German Research Foundation (FOR2240 "(Lymph) Angiogenesis and Cellular Immunity in Inflammatory Diseases of the Eye" to CC and LMH; HE 6743/2-1 and HE 7643/3-1 to LMH; CU47/6-1 to CC), German Cancer Aid (to LMH and CC), GEROK program University of Cologne (to SLS and LMH), and EU COST BM1302 "Joining Forces to Corneal Regeneration" (to CC).

Die Verwendung von menschlichen Geweben müssen von einem Institutional Review Board oder gleichwertig geprüft und genehmigt werden. Die hier beschriebene Arbeit wurde von der lokalen Ethikkommission genehmigt und hatte die Genehmigung für die wissenschaftliche Untersuchung. Diese Arbeit wurde nach der Deklaration von Helsinki durchgeführt. Die menschlichen scleral Proben wurden vor den Augen der ganzen Welt Spender (maximal post-mortem Zeit 24 h) an der Augenbank der Augenklinik der Universität zu Köln, Deutschland, erhalten. 1. Experimentelle Vorbereitung <ol><li> Vorbereitung 96% Ethanol und Phosphat-gepufferter Salzlösung (PBS) in verschiedenen Röhren. Bereiten Sie die primären Antikörper in der empfohlenen Verdünnung von PBS, die 2% Rinderserumalbumin (BSA) und halten alle Lösungen auf dem Eis. Bereiten Sie 100 ul pro Probe. </li><li> Reinigen Sie alle Instrumente und verwenden scharfe Skalpelle. Nachdem er mit dem gleichen Skalpell wiederholte Schneiden, das Skalpell ändern. </li><li> Erhalten Sie 1-2 Colibri Zange, gerade Mikro Dissektionsscheren, ein # 10 Skalpelloder ophthalmische Skalpell Mikro Feder und vier 26 G Nadeln. </li><li> Wickeln Sie Aluminiumfolie um eine Polystyrolplatte oder verwenden Sie eine Korkplatte um das Gewebe zu befestigen. Arbeiten unter einem binokularen Stereomikroskop. Arbeiten steril unter einem laminaren Luftstrom, wenn nötig. </li></ol> 2. Bereiten Sie die Sclera <ol><li> Sie vorsichtig die Lampe halten und ein Perforieren Trepanation auf dem korneoskleralen Teil ausführen, drehen Sie dann den trepan. Drehen Sie den trepan sorgfältig und gleichmäßig auf der Oberfläche eine ebenso runde Schnitt durchzuführen. Verwenden Sie einen 15,5 mm große trepan. Schneiden Sie die restlichen Anlagen mit einer gebogenen Schere. Entfernen Sie die korneoskleralen Trepanation. Dies wird sich in einer nach vorne geöffneten Lampe führen. <ol><li> Legen Sie die Sklera auf einem Tupfer mit dem offenen Teil nach oben. Entfernen Sie die Retina und Uvea, Colibri Zange mit beiden Schichten abziehen (Retina und Uvea) von der Sklera. Sie nicht die pigmentierte Uvea auf der inneren Lederhaut verlassen. Verwenden einer gebogenen Schere die Retina und Uvea von der Papille zu entfernen. Entfernen Sie die remaining Konjunktiven, Augenmuskeln, und Tenon-Kapsel von der oberflächlichen Sklera. </li></ol></li><li> Entfernen Sie die scleral Probe in der gewünschten Größe von straight-Typ Schere und Colibri Zange. Nehmen Sie etwa 2 cm 2 Größe scleral Proben von verschiedenen Orten aus . Aufgrund der geringen Größe, halten Sie die Lederhaut sanft und die gewünschte Größe als Quadrate schneiden Sie die straight-Typ Schere. Die korneoskleralen Trepanation definiert den vorderen Rand der Sklera-Proben. <ol><li> Vermeiden Sie wiederholte greifen mit der Zange als den Bereich, wo das Gewebe wurde gepackt ist nicht geeignet für die konfokale Mikroskopie analysiert. Bereiten Sie die erforderliche Anzahl von Proben je nach Experiment Typ (zB ventral nach dorsal vs., vergleiche Abbildung 1) und die Menge von Antikörpern verwendet. </li></ol></li><li> Setzen Sie die Proben in 1,5-ml-Röhrchen für die spätere Verwendung. Befestigen Sie die Proben in 1,5 ml 96% Ethanol für 15 Minuten und dann waschen Sie sie dreimal jeweils 5 minin 1,5 ml PBS auf dem Schüttler. Wenn mit gefrorenem Gewebe arbeiten, führen Sie diesen Schritt vor dem Snap Einfrieren. </li><li> Verwenden Sie frische Gewebe. Ist dies jedoch nicht möglich ist, rasten die Sklera in flüssigem Stickstoff einfrieren und halten Sie sie bei -20 ° C für die spätere Verwendung. Wenn mit gefrorenem Gewebe arbeiten, Tauwetter vor dem Gebrauch. Vermeiden Sie wiederholtes Auftauen und Einfrieren Zyklen. </li><li> Halten jede Probe in PBS, die 1,5 ml 5% BSA bei Raumtemperatur für 2 Std. Dieser Schritt bewirkt eine Quellung der Probe, die für die Laminierung nützlich ist und verhindert auch unspezifische Bindung. </li><li> Nachdem die Proben schwoll haben, bereiten Sie die scleral Quadrate für die Laminierung. Arbeiten unter einem Mikroskop, zB einem binokularen Stereomikroskop. Befestigen Sie die hinteren scleral Proben auf die Polystyrol-Membran in Aluminiumfolie eingewickelt oder die Korkplatte mit den 26 G Nadeln. </li><li> Biegen Sie die Kanten der Nadeln, so dass sie nicht mit dem Gesichtsfeld unter dem Mikroskop stören. </li><li> Laminat, das die gesamte Dicke scleral samples. <ol><li> Zunächst halten die vordere Kante scleral mit Colibri Pinzette. Dann schneiden Sie vorsichtig eine dünne Schicht der oberflächlichen Sklera die # 10 Skalpell, das ophthalmologische Skalpell Mikro Feder oder einem Spatel Klinge. Halten Sie das Skalpell horizontal und schneiden Sie die oberflächliche Schicht so dünn wie möglich von der darunter liegenden Schicht. </li><li> Präparieren einer dünnen scleral Schicht aus dem scleral Platz. Dieses Verfahren ist vergleichbar mit Standard - OP - Techniken , um eine Klappe während der Trabekulektomie vorzubereiten und in 30-80 um dicke Schichten (vergleiche Abbildung 2) zur Folge haben sollte. </li></ol></li><li> Trocknen der Sklera verhindern , indem kleine Mengen an PBS zu dem Gewebe, beispielsweise 50 &amp; mgr; l PBS mit einer Pipette hinzugefügt wird . </li><li> Setzen Sie die geschnittenen Schichten in 100 ul PBS in der 96 - Well - Platte und beschriften sowohl die Ausrichtung (Richtung extern und intern) und die Schicht (oberflächliche und tiefe) , zB mit einer wasserdichten Farbe. </li><li> Wiederholen Sie die Schritte 2,7-2,9, bis das Gewebe vollständig laminiert. &lt;/ Li&gt; </ol> 3. Führen Immunohistochemistry <ol><li> 100 l der erforderlichen primären Antikörper in der empfohlenen Verdünnung. Hier zB Verwendung CD 31 (monoklonaler Maus anti human) und LYVE1 Antikörper (Kaninchen - anti human), die beide in einer Verdünnung von 1: 100 in PBS (enthaltend 2% BSA) und über Nacht bei 4 ° C inkubieren. Um das Medium ändern, in der 96-Well-Platte, halten Sie die Pipette auf die Wand des Bohrlochs und entfernen Sie die Flüssigkeit. </li><li> Am nächsten Tag, waschen Sie die Proben dreimal jeweils 5 min mit 200 bis 300 &amp; mgr; l PBS auf dem Schüttler. 100 l der entsprechenden Sekundärantikörper; hier verwenden Ziege anti-Maus-Fluorescein (FITC) und Ziege anti-Kaninchen-Cyaninfarbstoffe 3 (Cy3) und die Proben bei Raumtemperatur für 1-2 Stunden inkubiert. Verdünnen Sie die sekundären Antikörper 1: 300 in PBS 2% Ziegenserum enthält. </li><li> Spülen Sie die Proben wieder dreimal jeweils 5 min in 200 bis 300 &amp; mgr; l PBS auf dem Schüttler. </li><li> Führen Kernfärbung, zB </em&gt;. 4 &#39;, 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) (Verdünnung 1: 2000, 100 &amp; mgr; l in jeder Vertiefung und 10 Minuten bei Raumtemperatur inkubieren), dann waschen Sie erneut 2-mal in 200 bis 300 &amp; mgr; l PBS auf dem Schüttler. </li><li> Übertragen Sie die Proben auf Objektträger, betten sie in 1-2 Tropfen fluoreszierenden Eindeckmediums, fügen Sie ein Deckglas, verschließen Sie diese durch die Kanten Abdeckung mit transparenten Lack, und lagern bei 4 ° C für die spätere Verwendung oder direkt die Folien mit dem konfokalen untersuchen Mikroskop. </li><li> Verwenden, um ein konfokales Mikroskop (oder Äquivalent), um die Proben zu analysieren. Verwenden Sie die gewünschte Vergrößerung, zB 10-40x Vergrößerung. </li><li> Um die Dicke der Proben zu überprüfen, messen mit der konfokalen Mikroskopie mit Z-Stacks. Die Menge der möglichen skleralen Abschnitte hängt von der Lage der Sklera, als die Dicke äquatorial und posterior (Einführung Vergleich) unterscheidet. </li></ol>

<ol>
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The authors declare no financial disclosures. The contents of this article are solely the responsibility of the authors.

die menschliche Sklera Laminieren ist ein Verfahren zur konfokalen Mikroskopie an diesem Gewebe durchgeführt wird. Ein wichtiger Schritt in diesem Verfahren ist die Verwendung von Ethanol anstelle von Formalin für das Gewebe zu befestigen. Nach unserer Erfahrung sind bessere Ergebnisse erhalten, wenn Ethanol anstelle von Formalin für die Fixierung verwendet wird. Blunt Skalpelle verschlimmern das Verfahren und sollte vermieden werden. Ebenso sollte die Austrocknung der Sklera vermieden werden, da es das Verfahren ver...

Die Sklera ist die starre äußere Schicht, die das Auge bedeckt, die aus dichtem Bindegewebe besteht. Es hilft intraokularen Strukturen zu schützen und intraokularen Druck aufrechtzuerhalten. Somit ist die Sklera für klare Sicht unerlässlich. Es ist frei von Lymphgefäßen 1,2 und bildet dadurch eine äußere lymphatischen freie Grenze zwischen ihm und dem lymphatischen freien inneren Auge 3-7. Es bietet auch Bindungsstellen für Extraokularmuskeln, damit anatomische Ähnlichkeiten mit Sehnen zu teilen. Da vor allem die Sklera dichten Bündeln von Typ - I - Kollagen besteht und hat kleinere Anzahlen von Kollagentypen III, IV, V, VI, VIII 8,9 und Elastin 10,11, ist dieses Gewebe nicht leicht für die Immunhistochemie verwendet werden . Anatomisch kann die Sklera in drei Schichten getrennt werden: (1) die oberflächliche vaskularisierten Episklera unterhalb der Bindehaut und Tenon-Kapsel und in Richtung der Seiten und th gefundene Rückseite des Auges die Bahn zugewandt ist; (2) das sklerale Stroma, der Hauptteil der Sklera; und (3) die Lamina fusca, die eine dünne, pigmentierte Schicht direkt über der Uvea befindet. Unsere anatomischen Kenntnisse über die Sklera resultiert im Wesentlichen aus der ersten Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts. Damals untersuchten die Forscher die Anatomie des Gefäßsystems hauptsächlich durch die Verwendung Tusch Injektionen 12 und Gefäß Gießen 13-15. Später wurde in angiographischen Studien erforscht 16-19. Seit dieser Zeit wurden ältere Techniken verbessert und neue entwickelt worden, die erlaubt haben, uns vorherigen anatomischen Kenntnisse zu ergänzen. Zum Beispiel hat es nur etwa ein Jahrzehnt her , dass wir eine solche zuverlässige lymphatische Marker als lymphatischen Gefäßendothel spezifischen Hyaluronan - Rezeptor-1 (LYVE1) 20 oder podoplanin 21 hatten. Die konfokale Mikroskopie bietet neue Möglichkeiten für die Untersuchung der anatomischen Merkmale der unterschiedlichen tiHEMEN des Auges. Es ermöglicht mehrere Flecken zum Differenzieren von Zellen oder Marker zur Lokalisierung von Zellen in Bezug auf die Blutgefäße und anderer anatomischer Strukturen verwendet werden. Es gibt einen Überblick, wenn die Probe von einer größeren Größe und ermöglicht es uns durch eine Probe abzutasten, wenn auf der Suche nach einem bestimmten Zelltyp. Mit Z-Stack-Technologie kann die konfokale Mikroskopie für Proben auf 100-200 &amp; mgr; m bis verwendet werden. Die Sklera unterscheidet zwischen 0,3 mm hinter der Muskelinsertionen und 1 mm am hinteren Pol 11 in der Dicke. Aufgrund sowohl seine Dicke und Undurchsichtigkeit ist die Sklera für die konfokale Mikroskopie mit herkömmlichen Methoden nicht geeignet. Um Abhilfe zu schaffen, wurden skleralen Gewebe laminiert für ihre Analyse mit der konfokalen Mikroskopie zu ermöglichen. Diese Technik ist nützlich für ein besseres Verständnis der beiden physiologischen und pathologischen Situationen im menschlichen Sklera gewinnt.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>96% ethanol</td>
			<td>Merck Chemicals, Darmstadt, Germany</td>
			<td>P075.4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>binocular stereo microscope&#160;</td>
			<td>Motic, Hongkong, China</td>
			<td>n.a</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>26G needles&#160;</td>
			<td>Terumo, Leuven, Belgium</td>
			<td>303800</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>15.5mm trepan</td>
			<td>Geuder, Heidelberg, Germany</td>
			<td>n.a</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>no.10 scalpel&#160;</td>
			<td>Feather, pfm medical, Osaka, Japan</td>
			<td>2E+08</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ophthalmic scalpel micro feather&#160;</td>
			<td>Feather, pfm medical, Osaka, Japan</td>
			<td colspan="2">no. 7657BR</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD 31 antibody (monoclonal mouse anti human)</td>
			<td>Dako, USA</td>
			<td>IR610</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LYVE1 antibody&#160; (polyclonal rabbit anti human)</td>
			<td>Zytomed, Germany</td>
			<td colspan="2">RBK014-05</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>goat anti mouse FITC antibody</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich, Steinheim, Germany</td>
			<td>F0257</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>goat anti rabbit Cy3 antibody</td>
			<td>Dianova, Germany</td>
			<td colspan="2">111-165-003</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Goat Serum normal</td>
			<td>Dako, Glostrup, Denmark</td>
			<td colspan="2">X090710-8</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DAPI</td>
			<td>Carl Roth GmbH, Karlsruhe, Germany</td>
			<td>6335.1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>microscope slides&#160;</td>
			<td>Engelbrecht, Ederm&#252;nde, Germany</td>
			<td colspan="2">WC7695002</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Coverslips 24x24mm</td>
			<td>Th. Gayer, Lohmar, Germany</td>
			<td>7695026</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DAKO fluorescent mounting medium&#160;</td>
			<td>DAKO, USA</td>
			<td>S3023</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LSM Meta 510 confocal microscopy&#160;</td>
			<td>Carl Zeiss AG, Jena, Germany</td>
			<td>n.a</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

using a laminating technique to perform confocal microscopy of the human sclera

Die Sklera ist ein dichtes Bindegewebe, bedeckt und schützt das Auge. Es besteht hauptsächlich aus dichten Kollagenbündeln (Typen I, III, IV, V, VI und VII). Aufgrund seiner Eigenfluoreszenz, Undurchsichtigkeit und die Dicke ist es nicht geeignet für die konfokale Mikroskopie gefunden. Ein alternativer Ansatz für die hier vorgestellt, die für die Immunhistochemie in Paraffin eingebettet Formalin fixierten Sklera verwendet, hat technische Herausforderungen, insbesondere, wenn das Gewebe für Antigen Retrieval Vorwärmen. Da die Sklera in beiden Zellen und Gefäße relativ schlecht ist, wurde die Verwendung von größeren Gewebeproben untersucht, um mit Blick auf Zellen zu verhindern und ihre Lokalisierung in Bezug auf Schiffen und anderen anatomischen Stellen zu verstehen. Um die Analyse von grßeren Gewebeproben unter dem konfokalen Mikroskop zu ermöglichen, eine Laminiertechnik wurde durchgeführt, um dünne Schichten von der Sklera erstellen. Im Anschluss an die Analyse der Ergebnisse von CD31 Blutgefäße und Lymphgefäße endothelialen Hyaluronan-Rezeptor 1 (LYVE1) positive Zellen, für die eine Genehmigung für die wissenschaftliche Untersuchung erhalten wurde, werden die Vorteile und Grenzen dieser Methode diskutiert.

In den repräsentativen Experimenten hier durchgeführt wird, gibt es nachweisbare Vorteile aus der Verwendung dieser besonderen Laminiertechnik abgeleitet. Das erste Experiment veranschaulicht die unterschiedlichen Netzwerk des episkleralen Blutgefß Plexus in drei repräsentativen Bilder (Bild 3). Die Gefäße sind positiv für CD31. Das zweite Experiment zeigt, Immunzellen, insbesondere LYVE1 + Zellen des E...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Using a Laminating Technique to Perform Confocal Microscopy of the Human Sclera at JoVE.com

Using a Laminating Technique to Perform Confocal Microscopy of the Human Sclera

Human sclera tissue is mainly collagen; therefore, it is not easily usable for immunohistochemistry. To achieve the goal of performing immunohistochemistry for confocal microscopy of scleral tissue, a laminating technique was used.

Mit Hilfe einer Laminiertechnik konfokale Mikroskopie der menschlichen Sclera to Perform


The sclera is a dense connective tissue that covers and protects the eye. It mainly consists of dense collagen bundles (types I, III, IV, V, VI, and ...

using-laminating-technique-to-perform-confocal-microscopy-human

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

7.5K Aufrufe.  University of Cologne. Human sclera tissue is mainly collagen; therefore, it is not easily usable for immunohistochemistry. To achieve the goal of performing immunohistochemistry for confocal microscopy of scleral tissue, a laminating technique was used. 

Serie: Using a Laminating Technique to Perform Confocal Microscopy of the Human Sclera

Corneal Confocal Microscopy: A Novel Non-invasive Technique to Quantify Small Fibre Pathology in Peripheral Neuropathies

The accurate quantification of peripheral neuropathy is important to define at risk patients, anticipate deterioration, and assess new therapies. Conventional methods assess neurological deficits and electrophysiology and quantitative sensory testing quantifies functional alterations to detect neuropathy. However, the earliest damage appears to be to the small fibres and yet these tests primarily assess large fibre dysfunction and have a limited ability to demonstrate regeneration and repair. The only techniques which allow a direct examination of unmyelinated nerve fibre damage and repair are sural nerve biopsy with electron microscopy and skin-punch biopsy. However, both are invasive procedures and require lengthy laboratory procedures and considerable expertise. Corneal Confocal microscopy is a non-invasive clinical technique which provides in-vivo imaging of corneal nerve fibres. We have demonstrated early nerve damage, which precedes loss of intraepidermal nerve fibres in skin biopsies together with stratification of neuropathic severity and repair following pancreas transplantation in diabetic patients. We have also demonstrated nerve damage in idiopathic small fibre neuropathy and Fabry's disease.

Corneal Confocal microscopy is a non-invasive clinical technique which may be used to quantify C fibre damage to diagnose and stratify patients with increasing neuropathic severity.

Corneal konfokale Mikroskopie: A Novel Non-invasive Technik zu Small Fibre Pathologie in peripheren Neuropathien Quantify

The accurate quantification of peripheral neuropathy is important to define at risk patients, anticipate deterioration, and assess new therapies. ...

Forschung

Medizin

Utilizing Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation to Study the Human Neuromuscular System

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has been in use for more than 20 years 1, and has grown exponentially in popularity over the past decade. While the use of TMS has expanded to the study of many systems and processes during this time, the original application and perhaps one of the most common uses of TMS involves studying the physiology, plasticity and function of the human neuromuscular system. Single pulse TMS applied to the motor cortex excites pyramidal neurons transsynaptically 2 (Figure 1) and results in a measurable electromyographic response that can be used to study and evaluate the integrity and excitability of the corticospinal tract in humans 3. Additionally, recent advances in magnetic stimulation now allows for partitioning of cortical versus spinal excitability 4,5. For example, paired-pulse TMS can be used to assess intracortical facilitatory and inhibitory properties by combining a conditioning stimulus and a test stimulus at different interstimulus intervals 3,4,6-8. In this video article we will demonstrate the methodological and technical aspects of these techniques. Specifically, we will demonstrate single-pulse and paired-pulse TMS techniques as applied to the flexor carpi radialis (FCR) muscle as well as the erector spinae (ES) musculature. Our laboratory studies the FCR muscle as it is of interest to our research on the effects of wrist-hand cast immobilization on reduced muscle performance6,9, and we study the ES muscles due to these muscles clinical relevance as it relates to low back pain8. With this stated, we should note that TMS has been used to study many muscles of the hand, arm and legs, and should iterate that our demonstrations in the FCR and ES muscle groups are only selected examples of TMS being used to study the human neuromuscular system.

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive tool to gain insight on the physiology and function of the human nervous system. Here, we present our TMS techniques to study cortical excitability of the upper limb and lumbar musculature.

Mit Hilfe Transkranielle Magnetstimulation auf die menschliche neuromuskuläre System zu studieren

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has been in use for more than 20 years 1, and has grown exponentially in popularity over the past decade.  While ...

Probe-based Confocal Laser Endomicroscopy of the Urinary Tract: The Technique

Probe-based confocal laser endomicroscopy (CLE) is an emerging optical imaging technology that enables real-time in vivo microscopy of mucosal surfaces during standard endoscopy. With applications currently in the respiratory1 and gastrointestinal tracts,2-6 CLE has also been explored in the urinary tract for bladder cancer diagnosis.7-10 Cellular morphology and tissue microarchitecture can be resolved with micron scale resolution in real time, in addition to dynamic imaging of the normal and pathological vasculature.7
The probe-based CLE system (Cellvizio, Mauna Kea Technologies, France) consists of a reusable fiberoptic imaging probe coupled to a 488 nm laser scanning unit. The imaging probe is inserted in the working channels of standard flexible and rigid endoscopes. An endoscope-based CLE system (Optiscan, Australia), in which the confocal endomicroscopy functionality is integrated onto the endoscope, is also used in the gastrointestinal tract. Given the larger scope diameter, however, application in the urinary tract is currently limited to ex vivo use.11 Confocal image acquisition is done through direct contact of the imaging probe with the target tissue and recorded as video sequences. As in the gastrointestinal tract, endomicroscopy of the urinary tract requires an exogenenous contrast agent&mdash;most commonly fluorescein, which can be administered intravenously or intravesically. Intravesical administration is a well-established method to introduce pharmacological agents locally with minimal systemic toxicity that is unique to the urinary tract. Fluorescein rapidly stains the extracellular matrix and has an established safety profile.12 Imaging probes of various diameters enable compatibility with different caliber endoscopes. To date, 1.4 and 2.6 mm probes have been evaluated with flexible and rigid cystoscopy.10 Recent availability of a &lt; 1 mm imaging probe13 opens up the possibility of CLE in the upper urinary tract during ureteroscopy. Fluorescence cystoscopy (i.e. photodynamic diagnosis) and narrow band imaging are additional endoscope-based optical imaging modalities14 that can be combined with CLE to achieve multimodal imaging of the urinary tract. In the future, CLE may be coupled with molecular contrast agents such as fluorescently labeled peptides15 and antibodies for endoscopic imaging of disease processes with molecular specificity.

Probe-based confocal laser endomicroscopy enables real-time microscopy of the human urinary tract during cystoscopy, providing dynamic, intravital imaging of pathological states such as bladder cancer with cellular resolution. Endomicroscopy may augment the diagnostic accuracy of standard white light endoscopy and provide intraoperative image guidance to improve surgical resection.

Probe-basierte konfokale Laser Endomikroskopie der Harnwege: Die Technik

Probe-based  confocal laser endomicroscopy (CLE) is an emerging optical imaging technology  that enables real-time in vivo microscopy of mucosal surfaces ...

Excitotoxic Stimulation of Brain Microslices as an In vitro Model of Stroke

Examining molecular mechanisms involved in neuropathological conditions, such as ischemic stroke, can be difficult when using whole animal systems. As such, primary or &#39;neuronal-like&#39; cell culture systems are commonly utilized. While&#160;these systems are relatively easy to work with, and are useful model systems in which various functional outcomes (such as cell death) can be readily quantified, the examined outcomes and pathways in cultured immature neurons (such as excitotoxicity-mediated cell death pathways) are not necessarily the same as those observed in mature brain, or in intact tissue. Therefore, there is the need to develop models in which cellular mechanisms in mature neural tissue can be examined. We have developed an in vitro technique that can be used to investigate a variety of molecular pathways in intact nervous tissue. The technique described herein utilizes rat cortical tissue, but this technique can be adapted to use tissue from a variety of species (such as mouse, rabbit, guinea pig, and chicken) or brain regions (for example, hippocampus, striatum, etc.). Additionally, a variety of stimulations/treatments can be used (for example, excitotoxic, administration of inhibitors, etc.). In conclusion, the brain slice model described herein can be used to examine a variety of molecular mechanisms involved in excitotoxicity-mediated brain injury.

Excitotoxic Stimulation of Brain Microslices as an In vitro Model of Stroke

We have developed a brain slice model which can be used to examine molecular mechanisms involved in excitotoxicity-mediated brain injury.&#160;This technique generates viable mature brain tissue and reduces animal numbers required for experimentation, whilst keeping the neuronal circuitry, cellular interactions, and postsynaptic compartments partly intact.

Exzitotoxische Stimulation der Hirn Microslices als<em&gt; In-vitro-</em&gt; Modell der Stroke

Examining molecular mechanisms involved in neuropathological conditions, such as ischemic stroke, can be difficult when using whole animal systems. As ...

Human Skeletal Muscle Biopsy Procedures Using the Modified Bergstr&#246;m Technique

The percutaneous biopsy technique enables researchers and clinicians to collect skeletal muscle tissue samples. The technique is safe and highly effective. This video describes the percutaneous biopsy technique using a modified Bergstr&#246;m needle to obtain skeletal muscle tissue samples from the vastus lateralis of human subjects. The Bergstr&#246;m needle consists of an outer cannula with a small opening (&#8216;window&#8217;) at the side of the tip and an inner trocar with a cutting blade at the distal end. Under local anesthesia and aseptic conditions, the needle is advanced into the skeletal muscle through an incision in the skin, subcutaneous tissue, and fascia. Next, suction is applied to the inner trocar, the outer trocar is pulled back, skeletal muscle tissue is drawn into the window of the outer cannula by the suction, and the inner trocar is rapidly closed, thus cutting or clipping the skeletal muscle tissue sample. The needle is rotated 90&#176;&#160;and another cut is made. This process may be repeated three more times. This multiple cutting technique typically produces a sample of 100-200 mg or more in healthy subjects and can be done immediately before, during, and after a bout of exercise or other intervention. Following post-biopsy dressing of the incision site, subjects typically resume their activities of daily living right away and can fully participate in vigorous physical activity within 48-72 hr. Subjects should avoid heavy resistance exercise for 48 hr to reduce the risk of herniation of the muscle through the incision in the fascia.

The purpose of this video is to present the modified Bergstr&#246;m skeletal muscle biopsy technique on human subjects.

Menschlichen Skelettmuskelbiopsie Verfahren unter Verwendung der modifizierten Technik Bergström

The percutaneous biopsy technique enables researchers and clinicians to collect skeletal muscle tissue samples. The technique is safe and highly ...

Construction of Vapor Chambers Used to Expose Mice to Alcohol During the Equivalent of all Three Trimesters of Human Development

Exposure to alcohol during development can result in a constellation of morphological and behavioral abnormalities that are collectively known as Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASDs). At the most severe end of the spectrum is Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS), characterized by growth retardation, craniofacial dysmorphology, and neurobehavioral deficits. Studies with animal models, including rodents, have elucidated many molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in the pathophysiology of FASDs. Ethanol administration to pregnant rodents has been used to model human exposure during the first and second trimesters of pregnancy. Third trimester ethanol consumption in humans has been modeled using neonatal rodents. However, few rodent studies have characterized the effect of ethanol exposure during the equivalent to all three trimesters of human pregnancy, a pattern of exposure that is common in pregnant women. Here, we show how to build vapor chambers from readily obtainable materials that can each accommodate up to six standard mouse cages. We describe a vapor chamber paradigm that can be used to model exposure to ethanol, with minimal handling, during all three trimesters. Our studies demonstrate that pregnant dams developed significant metabolic tolerance to ethanol. However, neonatal mice did not develop metabolic tolerance and the number of fetuses, fetus weight, placenta weight, number of pups/litter, number of dead pups/litter, and pup weight were not significantly affected by ethanol exposure. An important advantage of this paradigm is its applicability to studies with genetically-modified mice. Additionally, this paradigm minimizes handling of animals, a major confound in fetal alcohol research.

We demonstrate the construction of alcohol vapor chambers using readily available materials that simultaneously house 6 mouse cages. We further describe their use in a mouse model of fetal alcohol exposure equivalent to all 3&#160;trimesters of human pregnancy. This paradigm exposes animals during gestation and postnatal days 1-12.

Bau von Dampfkammern verwendet, um Mäuse zu Alkohol Expose Während der Equivalent aller drei Trimester der Human Development

Exposure to alcohol during development can result in a constellation of morphological and behavioral abnormalities that are collectively known as Fetal ...

Rose Bengal Photothrombosis by Confocal Optical Imaging In Vivo: A Model of Single Vessel Stroke

In vivo imaging techniques have increased in utilization due to recent advances in imaging dyes and optical technologies, allowing for the ability to image cellular events in an intact animal. Additionally, the ability to induce physiological disease states such as stroke in vivo increases its utility. The technique described herein allows for physiological assessment of cellular responses within the CNS following a stroke and can be adapted for other pathological conditions being studied. The technique presented uses laser excitation of the photosensitive dye Rose Bengal in vivo to induce a focal ischemic event in a single blood vessel. 
The video protocol demonstrates the preparation of a thin-skulled cranial window over the somatosensory cortex in a mouse for the induction of a Rose Bengal photothrombotic event keeping injury to the underlying dura matter and brain at a minimum. Surgical preparation is initially performed under a dissecting microscope with a custom-made surgical/imaging platform, which is then transferred to a confocal microscope equipped with an inverted objective adaptor. Representative images acquired utilizing this protocol are presented as well as time-lapse sequences of stroke induction. This technique is powerful in that the same area can be imaged repeatedly on subsequent days facilitating longitudinal in vivo studies of pathological processes following stroke.

Rose Bengal Photothrombosis by Confocal Optical Imaging In Vivo:  A Model of Single Vessel Stroke

Here, we describe a semi-invasive optical microscopy approach for the induction of a Rose Bengal photothrombotic clot in the somatosensory cortex of a mouse in vivo. The technical aspects of the imaging procedure are described from induction of a photothrombotic event to application and data collection.

Rose Bengal Photothrombosis von konfokalen optischen Imaging<em&gt; In Vivo</em&gt;: Ein Modell des Einzelfahrzeug Stroke

In vivo imaging techniques have increased in utilization due to recent advances in imaging dyes and optical technologies, allowing for the ability to ...

Development of an Algorithm to Perform a Comprehensive Study of Autonomic Dysreflexia in Animals with High Spinal Cord Injury Using a Telemetry Device

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a debilitating neurological condition characterized by somatic and autonomic dysfunctions. In particular, SCI above the mid-thoracic level can lead to a potentially life-threatening hypertensive condition called autonomic dysreflexia (AD) that is often triggered by noxious or non-noxious somatic or visceral stimuli below the level of injury. One of the most common triggers of AD is the distension of pelvic viscera, such as during bladder and bowel distension or evacuation. This protocol presents a novel pattern recognition algorithm developed for a JAVA platform software to study the fluctuations of cardiovascular parameters as well as the number, severity and duration of spontaneously occurring AD events. The software is able to apply a pattern recognition algorithm on hemodynamic data such as systolic blood pressure (SBP) and heart rate (HR) extracted from telemetry recordings of conscious and unrestrained animals before and after thoracic (T3) complete transection. With this software, hemodynamic parameters and episodes of AD are able to be detected and analyzed with minimal experimenter bias.

The catheter of a telemetry device is implanted into the abdominal aorta in order to continuously collect beat-by-beat hemodynamic data from animals pre and post-high thoracic spinal cord transection. A novel JAVA software was employed to analyze hemodynamic parameters as well as frequency and intensity of spontaneous episodes of autonomic dysreflexia.

Entwicklung eines Algorithmus einer umfassenden Studie von Autonomic Dysreflexie in Tiere zu Führen mit hoher Rückenmark-Verletzung ein Telemetrie-Gerät verwenden

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a debilitating neurological condition characterized by somatic and autonomic dysfunctions. In particular, SCI above the ...

Topical Airway Anesthesia for Awake-endoscopic Intubation Using the Spray-as-you-go Technique with High Oxygen Flow

A patient&#39;s willingness to cooperate is an absolute precondition for successful awake intubation of the trachea. Whilst drug-sedation of patients can jeopardize their spontaneous breathing, topical anesthesia of the airway is a popular technique. The spray-as-you-go technique represents one of the simplest opportunities to anesthetize the airway mucosa. The application of local anesthetic through the working channel of the flexible endoscope is a widespread practice for anesthetists as well as pulmonologists. There is neither need for additional devices nor special training as a pre-requisite to perform this technique. However, a known clinical problem is the coughing and gagging reflex that may occur when the liquid anesthetic strikes the airway mucosa and other sensitive structures like the vocal cords. This can be avoided by the use of oxygen applied through the working channel with the aim of fogging the local anesthetic into finer particles. Furthermore, the oxygen flow provides a higher oxygen supply and contributes to a better view, dispersing mucus secretions and blood away from the lens. Using an atomizer with a high oxygen flow of 10 L/min we maximized these benefits, caused less coughing and had more satisfied and therefore cooperative patients. Possible, but very rare complications of using oxygen flow including gastric insufflation, organ rupture or barotrauma did not arise. We attribute the complication-free use of high oxygen flow to the design of the set, which permits flow and pressure release.

The topical anesthetic lidocaine was atomized using a high oxygen flow through the working channel of a flexible intubating endoscope to achieve topical airway anesthesia for awake endotracheal intubation. We prefer this modified spray-as-you-go technique for endoscopic intubation to classical bolus application because of higher patient satisfaction and better compliance.

Topical Airway Anästhesie für Wach-endoskopische Intubation Mit der Spray-as-you-go-Technik mit hoher Sauerstoff-Flow

A patient&#39;s willingness to cooperate is an absolute precondition for successful awake intubation of the trachea. Whilst drug-sedation of patients can ...

Second Harmonic Generation Signals in Rabbit Sclera As a Tool for Evaluation of Therapeutic Tissue Cross-linking (TXL) for Myopia

Methods to strengthen tissue by introducing chemical bonds (non-enzymatic cross-linking) into structural proteins (fibrillar collagens) for therapy include photochemical cross-linking and tissue cross-linking (TXL) methods. Such methods for inducing mechanical tissue property changes are being employed to the cornea in corneal thinning (mechanically weakened) disorders such as keratoconus as well as the sclera in progressive myopia, where thinning and weakening of the posterior sclera occurs and likely contributes to axial elongation. The primary target proteins for such tissue strengthening are fibrillar collagens which constitute the great majority of dry weight proteins in the cornea and sclera. Fortuitously, fibrillar collagens are the main source of second harmonic generation signals in the tissue extracellular space. Therefore, modifications of the collagen proteins, such as those induced through cross-linking therapies, could potentially be detected and quantitated through the use of second harmonic generation microscopy (SHGM). Monitoring SHGM signals through the use of a laser scanning microscopy system coupled with an infrared excitation light source is an exciting modern imaging method that is enjoying widespread usage in the biomedical sciences. Thus, the present study was undertaken in order to evaluate the use of SHGM microscopy as a means to measure induced cross-linking effects in ex vivo rabbit sclera, following an injection of a chemical cross-linking agent into the sub-Tenon&#39;s space (sT), an injection approach that is standard practice for causing ocular anesthesia during ophthalmologic clinical procedures. The chemical cross-linking agent, sodium hydroxymethylglycinate (SMG), is from a class of cosmetic preservatives known as formaldehyde releasing agents (FARs). Scleral changes following reaction with SMG resulted in increases in SHG signals and correlated with shifts in thermal denaturation temperature, a standard method for evaluating induced tissue cross-linking effects.

Second Harmonic Generation Signals in Rabbit Sclera As a Tool for Evaluation of Therapeutic Tissue Cross-linking TXL for Myopia

This protocol describes techniques for evaluating chemical cross-linking of the rabbit sclera using&#160;second harmonic generation imaging and differential scanning calorimetry.

Zweite harmonische Generation Signale in Kaninchen Sklera als Instrument für die Bewertung des therapeutischen Gewebes Vernetzung (TXL) für Kurzsichtigkeit

Methods to strengthen tissue by introducing chemical bonds (non-enzymatic cross-linking) into structural proteins (fibrillar collagens) for therapy ...

Mit Hilfe einer Laminiertechnik konfokale Mikroskopie der menschlichen Sclera to Perform

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