This work is part of a CICYT research project (AGL 2010-22178) of the Spanish Ministry of Science and Technology. The authors are grateful to Nic Aldam and Kristi Prunty for the English revision of the manuscript.

Das Protokoll unten beschrieben für die Induktion CTA in Richtung Gehölzen folgt die Tierpflege Richtlinien der &quot;Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona&quot; (Bellaterra, Spanien) und wird von der Ethikkommission der Tier- und Menschenversuche für Schafe und Ziegen (CEEAH, verweist auf 770 genehmigt und 998 beziehungsweise). 1. Herstellung von LiCl Dose <ol><li> Machen Sie eine 25% w / v (Gewicht / Volumen) LiCl-Lösung in destilliertem Wasser. Alternativ verwenden Sie sauberes Leitungswasser. Die LiCl ist extrem hygroskopisch deshalb ist es notwendig, darauf zu achten, wenn das pulverförmige chemische Behandlung. <ol><li> Wiegen 250 g LiCl und löse es in destilliertem Wasser (LiCl Konzentratlösung). Da die Reaktion exotherm ist, warten Sie, bis die Lösung auf Raumtemperatur, bevor Sie fortfahren zurückgekehrt ist. Füllen Sie die Lösung in einen Messkolben mit destilliertem Wasser, das es bis 1000 ml zu bringen. </li></ol></li><li> Berechnen des Volumens der Lösung für jedes Tier (EinzelDosis). <ol><li> Wiegen Sie die Tiere ihr Körpergewicht (BW) zu erhalten , und berechnen die ml LiCl für jedes Tier benötigt folgende Gleichung 1. Die empfohlene Dosis für die Langzeit - Persistenz 225 mg LiCl / kg KG bei Schafen 10 und 200 mg LiCl / kg KG bei Ziegen 17. Jedoch können auch andere Dosen beweidet werden , sind in Tabelle 1 gezeigt. (Kg BW x LiCl Dosis in g / kg KG) / LiCl-Konzentration in g / l = Volumen des LiCl (L) [Gl. 1] Beispielsweise: Schaf = 60 kg BW; Dosis = 225 mg LiCl / kg KG; Konzentration von LiCl-Lösung = 250 g / L (60 kg x 0,225 g / kg) / 250 g / L = 0,054 L = 54 ml Ziege = 35 kg BW; Dosis = 200 mg LiCl / kg KG; Konzentration von LiCl-Lösung = 250 g / L (35 kg x 0,200 g / kg) / 250 g / L = 0,028 L = 28 ml </li></ol></li></ol><table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always"><tbody><tr><td> LiCl Dosis </td><td> Mazorra et al. (2006) 19 </td&gt; <td> Burritt et al. (2013) 35 </td></tr><tr><td> Niedrig </td><td> 100 </td><td> 125 </td></tr><tr><td> Mittel </td><td> 150 </td><td> 150 </td></tr><tr><td> Hoch </td><td> 225 </td><td> 175 </td></tr></tbody></table> Tabelle 1:. LiCl Dosisbereich Bereich LiCl Dosen (mg / kg Körpergewicht, BW) von verschiedenen Autoren verwendet Futter Abneigung zu induzieren. 2. Tierauswahl und Ausstattung <ol><li> Wählen Sie für Erwachsene, nicht schwanger und trocken Tiere, die zuvor noch nie das Ziel Futter gefressen. </li><li> Nicht zur gleichen Zeit, um die CTA, um mehr als 20 Tieren induzieren, um besser das Verhalten steuern. Zunächst induzieren nur CTA zu 5 Tieren. </li><li> Ordnen Sie die Tiere in einem Ort, an dem die Aufnahme des Ziel Feed kann einzeln erfasst werden. Füttern Sie die Tiere einmal pro Tag mit einer Basal-Diät, die alle ihren Nährstoffbedarf und bieten freien Zugang zu Wasser und zu einem miNeral Block. Assure eine ausreichende Salzzufuhr LiCl toxische Effekte zu verhindern, da die Körperzellen Li anstelle von Na 9 verwenden können. </li><li> Wenn die Einrichtungen für die Tiere neu sind, geben sie von 1 Woche Anpassungszeit mit der Umgebung vertraut zu machen und die Grundnahrung. </li></ol> 3. Aversion Induction <ol><li> Entfernen Sie die Basal - Diät , bevor der Abend (Tag -1) und bieten die Ziel Feed ad libitum , um sicherzustellen , dass die Tiere 12 das Ziel - Feed eifrig am nächsten Tag essen. </li><li> Am folgenden Tag (Tag 0), die orts am Morgen entfernen und während 30 Minuten auf jedes Tier 200 g Ziel Futter bieten. Wiegen Sie die orts danach. </li><li> Wenn die Tiere mehr als 20-30 g verbrauchen, zur Verwaltung der entsprechenden berechneten Volumen von LiCl (ml berechnet in 1.2) mit einer Durchnässung Pistole so bald wie praktisch möglich ist, nicht mehr als 1 Stunde nach dem Verzehr warten. Wenn Tiere verbrauchen weniger als 20-30 g, wiederholen Sie den Vorgang am nächsten Tag. Due zu ihrer angeborenen neophobic Einzugsverhalten, Tiere könnten mehr als 1 Tag müssen die Ziel Feed 10,17,25-27 beginnen verbrauchen. </li><li> Nach LiCl Verwaltung, warten 2 Stunden vor der Basal-Diät anbietet. </li><li> Von Tag 1 bis 3, bieten nicht die Tiere, die die Ziel Futter und überprüfen sie regelmäßig alle möglichen Zeichen einer schweren Krankheit zu erkennen, tägliche Futter- und Wasseraufnahme (nach Gewicht oder durch eine Check-Liste), Atemfrequenz und das Verhalten der Tiere aufnehmen. Sie könnten präsentieren fiel Kopf und Ohren, Inaktivität, Durchfall, erhöhte Atemfrequenz und verringert Wasser und Nahrungsaufnahme in den Tagen nach der LiCl Verwaltung 9-11,20,25. </li></ol> 4. Aversion Validation <ol><li> An den Tagen, 4, 5, 6 und 7 nach LiCl Verwaltung, wiederholen Sie den Schritt 3.2. </li><li> Wenn die Tiere verbrauchen &lt;10 g (oder &lt;4 Bisse) der Ziel Futtermittel, betrachten die CTA established.The Schwelle zwischen Null (kein Verbrauch) und 10 g auf den Umstand abhängen könnte vondie Zielpflanze (toxische oder nicht). </li><li> Wenn ein Tier verbraucht&gt; 10 g, verwalten eine neue LiCl Dosis und wiederholen Sie Schritt 4.1. Wenn das Tier in Konsum der Zielpflanze nach der zweiten Dosis bestehen, beseitigen sie von der CTA-Gruppe. Soziale Erleichterung (zB Mutter, Geschwister und enge Kumpels) können CTA Verhalten im Tierbereich ändern. Tiere , die zu einer Zielpflanze abgewendet wurden leicht verbrauchen sie wieder , wenn sie mit nicht abgewendeten Tiere grasen 28. </li></ol> 5. Weidemanagement Anmerkung: Die Dosis von LiCl verwendet CTA zu induzieren vollständig in wenigen Tagen ausgeschieden wird, hauptsächlich durch Urin. <ol><li> Obwohl Li weit auf der Erdkruste verteilt wird, um eine mögliche Kontamination in der organischen Ernte zu vermeiden, warten Sie 9-11 Tage vor , die Tiere der Ernte (Clearance - Zeit etabliert mit Li pharmakokinetischen) 11 bewegt. </li><li> Stellen Sie sicher, dass die Ernte Bodendecke ist reichlich vorhanden und schmackhaft im ganzendie Tiere zu verhindern, dass das Abtasten des Zielzuteilzeit weiden lassen. Graze behandelten Tiere getrennt von nicht behandelten. </li><li> Lassen Sie die Tiere ein delimitiert Grundstück von der gesamten Oberfläche zu grasen eine einheitliche Steuerung der Grashöhe zu erhalten. Abgrenzen die Handlung von tragbaren elektrischen oder metallischen Zäunen verwendet oder einen Schäfer mit den Tieren zwischen spezifischen Pflanzenlinien zu grasen. </li><li> Vermeiden Sie ein Grundstück Überweidung, Beseitigung der Tiere , bevor die Bodenabdeckung knapp wird (Grashöhe von 5 cm) 29. </li></ol> 6. Wiedereinführung der CTA <ol><li> Jedes Jahr, bevor die Tiere erlaubt zurückzukehren, um die Ernte zu grasen, wiederholen Sie Schritt 4. </li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

Das CTA ist leicht bei kleinen Wiederkäuern festgelegt, wenn das Ziel-Feed ist eine Pflanze, die das Tier noch nie gegessen hat und nicht eine unersetzliche Nährstoff enthalten. Tiere haben eine positive post-Ingestiv Verbindung mit einem nicht-toxischen Futter , es sei denn vorherigen Kontakt macht es schwierig , ihre Wahrnehmung dieser besonderen Futter 7,33 zu ändern. Die Bedingung Geschmacksaversion wird produziert , weil LiCl das Brechmittel - System produzieren Unwohlsein oder Magen - Darm - Beschwer...

Der Einsatz von Bodenbedeckung zwischen holzigen Pflanzenlinien mildert Bodenerosion und Abbau und erhöht Wasser, organischem Kohlenstoff und Stickstoff - Retention 1-3. Darüber hinaus unterhält Bodenabdeckung und erhöht die biologische Vielfalt, die das Gleichgewicht zwischen den Pflanzenschädlinge und ihre natürlichen Feinde zu unterstützen. Die Landwirte sind in der Regel Unkraut zu beseitigen, indem agrochemischen Produkten Anwendung oder eine Mähmaschine Maschine; wodurch Nährstoffkonkurrenz zwischen den Kulturen und Bewuchs. Eine kostengünstige Möglichkeit, Bodendecker zu steuern würde die Verwendung von kleinen Wiederkäuern Weide sein. Ein weiterer Vorteil von Tier Beweidung ist die Verbesserung der Bodengesundheit und Fruchtbarkeit. Allerdings sind die Landwirte zögern, diese Praxis aufgrund von kleinen Wiederkäuern durch den Verzehr von jungen Blättern und Sprossen zu schädigen die Pflanzen zu implementieren. Um Schäden zu vermeiden potenzielle Ernte ist es nützlich, konditionierten Geschmacksaversion (CTA) in den Schafen oder Ziegen in der Herde oder Herde zu induzieren. Das CTA ist leicht für n etabliertew - Feeds, aufgrund der angeborenen Futter neophobia Verhalten 4,5 von kleinen Wiederkäuern, und weil vertraute Feeds positiv mit einem &quot;Erlernte Sicherheit&quot; Status zugeordnet sind , die schwieriger zu ändern oder 6 manipulieren. Tiere lernen, einen bestimmten Feed (bedingten Reiz) aufgrund seiner negativen postingestive Wirkung (unbedingter Reiz) abzulehnen. Zu induzieren CTA Richtung schmackhafter und ungiftig Pflanzen, Lithiumchlorid (LiCl; Induktionsmittel) oral verabreicht wird, nachdem das Tier die Zielpflanze verbraucht. Während es andere Induktor Mittel (zB Apomorphin, ciclosphosphamide, Thiabendazol) sind, zeigten LiCl die stärkste und persistent CTA aufgrund seiner Wirkung auf das Brechmittel - System durch Stimulation der Chemorezeptor - Triggerzone Bereich und gastrointestinale Beschwerden 7,8 mit milden Anzeichen der allgemeinen Beschwerden. Lithium (Li) aus dem oberen Magen - Darm - Trakt resorbiert und in das Gesamtkörperwasser Raum 9 verteilt. Die Tiere can eine Erholungsphase so kurz wie 2 Tage 7,10,11. Der LiCl kann es durch Mischen mit dem Lebensmittel 12,13 oral 15-17 durch eine Durchnässung Pistole verabreicht in einer Gelatinekapsel 13,14 oder in einer Lösung verabreicht werden. Obwohl LiCl Lösung ätzend ist, wurde keine Verletzung im Mund oder der Speiseröhre beschrieben. LiCl wird im Bereich von 100 bis 400 mg LiCl / kg Körpergewicht (BW), mit besseren Ergebnissen (hartnäckiger CTA) mit höheren Dosen 16,18 verwendet. Dennoch, die bekannten Dosierung Auswirkungen auf verschiedene Arten und Rassen unter Berücksichtigung, die letale Wirkung in einigen Fällen beginnen bei 400 mg LiCl / kg KG. Die empfohlene Dosierung für eine effektive langfristige CTA beginnt bei 200 mg / kg KG für Ziegen und 225 mg / kg KG für Schafe 10,17,19. Li bei diesen Dosierungen innerhalb der ersten 4 Tage nach der Verabreichung ausgeschieden wird, hauptsächlich durch den Urin (92 ± 4%), gefolgt von Fäzes (6,5 ± 1,3%) und Milch (2,8 ± 0,4%) 11. Das Ganzegeschätzte Wartezeit für eine Einzeldosis von LiCl in Plasma 9 und 11 Tagen bei Schafen und Ziegen sind. Aufgrund der geringen Li - Ausscheidung in der Milch, kann CTA nicht natürlich off-Frühling 11,20 in den gestillten hergestellt werden. Die langfristigen CTA Persistenz bei Schafen wurde während einer gesamten Weidesaison (3-4 Monate) , wenn eine alternative Futterquelle 14,21 verfügbar war berichtet, mit einer einzigen Dosis LiCl bei der nächsten Beweidung zu einer fast vollständigen Aversion wieder hergestellt werden Saison (9 Monate später) 14. Darüber hinaus CTA persistences von 2 und 3 Jahren in Kühe unter Weidebedingungen, ohne die Notwendigkeit einer Verstärkung Dosen, wenn das Ziel - Feed ist eine giftige , aber schmackhaft Pflanze 22,23 berichtet. Die Möglichkeit, eine alternative Futtermittel unter Berücksichtigung ist von entscheidender Bedeutung für das Tier das CTA gegen einen nicht-toxischen Pflanze zu erhalten. Jedesmal, wenn das Tier verbraucht mehr als 10 g des abgewendet Anlage ohne resultierende in gastrointestinalen discomfort würde die CTA 24 beeinträchtigt werden.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Lithium Chloride PRS</td><td>Panreac</td><td>141392.1209</td><td>Different amounts of same product can be supplied by the same company.</td></tr><tr><td>Labelvage drencher 
&lt;p&gt;
70 mL
&lt;/p&gt;</td><td>Labelvage</td><td>240040</td><td>Similar product can be used (different brand or volume).</td></tr></tbody></table>

how to create conditioned taste aversion for grazing ground covers in woody crops with small ruminants

Conditioned taste aversion (CTA) is a learning behavior process where animals are trained to reject certain feed after gastrointestinal discomfort has been produced. Lithium chloride (LiCl) is the preferred agent used in livestock to induce CTA because it specifically stimulates the vomit center. In addition, LiCl is commercially available, and easy to prepare and administer using a drenching gun. Nevertheless, some factors have to be considered to obtain an effective long-lasting CTA, which allows small ruminants to graze during the cropping season. A key aspect is to use animals with no previous contact with the target plant (the plant chosen to be avoided; new feed). Due to their native neophobic feeding behavior, small ruminants can easily associate the negative feedback effects with the new feed, resulting in a strong and persistent CTA. The recommended doses are 200 and 225 mg LiCl/kg body weight (BW) for goats and sheep, respectively. To induce CTA, 100 g of the target plant should be individually offered for at least 30 min, and LiCl administered thereafter if the intake is greater than 10 g. Each time the animal eats the target plant without negative consequences, the CTA becomes weaker. Consequently, to minimize the risk of target plant consumption, it is essential to have sufficient palatable ground cover available. The presence of an alternative feed (of quality and quantity) prevents the accidental consumption of the target plant. A close monitoring of the flock is recommended to remove and re-dose any animal consuming more than 4 bites or 10 g of the target plant. At the beginning of each grazing season, check the CTA status of each animal before moving them to the crop.

Die im Folgenden beschriebenen Ergebnisse wurden durch mehrere Studien in CTA zu Gehölzen bei kleinen Wiederkäuern an der Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona durchgeführt erhalten und sie den Nachweis erbringen, das Protokoll vorgeschlagen zu etablieren. Dosen von 175 und 200 mg LiCl / kg KG bei Ziegen und 200 und 225 mg LiCl / kg KG bei Schafen wurden erfolgreich eingesetzt CTA zu induzieren gegen Gehölzen mit einer einzig...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about How to Create Conditioned Taste Aversion for Grazing Ground Covers in Woody Crops with Small Ruminants at JoVE.com

How to Create Conditioned Taste Aversion for Grazing Ground Covers in Woody Crops with Small Ruminants

Wie konditionierten Geschmacksaversion zu erstellen für die Beweidung Bodendecker in Gehölzen mit kleinen Wiederkäuer

Feeding behavior preferences in livestock can be modified to implement a grazing management plan in woody crops. Here, we present a protocol to show a lithium chloride dose after eating a new plant that induces conditioned taste aversion.

Conditioned taste aversion (CTA) is a learning behavior process where animals are trained to reject certain feed after gastrointestinal discomfort has ...

how-to-create-conditioned-taste-aversion-for-grazing-ground-covers

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

7.2K Aufrufe.  Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Feeding behavior preferences in livestock can be modified to implement a grazing management plan in woody crops. Here, we present a protocol to show a lithium chloride dose after eating a new plant that induces conditioned taste aversion. 

Serie: How to Create Conditioned Taste Aversion for Grazing Ground Covers in Woody Crops with Small Ruminants

The Use of an Automated System (GreenFeed) to Monitor Enteric Methane and Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Ruminant Animals

Ruminant animals (domesticated or wild) emit methane (CH4) through enteric fermentation in their digestive tract and from decomposition of manure during storage. These processes are the major sources of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from animal production systems. Techniques for measuring enteric CH4 vary from direct measurements (respiration chambers, which are highly accurate, but with limited applicability) to various indirect methods (sniffers, laser technology, which are practical, but with variable accuracy). The sulfur hexafluoride (SF6)&#160;tracer gas method is commonly used to measure enteric CH4 production by animal scientists and more recently, application of an Automated Head-Chamber System (AHCS) (GreenFeed, C-Lock, Inc., Rapid City, SD), which is the focus of this experiment, has been growing. AHCS is an automated system to monitor CH4 and carbon dioxide (CO2) mass fluxes from the breath of ruminant animals. In a typical AHCS operation, small quantities of baiting feed are dispensed to individual animals to lure them to AHCS multiple times daily. As the animal visits AHCS, a fan system pulls air past the animal&#8217;s muzzle into an intake manifold, and through an air collection pipe where continuous airflow rates are measured. A sub-sample of air is pumped out of the pipe into non-dispersive infra-red sensors for continuous measurement of CH4 and CO2 concentrations. Field comparisons of AHCS to respiration chambers or SF6 have demonstrated that AHCS produces repeatable and accurate CH4 emission results, provided that animal visits to AHCS are sufficient so emission estimates are representative of the diurnal rhythm of rumen gas production. Here, we demonstrate the use of AHCS to measure CO2 and CH4 fluxes from dairy cows given a control diet or a diet supplemented with technical-grade cashew nut shell liquid.

The Use of an Automated System GreenFeed to Monitor Enteric Methane and Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Ruminant Animals

Accuracy and precision of the techniques used to measure methane emissions from ruminant animals are critically important for the success of greenhouse gas mitigation efforts. This manuscript describes the principles and operation of an automated system to monitor methane and carbon dioxide mass fluxes from the breath of ruminant animals.

Die Verwendung eines automatisierten Systems (GreenFeed) bis Enteric Methan und der Kohlendioxidemissionen von Wiederkäuern Überwachen

Ruminant animals (domesticated or wild) emit methane (CH4) through enteric fermentation in their digestive tract and from decomposition of manure during ...

Forschung

Umwelt

A Method for Remotely Silencing Neural Activity in Rodents During Discrete Phases of Learning

This protocol describes how to temporarily and remotely silence neuronal activity in discrete brain regions while animals are engaged in learning and memory tasks. The approach combines pharmacogenetics (Designer-Receptors-Exclusively-Activated-by-Designer-Drugs) with a behavioral paradigm (sensory preconditioning) that is designed to distinguish between different forms of learning. Specifically, viral-mediated delivery is used to express a genetically modified inhibitory G-protein coupled receptor (the Designer Receptor) into a discrete brain region in the rodent. Three weeks later, when designer receptor expression levels are high, a pharmacological agent (the Designer Drug) is administered systemically 30 min prior to a specific behavioral session. The drug has affinity for the designer receptor and thus results in inhibition of neurons that express the designer receptor, but is otherwise biologically inert. The brain region remains silenced for 2-5 hr (depending on the dose and route of administration). Upon completion of the behavioral paradigm, brain tissue is assessed for correct placement and receptor expression. This approach is particularly useful for determining the contribution of individual brain regions to specific components of behavior and can be used across any number of behavioral paradigms.

This protocol describes how to temporarily and remotely silence neuronal activity in discrete brain regions while rats are engaged in learning and memory tasks. The approach combines pharmacogenetics (Designer-Receptors-Exclusively-Activated-by-Designer-Drugs) with a behavioral paradigm (sensory preconditioning) that is designed to distinguish between different components of learning.

Ein Verfahren zum Fern Silencing neuronale Aktivität in Nagetiere Während diskreter Phasen des Lernens

This protocol describes how to temporarily and remotely silence neuronal activity in discrete brain regions while animals are engaged in learning and ...

Verhalten

Hyponeophagia: A Measure of Anxiety in the Mouse

Before the present day, when fast-acting and potent rodenticides such as alpha-chloralose were not yet in use, the work of pest controllers was often hampered by a phenomenon known as "bait shyness". Mice and rats cannot vomit, due to the tightness of the cardiac sphincter of the stomach, so to overcome the problem of potential food toxicity they have evolved a strategy of first ingesting only very small amounts of novel substances. The amounts ingested then gradually increase until the animal has determined whether the substance is safe and nutritious. So the old rat-catchers would first put a palatable substance such as oatmeal, which was to be the vehicle for the toxin, in the infested area. Only when large amounts were being readily consumed would they then add the poison, in amounts calculated not to affect the taste of the vehicle. The poisoned bait, which the animals were now readily eating in large amounts, would then swiftly perform its function.
Bait shyness is now used in the behavioural laboratory as a way of measuring anxiety. A highly palatable but novel substance, such as sweet corn, nuts or sweetened condensed milk, is offered to the mice (or rats) in a novel situation, such as a new cage. The latency to consume a defined amount of the new food is then measured.
Robert M.J. Deacon can be reach at <a href="mailto:robert.deacon@psy.ox.ac.uk">robert.deacon@psy.ox.ac.uk</a>

Mice and rats, due to their innate cautiousness, are initially slow in consuming a novel food, particularly in a novel place. This hyponeophagia can readily be measured in the laboratory, even though laboratory animals are much less anxious than their wild counterparts

Hyponeophagia: A Measure of Anxiety in der Maus

Before the present day, when fast-acting and potent rodenticides such as alpha-chloralose were not yet in use, the work of pest controllers was often ...

Neurowissenschaften

Choice and No-Choice Assays for Testing the Resistance of A. thaliana to Chewing Insects

Larvae of the small white cabbage butterfly are a pest in agricultural settings. This caterpillar species feeds from plants in the cabbage family, which include many crops such as cabbage, broccoli, Brussel sprouts etc. Rearing of the insects takes place on cabbage plants in the greenhouse. At least two cages are needed for the rearing of Pieris rapae. One for the larvae and the other to contain the adults, the butterflies. In order to investigate the role of plant hormones and toxic plant chemicals in resistance to this insect pest, we demonstrate two experiments. First, determination of the role of jasmonic acid (JA - a plant hormone often indicated in resistance to insects) in resistance to the chewing insect Pieris rapae. Caterpillar growth can be compared on wild-type and mutant plants impaired in production of JA. This experiment is considered "No Choice", because larvae are forced to subsist on a single plant which synthesizes or is deficient in JA. Second, we demonstrate an experiment that investigates the role of glucosinolates, which are used as oviposition (egg-laying) signals. Here, we use WT and mutant Arabidopsis impaired in glucosinolate production in a "Choice" experiment in which female butterflies are allowed to choose to lay their eggs on plants of either genotype. This video demonstrates the experimental setup for both assays as well as representative results.

Plant resistance to chewing insect herbivores can be tested in several ways. Here, we demonstrate how to set-up a choice and a no-choice experiment with the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana to identify resistance against the pest species Pieris rapae.

Auswahl und No-Choice Tests zur Prüfung der Beständigkeit von A. thaliana zu Fraßinsekten

Larvae of the small white cabbage butterfly are a pest in agricultural settings. This caterpillar species feeds from plants in the cabbage family, which ...

Biologie

A Conditioned Place Preference Protocol for Measuring Incubation of Craving in Rats

A major cause of repeated relapses is a craving for the drug. Drug craving increases progressively during the abstinence period, a phenomenon termed incubation of drug craving. Here, we describe a morphine conditioned place preference (CPP) protocol for measuring the incubation of craving in rats. In this protocol, a CPP paradigm mainly employing somatosensory cues is used to establish a long-term reward memory of morphine. A three-chamber CPP box that differs in the texture of the chamber floor is constructed. First, the animals are tested for their baseline preference to the two side chambers for three consecutive days. Then, they are injected intraperitoneally with morphine/saline and put into their non-preferred/preferred chamber for 45 min. After 6 days of conditioning, their preference to the side chambers is tested for 15 min at different time points after the last conditioning session. With this paradigm, the reward memory of morphine could last for at least 18 days. To test whether the above-mentioned protocol can model increased craving, the number of entrances into the two side chambers are counted during the abstinence period. The results show that the entrances increased, suggesting that the CPP paradigm could mimic the incubation of craving. Future studies can employ this model to study neural mechanisms underlying long-term memory and incubation of craving.

Here, a morphine conditioned place preference (CPP) protocol is described to measure incubation of craving in rats.

Eine konditionierte Ort Präferenz Protokoll zur Messung der Inkubation des Verlangens bei Ratten

A major cause of repeated relapses is a craving for the drug. Drug craving increases progressively during the abstinence period, a phenomenon termed ...

Ground-level Unmanned Aerial System Imagery Coupled with Spatially Balanced Sampling and Route Optimization to Monitor Rangeland Vegetation

Rangeland ecosystems cover 3.6 billion hectares globally with 239 million hectares located in the United States. These ecosystems are critical for maintaining global ecosystem services. Monitoring vegetation in these ecosystems is required to assess rangeland health, to gauge habitat suitability for wildlife and domestic livestock, to combat invasive weeds, and to elucidate temporal environmental changes. Although rangeland ecosystems cover vast areas, traditional monitoring techniques are often time-consuming and cost-inefficient, subject to high observer bias, and often lack adequate spatial information. Image-based vegetation monitoring is faster, produces permanent records (i.e., images), may result in reduced observer bias, and inherently includes adequate spatial information. Spatially balanced sampling designs are beneficial in monitoring natural resources. A protocol is presented for implementing a spatially balanced sampling design known as balanced acceptance sampling (BAS), with imagery acquired from ground-level cameras and unmanned aerial systems (UAS). A route optimization algorithm is used in addition to solve the &#8216;travelling salesperson problem&#8217; (TSP) to increase time and cost efficiency. While UAS images can be acquired 2&#8211;3x faster than handheld images, both types of images are similar to each other in terms of accuracy and precision. Lastly, the pros and cons of each method are discussed and examples of potential applications for these methods in other ecosystems are provided.

The protocol presented in this paper utilizes route optimization, balanced acceptance sampling, and ground-level and unmanned aircraft system (UAS) imagery to efficiently monitor vegetation in rangeland ecosystems. Results from images obtained from ground-level and UAS methods are compared.

Rangeland ecosystems cover 3.6 billion hectares globally with 239 million hectares located in the United States. These ecosystems are critical for ...

The Use of Traditional Fear Tests to Evaluate Different Emotional Circuits in Cattle

Animal temperament is complex and has implications for productivity and economic profitability. Quantifying an animal&#39;s response to differing stimuli may facilitate breeding selections and identify animals that are better suited to specific management strategies. Multiple tests have been developed to evaluate cattle temperament (e.g., exit velocity, chute score, pen score, open field test, startle test, bovine zero maze), but each of these tests evaluates the animal&#39;s response to different stimuli (e.g., isolation, novel environment, startle, willingness to enter an enclosed area). Cattle temperament has been observed to be relatively stable over time. However, the evaluation of temperament has the potential to be influenced by current conditions, previous experiences, and observer bias. Many of these temperament tests have been improperly categorized as fear tests and have also been criticized for being subjective. This paper provides a framework for standardizing behavioral tests for cattle and suggests that these different evaluations assess different aspects of the animal&#39;s overall temperament.

Here, we present a protocol to conduct a variety of behavioral tests in cattle that have been designed to evaluate emotions. A battery of behavioral tests (open field test, startle test, bovine zero maze, exit velocity, pen score, and chute score) were conducted to evaluate different components of animal temperament.

Der Einsatz traditioneller Angsttests zur Bewertung verschiedener emotionaler Schaltkreise bei Rindern

Animal temperament is complex and has implications for productivity and economic profitability. Quantifying an animal&#39;s response to differing stimuli ...

Characterizing Herbivore Resistance Mechanisms: Spittlebugs on Brachiaria spp. as an Example

Plants can resist herbivore damage through three broad mechanisms: antixenosis, antibiosis and tolerance1. Antixenosis is the degree to which the plant is avoided when the herbivore is able to select other plants2. Antibiosis is the degree to which the plant affects the fitness of the herbivore feeding on it1.Tolerance is the degree to which the plant can withstand or repair damage caused by the herbivore, without compromising the herbivore's growth and reproduction1. The durability of herbivore resistance in an agricultural setting depends to a great extent on the resistance mechanism favored during crop breeding efforts3.
We demonstrate a no-choice experiment designed to estimate the relative contributions of antibiosis and tolerance to spittlebug resistance in Brachiaria spp. Several species of African grasses of the genus Brachiaria are valuable forage and pasture plants in the Neotropics, but they can be severely challenged by several native species of spittlebugs (Hemiptera: Cercopidae)4.To assess their resistance to spittlebugs, plants are vegetatively-propagated by stem cuttings and allowed to grow for approximately one month, allowing the growth of superficial roots on which spittlebugs can feed. At that point, each test plant is individually challenged with six spittlebug eggs near hatching. Infestations are allowed to progress for one month before evaluating plant damage and insect survival. Scoring plant damage provides an estimate of tolerance while scoring insect survival provides an estimate of antibiosis. This protocol has facilitated our plant breeding objective to enhance spittlebug resistance in commercial brachiariagrases5.

Characterizing Herbivore Resistance Mechanisms: Spittlebugs on Brachiaria spp. as an Example

This video explains mechanisms of host plant resistance to herbivory and demonstrates a no-choice test that estimates the relative contributions of antibiosis and tolerance to spittlebug resistance in Brachiaria spp.

Charakterisierung Herbivore Resistenzmechanismen: Spittlebugs auf Brachiaria Spp. als Beispiel

Plants can resist herbivore damage through three broad mechanisms: antixenosis, antibiosis and tolerance1. Antixenosis is the degree to which the plant is ...

A Caenorhabditis elegans Nutritional-status Based Copper Aversion Assay

To ensure survival, organisms must be capable of avoiding unfavorable habitats while ensuring a consistent food source. Caenorhabditis elegans alter their locomotory patterns upon detection of diverse environmental stimuli and can modulate their suite of behavioral responses in response to starvation conditions. Nematodes typically exhibit a decreased aversive response when removed from a food source for over 30 min. Observation of behavioral changes in response to a changing nutritional status can provide insight into the mechanisms that regulate the transition from a well-fed to starved state.
We have developed an assay that measures a nematode&#39;s ability to cross an aversive barrier (i.e. copper) then reach a food source over a prolonged period of time. This protocol builds upon previous work by integrating multiple variables in a manner that allows for continued data collection as the organisms shift towards an increasingly starved condition. Moreover, this assay permits an increased sample size so that larger populations of nematodes can be simultaneously evaluated.
Organisms defective for the ability to detect or respond to copper immediately cross the chemical barrier, while wild type nematodes are initially repelled. As wild type worms are increasingly starved, they begin to cross the barrier and reach the food source. We designed this assay to evaluate a mutant that is incapable of responding to diverse environmental cues, including food sensation or detection of aversive chemicals. When evaluated via this protocol, the defective organisms immediately crossed the barrier, but were also incapable of detecting a food source. Hence, these mutants repeatedly cross the chemical barrier despite temporarily reaching a food source. This assay can straightforwardly test populations of worms to evaluate potential pathway defects related to aversion and starvation.

A Caenorhabditis elegans Nutritional-status Based Copper Aversion Assay

Here, we present a Caenorhabditis elegans-specific assay designed to evaluate changes in copper aversion behavior and the ability to locate a common food source, as the organism progresses from a well-fed to starved nutritional state.

EIN<em&gt; Caenorhabditis elegans</em&gt; Nährwert-basierter Kupfer-Aversion-Assay

To ensure survival, organisms must be capable of avoiding unfavorable habitats while ensuring a consistent food source. Caenorhabditis elegans alter their ...

Milk Collection Methods for Mice and Reeves' Muntjac Deer

Animal models are commonly used throughout research laboratories to accomplish what would normally be considered impractical in a pathogen&#8217;s native host. Milk collection from animals allows scientists the opportunity to study many aspects of reproduction including vertical transmission, passive immunity, mammary gland biology, and lactation. Obtaining adequate volumes of milk for these studies is a challenging task, especially from small animal models. Here we illustrate an inexpensive and facile method for milk collection in mice and Reeves&#8217; muntjac deer that does not require specialized equipment or extensive training. This particular method requires two researchers: one to express the milk and to stabilize the animal, and one to collect the milk in an appropriate container from either a Muntjac or mouse model. The mouse model also requires the use of a P-200 pipetman and corresponding pipette tips. While this method is low cost and relatively easy to perform, researchers should be advised that anesthetizing the animal is required for optimal milk collection.

Milk collection from animal models facilitates various research avenues: understanding passive immunity, identifying pathogens responsible for vertical transmission and, through the use of transgenic mice, even commercial production of proteins found in human breast milk. Here we illustrate a simple method for milk collection in mice and Reeves&#8217; muntjac deer.

Milchauffangmethoden für Mäuse und Reeves Muntjac Deer

Animal models are commonly used throughout research laboratories to accomplish what would normally be considered impractical in a pathogen&#8217;s native ...