Die Autoren bedanken sich bei Dr. Jay Pepose zu helfen lehrt das Modell bei uns zu bedanken. Diese Arbeit wurde von den National Institutes of Health Grants EY11885 (PMS), EY21247 (PMS) und einer uneingeschränkten Finanzhilfe aus Forschung zur Blindheit zu Department of Ophthalmology Prevent unterstützt.

Animal Care Hinweis: Analgetika werden in diesem Modell nicht verwendet, da sie entzündungshemmend und sind somit würde das Modell ungültig. Ein. Herstellung von Virus <ol><li> Wachsen HSV-1 in Vero-Zellen (80% konfluent) mit einem ausgehend von 0,01 Verdünnung Infektionsmultiplizität (in T-150-Kolben, etwa 5 x 10 5 Plaque-bildende Einheiten) für 3-4 Tage, bis alle Zellen abgerundet-up und sind leicht durch das Drücken der Flasche verdrängt. </li><li> Entfernen Sie das Medium in sterile Zentrifugenröhrchen und Zentrifuge Sorvall Legend RT bei 4 ° C und 3.500 rpm für 15 min. Nach dem Entfernen Überstand (siehe 1.3), resuspendieren großen Pellets aus je 50 ml Röhrchen mit 5 ml Medium total. Beschallen für 1 min in zwei 30 sec platzt. </li><li> Überstand abnehmen und in 50 ml steriler Oak Ridge Rohren und Zentrifuge bei 9000 rpm, 1 Stunde lang bei 4 ° C in einer Beckman J2-21 Zentrifuge. Dies ist, um eine kleine virale Pellet herzustellen. Überstand verwerfen. </li><li> Kombinieren Sie beschallen von 1,2 with Pellet aus 1,3 und beschallen wieder für 45 Sekunden. Zentrifuge Sorvall RT Legende bei 1.500 UpM für 5 min bei 4 ° C. Speichern Sie den Überstand. Dies stellt das Virus Lager, die aliquotiert und bei -70 ° C gelagert </li><li> Titer Virus auf Vero-Zellen. Ich in der Regel Platte 10 0 bis 10 -8 Verdünnung (jeweils eine 10-fache Verdünnung) 2x aus 2 separate Verdünnung Sets. Titration des Virus auf 12-Well-sterile Platten durchgeführt. </li></ol> 2. Maus Infektion <ol><li> Injizieren jede Maus mit 0,1 ml des Narkosemittels cocktail/20 g Maus Körpergewicht (Ketamin 60 mg / kg Xylazin + 5 mg / kg, die in HBSS verdünnt wird). Dieser Cocktail verwendet wird, weil es eines der sichersten Mittel der Narkose, wenn eine ordnungsgemäße Dosierungen verwendet werden, und die Auswirkungen dieser Droge sind sehr kurzlebig ist. </li><li> Wenn Mäuse anästhesiert sind Kratzer auf der Hornhaut des rechten Auges mit einer 30-Gauge-Nadel mit einem Präpariermikroskop um sicherzustellen, dass die Hornhaut nicht perforiert ist. </li><li> Jede Maus receIved eine intraperitoneale Injektion von 1 ml gepooltes humanes Serum (Sigma, Temecula, CA; Anti-HSV Reaktivität mit einer wirksamen Dosis für 50% Neutralisation der viralen 1:800), um vor einer Beschädigung während Hornhäute primären Infektion zu schützen. </li><li> Anzahl der Mäuse entweder mit Ohrbügel oder nach Gehör Punsch. </li><li> Nach all der Mäuse wurden nummeriert; mit einem 20 ul Pipette, infizieren wir jedes Auge mit 10 6 PFU (5 ul). Wir infizieren nur ein Auge und in der Regel das rechte Auge. Wir legen auch 5 ul HBSS auf das andere Auge zu feucht halten, während sie betäubt sind. 5 ul ausreicht, um die Hydratisierung der Augen zu halten, da die Verfahren in weniger als 10 min durchgeführt, und die Tiere werden mit Anästhetikum dosiert entsprechend. Infektion wird durch Abtupfen Mäuse 3 Tage nach der Infektion mit einer sterilen hydratisierten Baumwolle Applikator, in 1 ml Vero Medien wurde bestätigt. Dann wurden 100 ul wird Vero-Zellen in 48-well Platten kultiviert zugegeben. Diese Platten werden täglich überwacht für zytopathischen Effekte<html> (Cpe). </li></ol> 3. Reaktivierung der Mäuse aus Latency <ol><li> Mäuse sind betäubt mindestens 5 Wochen nach der primären Infektion. Es sei angemerkt, dass wir Mäuse reaktiviert bis zu einem Jahr nach Primärinfektion und haben keinen signifikanten Unterschiede in Reaktion beobachtet werden. </li><li> Sobald sie anästhesiert TM20 Chromato-Vu Transilluminator, der UV-B emittiert bei einer Spitzenwellenlänge von 302 nm, so dass nur ein einzelnes Auge auf die UV-B-Licht ausgesetzt ist, platziert. Jede Maus auf 250 mJ von UV-B-Licht cm 2 belichtet. </li><li> Reaktivierung durch Abtupfen Augen mit einer sterilen Watteträger, die zuerst in 1 ml Vero Medien am Tag 0 gesetzt (vor UV-B-Exposition für spontane Ausscheider kontrollieren) und dann an den Tagen 1 bis 7 post-UV-B-Bestrahlung bestimmt. Der Tupfer Material wird bewertet, wie in 2.5 beschrieben). Für die Abstriche, die infektiöse Virus haben die Virusmenge wird durch ein Standard-Plaque-Assay mit 12-Well-Platten kicherten. </li></ol>ove_title &quot;&gt; 4. Clinical Evaluation <ol><li> Mäuse werden zur klinischen Augenerkrankung durch einen maskierten Beobachter unter Verwendung einer binokularen Präpariermikroskop ausgewertet. </li><li> Hornhauttrübung auf einer Skala von 0 bis 4, wobei 0 bedeutet, klare Stroma bewertet, ein mildes Stromazellen Trübung zeigt, 2 mäßig Opazität zeigt mit erkennbaren Merkmalen Iris, zeigt 3 dichte Opazität unter Verlust von Iris definiert Detail außer Pupille Ränder, und 4 zeigt Insgesamt Deckkraft ohne Ansicht von dorsal. </li><li> Neovaskularisation wird auf einer Skala von 1 bis 8 durch Teilen der Hornhaut in 4 gleiche Quadranten und Bestimmen des Ausmaßes der Vaskularisierung in jedem dieser Quadranten bewertet. </li><li> Blepharitis wird wie folgt gemessen: 0, keine Läsionen, 1, minimal Augenlid Schwellung; 2, mäßige Schwellung und knusprigem Augenausfluss, 3, starke Schwellung, mäßige periokuläre Haarausfall und Hautveränderungen und 4, starke Schwellung mit den Augen verkrusteten geschlossen, schwere periokuläre Haarverlust und Hautläsionen. </li><li> Der Nachweis der Enzephalitis Inclusionded zurück, gebeugt zerzausten Haaren und offensichtliche neurologische Anomalien. Mäuse sind eingeschläfert, wenn sie deutliche Anzeichen von Encephalitis anzuzeigen. </li></ol> 5. Repräsentative Ergebnisse Das Modell, das wiederkehrende oben beschrieben wurde zuerst von Shimeld, et al. 1-3. Sie getestet und unserem Labor wurde mit einer modifizierten Version dieses Modells auf viele Manuskripte über die Jahre 4-15 veröffentlichen. Das Modell wurde verwendet, um die Rolle zu definieren, dass das Zytokin Interferon-γ spielt bei rezidivierenden HSV-1 Krankheit 10. Wie in Abbildung 3 gezeigt, hat Mäusen IFNgamma angezeigt schlimmer Hornhauterkrankung als Wildtyp-Mäusen 14. Es wurde auch erfolgreich auf den therapeutischen Wert von mehreren unterschiedlichen Vakzin-Konstrukte 6,10,11 definieren. Beachten Sie, dass in einem Fall der Impfstoff getestet gut funktioniert aber nicht prophylaktisch erweisen therapeutisch wirksame 6. Jedochwenn ein Replikations-inkompetent viraler Impfstoff getestet wurde, war es nicht nur wirksam, prophylaktisch, war aber auch sehr effektiv therapeutisch 10,11, siehe Abbildung 5 in Referenz 10. Vor kurzem haben wir dieses Modell verwendet werden, um festzustellen, ob Unterschiede zwischen den Geschlechtern bei Mäusen unterzogen wiederkehrende HSK nachweisbar waren. Wie Abbildung 1 zeigt, zeigen männliche C57BL / 6 Mäuse deutlich weniger Hornhauttrübung als weibliche C57BL / 6 Mäusen. Ebenso, wenn cornealer Neovaskularisierung wurde ausgewertet, nachgewiesen männlichen Mäusen signifikant weniger neue Gefäßwachstum in der Hornhaut als tat weiblichen Mäusen (Abbildung 2). Wir testen derzeit, ob dieser Phänotyp stammspezifische indem ähnliche Analyse in anderen Stämmen von Mäusen ist. Wir werden auch bestimmen, ob der Unterschied aufgrund des Fehlens von Testosteron oder der Gegenwart von Östrogen ist. <img alt="Abbildung 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/4276/4276fig1.jpg" /> Abbildung 1. Corneal Krankheit in männliche und weibliche C57BL / 6 Maus-Stämme nach der UV-B induzierte Reaktivierung. Latent infizierten Mäusen induziert wurden mit UV-B-Bestrahlung und Mäuse wurden für Hornhauttrübung für 35 Tage überwacht reaktivieren. Die Zahl der Mäuse für diese Studien verwendet wurden, waren wie folgt: Männchen, n = 15; Weibchen n = 15. Die Ergebnisse zeigen den Mittelwert ± SEM. * Es war signifikant größer Virus-induzierte Erkrankung weibliche C57BL / 6 Mäuse für Tage 14-35 (P = 0,001 bis 0,01). <img alt="Abbildung 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/4276/4276fig2.jpg" /> Abbildung 2. Corneal Krankheit in männliche und weibliche C57BL / 6 Maus-Stämme nach der UV-B induzierte Reaktivierung. Latent infizierten Mäusen induziert wurden mit UV-B-Bestrahlung und Mäuse wurden für korneale Neovaskularisierung für 35 Tage überwacht reaktivieren. Die Zahl der Mäuse für diese Studien verwendet wurden, waren wie folgt: Männchen, n= 15; Frauen, n = 15. Die Ergebnisse zeigen den Mittelwert ± SEM. * Es war signifikant größer Virus-induzierte Erkrankung weibliche C57BL / 6 Mäuse für Tage 14-28 (P = 0,001 bis 0,01).

<ol>
	<li>Shimeld, C., Hill, T. J., Blyth, B., Easty, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+improved+model+of+recurrent+herpetic+eye+disease+in+mice.">An improved model of recurrent herpetic eye disease in mice.</a> Curr. Eye Res. 8, 1193-1205 (1989).</li><li>Shimeld, C., Hill, T. J., Blyth, W. A., Easty, D. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reactivation+of+latent+infection+and+induction+of+recurrent+herpetic+eye+disease+in+mice.">Reactivation of latent infection and induction of recurrent herpetic eye disease in mice.</a> J. Gen. Virol. 71, 397-404 (1990).</li><li>Shimeld, C., Hill, T. J., Blyth, W. A., Easty, D. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Passive+immunization+protects+the+mouse+eye+from+damage+after+herpes+simplex+virus+infection+by+limiting+spread+of+virus+in+the+nervous+system.">Passive immunization protects the mouse eye from damage after herpes simplex virus infection by limiting spread of virus in the nervous system.</a> J. Gen. Virol. 71, 681-687 (1990).</li><li>Laycock, K. A., Lee, S. F., Brady, R. H., Pepose, J. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterization+of+a+murine+model+of+recurrent+herpes+simplex+viral+keratitis+induced+by+ultraviolet+B+radiation.">Characterization of a murine model of recurrent herpes simplex viral keratitis induced by ultraviolet B radiation.</a> Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 32, 2741-2746 (1991).</li><li>Keadle, T. L., Stuart, P. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=IL-10+ameliorates+corneal+disease+in+a+mouse+model+of+recurrent+herpetic+keratitis.">IL-10 ameliorates corneal disease in a mouse model of recurrent herpetic keratitis.</a> Microbial Path. 38, 13-21 (2005).</li><li>Keadle, T. L., Laycock, K. A., Miller, J. K., Hook, K. K., Fenoglio, E. D., Francotte, M., Slaoui, M., Stuart, P. M., Pepose, J. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Efficacy+of+a+recombinant+glycoprotein+D+subunit+vaccine+on+the+development+of+primary+and+recurrent+ocular+infection+with+herpes+simplex+virus+type+1+in+mice.">Efficacy of a recombinant glycoprotein D subunit vaccine on the development of primary and recurrent ocular infection with herpes simplex virus type 1 in mice.</a> J. Inf. Dis. 176, 331-338 (1997).</li><li>Keadle, T. L., Laycock, K. A., Pepose, J. S., Stuart, P. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Proinflammatory+cytokines+IL-1+and+TNF-a+are+required+for+recurrent+herpetic+keratitis+in+NIH+mice.">Proinflammatory cytokines IL-1 and TNF-a are required for recurrent herpetic keratitis in NIH mice.</a> Invest. Ophth. Vis. Sci. 41, 96-102 (2000).</li><li>Keadle, T. L., Usui, N., Laycock, K. A., Kumano, Y., Pepose, J. S., Stuart, P. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Corneal+cytokine+expression+in+a+murine+model+recurrent+herpetic+stromal+keratitis.">Corneal cytokine expression in a murine model recurrent herpetic stromal keratitis.</a> Ocular Immunol. Inflam. 9, 193-205 (2001).</li><li>Keadle, T. L., Morris, J. L., Pepose, J. S., Stuart, P. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=CD4++and+CD8++cells+are+key+participants+in+the+development+of+recurrent+herpetic+stromal+keratitis+in+mice.">CD4+ and CD8+ cells are key participants in the development of recurrent herpetic stromal keratitis in mice.</a> Microbial Path. 32, 255-262 (2002).</li><li>Keadle, T. L., Morrison, L. A., Morris, J. L., Pepose, J. S., Stuart, P. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Therapeutic+immunization+with+a+virion+host+shutoff-defective,+replication-incompetent+herpes+simplex+virus+type+1+strain+limits+recurrent+herpetic+ocular+infection.">Therapeutic immunization with a virion host shutoff-defective, replication-incompetent herpes simplex virus type 1 strain limits recurrent herpetic ocular infection.</a> J. Virol. 76, 3615-3625 (2002).</li><li>Keadle, T. L., Laycock, K. A., Morris, J. L., Leib, D. A., Morrison, L. A., Pepose, J. S., Stuart, P. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Therapeutic+vaccination+with+vhs(-)+herpes+simplex+virus+reduces+the+severity+of+recurrent+herpetic+stromal+keratitis+in+mice.">Therapeutic vaccination with vhs(-) herpes simplex virus reduces the severity of recurrent herpetic stromal keratitis in mice.</a> J. Gen. Virol. 83, 2361-2365 (2002).</li><li>Keadle, T. L., Morris, J. L., Stuart, P. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effects+of+aminoguanidine+on+primary+and+recurrent+ocular+herpes+simplex+virus+infection.">The effects of aminoguanidine on primary and recurrent ocular herpes simplex virus infection.</a> Nitric Oxide. 13, 247-253 (2005).</li><li>Stuart, P. M., Morris, J. E., Sidhu, M., Keadle, T. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=CCL3+protects+mice+from+corneal+pathology+during+recurrent+HSV-1+infection.">CCL3 protects mice from corneal pathology during recurrent HSV-1 infection.</a> Front. Biosci. 13, 4407-4415 (2008).</li><li>Keadle, T. L., Alexander, D. E., Leib, D. A., Stuart, P. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interferon+gamma+is+not+required+for+recurrent+herpetic+stromal+keratitis.">Interferon gamma is not required for recurrent herpetic stromal keratitis.</a> Virology. 380, 46-51 (2008).</li><li>Carr, D. J., Austin, B. A., Halford, W. P., Stuart, P. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Delivery+of+Interferon-gamma+by+an+adenovirus+vector+blocks+herpes+simplex+virus+Type+1+reactivation+in+vitro+and+in+vivo+independent+of+RNase+L+and+double-stranded+RNA-dependent+protein+kinase+pathways.">Delivery of Interferon-gamma by an adenovirus vector blocks herpes simplex virus Type 1 reactivation in vitro and in vivo independent of RNase L and double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase pathways.</a> J. Neuroimmunol. 206, 39-43 (2009).</li></ol>

Keine Interessenskonflikte erklärt.

Die wiederkehrende Modell Herpes Stromakeratitis (HSK) hier beschrieben ermöglicht die Ermittler auf die menschliche HSK in einem Modell, das mehr im Einklang mit dem, was während der Krankheit beim Menschen beobachtet wird, zu studieren. Somit sind das Modell der Stärken, die Krankheit im Zusammenhang mit einer Immunsystem, das bereits durch stimulierte während primäre Erkrankung auftritt. Da diese Mäuse bereits eine Immunantwort gegen HSV-1 hat, sind die Faktoren, die diese Immunantwort zu reaktivieren wahrschei...

<table border="1">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>D5796</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal Bovine Serum</td>
			<td>Atlanta Biologicals</td>
			<td>S11150</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Human Serum</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>S7023</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-Glutamine</td>
			<td>Cellgro</td>
			<td>25-005-C1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pen/ Strep</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P4333</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fungizone</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>15290018</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifuge</td>
			<td>Sorvall</td>
			<td>Legend RT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifuge</td>
			<td>Beckman</td>
			<td>52-21</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Transilluminatior</td>
			<td>UVP</td>
			<td>95-0452-02</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sonicatior</td>
			<td>Branson</td>
			<td>Sonifier 450</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Oak Ridge Tubes</td>
			<td>Nalgene</td>
			<td>Z 720410</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Flasks- 7150</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>430823</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Plates- 12 well</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>CLS 3513</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Plates- 48 well</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>CLS 3548</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sterile Conical Tubes- 30 ml</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>CLS 430828</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sterile Cotton-tipped Applicators</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>23-400-125</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>30G Needles</td>
			<td>Becton-Dickinson</td>
			<td>305106</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>25G Needles</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>305122</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10 ml Syringe</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>309602</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10 ml Syringe</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>309604</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

recurrent herpetic stromal keratitis in mice, a model for studying human hsk

Herpetic Augenkrankheit, genannt Herpes Stromakeratitis (HSK), ist ein potentiell blendenden Infektion der Hornhaut, die zu über 300.000 klinische Besuche pro Jahr für die Behandlung. Zwischen 1 und 2 Prozent der Patienten mit klinischer Erkrankung erleben Verlust des Sehvermögens der infizierten Hornhaut. Die überwiegende Mehrheit dieser Fälle sind die Folge der Reaktivierung einer latenten Infektion durch Herpes simplex-Virus Typ I und nicht aufgrund einer akuten Erkrankung. Interessanterweise ist die akute Infektion das Modell häufig verwendet, um diese Krankheit zu studieren. Es wurde jedoch das Gefühl, dass ein immer wiederkehrendes Modell HSK wäre reflektiert, was geschieht, während der klinischen Erkrankung. Die wiederkehrenden Tiermodelle für HSK haben beide Kaninchen und Mäuse eingesetzt. Der Vorteil von Kaninchen ist, dass sie erleben Reaktivierung aus der Latenz abwesend alle bekannten Reiz. Das heißt, es ist schwierig, die Rolle, die viele immunologische Faktoren bei rezidivierendem HSK spielen zu erforschen, weil die Kaninchen-Modell nicht die immungische und genetische Ressourcen, die Maus hat. Wir wählten das Mausmodell für wiederkehrende HSK verwenden, weil es den Vorteil davon, dass es viele Ressourcen zur Verfügung hat und auch wir wissen, wann die Reaktivierung wird auftreten, da die Reaktivierung durch Bestrahlung mit UV-B-Licht induziert wird. Bisher hat dieses Modell der Laboratorien verwenden darf es zu mehreren immunologischen Faktoren, die wichtig für diese Erkrankung sind zu definieren. Es hat uns auch die Möglichkeit, sowohl therapeutische und Wirksamkeit des Impfstoffes zu testen.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Recurrent Herpetic Stromal Keratitis in Mice, a Model for Studying Human HSK at JoVE.com

Recurrent Herpetic Stromal Keratitis in Mice, a Model for Studying Human HSK

Die meisten Studien über Herpes Hornhauterkrankung verwenden Primärinfektion Modell. Allerdings bedeutet primäre Infektion mit HSV-1 in der Regel nicht für die menschliche Erkrankung führen. Hier beschreiben wir ein wiederkehrendes Muster von herpetischer korneale Erkrankung, die näher Verhalten menschlicher Erkrankung.

Wiederkehrende Herpetic Stromakeratitis in Mäuse, ein Modell für das Studium der menschlichen HSK

Herpetic eye disease, termed herpetic stromal keratitis (HSK), is a potentially blinding infection of the cornea that results in over 300,000 clinical ...

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Immunology and Infection

11.8K Aufrufe.  Saint Louis University. Die meisten Studien über Herpes Hornhauterkrankung verwenden Primärinfektion Modell. Allerdings bedeutet primäre Infektion mit HSV-1 in der Regel nicht für die menschliche Erkrankung führen. Hier beschreiben wir ein wiederkehrendes Muster von herpetischer korneale Erkrankung, die näher Verhalten menschlicher Erkrankung.

Serie: Recurrent Herpetic Stromal Keratitis in Mice, a Model for Studying Human HSK

The Citrobacter rodentium Mouse Model: Studying Pathogen and Host Contributions to Infectious Colitis

This protocol outlines the steps required to produce a robust model of infectious disease and colitis, as well as the methods used to characterize Citrobacter rodentium infection in mice. C. rodentium is a gram negative, murine specific bacterial pathogen that is closely related to the clinically important human pathogens enteropathogenic E. coli and enterohemorrhagic E. coli. Upon infection with C. rodentium, immunocompetent mice suffer from modest and transient weight loss and diarrhea. Histologically, intestinal crypt elongation, immune cell infiltration, and goblet cell depletion are observed. Clearance of infection is achieved after 3 to 4 weeks. Measurement of intestinal epithelial barrier integrity, bacterial load, and histological damage at different time points after infection, allow the characterization of mouse strains susceptible to infection.
The virulence mechanisms by which bacterial pathogens colonize the intestinal tract of their hosts, as well as specific host responses that defend against such infections are poorly understood. Therefore the C. rodentium model of enteric bacterial infection serves as a valuable tool to aid in our understanding of these processes. Enteric bacteria have also been linked to Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBDs). It has been hypothesized that the maladaptive chronic inflammatory responses seen in IBD patients develop in genetically susceptible individuals following abnormal exposure of the intestinal mucosal immune system to enteric bacteria. Therefore, the study of models of infectious colitis offers significant potential for defining potentially pathogenic host responses to enteric bacteria. C. rodentium induced colitis is one such rare model that allows for the analysis of host responses to enteric bacteria, furthering our understanding of potential mechanisms of IBD pathogenesis; essential in the development of novel preventative and therapeutic treatments.

The Citrobacter rodentium Mouse Model: Studying Pathogen and Host Contributions to Infectious Colitis

Citrobacter rodentium infection provides a valuable model to study enteric bacterial infections as well as host immune responses and colitis in mice. This protocol outlines the measurement of barrier integrity, pathogen load and histological damage allowing for the thorough characterization of pathogen and host contributions to murine infectious colitis.

Die<em&gt; Citrobacter rodentium</em&gt; Mouse Model: Studieren Erreger und Wirt Beiträge zur Infectious Colitis

This protocol  outlines the steps required to produce a robust model of infectious disease and  colitis, as well as the methods used to characterize ...

Forschung

Immunologie und Infektion

An In vitro Model to Study Heterogeneity of Human Macrophage Differentiation and Polarization

Monocyte-derived macrophages represent an important cell type of the innate immune system. Mouse models studying macrophage biology suffer from the phenotypic and functional differences between murine and human monocyte-derived macrophages. Therefore, we here describe an in vitro model to generate and study primary human macrophages. Briefly, after density gradient centrifugation of peripheral blood drawn from a forearm vein, monocytes are isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells using negative magnetic bead isolation. These monocytes are then cultured for six days under specific conditions to induce different types of macrophage differentiation or polarization. The model is easy to use and circumvents the problems caused by species-specific differences between mouse and man. Furthermore, it is closer to the in vivo conditions than the use of immortalized cell lines. In conclusion, the model described here is suitable to study macrophage biology, identify disease mechanisms and novel therapeutic targets. Even though not fully replacing experiments with animals or human tissues obtained post mortem, the model described here allows identification and validation of disease mechanisms and therapeutic targets that may be highly relevant to various human diseases.

An In vitro Model to Study Heterogeneity of Human Macrophage Differentiation and Polarization

Monocyte-derived macrophages are important cells of the innate immune system. Here, we describe an easy to use in vitro model to generate these cells. Using gradient centrifugation, negative bead isolation and specific cell culture conditions, monocyte-derived macrophages can be generated for phenotypic and functional studies.

Ein<em&gt; In-vitro-</em&gt; Modell zur Heterogenität des menschlichen Makrophagen Differenzierung und Polarisierung Studieren

Monocyte-derived macrophages represent an important cell type of the innate immune system. Mouse models studying macrophage biology suffer from the ...

4D Multimodality Imaging of Citrobacter rodentium Infections in Mice

This protocol outlines the steps required to longitudinally monitor a bioluminescent bacterial infection using composite 3D diffuse light imaging tomography with integrated &mu;CT (DLIT-&mu;CT) and the subsequent use of this data to generate a four dimensional (4D) movie of the infection cycle. To develop the 4D infection movies and to validate the DLIT-&mu;CT imaging for bacterial infection studies using an IVIS Spectrum CT, we used infection with bioluminescent C. rodentium, which causes self-limiting colitis in mice. In this protocol, we outline the infection of mice with bioluminescent C. rodentium and non-invasive monitoring of colonization by daily DLIT-&mu;CT imaging and bacterial enumeration from feces for 8 days.
The use of the IVIS Spectrum CT facilitates seamless co-registration of optical and &mu;CT scans using a single imaging platform. The low dose &mu;CT modality enables the imaging of mice at multiple time points during infection, providing detailed anatomical localization of bioluminescent bacterial foci in 3D without causing artifacts from the cumulative radiation. Importantly, the 4D movies of infected mice provide a powerful analytical tool to monitor bacterial colonization dynamics in vivo.

4D Multimodality Imaging of Citrobacter rodentium Infections in Mice

Multi-modality imaging is a valuable approach for studying bacterial colonization in small animal models. This protocol outlines infection of mice with bioluminescent Citrobacter rodentium and the longitudinal monitoring of bacterial colonization using composite 3D diffuse light imaging tomography with &mu;CT imaging to create a 4D movie of C. rodentium infection.

4D Imaging von Multimodalität<em&gt; Citrobacter rodentium</em&gt; Infektionen bei Mäusen

This protocol outlines the steps required to  longitudinally monitor a bioluminescent bacterial infection using composite 3D diffuse light imaging ...

Isolation of Murine Lymph Node Stromal Cells

Secondary lymphoid organs including lymph nodes are composed of stromal cells that provide a structural environment for homeostasis, activation and differentiation of lymphocytes. Various stromal cell subsets have been identified by the expression of the adhesion molecule CD31 and glycoprotein podoplanin (gp38), T zone reticular cells or fibroblastic reticular cells, lymphatic endothelial cells, blood endothelial cells and FRC-like pericytes within the double negative cell population. For all populations different functions are described including, separation and lining of different compartments, attraction of and interaction with different cell types, filtration of the draining fluidics and contraction of the lymphatic vessels. In the last years, different groups have described an additional role of stromal cells in orchestrating and regulating cytotoxic T cell responses potentially dangerous for the host. 
Lymph nodes are complex structures with many different cell types and therefore require a appropriate procedure for isolation of the desired cell populations. Currently, protocols for the isolation of lymph node stromal cells rely on enzymatic digestion with varying incubation times; however, stromal cells and their surface molecules are sensitive to these enzymes, which results in loss of surface marker expression and cell death. Here a short enzymatic digestion protocol combined with automated mechanical disruption to obtain viable single cells suspension of lymph node stromal cells maintaining their surface molecule expression is proposed.

Isolation of lymph node stromal cells is a multistep procedure including enzymatic digestion and mechanical disaggregation to obtain fibroblastic reticular cells, lymphatic and blood endothelial cells. In the described procedure, a short digestion is combined with automated mechanical disaggregation to minimize surface marker degradation of viable lymph node stromal cells.

Isolierung von murinen Lymphknoten Stromazellen

Secondary lymphoid organs including lymph nodes are composed of stromal cells that provide a structural environment for homeostasis, activation and ...

A Novel In vitro Model for Studying the Interactions Between Human Whole Blood and Endothelium

The majority of all known diseases are accompanied by disorders of the cardiovascular system. Studies into the complexity of the interacting pathways activated during cardiovascular pathologies are, however, limited by the lack of robust and physiologically relevant methods. In order to model pathological vascular events we have developed an in vitro assay for studying the interaction between endothelium and whole blood. The assay consists of primary human endothelial cells, which are placed in contact with human whole blood. The method utilizes native blood with no or very little anticoagulant, enabling study of delicate interactions between molecular and cellular components present in a blood vessel.
We investigated functionality of the assay by comparing activation of coagulation by different blood volumes incubated with or without human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). Whereas a larger blood volume contributed to an increase in the formation of thrombin antithrombin (TAT) complexes, presence of HUVEC resulted in reduced activation of coagulation. Furthermore, we applied image analysis of leukocyte attachment to HUVEC stimulated with tumor necrosis factor (TNF&#945;) and found the presence of CD16+ cells to be significantly higher on TNF&#945; stimulated cells as compared to unstimulated cells after blood contact. In conclusion, the assay may be applied to study vascular pathologies, where interactions between the endothelium and the blood compartment are perturbed.

A Novel In vitro Model for Studying the Interactions Between Human Whole Blood and Endothelium

The accessibility of reliable models to investigate vascular blood interactions in humans is lacking. We present an in vitro model of cultured primary human endothelial cells combined with human whole blood to investigate cellular interactions both in the blood (ELISA) and the vascular compartment (microscopy).

A Novel<em&gt; In vitro</em&gt; Modell für die Untersuchung der Wechselwirkungen zwischen humanem Vollblut und Endothel

The majority of all known diseases are accompanied by disorders of the cardiovascular system. Studies into the complexity of the interacting pathways ...

Experimental Infection with Listeria monocytogenes as a Model for Studying Host Interferon-&#947; Responses

L. monocytogenes is a gram-positive bacterium that is a cause of food borne disease in humans. Experimental infection of mice with this pathogen has been highly informative on the role of innate and adaptive immune cells and specific cytokines in host immunity against intracellular pathogens. Production of IFN-&#947; by innate cells during sublethal infection with L. monocytogenes is important for activating macrophages and early control of the pathogen1-3. In addition, IFN-&#947; production by adaptive memory lymphocytes is important for priming the activation of innate cells upon reinfection4. The L. monocytogenes infection model thus serves as a great tool for investigating whether new therapies that are designed to increase IFN-&#947; production have an impact on IFN-&#947; responses in vivo and have productive biological effects such as increasing bacterial clearance or improving mouse survival from infection. Described here is a basic protocol for how to conduct intraperitoneal infections of C57BL/6J mice with the EGD strain of L. monocytogenes and to measure IFN-&#947; production by NK cells, NKT cells, and adaptive lymphocytes by flow cytometry. In addition, procedures are described to: (1) grow and prepare the bacteria for inoculation, (2) measure bacterial load in the spleen and liver, and (3) measure animal survival to endpoints. Representative data are also provided to illustrate how this infection model can be used to test the effect of specific agents on IFN-&#947; responses to L. monocytogenes and survival of mice from this infection.

Experimental Infection with &lt;em&gt;Listeria monocytogenes&lt;/em&gt; as a Model for Studying Host Interferon-&amp;#947; Responses

This protocol describes how to inoculate C57BL/6J mice with the EGD strain of Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes) and to measure interferon-&#947; (IFN-&#947;) responses by natural killer (NK) cells, natural killer T (NKT) cells, and adaptive T lymphocytes post-infection. This protocol also describes how to conduct survival studies in mice after infection with a modified LD50 dose of the pathogen.

Experimentelle Infektion mit<em&gt; Listeria monocytogenes</em&gt; Als Modell für die Untersuchung Host-Interferon-γ Antworten

L. monocytogenes is a gram-positive bacterium that is a cause of food borne disease in humans. Experimental infection of mice with this pathogen has been ...

Methodologies for Studying B. subtilis Biofilms as a Model for Characterizing Small Molecule Biofilm Inhibitors

This work assesses different methodologies to study the impact of small molecule biofilm inhibitors, such as D-amino acids, on the development and resilience of Bacillus subtilis biofilms. First, methods are presented that select for small molecule inhibitors with biofilm-specific targets in order to separate the effect of the small molecule inhibitors on planktonic growth from their effect on biofilm formation. Next, we focus on how inoculation conditions affect the sensitivity of multicellular, floating B. subtilis cultures to small molecule inhibitors. The results suggest that discrepancies in the reported effects of such inhibitors such as D-amino acids are due to inconsistent pre-culture conditions. Furthermore, a recently developed protocol is described for evaluating the contribution of small molecule treatments towards biofilm resistance to antibacterial substances. Lastly, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques are presented to analyze the three-dimensional spatial arrangement of cells and their surrounding extracellular matrix in a B. subtilis biofilm. SEM facilitates insight into the three-dimensional biofilm architecture and the matrix texture. A combination of the methods described here can greatly assist the study of biofilm development in the presence and absence of biofilm inhibitors, and shed light on the mechanism of action of these inhibitors.

Methodologies for Studying B. subtilis Biofilms as a Model for Characterizing Small Molecule Biofilm Inhibitors

This study presents the development of reproducible methodologies to study biofilm inhibitors and their effects on Bacillus subtilis multicellularity.

Methodologien für das Studium<em&gt; B. subtilis</em&gt; Biofilme als Modell für kleine Molekül-Inhibitoren Biofilm Charakterisieren

This work assesses different methodologies to study the impact of small molecule biofilm inhibitors, such as D-amino acids, on the development and ...

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Natural Killer Cell Lytic Activity in Human Whole Blood

NK cell cytotoxicity is a widely used measure to determine the effect of outside intervention on NK cell function. However, the accuracy and reproducibility of this assay can be considered unstable, either because of user&#39;s errors or because of the sensitivity of NK cells to experimental manipulation. To eliminate these issues, a workflow that reduces them to a minimum was established and is presented here. To illustrate, we obtained blood samples, at various time points, from runners (n = 4) that were submitted to an intense bout of exercise. First, NK cells are simultaneously identified and isolated through CD56 tagging and magnetic-based sorting, directly from whole blood and from as little as one milliliter. The sorted NK cells are removed of any reagent or capping antibodies. They can be counted in order to establish an accurate NK cell count per milliliter of blood. Secondly, the sorted NK cells (effectors cells or E) can be mixed with 3,3&#39;-Diotadecyloxacarbocyanine Perchlorate (DiO) tagged K562 cells (target cells or T) at an assay-optimal 1:5 T:E ratio, and analyzed using an imaging flow-cytometer that allows for the visualization of each event and the elimination of any false positive or false negatives (such as doublets or effector cells). This workflow can be completed in about 4 h, and allows for very stable results even when working with human samples. When available, research teams can test several experimental interventions in human subjects, and compare measurements across several time points without compromising the data&#39;s integrity.

This work describes an advanced workflow for the accurate and fast determination of NK (Natural Killer) cell count and NK cell cytotoxicity in human blood samples.

Durchflusszytometrische Analyse von natürlichen Killerzellen lytische Aktivität in menschlichem Vollblut

NK cell cytotoxicity is a widely used measure to determine the effect of outside intervention on NK cell function. However, the accuracy and ...

Analysis of 18FDG PET/CT Imaging as a Tool for Studying Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection and Treatment in Non-human Primates

Mycobacterium tuberculosis remains the number one infectious agent in the world today. With the emergence of antibiotic resistant strains, new clinically relevant methods are needed that evaluate the disease process and screen for potential antibiotic and vaccine treatments. Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography (PET/CT) has been established as a valuable tool for studying a number of afflictions such as cancer, Alzheimer&#39;s disease, and inflammation/infection. Outlined here are a number of strategies that have been employed to evaluate PET/CT images in cynomolgus macaques that are infected intrabronchially with low doses of M. tuberculosis. Through evaluation of lesion size on CT and uptake of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) in lesions and lymph nodes in PET images, these described methods show that PET/CT imaging can predict future development of active versus latent disease and the propensity for reactivation from a latent state of infection. Additionally, by analyzing the overall level of lung inflammation, these methods determine antibiotic efficacy of drugs against M. tuberculosis in the most clinically relevant existing animal model. These image analysis methods are some of the most powerful tools in the arsenal against this disease as not only can they evaluate a number of characteristics of infection and drug treatment, but they are also directly translatable to a clinical setting for use in human studies.

Analysis of 18FDG PET/CT Imaging as a Tool for Studying Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection and Treatment in Non-human Primates

Here, we present a protocol to describe the analysis of 18F-FDG PET/CT imaging in non-human primates that have been infected with M. tuberculosis to study disease process, drug treatment, and disease reactivation.

Analyse der 18FDG PET/CT Imaging als Werkzeug für Studium Mycobacterium-Tuberkulose -Infektion und Behandlung bei nicht-menschlichen Primaten

Mycobacterium tuberculosis remains the number one infectious agent in the world today. With the emergence of antibiotic resistant strains, new clinically ...

Implantation and Monitoring by PET/CT of an Orthotopic Model of Human Pleural Mesothelioma in Athymic Mice

Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is a rare and aggressive tumor arising in the mesothelium that covers the lungs, the heart, and the thoracic cavity. MPM development is mainly associated with asbestos. Treatments provide only modest survival since the median survival average is 9&#8211;18 months from the time of diagnosis. Therefore, more effective treatments must be identified. Most data describing new therapeutic targets were obtained from in vitro experiments and need to be validated in reliable in vivo preclinical models. This article describes one such reliable MPM orthotopic model obtained after injection of a human MPM cell line H2052/484 into the pleural cavity of immunodeficient athymic mice. Transplantation in the orthotopic site allows studying the progression of tumor in the natural in vivo environment. Positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) molecular imaging using the clinical [18F]-2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose ([18F]FDG) radiotracer is the diagnosis method of choice for examining patients with MPM. Accordingly, [18F]FDG-PET/CT was used to longitudinally monitor the disease progression of the H2052/484 orthotopic model. This technique has a high 3R potential (Reduce the number of animals, Refine to lessen pain and discomfort, and Replace animal experimentation with alternatives) since the tumor development can be monitored non-invasively and the number of animals required could be significantly reduced.
This model displays a high development rate, a rapid tumor growth, is cost-efficient and allows for rapid clinical translation. By using this orthotopic xenograft MPM model, researchers can assess biological responses of a reliable MPM model following therapeutic interventions.

This article describes the generation of an orthotopic mouse model of human pleural mesothelioma by implantation of H2052/484 mesothelioma cells into the pleural cavity of immunocompromised athymic mice. The longitudinal monitoring of the development of intrapleural tumors was assessed by non-invasive multimodal [18F]-2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose positron emission tomography and computed tomography imaging.

Implantation und Überwachung eines orthotopischen Modells des menschlichen Pleuralmesothelioms bei athymischen Mäusen durch PET/CT

Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is a rare and aggressive tumor arising in the mesothelium that covers the lungs, the heart, and the thoracic cavity. ...