 (2014).</li><li>Dragulescu-Andrasi, A., Chan, C. T., De, A., Massoud, T. F., Gambhir, S. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bioluminescence+resonance+energy+transfer+(BRET)+imaging+of+protein-protein+interactions+within+deep+tissues+of+living+subjects.">Bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) imaging of protein-protein interactions within deep tissues of living subjects.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 108 (29), 12060-12065 (2011).</li><li>Calebiro, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Single-molecule+analysis+of+fluorescently+labeled+G-protein-coupled+receptors+reveals+complexes+with+distinct+dynamics+and+organization.">Single-molecule analysis of fluorescently labeled G-protein-coupled receptors reveals complexes with distinct dynamics and organization.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 110 (2), 743-748 (2013).</li><li>Fonseca, J. M., Lambert, N. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Instability+of+a+class+a+G+protein-coupled+receptor+oligomer+interface.">Instability of a class a G protein-coupled receptor oligomer interface.</a> Mol Pharmacol. 75 (6), 1296-1299 (2009).</li><li>Hern, J. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Formation+and+dissociation+of+M1+muscarinic+receptor+dimers+seen+by+total+internal+reflection+fluorescence+imaging+of+single+molecules.">Formation and dissociation of M1 muscarinic receptor dimers seen by total internal reflection fluorescence imaging of single molecules.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 107 (6), 2693-2698 (2010).</li><li>Hlavackova, V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sequential+inter-+and+intrasubunit+rearrangements+during+activation+of+dimeric+metabotropic+glutamate+receptor+1.">Sequential inter- and intrasubunit rearrangements during activation of dimeric metabotropic glutamate receptor 1.</a> Sci Signal. 5 (237), 59 (2012).</li><li>Irannejad, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Conformational+biosensors+reveal+GPCR+signalling+from+endosomes.">Conformational biosensors reveal GPCR signalling from endosomes.</a> Nature. 495 (7442), 534-538 (2013).</li><li>Calebiro, D., Nikolaev, V. O., Persani, L., Lohse, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Signaling+by+internalized+G-protein-coupled+receptors.">Signaling by internalized G-protein-coupled receptors.</a> Trends Pharmacol Sci. 31 (5), 221-228 (2010).</li><li>Celada, P., Puig, M. V., Diaz-Mataix, L., Artigas, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+hallucinogen+DOI+reduces+low-frequency+oscillations+in+rat+prefrontal+cortex:+reversal+by+antipsychotic+drugs.">The hallucinogen DOI reduces low-frequency oscillations in rat prefrontal cortex: reversal by antipsychotic drugs.</a> Biol Psychiatry. 64 (5), 392-400 (2008).</li><li>B&#233;&#239;que, J. -. C., Imad, M., Mladenovic, L., Gingrich, J. A., Andrade, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanism+of+the+5-hydroxytryptamine+2A+receptor-mediated+facilitation+of+synaptic+activity+in+prefrontal+cortex.">Mechanism of the 5-hydroxytryptamine 2A receptor-mediated facilitation of synaptic activity in prefrontal cortex.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 104 (23), 9870-9875 (2007).</li></ol>

Together with previous findings in mGlu2-KO mice5, the results with mGlu2 and mGlu2/mGlu3 chimeric constructs that do not form the 5-HT2A-mGlu2 receptor complex in cultured cells suggest that the 5-HT2A -mGlu2 heteromeric receptor complex in mouse frontal cortex is needed to induce head-twitch behavior by LSD-like hallucinogenic 5-HT2A receptor agonists. A limitation of this method is that it does not measure close molecular proximity at a subcellular level in native tissue. In...

Hallucinogens, such as LSD, psilocybin and mescaline cause significant changes in human consciousness, cognition and emotion7-9. Inactivation of serotonin 5-HT2A receptor signaling by either genetic or pharmacological approaches causes markedly attenuated behavioral responses to hallucinogens in both rodent models3,10 and humans11. Although hallucinogens bind other receptor subtypes8, the 5-HT2A receptor is considered as necessary for the unique behavioral activity of these chemicals.
Group II metabotropic glutamate receptors (i.e., mGlu2 and mGlu3) have been the target of considerable attention regarding the molecular mechanism of hallucinogens and their integral role underlying psychosis12. Previously, it has been demonstrated that mice with no expression of mGlu2 protein (mGlu2-KO mice) are insensitive to the cellular and behavioral effects of hallucinogens5. It has also been suggested that the 5-HT2A and the mGlu2 receptors form a specific heteromeric complex through which serotonin and glutamate ligands modulate the pattern of G protein coupling in living cells 1,2.
Structurally, transmembrane (TM) domains 4 and 5 of mGlu2 play a fundamental role in heteromeric formation with the 5-HT2A receptor5. Additionally, further investigation demonstrated that three residues located at the intracellular end of TM4 of mGlu2 are necessary to form the 5-HT2A-mGlu2 receptor heterocomplex in living cells6.
Based on these findings observed in heterologous expression systems, here we describe the use of HSV-mediated expression of wild-type mGlu2 and mGlu2/mGlu3 chimeric constructs in the frontal cortex of mGlu2-KO mice to test whether heteromeric formation between 5-HT2A and mGlu2 is necessary for the head-twitch behavior induced by hallucinogenic 5-HT2A receptor agonists.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="2329">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:423px;">mGlu2 bicitronic herpes simplex virus (HSV) vector&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">MIT Core</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:1716px;">mGlu2 and mGlu2DTM4N were subcloned into the bicistronic HSV-GFP virus vector p1005+ HSV expressing GFP under the control of the CMV promoter. Viral particles were produced by the Viral Core Facility at the McGovern Institute (MIT). For more information, please contact the director, Dr. Rachael Neve (rneve@mit.edu)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">mGlu2&#916;TM4N bicitronic herpes simplex virus (HSV) vector&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">MIT Core</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>mGlu2 and mGlu2DTM4N were subcloned into the bicistronic HSV-GFP virus vector p1005+ HSV expressing GFP under the control of the CMV promoter. Viral particles were produced by the Viral Core Facility at the McGovern Institute (MIT). For more information, please contact the director, Dr. Rachael Neve (rneve@mit.edu)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">GFP bicitronic herpes simplex virus (HSV) vector&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">MIT Core</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>mGlu2 and mGlu2DTM4N were subcloned into the bicistronic HSV-GFP virus vector p1005+ HSV expressing GFP under the control of the CMV promoter. Viral particles were produced by the Viral Core Facility at the McGovern Institute (MIT). For more information, please contact the director, Dr. Rachael Neve (rneve@mit.edu)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="105">
			<td height="105" style="height:105px;width:423px;">xylazine&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Lloyd</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">List no. 4811-20ml, NADA #139-236, NDC Code(s): 61311-481-10</td>
			<td>1.35 mL of 100mg/ml of ketamine+.75 mL of 20mg/ml of xylazine are diluted in 12.0 mL of .9% saline solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="84">
			<td height="84" style="height:84px;">ketamine&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Vedco</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">KetaVed-10ml, NADA #200-029, NDC Code(s): 50989-161-06</td>
			<td>1.35 mL of 100mg/ml of ketamine+.75 mL of 20mg/ml of xylazine are diluted in 12.0 mL of .9% saline solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">ophthalmic gel</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>NC0550805</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">burret clips</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>NC9268369</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:423px;">Feather surgical blade</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>NC9032736</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:423px;">Hydrogen Peroxide</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>19-898-919&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">Hamilton syringe</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>14815203</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">Hamilton&#8482; Small Hub Removable Needles (33 Ga)</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>14816206</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">Cordless Micro Drill</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>NC9089241</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">Dermabond Dermal Adhesive</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">NC0690470</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">(&#177;)-1-(2,5-Dimethoxy-4-iodophenyl)-2-aminopropane hydrochloride (DOI)</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>42203-78-1</td>
			<td>Dissolved in .9% saline solution to the concentration of 2.0 mg/kg</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

hsv-mediated transgene expression of chimeric constructs to study behavioral function of gpcr heteromers in mice

The heteromeric receptor complex between 5-HT2A and mGlu2 has been implicated in some of the behavioral phenotypes in mouse models of psychosis1,2. Consequently, investigation of structural details of the interaction between 5-HT2A and mGlu2 affecting schizophrenia-related behaviors represents a powerful translational tool. As previously shown, the head-twitch response (HTR) in mice is elicited by hallucinogenic drugs and this behavioral response is absent in 5-HT2A knockout (KO) mice3,4. Additionally, by conditionally expressing the 5-HT2A receptor only in cortex, it was demonstrated that 5-HT2A receptor-dependent signaling pathways on cortical pyramidal neurons are sufficient to elicit head-twitch behavior in response to hallucinogenic drugs3. Finally, it has been shown that the head-twitch behavioral response induced by the hallucinogens DOI and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) is significantly decreased in mGlu2-KO mice5. These findings suggest that mGlu2 is at least in part necessary for the 5-HT2A receptor-dependent psychosis-like behavioral effects induced by LSD-like drugs. However, this does not provide evidence as to whether the 5-HT2A-mGlu2 receptor complex is necessary for this behavioral phenotype. To address this question, herpes simplex virus (HSV) constructs to express either mGlu2 or mGlu2&#916;TM4N (mGlu2/mGlu3 chimeric construct that does not form the 5-HT2A-mGlu2 receptor complex) in the frontal cortex of mGlu2-KO mice were used to examine whether this GPCR heteromeric complex is needed for the behavioral effects induced by LSD-like drugs6.

Previous findings demonstrate that the head-twitch murine behavioral response is reliably and robustly elicited by hallucinogens, and it is absent in 5-HT2A-KO mice3. Furthermore, it has been shown that the head-twitch response elicited by the hallucinogenic 5-HT2A agonists DOI and LSD was significantly decreased in mGlu2-KO mice5. However, although previous findings convincingly demonstrate that 5-HT2A and mGlu2 are assembled as a he...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about HSV-Mediated Transgene Expression of Chimeric Constructs to Study Behavioral Function of GPCR Heteromers in Mice at JoVE.com

HSV-Mediated Transgene Expression of Chimeric Constructs to Study Behavioral Function of GPCR Heteromers in Mice

This article describes how to inject viral vectors into the mouse frontal cortex to test behavioral assays that require GPCR heteromeric formation.

The heteromeric receptor complex between 5-HT2A and mGlu2 has been implicated in some of the behavioral phenotypes in mouse models of psychosis1,2.  ...

The overall goal of this method is to observe how virus-mediated gene transfer affects behavioral phenotypes that require heterodimerization of G-protein coupled receptors in mouse models. This method can help answer key questions in the field of neuro and psycho pharmacology. Specifically how g protein coupled receptors interact with each other at a molecular level.By using this method we can understand how this interaction affects behavior in models of psychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia and depression. Using this method we are going to specifically look at seratonin 2a and metabotropic glutamate receptor 2, both of which have been shown to be implicated in the mechanism of action of drugs used to treat patients with schizophrenia. Begin by properly anesthetizing the mouse according to approved methods.Ensure that a surgical plane of anesthesia has been obtained by performing a toe pinch and noting the absence of a response. Then apply ophthalmic gel to protect the eyes. Attach the mouse to the stereotactic frame, making sure to adjust the tilt of the head so that the skull is level and flat.Apply povidone iodine to the exposed scalp. Using a scalpel make a sagittal incision along the midline of the skull within the exposed shaved area. Then attach pureit clamps to the skin at the incision site to make sure that the skull remains exposed.Apply hydrogen peroxide to dissolve away the periosteum, and expose the sutures of the skull. Now that the bregma and sutures are visible, be sure to adjust the stereotactic frame to make sure that the skull is level. Align the needle tips of the syringes with bregma and record the coordinates of bregma.To bilaterally inject the frontal cortex, add 1.6 mm to the recorded rostral caudal bregma coordinate, and 2.6 mm to the recorded medial lateral bregma coordinate. Mark the injection sites on the skull and then drill small holes at the injection sites. With a cotton tip applicator, wipe away any excess blood or bone fragments.Bring the needle to the surface of the brain, and lower to the depth of the dorsal ventral coordinate. Then slowly inject the contents of the syringe by twisting the plunger of the needle to administer 0.1 microliters per minute for five minutes, for a 0.5 microliter injection. Allow the syringe to remain in place for five minutes.After the allotted time, remove the animal from the stereotaxis, close the incision, and place on a warming pad. Administer post operative analgesia according to your approved animal protocol. Perform behavioral testing two to three days after stereotactic injection of viral particles.Habituate the mice to the room for at least four hours prior to the beginning of the experiment. Begin by dissolving DOI into a 0.9 percent saline solution to two milligrams per kilogram. Prepare a home cage without any bedding and using a tripod adjust a camera so that it is directly over the home cage.Calibrate the camera so that the entire home cage is in the field of view. Weigh the mouse and inject intraperitoneally with the appropriate dose of either 0.9 percent saline or DOI. Place the mouse back in the home cage for ten minutes.After ten minutes, place the mouse into the center of the empty home cage, and ensure that there are no blind spots in the field of view of the camera. Press record on the camcorder and leave the room. After 30 minutes, stop the recording and place the mouse back in the original home cage.Repeat the behavioral test on the next mouse. Have the referee review the videos blind to the experimental conditions. Manually record every head twitch throughout the video.A head twitch is defined as a rapid shaking head movement conducted by a mouse. Process the data as outlined in the written portion of the protocol. Shown here is a representative image of HSV mediated transgene expression in the frontal cortex.HSV mGlu2 GFP was injected into the frontal cortex and GFP expression was revealed by immunocytochemistry. This scale bar represents 200 microns. This image shows a western blot of HSV mediated transgene expression and anti-mGlu2 reactivity in the frontal cortex of mGlu2 knockout mice.Here we measured immunoreactivity of mGlu2 as a monomer. This histogram shows that viral mediated expression of mGlu2, but not of chimeric mGlu2 in the frontal cortex of mGlu2 knockout mice significantly rescues the head twitch response induced by the hallucinogenic seratonin 2a receptor agonist DOI. The most critical steps with this experiment are the timing between the viral injections, the head twitch response, and when the mice are sacrificed.Any delay can alter the results of the experiment or introduce ambiguity into the data. Once mastered, the mouse surgery will take approximately 30 minutes to inject the virus. The head twitch experiment should also take approximately 35 minutes per mouse.Staggering surgeries, or operating on more than one mouse at a time is recommended. This way one can maintain a timeline that allows the head twitch experiments to be done in the three to four days after surgery which is the peak expression time of the viral construct. Thanks for watching and good luck with your experiment.

hsv-mediated-transgene-expression-chimeric-constructs-to-study

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

A General Method for Evaluating Incubation of Sucrose Craving in Rats

For someone on a food-restricted diet, food craving in response to food-paired cues may serve as a key behavioral transition point between abstinence and relapse to food taking 1. Food craving conceptualized in this way is akin to drug craving in response to drug-paired cues. A rich literature has been developed around understanding the behavioral and neurobiological determinants of drug craving; we and others have been focusing recently on translating techniques from basic addiction research to better understand addiction-like behaviors related to food 2-4.
As done in previous studies of drug craving, we examine sucrose craving behavior by utilizing a rat model of relapse. In this model, rats self-administer either drug or food in sessions over several days. In a session, lever responding delivers the reward along with a tone+light stimulus. Craving behavior is then operationally defined as responding in a subsequent session where the reward is not available. Rats will reliably respond for the tone+light stimulus, likely due to its acquired conditioned reinforcing properties 5. This behavior is sometimes referred to as sucrose seeking or cue reactivity. In the present discussion we will use the term "sucrose craving" to subsume both of these constructs.
In the past decade, we have focused on how the length of time following reward self-administration influences reward craving. Interestingly, rats increase responding for the reward-paired cue over the course of several weeks of a period of forced-abstinence. This "incubation of craving" is observed in rats that have self-administered either food or drugs of abuse 4,6. This time-dependent increase in craving we have identified in the animal model may have great potential relevance to human drug and food addiction behaviors.
Here we present a protocol for assessing incubation of sucrose craving in rats. Variants of the procedure will be indicated where craving is assessed as responding for a discrete sucrose-paired cue following extinction of lever pressing within the sucrose self-administration context (Extinction without cues) or as responding for sucrose-paired cues in a general extinction context (Extinction with cues).

Responding for food or drug-paired cues increases over the course of a period of abstinence and this may relate to an increased susceptibility to relapse behaviors. Here we detail a procedure for evaluating this "incubation of craving" in rats that have self-administered sucrose.

For someone on a food-restricted diet, food craving in response to food-paired cues may serve as a key behavioral transition point between abstinence and ...

Local Application of Drugs to Study Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Function in Mouse Brain Slices

Tobacco use leads to numerous health problems, including cancer, heart disease, emphysema, and stroke. Addiction to cigarette smoking is a prevalent neuropsychiatric disorder that stems from the biophysical and cellular actions of nicotine on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) throughout the central nervous system. Understanding the various nAChR subtypes that exist in brain areas relevant to nicotine addiction is a major priority.
Experiments that employ electrophysiology techniques such as whole-cell patch clamp or two-electrode voltage clamp recordings are useful for pharmacological characterization of nAChRs of interest. Cells expressing nAChRs, such as mammalian tissue culture cells or Xenopus laevis oocytes, are physically isolated and are therefore easily studied using the tools of modern pharmacology. Much progress has been made using these techniques, particularly when the target receptor was already known and ectopic expression was easily achieved. Often, however, it is necessary to study nAChRs in their native environment: in neurons within brain slices acutely harvested from laboratory mice or rats. For example, mice expressing "hypersensitive" nAChR subunits such as &alpha;4 L9&prime;A mice 1 and &alpha;6 L9&prime;S mice 2, allow for unambiguous identification of neurons based on their functional expression of a specific nAChR subunit. Although whole-cell patch clamp recordings from neurons in brain slices is routinely done by the skilled electrophysiologist, it is challenging to locally apply drugs such as acetylcholine or nicotine to the recorded cell within a brain slice. Dilution of drugs into the superfusate (bath application) is not rapidly reversible, and U-tube systems are not easily adapted to work with brain slices.
In this paper, we describe a method for rapidly applying nAChR-activating drugs to neurons recorded in adult mouse brain slices. Standard whole-cell recordings are made from neurons in slices, and a second micropipette filled with a drug of interest is maneuvered into position near the recorded cell. An injection of pressurized air or inert nitrogen into the drug-filled pipette causes a small amount of drug solution to be ejected from the pipette onto the recorded cell. Using this method, nAChR-mediated currents are able to be resolved with millisecond accuracy. Drug application times can easily be varied, and the drug-filled pipette can be retracted and replaced with a new pipette, allowing for concentration-response curves to be created for a single neuron. Although described in the context of nAChR neurobiology, this technique should be useful for studying many types of ligand-gated ion channels or receptors in neurons from brain slices.

In this paper, we describe a useful method to study ligand-gated ion channel function in neurons of acutely isolated brain slices. This method involves the use of a drug-filled micropipette for local application of drugs to neurons recorded using standard patch clamp techniques.

Tobacco use leads to numerous health problems, including cancer, heart disease, emphysema, and stroke. Addiction to cigarette smoking is a prevalent ...

A Simple Behavioral Assay for Testing Visual Function in Xenopus laevis

Measurement of the visual function in the tadpoles of the frog, Xenopus laevis, allows screening for blindness in live animals. The optokinetic response is a vision-based, reflexive behavior that has been observed in all vertebrates tested. Tadpole eyes are small so the tail flip response was used as alternative measure, which requires a trained technician to record the subtle response. We developed an alternative behavior assay based on the fact that tadpoles prefer to swim on the white side of a tank when placed in a tank with both black and white sides. The assay presented here is an inexpensive, simple alternative that creates a response that is easily measured. The setup consists of a tripod, webcam and nested testing tanks, readily available in most Xenopus laboratories. This article includes a movie showing the behavior of tadpoles, before and after severing the optic nerve. In order to test the function of one eye, we also include representative results of a tadpole in which each eye underwent retinal axotomy on consecutive days. Future studies could develop an automated version of this assay for testing the vision of many tadpoles at once.

A Simple Behavioral Assay for Testing Visual Function in Xenopus laevis

Xenopus laevis tadpoles prefer swimming on the white side of a black/white tank. This behavior is guided by their vision. Based on this behavior, we present a simple assay to test the visual function of tadpoles.

Measurement of the visual function in the tadpoles of the frog, Xenopus laevis, allows screening for blindness in live animals. The optokinetic response ...

Assessment of Dendritic Arborization in the Dentate Gyrus of the Hippocampal Region in Mice

Dendritic arborization has been shown to be a reliable marker for examination of structural and functional integrity of neurons. Indeed, the complexity and extent of dendritic arborization correlates well with the synaptic plasticity in these cells. A reliable method for assessment of dendritic arborization is needed to characterize the deleterious effects of neurological disorders on these structures and to determine the effects of therapeutic interventions. However, quantification of these structures has proven to be a formidable task given their complex and dynamic nature. Fortunately, sophisticated imaging techniques can be paired with conventional staining methods to assess the state of dendritic arborization, providing a more reliable and expeditious means of assessment. Below is an example of how these imaging techniques were paired with staining methods to characterize the dendritic arborization in wild type mice. These complementary imaging methods can be used to qualitatively and quantitatively assess dendritic arborization that span a rather wide area within the hippocampal region.

We describe two methods for visualization and quantification of dendritic arborization in the hippocampus of mouse models: real-time and extended depth of field imaging. While the former method allows sophisticated topographical tracing and quantification of the extent of branching, the latter allows speedy visualization of the dendritic tree.

Dendritic arborization has been shown to be a reliable marker for examination of structural and functional integrity of neurons. Indeed, the complexity ...

Quantification of Filamentous Actin (F-actin) Puncta in Rat Cortical Neurons

Filamentous actin protein (F-actin) plays a major role in spinogenesis, synaptic plasticity, and synaptic stability. Changes in dendritic F-actin rich structures suggest alterations in synaptic integrity and connectivity. Here we provide a detailed protocol for culturing primary rat cortical neurons, Phalloidin staining for F-actin puncta, and subsequent quantification techniques. First, the frontal cortex of E18 rat embryos are dissociated into low-density cell culture, then the neurons grown in vitro for at least 12-14 days. Following experimental treatment, the cortical neurons are stained with AlexaFluor 488 Phalloidin (to label the dendritic F-actin puncta) and microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2; to validate the neuronal cells and dendritic integrity). Finally, specialized software is used to analyze and quantify randomly selected neuronal dendrites. F-actin rich structures are identified on second order dendritic branches (length range 25-75 &#181;m) with continuous MAP2 immunofluorescence. The protocol presented here will be a useful method for investigating changes in dendritic synapse structures subsequent to experimental treatments.

Quantification of Filamentous Actin F-actin Puncta in Rat Cortical Neurons

Filamentous actin (F-actin) plays an important role in spinogenesis, synaptic plasticity, and synaptic stability. Quantification of F-actin puncta is therefore a useful tool to study the integrity of synaptic structures. This protocol describes the procedures of quantifying F-actin puncta labeled with Phalloidin in low-density primary cortical neuronal cultures.

Filamentous actin protein (F-actin) plays a major role in spinogenesis, synaptic plasticity, and synaptic stability. Changes in dendritic F-actin rich ...

A Free-breathing fMRI Method to Study Human Olfactory Function

The study of human olfaction is a highly complex and valuable field with applications ranging from biomedical research to clinical evaluation. Currently, evaluation of the functions of the human central olfactory system with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is still a challenge because of several technical difficulties. There are some significant variables to take into account when considering an effective method for mapping the function of the central olfactory system using fMRI, including proper odorant selection, the interaction between odor presentation and respiration, and potential anticipation of or habituation to odorants. An event-related, respiration-triggered olfactory fMRI technique can accurately administer odorants to stimulate the olfactory system while minimizing potential interference. It can effectively capture the precise onsets of fMRI signals in the primary olfactory cortex using our data post-processing method. The technique presented here provides an efficient and practical means for generating reliable olfactory fMRI results. Such a technique can ultimately be applied in the clinical realm as a diagnostic tool for diseases associated with olfactory degeneration, including Alzheimer&#39;s and Parkinson&#39;s disease, as we begin to further understand the complexities of the human olfactory system.

We present the technical challenges and solutions for obtaining reliable functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data from the human central olfactory system. This includes special considerations in olfactory fMRI paradigm design, descriptions of fMRI data acquisition with an MRI-compatible olfactometer, odorant selection, and a special software tool for data post-processing.

The study of human olfaction is a highly complex and valuable field with applications ranging from biomedical research to clinical evaluation. Currently, ...

Adeno-associated Virus-mediated Transgene Expression in Genetically Defined Neurons of the Spinal Cord

Selective manipulation of spinal neuronal subpopulations has mainly been achieved by two different methods: 1) Intersectional genetics, whereby double or triple transgenic mice are generated in order to achieve selective expression of a reporter or effector gene (e.g., from the Rosa26 locus) in the desired spinal population. 2) Intraspinal injection of Cre-dependent recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV); here Cre-dependent AAV vectors coding for the reporter or effector gene of choice are injected into the spinal cord of mice expressing Cre recombinase in the desired neuronal subpopulation. This protocol describes how to generate Cre-dependent rAAV vectors and how to transduce neurons in the dorsal horn of the lumbar spinal cord segments L3-L5 with rAAVs. As the lumbar spinal segments L3-L5 are innervated by those peripheral sensory neurons that transmit sensory information from the hindlimbs, spontaneous behavior and responses to sensory tests applied to the hindlimb ipsilateral to the injection side can be analyzed in order to interrogate the function of the manipulated neurons in sensory processing. We provide examples of how this technique can be used to analyze genetically defined subsets of spinal neurons. The main advantages of virus-mediated transgene expression in Cre transgenic mice compared to classical reporter mouse-induced transgene expression are the following: 1) Different Cre-dependent rAAVs encoding various reporter or effector proteins can be injected into a single Cre transgenic line, thus overcoming the need to create several multiple transgenic mouse lines. 2) Intraspinal injection limits manipulation of Cre-expressing cells to the injection site and to the time after injection. The main disadvantages are: 1) Reporter gene expression from rAAVs is more variable. 2) Surgery is required to transduce the spinal neurons of interest. Which of the two methods is more appropriate depends on the neuron population and research question to be addressed.

Intraspinal injection of recombinase dependent recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) can be used to manipulate any genetically labelled cell type in the spinal cord. Here we describe how to transduce neurons in the dorsal horn of the lumbar spinal cord. This technique enables functional interrogation of the manipulated neuron subtype.

Selective manipulation of spinal neuronal subpopulations has mainly been achieved by two different methods: 1) Intersectional genetics, whereby double or ...

The Power of Interstimulus Interval for the Assessment of Temporal Processing in Rodents

Temporal processing deficits have been implicated as a potential elemental dimension of higher-level cognitive processes, commonly observed in neurocognitive disorders. Despite the popularization of prepulse inhibition (PPI) in recent years, many current protocols promote using a percent of control measure, thereby precluding the assessment of temporal processing. The present study used cross-modal PPI and gap prepulse inhibition (gap-PPI) to demonstrate the benefits of employing a range of interstimulus intervals (ISIs) to delineate effects of sensory modality, psychostimulant exposure, and age. Assessment of sensory modality, psychostimulant exposure, and age reveals the utility of an approach varying the interstimulus interval (ISI) to establish the shape of the ISI function, including increases (sharper curve inflections) or decreases (flattening of the response amplitude curve) in startle amplitude. Additionally, shifts in peak response inhibition, suggestive of a differential sensitivity to the manipulation of ISI, are often revealed. Thus, the systematic manipulation of ISI affords a critical opportunity to evaluate temporal processing, which may reveal the underlying neural mechanisms involved in neurocognitive disorders.

Temporal processing, a preattentive process, may underlie deficits in higher-level cognitive processes, including attention, commonly observed in neurocognitive disorders. Using prepulse inhibition as an exemplar paradigm, we present a protocol for manipulating interstimulus interval (ISI) to establish the shape of the ISI function to provide an assessment of temporal processing.

Temporal processing deficits have been implicated as a potential elemental dimension of higher-level cognitive processes, commonly observed in ...

Ballistic Labeling of Pyramidal Neurons in Brain Slices and in Primary Cell Culture

It has been reported that the size and shape of dendritic spines is related to their structural plasticity. To identify the morphological structure of pyramidal neurons and dendritic spines, a ballistic labeling technique can be utilized. In the present protocol, pyramidal neurons are labeled with DilC18(3) dye and analyzed using neuronal reconstruction software to assess neuronal morphology and dendritic spines. To investigate neuronal structure, dendritic branching analysis and Sholl analysis are performed, allowing researchers to draw inferences about dendritic branching complexity and neuronal arbor complexity, respectively. The evaluation of dendritic spines is conducted using an automatic assisted classification algorithm integral to the reconstruction software, which classifies spines into four categories (i.e., thin, mushroom, stubby, filopodia). Furthermore, an additional three parameters (i.e., length, head diameter, and volume) are also chosen to assess alterations in dendritic spine morphology. To validate the potential of wide application of the ballistic labeling technique, pyramidal neurons from in vitro cell culture were successfully labeled. Overall, the ballistic labeling method is unique and useful for visualizing neurons in different brain regions in rats, which in combination with sophisticated reconstruction software, allows researchers to elucidate the possible mechanisms underlying neurocognitive dysfunction.

We present a protocol to label and analyze pyramidal neurons, which is critical for evaluating potential morphological alterations in neurons and dendritic spines that may underlie neurochemical and behavioral abnormalities.

It has been reported that the size and shape of dendritic spines is related to their structural plasticity. To identify the morphological structure of ...

A Rat Model of EcoHIV Brain Infection

It has been well studied that the EcoHIV infected mouse model is of significant utility in investigating HIV associated neurological complications. Establishment of the EcoHIV infected rat model for studies of drug abuse and neurocognitive disorders, would be beneficial in the study of neuroHIV and HIV-1 associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). In the present study, we demonstrate the successful creation of a rat model of active HIV infection using chimeric HIV (EcoHIV). First, the lentiviral construct of EcoHIV was packaged in cultured 293 FT cells for 48 hours. Then, the conditional medium was concentrated and titered. Next, we performed bilateral stereotaxic injections of the EcoHIV-EGFP into F344/N rat brain tissue. One week after infection, EGFP fluorescence signals were detected in the infected brain tissue, indicating that EcoHIV successfully induces an active HIV infection in rats. In addition, immunostaining for the microglial cell marker, Iba1, was performed. The results indicated that microglia were the predominant cell type harboring EcoHIV. Furthermore, EcoHIV rats exhibited alterations in temporal processing, a potential underlying neurobehavioral mechanism of HAND as well as synaptic dysfunction eight weeks after infection. Collectively, the present study extends the EcoHIV model of HIV-1 infection to the rat offering a valuable biological system to study HIV-1 viral reservoirs in the brain as well as HAND and associated comorbidities such as drug abuse.

Here, we present a protocol to establish a new rat model of active HIV infection using chimeric HIV (EcoHIV), which is critical for enhancing our understanding of HIV-1 viral reservoirs in the brain and offering a system to study HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders and associated comorbidities (i.e., drug abuse).

It has been well studied that the EcoHIV infected mouse model is of significant utility in investigating HIV associated neurological complications. ...