Name: development of an in vitro assay to evaluate contractile function of mesenchymal cells that underwent epithelial-mesenchymal transition
Uploaded: 2016-06-10T14:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 6 min 2 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Development of an In Vitro Assay to Evaluate Contractile Function of Mesenchymal Cells that Underwent Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition at JoVE.com

We thank Dr. Tadashi Koyama for technical help. This work was supported in part by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Numbers 23249045, 15K09211, 15K19172; a grant to the Respiratory Failure Research Group from the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Japan; a grant for research on allergic disease and immunology, Japan.

1. Vorbereitung und Kultur von Lungenepithelzellen <ol><li> Kultur A549 humanen Lungenepithelzellen (adhärente Zelllinie) in Dulbeccos modifiziertem Eagle-Medium (DMEM) mit 10% fötalem Rinderserum (FBS) ergänzt, 100 IU / ml Penicillin und 100 ug / ml Streptomycin. </li><li> Entfernen und entsorgen Sie die Zellkulturmedien von Kulturschale und wäscht einmal mit 5: - 10 ml phosphatgepufferter Salzlösung (PBS). Nach dem Waschen aspirieren sofort die PBS. </li><li> 2 ml Trypsin / Ethylendiamintetraessigsäure (EDTA) (0,05%) und inkubiere bei 37 ° C und 5% CO 2 für 3 min. </li><li> Sammle die abgelösten Zellen in Zentrifugenröhrchen, enthaltend Zellkulturmedium, zentrifugieren die Röhrchen bei RT für 4 min bei 150 × g. </li><li> Resuspendieren der Zellen in 2 ml Zellkulturmedium pelletieren und eine Probe für die Zellzählung entfernen. Zählen Sie die Anzahl der Zellen einer Zählkammer mit Trypanblau-Färbung mit der Lebensfähigkeit der Zellen zu überprüfen. </li><li> Seed A549-Zellen auf10 cm Polystyrol - Platten in einer Dichte von 0,5-1,0 x 10 6 Zellen / Schale mit 10 ml Medium für Gelkontraktion Assays. Seed die Zellen auf 6 - Well - Polystyrol - Platten mit einer Dichte von 0,5 bis 1,0 × 10 5 Zellen / Vertiefung mit 2 ml Medium für EMT Bestätigung. Inkubieren der Zellen bei 37 ° C und 5% CO 2 für 24 Std. </li></ol> 2. EMT Verfahren <ol><li> Zugabe von 10 &amp; mgr; l von TGF-β1 (5 ug / ml) und 10 &amp; mgr; l TNF-α (10 ug / ml) auf die Platte für Gelkontraktion Assay ausgesät in Schritt 1.6. Hinzufügen 2 ul TGF-β1 (5 ug / ml) und 2 &amp; mgr; l TNF-α (10 ug / ml) auf die Platte für EMT Bestätigung ausgesät in Schritt 1.6. Inkubieren bei 37 ° C und 5% CO 2 für 48 Stunden. </li></ol> 3. Bestätigung der EMT Verfahren durch PCR und Western Blot <ol><li> Bestätigen Änderung in der Morphologie (von Kopfsteinähnliche Form auf die Spindel) der behandelten Zellen unter Verwendung von Phasenkontrastmikroskopie. Hinweis: Normal A549 Zellen haben Cobble stone förmig und dreieckig geformte Optik , die ein Merkmal von Epithelzellen, aber nach Stimulation mit TGF-β1 und TNF-α, erscheinen die Zellen lang und spindelförmige daß ähnelt Mesenchymzellen 14,15. </li><li> Bewerten Sie die Expression eines epithelialen Marker, wie zum Beispiel E-Cadherin und mesenchymalen Marker, wie zB N-Cadherin, Vimentin und α-Glattmuskelaktin unter Verwendung von PCR oder Western-Blot. <ol><li> Extrahieren der Gesamt - RNA aus den Zellen unter Verwendung von RNA - Extraktions - Kits 16 und synthetisieren cDNA unter Verwendung von reverser Transkriptase 17 gemäß dem Protokoll des Herstellers. </li><li> Messen Sie die Expression von mRNA - Spiegel unter Verwendung von Echtzeit - PCR - System 18 und monomeren Cyaninfarbstoff PCR - Kit nach den Anweisungen des Herstellers. Die spezifischen Primer für GAPDH (Glycerinaldehyd - 3-phosphat - Dehydrogenase), ACTA2 (alpha-Actin-2), CDH1 (Cadherin-1; E-Cadherin) und VIM (Vimentin) sind in Tabelle 1 gezeigt </strong&gt;. </li><li> Lysieren die Zellen eine Lyse - Puffer (Tabelle 2) Lösung , die 1% Protease - Inhibitor - Cocktail verwendet. Messen alle Probenproteinkonzentrationen unter Verwendung eines Protein - Assay - Kit 19,20, und die gleichen Mengen an Protein zu einem Polyacrylamidgel. <ol><li> Führen SDS - Gel-Elektrophorese und halbtrockenen Transfer der Proteine ​​auf eine PVDF - Membran 21. Inkubieren Sie die Membran mit primären Antikörpern in Blocking-Puffer mit 1 - 2 Stunden. Nach der Inkubation waschen zweimal die Membran mit Waschpuffer und Inkubation der Membran 1 Stunde mit dem zweiten Antikörper. Hinweis: Lesen Sie die Materialien / Ausrüstung Tabelle für Antikörper und in diesen Studien verwendeten Verdünnungen. Siehe Tabelle 2 für die Komponenten der Blocking - Puffer. </li><li> Waschen Sie die Membran mit Waschpuffer zweimal. Machen Sie Fotos von der Membran mit der Western - Blot - Nachweis - Kit 22 eine kalte CCD - Kamera 11,23 verwenden. </li></ol></li></ol></li></ol> 4. Gelkontraktion Assay zur Beurteilung von EMT <ol><li> Aspirieren den konditionierten Medien aus dem Zellkulturgefäß, und wäscht gut mit von 5 bis 10 ml PBS abgestorbene Zellen zu entfernen. Nach dem Waschen aspirieren sofort die PBS. </li><li> 2 ml 0,05% Trypsin / EDTA und Inkubation bei 37 ° C und 5% CO 2 für 3 min. </li><li> Sammeln Sie die abgelösten Zellen in Zentrifugenröhrchen, das DMEM mit Trypsin-Inhibitor ergänzt (1 mg / ml), Zentrifuge die Röhrchen bei RT für 4 min bei 150 × g. </li><li> Mix Typ-1-Kollagen-Gel mit destilliertem Wasser, und 4 × konzentriert DMEM anpassen, um die Volumina einer Kollagenkonzentration von 1,75 mg zu erreichen / ml und 1 × DMEM Konzentration. Achten Sie darauf, während dieser Schritt das Gel-Medium auf Eis zu halten. Hinweis: Um 6 ml Gel-Medium zu machen, gut mischen 3,5 ml Typ-1-Kollagen-Gel (3 mg / ml), 1,5 ml 4 × konzentriert DMEM, und 1 ml destilliertem Wasser. </li><li> eine Probe für die Zellzählung Resuspendieren des Zellpellets in 500 &amp; mgr; l PBS und zu entfernen. Grafdie Anzahl der Zellen, die ein Hämozytometer mit Trypanblau-Färbung mit der Lebensfähigkeit der Zellen zu überprüfen. </li><li> Füge das Gelmedium das Volumen einzustellen , um eine Zelldichte von 3,0 × 10 5 Zellen zu erreichen / Vertiefung (6,0 × 10 5 Zellen / ml) und sanft , aber es schnell und ohne Gelbildung durch Pipettieren gemischt. </li><li> Dispense 0,5 ml des Gemisches in jede Vertiefung einer 24-Well nicht behandelten Platte schnell und sorgfältig gepflegte zylindrische Form zu machen. Achten Sie darauf , keine Luftblasen zu ermöglichen , die Gele (1A) zu verunreinigen. Hinweis: Das Gelmedium, die Zellen enthält, viskos ist und kann leicht gelieren und Form sichelförmige Form in dem Bohrloch. </li><li> Inkubiere die Platte für 15 min in einem Zellinkubator bei 37 ° C, 5% CO 2 und 95% Feuchtigkeit vollständig zu gelieren. </li><li> Lösen sich von der Platte Gelen ohne Brechen durch einen sterilisierten Spatel in einer Weise bewegt einen Umfang in eine Richtung zu ziehen. Mit einem Spatel übertragen sanft die Gele bis 60 mm Gewebekulturschalendie 5 ml DMEM / 1% FBS mit oder ohne TGF-β1 (5 ng / ml) und TNF-α (10 ng / ml). </li><li> Sie vorsichtig die Gerichte schütteln Gele auf dem Medium schweben zu gewährleisten. Inkubieren in einem Zellinkubator bei 37 ° C, 5% CO 2 und 95% Luftfeuchtigkeit. </li></ol> 5. Messung der Gel-Größe <ol><li> Messen der Größe Kollagengel nach 0, 24, 48 und 72 h ein Bildanalysesystem verwendet wird. <ol><li> Schalten Sie das Geldokumentationssystem (2A), und stellen Geschirr in die Lichtabschirmungs Schrank. Dann nehmen Sie den Deckel von Geschirr im Schrank. </li><li> Öffnen Sie die zugehörige Gel Analysesoftware. Klicken Sie auf die &quot;Bildaufnahme-Taste&quot; in der Menüleiste, um das Bild der Gele im Schrank zu zeigen. Klicken Sie dann auf &quot;Acquire&quot; in der Menüleiste Bilder der Gele (2B) zu nehmen. </li><li> Klicken Sie auf die &quot;Erkennung Taste&quot; in der Menüleiste (Abbildung 2C) und stellen Sie den Messbereich (gelber Kreis in 2C) durch Ziehen der Maus. Klicken Sie dann auf die &quot;Auto-detect - Taste&quot; in der Menüleiste (siehe Taste in 2D). Die Software erkennt automatisch die Gele zeigt eine Heatmap (2D). </li><li> &quot;OK&quot; klicken , zu extrahieren , die Umrisse der Gele durch Bildverarbeitung und auf Gebieten , die von der Gliederung (Abbildung 2E) umgeben berechnen. Nachdem die Fläche berechnet wird, wird die berechnete Fläche in separaten Popup-Fenster angezeigt. Hinweis: Wenn die Gele einander während der Bildgebung überlappen, Gele bewegen vorsichtig mit einer sterilen Pipettenspitze. </li></ol></li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Wynn, T. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cellular+and+molecular+mechanisms+of+fibrosis.">Cellular and molecular mechanisms of fibrosis.</a> The Journal of pathology. 214, 199-214 (2008).</li><li>Hardie, W. D., Glasser, S. W., Hagood, J. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Emerging+concepts+in+the+pathogenesis+of+lung+fibrosis.">Emerging concepts in the pathogenesis of lung fibrosis.</a> The American journal of pathology. 175, 3-16 (2009).</li><li>Kovacic, J. C., Mercader, N., Torres, M., Boehm, M., Fuster, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Epithelial-to-mesenchymal+and+endothelial-to-mesenchymal+transition:+from+cardiovascular+development+to+disease.">Epithelial-to-mesenchymal and endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition: from cardiovascular development to disease.</a> Circulation. 125, 1795-1808 (2012).</li><li>Thiery, J. P., Acloque, H., Huang, R. Y., Nieto, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Epithelial-mesenchymal+transitions+in+development+and+disease.">Epithelial-mesenchymal transitions in development and disease.</a> Cell. 139, 871-890 (2009).</li><li>Kalluri, R., Weinberg, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+basics+of+epithelial-mesenchymal+transition.">The basics of epithelial-mesenchymal transition.</a> The Journal of clinical investigation. 119, 1420-1428 (2009).</li><li>Forino, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=TGFbeta1+induces+epithelial-mesenchymal+transition,+but+not+myofibroblast+transdifferentiation+of+human+kidney+tubular+epithelial+cells+in+primary+culture.">TGFbeta1 induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition, but not myofibroblast transdifferentiation of human kidney tubular epithelial cells in primary culture.</a> International journal of experimental pathology. 87, 197-208 (2006).</li><li>Yang, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Participation+of+miR-200+in+pulmonary+fibrosis.">Participation of miR-200 in pulmonary fibrosis.</a> The American journal of pathology. 180, 484-493 (2012).</li><li>Reynolds, H. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lung+inflammation+and+fibrosis:+an+alveolar+macrophage-centered+perspective+from+the+1970s+to+1980s.">Lung inflammation and fibrosis: an alveolar macrophage-centered perspective from the 1970s to 1980s.</a> American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine. 171, 98-102 (2005).</li><li>Camara, J., Jarai, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Epithelial-mesenchymal+transition+in+primary+human+bronchial+epithelial+cells+is+Smad-dependent+and+enhanced+by+fibronectin+and+TNF-alpha.">Epithelial-mesenchymal transition in primary human bronchial epithelial cells is Smad-dependent and enhanced by fibronectin and TNF-alpha.</a> Fibrogenesis &amp; tissue repair. 3, 2 (2010).</li><li>Kamitani, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Simultaneous+stimulation+with+TGF-beta1+and+TNF-alpha+induces+epithelial+mesenchymal+transition+in+bronchial+epithelial+cells.">Simultaneous stimulation with TGF-beta1 and TNF-alpha induces epithelial mesenchymal transition in bronchial epithelial cells.</a> International archives of allergy and immunology. 155, 119-128 (2011).</li><li>Mikami, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lymphotoxin+beta+receptor+signaling+induces+IL-8+production+in+human+bronchial+epithelial+cells.">Lymphotoxin beta receptor signaling induces IL-8 production in human bronchial epithelial cells.</a> PloS one. 9, e114791 (2014).</li><li>Yamauchi, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tumor+necrosis+factor-alpha+enhances+both+epithelial-mesenchymal+transition+and+cell+contraction+induced+in+A549+human+alveolar+epithelial+cells+by+transforming+growth+factor-beta1.">Tumor necrosis factor-alpha enhances both epithelial-mesenchymal transition and cell contraction induced in A549 human alveolar epithelial cells by transforming growth factor-beta1.</a> Experimental lung research. 36, 12-24 (2010).</li><li>Grinnell, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fibroblasts,+myofibroblasts,+and+wound+contraction.">Fibroblasts, myofibroblasts, and wound contraction.</a> The Journal of cell biology. 124, 401-404 (1994).</li><li>Ramos, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=FGF-1+reverts+epithelial-mesenchymal+transition+induced+by+TGF-{beta}1+through+MAPK/ERK+kinase+pathway+.">FGF-1 reverts epithelial-mesenchymal transition induced by TGF-{beta}1 through MAPK/ERK kinase pathway .</a> American journal of physiology. Lung cellular and molecular physiology. 299, L222-L231 (2010).</li><li>Ren, Z. X., Yu, H. B., Li, J. S., Shen, J. L., Du, W. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Suitable+parameter+choice+on+quantitative+morphology+of+A549+cell+in+epithelial-mesenchymal+transition.">Suitable parameter choice on quantitative morphology of A549 cell in epithelial-mesenchymal transition.</a> Bioscience reports. 35, (2015).</li><li>Brinkmann, V., Kinzel, B., Kristofic, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=TCR-independent+activation+of+human+CD4++45RO-+T+cells+by+anti-CD28+plus+IL-2:+Induction+of+clonal+expansion+and+priming+for+a+Th2+phenotype.">TCR-independent activation of human CD4+ 45RO- T cells by anti-CD28 plus IL-2: Induction of clonal expansion and priming for a Th2 phenotype.</a> Journal of immunology. 156, 4100-4106 (1996).</li><li>Krug, M. S., Berger, S. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=First-strand+cDNA+synthesis+primed+with+oligo(dT).">First-strand cDNA synthesis primed with oligo(dT).</a> Methods in enzymology. 152, 316-325 (1987).</li><li>Morozumi, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Simultaneous+detection+of+pathogens+in+clinical+samples+from+patients+with+community-acquired+pneumonia+by+real-time+PCR+with+pathogen-specific+molecular+beacon+probes.">Simultaneous detection of pathogens in clinical samples from patients with community-acquired pneumonia by real-time PCR with pathogen-specific molecular beacon probes.</a> Journal of clinical microbiology. 44, 1440-1446 (2006).</li><li>Smith, P. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Measurement+of+protein+using+bicinchoninic+acid.">Measurement of protein using bicinchoninic acid.</a> Analytical biochemistry. 150, 76-85 (1985).</li><li>Wiechelman, K. J., Braun, R. D., Fitzpatrick, J. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Investigation+of+the+bicinchoninic+acid+protein+assay:+identification+of+the+groups+responsible+for+color+formation.">Investigation of the bicinchoninic acid protein assay: identification of the groups responsible for color formation.</a> Analytical biochemistry. 175, 231-237 (1988).</li><li>Ursitti, J. A., Mozdzanowski, J., Speicher, D. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electroblotting+from+polyacrylamide+gels.">Electroblotting from polyacrylamide gels.</a> Current protocols in protein science. Chapter 10, Unit 10.7 (2001).</li><li>Kricka, L. J., Voyta, J. C., Bronstein, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chemiluminescent+methods+for+detecting+and+quantitating+enzyme+activity.">Chemiluminescent methods for detecting and quantitating enzyme activity.</a> Methods in enzymology. 305, 370-390 (2000).</li><li>Noguchi, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+integrative+analysis+of+the+tumorigenic+role+of+TAZ+in+human+non-small+cell+lung+cancer.">An integrative analysis of the tumorigenic role of TAZ in human non-small cell lung cancer.</a> Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research. 20, 4660-4672 (2014).</li><li>Kasai, H., Allen, J. T., Mason, R. M., Kamimura, T., Zhang, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=TGF-beta1+induces+human+alveolar+epithelial+to+mesenchymal+cell+transition+(EMT).">TGF-beta1 induces human alveolar epithelial to mesenchymal cell transition (EMT).</a> Respiratory research. 6, 56 (2005).</li><li>Chen, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Integrin-mediated+type+II+TGF-beta+receptor+tyrosine+dephosphorylation+controls+SMAD-dependent+profibrotic+signaling.">Integrin-mediated type II TGF-beta receptor tyrosine dephosphorylation controls SMAD-dependent profibrotic signaling.</a> The Journal of clinical investigation. 124, 3295-3310 (2014).</li><li>Saito, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+integrated+expression+profiling+reveals+target+genes+of+TGF-beta+and+TNF-alpha+possibly+mediated+by+microRNAs+in+lung+cancer+cells.">An integrated expression profiling reveals target genes of TGF-beta and TNF-alpha possibly mediated by microRNAs in lung cancer cells.</a> PloS one. 8, e56587 (2013).</li><li>Dvashi, Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Protein+phosphatase+magnesium+dependent+1A+governs+the+wound+healing-inflammation-angiogenesis+cross+talk+on+injury.">Protein phosphatase magnesium dependent 1A governs the wound healing-inflammation-angiogenesis cross talk on injury.</a> The American journal of pathology. 184, 2936-2950 (2014).</li><li>Hallgren, O., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Enhanced+ROCK1+dependent+contractility+in+fibroblast+from+chronic+obstructive+pulmonary+disease+patients.">Enhanced ROCK1 dependent contractility in fibroblast from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients.</a> Journal of translational medicine. 10, 171 (2012).</li><li>Kobayashi, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Matrix+metalloproteinase-9+activates+TGF-beta+and+stimulates+fibroblast+contraction+of+collagen+gels.">Matrix metalloproteinase-9 activates TGF-beta and stimulates fibroblast contraction of collagen gels.</a> American journal of physiology. Lung cellular and molecular physiology. 306, L1006-L1015 (2014).</li><li>Horie, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Histamine+induces+human+lung+fibroblast-mediated+collagen+gel+contraction+via+histamine+H1+receptor.">Histamine induces human lung fibroblast-mediated collagen gel contraction via histamine H1 receptor.</a> Experimental lung research. 40, 222-236 (2014).</li><li>Kohyama, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=PGD(2)+modulates+fibroblast-mediated+native+collagen+gel+contraction.">PGD(2) modulates fibroblast-mediated native collagen gel contraction.</a> American journal of respiratory cell and molecular biology. 27, 375-381 (2002).</li><li>Muir, A. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Esophageal+epithelial+cells+acquire+functional+characteristics+of+activated+myofibroblasts+after+undergoing+an+epithelial+to+mesenchymal+transition.">Esophageal epithelial cells acquire functional characteristics of activated myofibroblasts after undergoing an epithelial to mesenchymal transition.</a> Experimental cell research. 330, 102-110 (2015).</li><li>Zhong, Q., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Role+of+endoplasmic+reticulum+stress+in+epithelial-mesenchymal+transition+of+alveolar+epithelial+cells:+effects+of+misfolded+surfactant+protein.">Role of endoplasmic reticulum stress in epithelial-mesenchymal transition of alveolar epithelial cells: effects of misfolded surfactant protein.</a> American journal of respiratory cell and molecular biology. 45, 498-509 (2011).</li><li>Liu, X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inflammatory+cytokines+augments+TGF-beta1-induced+epithelial-mesenchymal+transition+in+A549+cells+by+up-regulating+TbetaR-I.">Inflammatory cytokines augments TGF-beta1-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition in A549 cells by up-regulating TbetaR-I.</a> Cell motility and the cytoskeleton. 65, 935-944 (2008).</li></ol>

Die Autoren haben keine Interessenkonflikte offen zu legen.

Das Protokoll in dieser Studie entwickelt umfasst zwei Schritte. Der erste Schritt wird durchgeführt, EMT zu induzieren, während der zweite Schritt ist die Gelkontraktion Assays. Da es wichtig ist, um zu bestätigen, dass die Zellen EMT unterzog, Stufe 2 bietet eine hervorragende Ergänzung zu den morphologischen und Veränderungen der Genexpression. Frühere Studien zeigten , dass EMT von A549 - Zellen durch TGF-β1 induzierten wurde nur 24; aber, wie wir vorher 10, TNF-α - Behandlung berichtet...

Fibrose ist in der Pathogenese verschiedener chronisch progressive Erkrankungen, wie interstitielle Lungenerkrankung, Herzfibrose, Leberzirrhose, terminalem Nierenversagen, systemischer Sklerose, Autoimmunerkrankung und 1 beteiligt. Unter interstitiellen Lungenerkrankungen, ist idiopathischer pulmonaler Fibrose (IPF) ist eine chronische progressive Krankheit und zeigt eine schlechte Prognose. Pathologisches Merkmal der IPF ist die Entwicklung von fibroblastischen Foci von aktivierten Fibroblasten und Myofibroblasten besteht, die mit der Prognose assoziiert sind. Die Ursprünge solcher Lungenfibroblasten vorgeschlagen von mehreren mesenchymalen Zellen abgeleitet werden, einschließlich ursprünglich resident Lungen Fibroblasten und Fibrozyten aus Knochenmark zirkuliert. Vor kurzem epithelial-mesenchymalen Übergang (EMT) wurde mit der Bildung von mesenchymalen Zellen 2, in Verbindung gebracht werden vorgeschlagen und zur Pathogenese von fibrotischen Erkrankungen beizutragen. Es wird vermutet, dass EMT spielt eine wichtige Rolle im Prozess der fötalen Entwicklung, Wundheilung, und das Fortschreiten von Krebs, einschließlich der Tumorinvasion und Metastasierung 3. Nach dem Prozess des EMT, erhalten Epithelzellen die Fähigkeit der mesenchymalen Zellen , die durch Verlust von epithelialen Marker, wie E-Cadherin, und durch Expression von mesenchymalen Marker, wie Vimentin und α-smooth muscle actin (SMA) 4,5. Frühere Studien zeigten die Hinweise , dass EMT Verfahren hat sich mit der Entwicklung von Gewebefibrose in der Niere und der Lunge 6 7 verbunden. Darüber hinaus fördert die chronische Entzündung fibrotischen Erkrankung 8; Ferner, wie inflammatorische Zytokine wie Tumor - Nekrose - Faktor -Superfamilienmitglied 14 (TNFSF14; LIGHT), Tumor - Nekrose - Faktor (TNF) -α, und Interleukin-1β wurden EMT 9-12 gezeigt , zu verbessern. Collagen-Gel Kontraktion Assay, ein Kollagen-basierte Zellkontraktion Test, bei dem Fibroblasten in Typ I eingebettet sindKollagengel dreidimensional, ist ein ideales in vitro - Modell für die Bewertung der Kontraktilität. Kontraktionsfähigkeit ist eines der charakteristischen Funktionen von Fibroblasten und trägt zu einer normalen Wundheilung und Fibrose 13. In diesem Test wird angenommen, dass die Bindung von Fibroblasten Integrin-abhängige Mechanismen Kollagen durch sollen Typ I mechanische Spannung unter bestimmten Bedingungen zu erzeugen, und damit zur Gewebekontraktion führen. Hierbei wird die Entwicklung der Gelkontraktion Assays berichtet angepasst werden, um die Übernahme der kontraktilen Funktion in den Zellen zu bewerten, die EMT unterzog. Dieser Bericht zeigt, dass sich diese modifizierte Test zur Bewertung der Kontraktilität in mesenchymalen Zellen geeignet ist, die EMT unterzog.

<table><tbody><tr><td>DMEM</td><td>sigma aldrich</td><td>11965-092</td><td>For A549 medium</td></tr><tr><td>FBS</td><td>GIBCO</td><td>10437</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Transforming Growth Factor-&amp;beta;1, Human, recombinant</td><td>Wako Laboratory chemicals</td><td>209-16544</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Recombinant Human TNF-&amp;alpha;</td><td>R&amp;amp;D systems</td><td>210-TA/CF</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>E-Cadherin (24E10) Rabbit mAb</td><td>Cell Signaling Technology</td><td>#3195</td><td>1:3,000 dilution</td></tr><tr><td>Vimentin (D21H3) Rabbit mAb</td><td>Cell Signaling Technology</td><td>#5741</td><td>1:3,000 dilution</td></tr><tr><td>Anti-&amp;alpha;-Tubulin antibody</td><td>sigma aldrich</td><td>T9026</td><td>1:10,000 dilution</td></tr><tr><td>Monoclonal Anti-Actin, &amp;alpha;-Smooth Muscle antibody&amp;nbsp;</td><td>sigma aldrich</td><td>A5228</td><td>1:10,000 dilution</td></tr><tr><td>Anti-N-cadherin antibody</td><td>BD Transduction Laboratories</td><td>#610920</td><td>1:1,000 dilution</td></tr><tr><td>Anti-Mouse IgG, HRP-Linked Whole Ab Sheep (secondary antibody)</td><td>GE Healthcare</td><td>NA931-100UL</td><td>1:20,000 dilution</td></tr><tr><td>Anti-Rabbit IgG, HRP-Linked Whole Ab Donkey (secondary antibody)</td><td>GE Healthcare</td><td>NA934-100UL</td><td>1:20,000 dilution</td></tr><tr><td>Blocking reagent</td><td>GE Healthcare</td><td>RPN418</td><td>2% in TBS-T</td></tr><tr><td>6 Well Clear Flat Bottom TC-Treated Multiwell Cell Culture Plate, with Lid</td><td>corning</td><td>#353046</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>100 mm Cell culture dish</td><td>TPP</td><td>#93100</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>DMEM, powder</td><td>life technologies</td><td>12100-046</td><td>For 4&amp;times; DMEM</td></tr><tr><td>Type 1 collagen gel</td><td>Nitta gelatin</td><td>Cellmatrix type I-A</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>24 Well cell culture plate</td><td>AGC TECHNO GLASS</td><td>1820-024</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Gel Documentation System&amp;nbsp;</td><td>ATTO</td><td>AE-6911FXN</td><td>Gel imager</td></tr><tr><td>Gel analyzing software</td><td>ATTO</td><td>Densitograph, ver. 3.00</td><td>analysing software bundled with AE-6911FXN</td></tr><tr><td>Trypsin-EDTA (0.05%), phenol red</td><td>life technologies</td><td>25300054</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>24 Well Plates, Non-Treated</td><td>IWAKI</td><td>1820-024</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Trypan Blue Solution, 0.4%</td><td>life technologies</td><td>15250-061</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>RNA extraction kit</td><td>Qiagen</td><td>74106</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Reverse transcriptase</td><td>life technologies</td><td>18080044</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Real time PCR system</td><td>Stratagene</td><td>Mx-3000P</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>SYBR green PCR kit</td><td>Qiagen</td><td>204145</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Protease Inhibitor Cocktail (100x)</td><td>life technologies</td><td>78429</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PVDF membrane</td><td>ATTO</td><td>2392390</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Protein assay kit</td><td>bio-rad</td><td>5000006JA&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Polyacrylamide gel</td><td>ATTO</td><td>2331810</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Western blotting detection reagent</td><td>GE Healthcare</td><td>RPN2232</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cold CCD camera</td><td>ATTO</td><td>Ez-Capture MG/ST</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Trypsin inhibitor</td><td>sigma aldrich</td><td>T9003-100MG</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Polyoxyethylene (20)Sorbitan Monolaurate</td><td>Wako Laboratory chemicals</td><td>163-11512</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Polyoxyethylene (9) octyiphenyl ether</td><td>Wako Laboratory chemicals</td><td>141-08321</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

development of an in vitro assay to evaluate contractile function of mesenchymal cells that underwent epithelial-mesenchymal transition

Fibrosis is often involved in the pathogenesis of various chronic progressive diseases such as interstitial pulmonary disease. Pathological hallmark is the formation of fibroblastic foci, which is associated with the disease severity. Mesenchymal cells consisting of the fibroblastic foci are proposed to be derived from several cell sources, including originally resident intrapulmonary fibroblasts and circulating fibrocytes from bone marrow. Recently, mesenchymal cells that underwent epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) have been also supposed to contribute to the pathogenesis of fibrosis. In addition, EMT can be induced by transforming growth factor &#946;, and EMT can be enhanced by pro-inflammatory cytokines like tumor necrosis factor &#945;. The gel contraction assay is an ideal in vitro model for the evaluation of contractility, which is one of the characteristic functions of fibroblasts and contributes to wound repair and fibrosis. Here, the development of a gel contraction assay is demonstrated for evaluating contractile ability of mesenchymal cells that underwent EMT.

Während EMT, verlieren Epithelzellen epithelialen Marker, wie E-Cadherin, und gewinnen die Expression von mesenchymalen Marker, wie Vimentin und α-smooth muscle 4,5 Aktin. Inkubation von menschlichen A549 Lungenepithelzellen mit TGF-β1 und TNF-α induziert EMT. Das Erscheinungsbild der normalen A549 - Zellen sind Cobble Stein wie Form und Dreiecksform , die ein Merkmal von Epithelzellen (3A), aber nachdem sie mit TGF-β1 und TNF-α stimuliert, änderte sich...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Development of an In Vitro Assay to Evaluate Contractile Function of Mesenchymal Cells that Underwent Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition at JoVE.com

Development of an In Vitro Assay to Evaluate Contractile Function of Mesenchymal Cells that Underwent Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition

Here, we describe the development and application of a gel contraction assay for evaluating contractile function in mesenchymal cells that underwent epithelial-mesenchymal transition.

Entwicklung eines<em&gt; In Vitro</em&gt; Assay Kontraktionsfunktion von mesenchymalen Zellen, die Unterzog Epithelial-mesenchymale Transition zur Bewertung

Fibrosis is often involved in the pathogenesis of various chronic progressive diseases such as interstitial pulmonary disease. Pathological hallmark is ...

development-an-vitro-assay-to-evaluate-contractile-function

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

Development of an In Vitro Assay to Evaluate Contractile Function of Mesenchymal Cells that Underwent Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition

12.1K Aufrufe.  The University of Tokyo Hospital. Here, we describe the development and application of a gel contraction assay for evaluating contractile function in mesenchymal cells that underwent epithelial-mesenchymal transition.

Serie: Development of an In Vitro Assay to Evaluate Contractile Function of Mesenchymal Cells that Underwent Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition

An Enzyme- and Serum-free Neural Stem Cell Culture Model for EMT Investigation Suited for Drug Discovery

Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) describes the process of epithelium transdifferentiating into mesenchyme. EMT is a fundamental process during embryonic development that also commonly occurs in glioblastoma, the most frequent malignant brain tumor. EMT has also been observed in multiple carcinomas outside the brain including breast cancer, lung cancer, colon cancer, gastric cancer. EMT is centrally linked to malignancy by promoting migration, invasion and metastasis formation. The mechanisms of EMT induction are not fully understood. Here we describe an in vitro system for standardized isolation of cortical neural stem cells (NSCs) and subsequent EMT-induction. This system provides the flexibility to use either single cells or explant culture. In this system, rat or mouse embryonic forebrain NSCs are cultured in a defined medium, devoid of serum and enzymes. The NSCs expressed Olig2 and Sox10, two transcription factors observed in oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs). Using this system, interactions between FGF-, BMP- and TGF&#946;-signaling involving Zeb1, Zeb2, and Twist2 were observed where TGF&#946;-activation significantly enhanced cell migration, suggesting a synergistic BMP-/TGF&#946;-interaction. The results point to a network of FGF-, BMP- and TGF&#946;-signaling to be involved in EMT induction and maintenance. This model system is relevant to investigate EMT in vitro. It is cost-efficient and shows high reproducibility. It also allows for the comparison of different compounds with respect to their migration responses (quantitative distance measurement), and high-throughput screening of compounds to inhibit or enhance EMT (qualitative measurement). The model is therefore well suited to test drug libraries for substances affecting EMT.

Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) allows cancers to become invasive. To investigate EMT, a neural stem cell (NSC)-based in vitro model devoid of serum and enzymes is described. This standardized system allows quantitative and qualitative assessment of cell migration, gene and protein expression. The model is suited for drug discovery.

Ein Enzym- und Serumfreie Neural Stem Cell Culture Modell für EMT Investigation Geeignet für Drug Discovery

Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) describes the process of epithelium transdifferentiating into mesenchyme. EMT is a fundamental process during ...

Forschung

Entwicklungsbiologie

In vitro Mesothelial Clearance Assay that Models the Early Steps of Ovarian Cancer Metastasis

Ovarian cancer is the fifth leading cause of cancer related deaths in the United States1. Despite a positive initial response to therapies, 70 to 90 percent of women with ovarian cancer develop new metastases, and the recurrence is often fatal2. It is, therefore, necessary to understand how secondary metastases arise in order to develop better treatments for intermediate and late stage ovarian cancer. Ovarian cancer metastasis occurs when malignant cells detach from the primary tumor site and disseminate throughout the peritoneal cavity. The disseminated cells can form multicellular clusters, or spheroids, that will either remain unattached, or implant onto organs within the peritoneal cavity3 (Figure 1, Movie 1). 
All of the organs within the peritoneal cavity are lined with a single, continuous, layer of mesothelial cells4-6 (Figure 2). However, mesothelial cells are absent from underneath peritoneal tumor masses, as revealed by electron micrograph studies of excised human tumor tissue sections3,5-7 (Figure 2). This suggests that mesothelial cells are excluded from underneath the tumor mass by an unknown process. 
Previous in vitro experiments demonstrated that primary ovarian cancer cells attach more efficiently to extracellular matrix than to mesothelial cells8, and more recent studies showed that primary peritoneal mesothelial cells actually provide a barrier to ovarian cancer cell adhesion and invasion (as compared to adhesion and invasion on substrates that were not covered with mesothelial cells)9,10. This would suggest that mesothelial cells act as a barrier against ovarian cancer metastasis. The cellular and molecular mechanisms by which ovarian cancer cells breach this barrier, and exclude the mesothelium have, until recently, remained unknown. 
Here we describe the methodology for an in vitro assay that models the interaction between ovarian cancer cell spheroids and mesothelial cells in vivo (Figure 3, Movie 2). Our protocol was adapted from previously described methods for analyzing ovarian tumor cell interactions with mesothelial monolayers8-16, and was first described in a report showing that ovarian tumor cells utilize an integrin &#x2013;dependent activation of myosin and traction force to promote the exclusion of the mesothelial cells from under a tumor spheroid17. This model takes advantage of time-lapse fluorescence microscopy to monitor the two cell populations in real time, providing spatial and temporal information on the interaction. The ovarian cancer cells express red fluorescent protein (RFP) while the mesothelial cells express green fluorescent protein (GFP). RFP-expressing ovarian cancer cell spheroids attach to the GFP-expressing mesothelial monolayer. The spheroids spread, invade, and force the mesothelial cells aside creating a hole in the monolayer. This hole is visualized as the negative space (black) in the GFP image. The area of the hole can then be measured to quantitatively analyze differences in clearance activity between control and experimental populations of ovarian cancer and/ or mesothelial cells. This assay requires only a small number of ovarian cancer cells (100 cells per spheroid X 20-30 spheroids per condition), so it is feasible to perform this assay using precious primary tumor cell samples. Furthermore, this assay can be easily adapted for high throughput screening.

In vitro Mesothelial Clearance Assay that Models the Early Steps of Ovarian Cancer Metastasis

The mesothelial clearance assay described here takes advantage of fluorescently labeled cells and time-lapse video microscopy to visualize and quantitatively measure the interactions of ovarian cancer multicellular spheroids and mesothelial cell monolayers. This assay models the early steps of ovarian cancer metastasis.

In-vitro-Assay Mesothelzellen Ausverkauf, dass die Modelle der frühen Schritte der Metastasierung Eierstockkrebs

Ovarian cancer is the fifth leading cause of cancer related deaths in the United States1. Despite a positive initial response to therapies, 70 to 90 ...

Medizin

The Aortic Ring Co-culture Assay: A Convenient Tool to Assess the Angiogenic Potential of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells In Vitro

Angiogenesis is a complex, highly regulated process responsible for providing and maintaining adequate tissue perfusion. Insufficient vasculature maintenance and pathological malformations can result in severe ischemic diseases, while overly abundant vascular development is associated with cancer and inflammatory disorders. A promising form of pro-angiogenic therapy is the use of angiogenic cell sources, which can provide regulatory factors as well as physical support for newly developing vasculature.
Mesenchymal Stromal Cells (MSCs) are extensively investigated candidates for vascular regeneration due to their paracrine effects and their ability to detect and home to ischemic or inflamed tissues. In particular, first trimester human umbilical cord perivascular cells (FTM HUCPVCs) are a highly promising candidate due to their pericyte-like properties, high proliferative and multilineage potential, immune-privileged properties, and robust paracrine profile. To effectively evaluate potentially angiogenic regenerative cells, it is a requisite to test them in reliable and &#34;translatable&#34; pre-clinical assays. The aortic ring assay is an ex vivo angiogenesis model that allows for easy quantification of tubular endothelial structures, provides accessory supportive cells and extracellular matrix (ECM) from the host, excludes inflammatory components, and is fast and inexpensive to set up. This is advantageous when compared to in vivo models (e.g., corneal assay, Matrigel plug assay); the aortic ring assay can track the administered cells and observe intercellular interactions while avoiding xeno-immune rejection.
We present a protocol for a novel application of the aortic ring assay, which includes human MSCs in co-cultures with developing rat aortic endothelial networks. This assay allows for the analysis of the MSC contribution to tube formation and development through physical pericyte-like interactions and of their potency for actively migrating to sites of angiogenesis, and for evaluating their ability to perform and mediate ECM processing. This protocol provides further information on changes in MSC phenotype and gene expression following co-culture.

The Aortic Ring Co-culture Assay: A Convenient Tool to Assess the Angiogenic Potential of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells In Vitro

Here, we present a novel application of the aortic ring assay where prelabelled mesenchymal cells are co-cultured with rat aorta-derived endothelial networks. This novel method allows visualization of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells (MSCs) homing and integration with endothelial networks, quantification of network properties, and evaluation of MSC immunophenotypes and gene expression.

Die Aorta Ring Kokultur Assay: Ein komfortables Werkzeug, um angiogenen Potenzial des mesenchymaler Stromazellen Zellen In Vitro zu bewerten

Angiogenesis is a complex, highly regulated process responsible for providing and maintaining adequate tissue perfusion. Insufficient vasculature ...

Utilization of Microscale Silicon Cantilevers to Assess Cellular Contractile Function In Vitro

The development of more predictive and biologically relevant in vitro assays is predicated on the advancement of versatile cell culture systems which facilitate the functional assessment of the seeded cells. To that end, microscale cantilever technology offers a platform with which to measure the contractile functionality of a range of cell types, including skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle cells, through assessment of contraction induced substrate bending. Application of multiplexed cantilever arrays provides the means to develop moderate to high-throughput protocols for assessing drug efficacy and toxicity, disease phenotype and progression, as well as neuromuscular and other cell-cell interactions. This manuscript provides the details for fabricating reliable cantilever arrays for this purpose, and the methods required to successfully culture cells on these surfaces. Further description is provided on the steps necessary to perform functional analysis of contractile cell types maintained on such arrays using a novel laser and photo-detector system. The representative data provided highlights the precision and reproducible nature of the analysis of contractile function possible using this system, as well as the wide range of studies to which such technology can be applied. Successful widespread adoption of this system could provide investigators with the means to perform rapid, low cost functional studies in vitro, leading to more accurate predictions of tissue performance, disease development and response to novel therapeutic treatment.

Utilization of Microscale Silicon Cantilevers to Assess Cellular Contractile Function In Vitro

This protocol describes the use of microscale silicon cantilevers as pliable culture surfaces for measuring the contractility of muscle cells in vitro. Cellular contraction causes cantilever bending, which can be measured, recorded, and converted into readouts of force, providing a non-invasive and scalable system for measuring contractile function in vitro.

Nutzung von Microscale Siliziumcantilevern to Cellular Kontraktionsfähigkeit beurteilen<em&gt; In-vitro-</em

The development of more predictive and biologically relevant in vitro assays is predicated on the advancement of versatile cell culture systems which ...

Biotechnik

High Throughput Traction Force Microscopy Using PDMS Reveals Dose-Dependent Effects of Transforming Growth Factor-&#946; on the Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition

Cellular contractility is essential in diverse aspects of biology, driving processes that range from motility and division, to tissue contraction and mechanical stability, and represents a core element of multi-cellular animal life. In adherent cells, acto-myosin contraction is seen in traction forces that cells exert on their substrate. Dysregulation of cellular contractility appears in a myriad of pathologies, making contractility a promising target in diverse diagnostic approaches using biophysics as a metric. Moreover, novel therapeutic strategies can be based on correcting the apparent malfunction of cell contractility. These applications,&#160;however, require direct quantification of these forces.
We have developed silicone elastomer-based traction force microscopy (TFM) in a parallelized multi-well format. Our use of a silicone rubber, specifically polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), rather than the commonly employed hydrogel polyacrylamide (PAA) enables us to make robust and inert substrates with indefinite shelf-lives requiring no specialized storage conditions. Unlike pillar-PDMS based approaches that have a modulus in the GPa range, the PDMS used here is very compliant, ranging from approximately 0.4 kPa to 100 kPa. We create a high-throughput platform for TFM by partitioning these large monolithic substrates spatially into biochemically independent wells, creating a multi-well platform for traction force screening that is compatible with existing multi-well systems.
In this manuscript, we use this multi-well traction force system to examine the Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition (EMT); we induce EMT in NMuMG cells by exposing them to TGF-&#946;, and to quantify the biophysical changes during EMT. We measure the contractility as a function of concentration and duration of TGF-&#946; exposure. Our findings here demonstrate the utility of parallelized TFM in the context of disease biophysics.

We present a high throughput traction force assay fabricated with silicone rubber (PDMS). This novel assay is suitable for studying physical changes in cell contractility during various biological and biomedical processes and diseases. We demonstrate this method's utility by measuring a TGF-&#946; dependent increase in contractility during the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition.

Hochdurchsatz-Traktionskraftmikroskopie mit PDMS zeigt dosisabhängige Effekte transformierender Wachstumsfaktoren auf den epitheliaal-mesenchymalen Übergang

Cellular contractility is essential in diverse aspects of biology, driving processes that range from motility and division, to tissue contraction and ...

An Explant Assay for Assessing Cellular Behavior of the Cranial Mesenchyme

The central nervous system is derived from the neural plate that undergoes a series of complex morphogenetic movements resulting in formation of the neural tube in a process known as neurulation. During neurulation, morphogenesis of the mesenchyme that underlies the neural plate is believed to drive neural fold elevation. The cranial mesenchyme is comprised of the paraxial mesoderm and neural crest cells. The cells of the cranial mesenchyme form a pourous meshwork composed of stellate shaped cells and intermingling extracellular matrix (ECM) strands that support the neural folds. During neurulation, the cranial mesenchyme undergoes stereotypical rearrangements resulting in its expansion and these movements are believed to provide a driving force for neural fold elevation. However, the pathways and cellular behaviors that drive cranial mesenchyme morphogenesis remain poorly studied. Interactions between the ECM and the cells of the cranial mesenchyme underly these cell behaviors. Here we describe a simple ex vivo explant assay devised to characterize the behaviors of these cells. This assay is amendable to pharmacological manipulations to dissect the signaling pathways involved and live imaging analyses to further characterize the behavior of these cells. We present a representative experiment demonstrating the utility of this assay in characterizing the migratory properties of the cranial mesenchyme on a variety of ECM components.

The cranial mesenchyme undergoes dramatic morphogenic movements that likely provides a driving force for elevation of the neural folds1,2. Here we describe a simple ex vivo explant assay to characterize the cellular behaviors of the cranial mesenchyme during neurulation. This assay has numerous applications including being amenable to pharmacological manipulations and live imaging analyses.

Eine Explantation Assay zur Beurteilung Cellular Verhalten des Cranial Mesenchym

The central nervous system is derived from the neural plate that undergoes a series of complex morphogenetic movements resulting in formation of the ...

Biologie

Simplified, High-throughput Analysis of Single-cell Contractility using Micropatterned Elastomers

Cellular contractile force generation is a fundamental trait shared by virtually all cells. These contractile forces are crucial to proper development, function at both the cellular and tissue levels,and regulate the mechanical systems in the body. Numerous biological processes are force-dependent, including motility, adhesion, and division of single-cells, as well as contraction and relaxation of organs such as the heart, bladder, lungs, intestines, and uterus. Given its importance in maintaining proper physiological function, cellular contractility can also drive disease processes when exaggerated or disrupted. Asthma, hypertension, preterm labor, fibrotic scarring, and underactive bladder are all examples of mechanically driven disease processes that could potentially be alleviated with proper control of cellular contractile force. Here, we present a comprehensive protocol for utilizing a novel microplate-based contractility assay technology known as fluorescently labeled elastomeric contractible surfaces (FLECS), that provides simplified and intuitive analysis of single-cell contractility in a massively scaled manner. Herein, we provide a step-wise protocol for obtaining two six-point dose-response curves describing the effects of two contractile inhibitors on the contraction of primary human bladder smooth muscle cells in a simple procedure utilizing just a single FLECS assay microplate, to demonstrate proper technique to users of the method. Using FLECS Technology, all researchers with basic biological laboratories and fluorescent microscopy systems gain access to studying this fundamental but difficult-to-quantify functional cell phenotype, effectively lowering the entry barrier into the field of force biology and phenotypic screening of contractile cell force.

This work presents a flexible protocol for utilizing fluorescently labeled elastomeric contractible surfaces (FLECS) Technology in microwell format for simplified, hands-off quantification of single-cell contractile forces based on visualized displacements of fluorescent protein micropatterns.

Vereinfachte Hochdurchsatzanalyse der Einzelzellkontraktilität mit mikrostrukturierten Elastomeren

Cellular contractile force generation is a fundamental trait shared by virtually all cells. These contractile forces are crucial to proper development, ...

Induction and Analysis of Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition

Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is essential for proper morphogenesis during development. Misregulation of this process has been implicated as a key event in fibrosis and the progression of carcinomas to a metastatic state. Understanding the processes that underlie EMT is imperative for the early diagnosis and clinical control of these disease states. Reliable induction of EMT in vitro is a useful tool for drug discovery as well as to identify common gene expression signatures for diagnostic purposes. Here we demonstrate a straightforward method for the induction of EMT in a variety of cell types. Methods for the analysis of cells pre- and post-EMT induction by immunocytochemistry are also included. Additionally, we demonstrate the effectiveness of this method through antibody-based array analysis and migration/invasion assays.

A straightforward method is described for the induction of epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) in a variety of cell types. Methods for the analysis of cells in EMT states by immunocytochemistry are included.

Induktion und Analyse von epithelialen zu mesenchymalen Transition

Epithelial  to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is essential for proper morphogenesis during  development. Misregulation of this  process has been implicated ...

In Vitro Assessment of Cardiac Function Using Skinned Cardiomyocytes

In this article, we describe the steps required to isolate a single permeabilized (&#34;skinned&#34;) cardiomyocyte and attach it to a force-measuring apparatus and a motor to perform functional studies. These studies will allow measurement of cardiomyocyte stiffness (passive force) and its activation with different calcium (Ca2+)-containing solutions to determine, amongst others: maximum force development, myofilament Ca2+-sensitivity (pCa50), cooperativity (nHill) and the rate of force redevelopment (ktr). This method also enables determination of the effects of drugs acting directly on myofilaments and of the expression of exogenous recombinant proteins on both active and passive properties of cardiomyocytes. Clinically, skinned cardiomyocyte studies highlight the pathophysiology of many myocardial diseases and allow in vitro assessment of the impact of therapeutic interventions targeting the myofilaments. Altogether, this technique enables the clarification of cardiac pathophysiology by investigating correlations between in vitro and in vivo parameters in animal models and human tissue obtained during open heart or transplant surgery.

This protocol aims to describe step-by-step the technique of extraction and assessment of cardiac function using skinned cardiomyocytes. This methodology allows measurement and acutemodulation of myofilament function using small frozen biopsies that can be collected from different cardiac locations, from mice to men.

In Vitro-Bewertung der Herzfunktion mit gehäuteten Kardiomyozyten

In this article, we describe the steps required to isolate a single permeabilized (&#34;skinned&#34;) cardiomyocyte and attach it to a force-measuring ...

Isolation of Primary Patient-specific Aortic Smooth Muscle Cells and Semiquantitative Real-time Contraction Measurements In Vitro

Smooth muscle cells (SMCs) are the predominant cell type in the aortic media. Their contractile machinery is important for the transmission of force in the aorta and regulates vasoconstriction and vasodilation. Mutations in genes encoding for the SMC contractile apparatus proteins are associated with aortic diseases, such as thoracic aortic aneurysms. Measuring SMC contraction in vitro is challenging, especially in a high-throughput manner, which is essential for screening patient material. Currently available methods are not suitable for this purpose. This paper presents a novel method based on electric cell-substrate impedance sensing (ECIS). First, an explant protocol is described to isolate patient-specific human primary SMCs from aortic biopsies and patient-specific human primary dermal fibroblasts for the study of aortic aneurysms. Next, a detailed description of a new contraction method is given to measure the contractile response of these cells, including the subsequent analysis and suggestion for comparing different groups. This method can be used to study the contraction of adherent cells in the context of translational (cardiovascular) studies and patient and drug screening studies.

Isolation of Primary Patient-specific Aortic Smooth Muscle Cells and Semiquantitative Real-time Contraction Measurements In Vitro

This paper describes an explant culture-based method for the isolation and culturing of primary, patient-specific human aortic smooth muscle cells and dermal fibroblasts. Furthermore, a novel method is presented for measuring cell contraction and subsequent analysis, which can be used to study patient-specific differences in these cells.

Isolierung primärer patientenspezifischer glatter Aortenmuskelzellen und semiquantitative Echtzeit-Kontraktionsmessungen in vitro

Smooth muscle cells (SMCs) are the predominant cell type in the aortic media. Their contractile machinery is important for the transmission of force in ...

Entwicklung eines

Zusammenfassung

Weitere Videos entdecken

Kapitel in diesem Video