Wir danken Gary Laevsky für hilfreiche Diskussionen über die Mikroskopie. Diese Arbeit wurde von NIH finanziert gewährt R01GM061107 und R01GM067758 zu ERG

Hinweis: Das Verfahren für die Muskelentfernung (Abbildung 1) ist eine Modifikation der zuvor beschriebenen Verfahren für die Larven Filets vor. Die Schritte , die Muskelentfernung vorangehen und folgen , werden kurz skizziert und der Leser wird auf die bisherige Arbeit 10 bezeichnet, 11 für detailliertere Beschreibungen. 1. Dissect Larve in Cold Saline <ol><li> Bereiten Sie eine Arbeitsverdünnung von kaltem HL3.1 Salz 15 oder kalt Ca 2+ -freien HL3.1 saline 11 (Tabelle 1). Legen Sie die Larve in einem Silikon-Elastomer-Schale mit gerade genug kaltem Salz den Boden der Schale zu bedecken. HINWEIS: Siehe Diskussion in Bezug auf die Wahl der Kochsalzlösung. </li></ol><table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always"><tbody><tr><td> 1x HL3.1 Kochsalzlösung (pH 7,2) </td></tr><tr><td> 5 mM HEPES </td></tr><tr><td> 70 mM NaCl </td></tr><tr&gt; <td> 5 mM KCl </td></tr><tr><td> 1,5 mM CaCl 2 (weglassen für Ca 2+ -freien Salzlösung) </td></tr><tr><td> 4 mM MgCl 2 </td></tr><tr><td> 10 mM NaHCO 3 </td></tr><tr><td> 5 mM Trehalose </td></tr><tr><td> 115 mM Sucrose </td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td> Filter zu sterilisieren und lagern bei 4 ° C </td></tr><tr><td> Hinweis: Zusammensetzung ahmt Insekten Hämolymphe </td></tr></tbody></table> Tabelle 1. Zusammensetzung des Kalten Saline. <ol start="2"><li> Positionieren Sie die Larve mit der Bauchseite nach oben. Die ventrale Oberfläche der Larven durch die Bauch Dentical Riemen und der Rückenseite durch die primären Larven Trachealtuben von anterior nach posterior verlauf identifiziert werden. Dehnen Sie die Larve in der anterior-posterioren Richtung und stecken den Kopf und den Schwanz einSiliconelastomerschale mit Insektenstifte sezieren. Verwenden Sie feine Präparierscheren entlang der ventralen Mittellinie zu schneiden, die an einem Ende beginnen und Fortschritte in Richtung auf die andere. HINWEIS: Diese Ausrichtung bewahrt die häufigsten studierte dorsalen Cluster von da Neuronen. </li><li> Nachdem die Larve aufgeschnitten wird, an die Sezieren Gericht die vier Ecken stecken, als ob ein Buch zu öffnen. Verwenden einer Pinzette zu greifen und entfernen Sie die inneren Organe einschließlich des ZNS, Darm und Luftröhre. Stellen Sie Insektenstifte, so dass das Filet ist straff, aber nicht maximal gestreckt. HINWEIS: Die Muskeln werden auf Segmentgrenzen an der Körperwand verankert. Obwohl Muskeln die meisten der Körperwand bedecken, sind sie in einem engen Bereich in der Nähe der Rückenmittellinie fehlt. </li></ol> 2. Muskelentfernung <ol><li> Suchen Sie die Rückenmittellinie der Larve, wo Muskelgewebe fehlt. Positionieren Sie eine einzelne Zange Zinke so dass es unter dem Muskelgewebe in der flachste mögliche Ausrichtung eingefügt werden. </li><li> Beginnt umder Rückenmittellinie in der Nähe der vorderen Begrenzung des Segments gleitet vorsichtig die Zange Zinke zwischen dem Muskel und der Epidermis, wobei darauf geachtet Kontakt zwischen der Zange und der Epidermis zu minimieren. </li><li> Ziehen Sie die Zange nach oben die Befestigung des Muskels an der Körperwand an einem Ankerpunkt zu brechen. Wiederholen Sie diesen Vorgang für die verbleibenden Hemi-Segment (e) von Interesse. HINWEIS: Dieses Protokoll Erhaltung des hinteren jedes da Neuron Dendriten Bereich optimiert. Um den vorderen Teil des Dendriten Feld zu erhalten, ist es am besten, die Zange Zinke am hinteren Ende jedes Segments einzufügen. </li><li> Nachjustieren Insektenstifte, so dass die Larven Filet maximal in alle Richtungen gedehnt wird. </li><li> Befestigen Sie das Filet, während es noch auf dem Sezieren Schüssel mit kaltem, frisch zubereiteten 4% Formaldehyd in PBS für 25 min fixiert ist. </li><li> Spülen Sie 5-mal in PBS. </li><li> Verwenden einer Pinzette vorsichtig Muskelgewebe von den übrigen Ankerpunkte ziehen weg, wobei darauf geachtet Conta zu minimierenct mit der Epidermis. </li><li> Loslösen und entfernen Sie das Filet vom Sezieren Schale in ein 1,5 ml Mikrozentrifugenröhrchen. Führen Sie alle nachfolgenden Waschen, Sperrung und Immunfluoreszenzanfärbung Schritte, wie zuvor 11 beschrieben. </li></ol> 3. Montieren Sie den Larval Fillet <ol><li> Entfernen Sie zuerst den Kopf und Schwanz mit feinen Präparierschere, um die Probe so flach wie möglich zu machen. Montieren Sie das Filet auf einem Deckglas in Antifade mountant mit der inneren Oberfläche des Filets das Deckglas gegenüber. </li><li> Platzieren Sie einen Objektträger auf dem Deckglas und drücken Sie vorsichtig die Montage Medium zu dispergieren. Klappen Sie den Mikroskop-Objektträger über und versiegeln Sie das Deckglas auf dem Objektträger mit Nagellack. Objektträger für mindestens einen Monat bei -20 ° C gelagert werden. </li></ol>

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Die Autoren haben nichts zu offenbaren.

Hier ist ein Protokoll für die manuelle Entfernung von Muskelgewebe von Drosophila Larven Filets beschrieben. Dieses Protokoll modifiziert vorher Larven- Dissektion Techniken beschrieben 10,11. Nachdem die Larven in einer Silikonelastomerschale zergliedert wird, wird der dorsalen Mittellinie befindet. Eine einzelne Zange Zinke, in seiner flachsten mögliche Ausrichtung, ist zwischen dem Muskelgewebe und der Epidermis, in der Nähe der Rückenmittellinie sorgfältig eingeführt. Die Zange gezogen san...

Drosophila Larven dendritischen arborization (da) Neuronen bieten ein wertvolles Modell für die neuronale Entwicklung des Studiums aufgrund ihrer Zugänglichkeit für genetische Manipulation und die Leichtigkeit , mit der sie abgebildet werden kann. Diese sensorischen Neuronen wurden bei der Identifikation zahlreicher Wege instrumental die Dendriten Morphogenese 1-3 steuern. Vier Klassen von da Neuronen (Klasse I - IV) innervate die Larven Epidermis. Diese Neuronen liegen zwischen der Basalmembran der Epidermis und mit ihren Dendriten bilden weitgehend zweidimensionale Arrays 4,5. Von den vier Klassen, Klasse IV da Neuronen sich die hochverzweigten Lauben haben und, wie sensorische Neuronen von anderen Tieren, erfordert die Ausarbeitung dieser Dorne intrinsischen Faktoren sowie Hinweise aus benachbarten Geweben, insbesondere die Epidermis, für ihre Entwicklung 6-9 . Studien, um festzustellen, wie solche neuronale und extra neuronale Tatsacheors steuern Dendriten Morphogenese Nutzen aus der Fähigkeit , die Proteinexpression in situ durch Immunfluoreszenz nachzuweisen. Die äußere Kutikula der Larve ist undurchdringlich für Antikörper, aber dieses Hindernis wird durch die Herstellung von Larven Filets durch gut etablierte Dissektion Methoden 10,11 leicht zu überwinden. Allerdings stellt die Körperwand Muskelgewebe, die gerade Inneren der Basalmembran liegt einige Herausforderungen zu Visualisierung von da Neuronen und epidermalen Zellen. Erstens, das Muskelgewebe, welche Linien die meisten der Körperwand, verschleiert stark fluoreszierende Signale von neuronalen oder epidermale Gewebe ausgeht. Dies reduziert erheblich das Signal-Rausch-Verhältnis in der Probe. Zweitens sind viele relevante Proteine ​​werden in das Muskelgewebe sowie in den Neuronen oder Epidermis exprimiert wird. Dieser Muskel abstammenden Fluoreszenzsignal wird weiter zu verdunkeln Erfassung eines Fluoreszenzsignals von dem Neuron oder Epidermis wahrscheinlich. Schließlich Fortschritte in der Mikroskopie-Technologien keinew Genehmigung Bildgebung von Proben , die bei Unterbeugungs Auflösung und kann besonders hilfreich bei der Lokalisierung von Proteinen anspruchsvolle , die in Neuronen und die umliegenden Zellen der Epidermis 12,13 exprimiert werden. Allerdings Bildgebung mittels superauflösende Mikroskopie profitiert von einem starken Signal-Rausch-Verhältnis und die Nähe der Probe auf dem Deckglas. Zusätzlich zu dem Signal-Rausch-Verhältnis zu reduzieren, die Larvenkörperwand Muskel Abstände da Neuronen aus dem Deckglas, wodurch die verbesserte Bildauflösung zu begrenzen, die mit Superauflösungsmikroskopieverfahren erreicht werden kann. Neben Herausforderungen für die Immunfluoreszenzanalyse, stellt das Muskelgewebe eine Barriere für die Aufnahme elektro von sensorischen Neuronen im Larvenkörperwand. Seine Entfernung profitiert daher neurophysiologischen Manipulation von sensorischen Neuronen 14. Hier ist ein Verfahren zur manuellen Entfernung von Drosophila Larve Muskelgewebe beschrieben. Wir zeigen, dass unser Protokoll permits Immunofluoreszenz Bildgebung von Proteinen, die sonst durch Muskelgewebe verdeckt, verbessert das Signal-Rausch-Verhältnis für die Visualisierung der Klasse IV da Neuronen und ermöglicht die Verwendung von Superauflösungsmikroskopie zur besseren räumlichen Beziehungen von Proteinen und Zellstrukturen in da Neuronen unterscheiden und die Epidermis.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1299">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:413px;">Dumont #5 tweezers</td>
			<td style="width:304px;">Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">72701-D</td>
			<td style="width:432px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Micro Scissors, 8 cm, straight, 5 mm blades, 0.1 mm tips</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td>14003</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Sylgard 184 silicone elastomer kit</td>
			<td>Dow Corning</td>
			<td>3097358-1004</td>
			<td>for dissecting plates</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Austerlitz insect pins, 0.1 mm</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>26002-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Fostec 8375 light source</td>
			<td>Artisan Technology Group</td>
			<td>62792-4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Zeiss Stemi 2000</td>
			<td>Carl Zeiss Microscopy</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Vectashield antifade mounting medium</td>
			<td>Vector Laboratories</td>
			<td>H-1000</td>
			<td>for confocal microscopy</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Prolong Diamond antifade mountant</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>P36970</td>
			<td>for structured illumination microscopy</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Micro cover glass, 22x22 mm, No. 1.5</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>48366-227</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Superfrost Plus microscope slides, 25 x 75 x 1.0 mm</td>
			<td>Fisherbrand</td>
			<td>12-550-15</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Mouse anti-Coracle antibody</td>
			<td>Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank</td>
			<td>C615.16</td>
			<td>supernatant, dilute 1:50</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Mouse anti-Discs large antibody</td>
			<td>Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank</td>
			<td>4F3</td>
			<td>supernatant, dilute 1:50</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Rabbit anti-dsRed antibody</td>
			<td>Clontech</td>
			<td>632496</td>
			<td>dilute 1:1000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Goat anti-rabbit antibody, Alexa Fluor 568 conjugated</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>A-11011</td>
			<td>dilute 1:1000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Goat anti-mouse antibody, Alexa Fluor 488 conjugated</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>A-11001</td>
			<td>dilute 1:500</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

removal of drosophila muscle tissue from larval fillets for immunofluorescence analysis of sensory neurons and epidermal cells

Drosophila Larven dendritischen arborization (da) Neuronen sind ein beliebtes Modell für Mechanismen der neuronalen Morphogenese zu untersuchen. Da Neuronen entwickeln in Kommunikation mit den Epidermiszellen sie innervieren und so ihre Analyse Nutzen aus in situ Visualisierung beider neuronal und epidermal exprimierten Proteine durch Immunofluoreszenz. Traditionelle Methoden der Larven Filets für Immunofluoreszenz Experimente vorbereiten lassen das Muskelgewebe intakt, dass die meisten der Körperwand erstreckt, mehrere Herausforderungen zu meistern neuronalen und epidermalen Proteine ​​Bildgebung. Hier beschreiben wir ein Verfahren zur Muskelgewebe von Drosophila Larven Filets entfernen. Dieses Protokoll ermöglicht die Abbildung von Proteinen, die ansonsten durch Muskelgewebe verdeckt sind, verbessert die Signal-Rausch-Verhältnis, und erleichtert die Verwendung von Superauflösungsmikroskopie DA-Neuronenentwicklung zu untersuchen.

Wir zeigen den Nutzen des Muskels Entfernungsprozedur für das Signal-Rausch-Verhältnis in Immunofluoreszenz Experimente Verbesserung der septate Junction-Proteine ​​Coracle (Cora) und Disketten-large (DLG) zusammen mit der Klasse IV da Neuronen mit der Membran Marker markiert zusammen visualisieren CD4- tdTomato. Cora wurde bisher verwendeten Flächen zu identifizieren , wo DA Neuron Dendriten von epidermalen Zellen eingeschlossen sind , und ist eine vo...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Removal of Drosophila Muscle Tissue from Larval Fillets for Immunofluorescence Analysis of Sensory Neurons and Epidermal Cells at JoVE.com

Removal of Drosophila Muscle Tissue from Larval Fillets for Immunofluorescence Analysis of Sensory Neurons and Epidermal Cells

Studien der neuronalen Morphogenese unter Verwendung von Drosophila Larven dendritischen arborization (da) Neuronen profitieren von in - situ - Visualisierung von neuronalen und epidermalen Proteine durch Immun. Wir beschreiben ein Verfahren, das durch Entfernen von Muskelgewebe aus der Larvenkörperwand Immunfluoreszenzanalyse von da Neuronen und die umliegenden Hautzellen verbessert.

Entfernung von<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Muskelgewebe aus Larval Filets für Immunfluoreszenzanalyse von sensorischen Neuronen und epidermalen Zellen

Drosophila larval dendritic arborization (da) neurons are a popular model for investigating mechanisms of neuronal morphogenesis. Da neurons develop in ...

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Neuroscience

Removal of Drosophila Muscle Tissue from Larval Fillets for Immunofluorescence Analysis of Sensory Neurons and Epidermal Cells

8.9K Aufrufe.  Princeton University.  Studien der neuronalen Morphogenese unter Verwendung von Drosophila Larven dendritischen arborization (da) Neuronen profitieren von in - situ - Visualisierung von neuronalen und epidermalen Proteine durch Immun. Wir beschreiben ein Verfahren, das durch Entfernen von Muskelgewebe aus der Larvenkörperwand Immunfluoreszenzanalyse von da Neuronen und die umliegenden Hautzellen verbessert. 

Serie: Removal of Drosophila Muscle Tissue from Larval Fillets for Immunofluorescence Analysis of Sensory Neurons and Epidermal Cells

Live-cell Imaging of Sensory Organ Precursor Cells in Intact Drosophila Pupae

Since the discovery of Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP), there has been a revolutionary change in the use of live-cell imaging as a tool for understanding fundamental biological mechanisms. Striking progress has been particularly evident in Drosophila, whose extensive toolkit of mutants and transgenic lines provides a convenient model to study evolutionarily-conserved developmental and cell biological mechanisms. We are interested in understanding the mechanisms that control cell fate specification in the adult peripheral nervous system (PNS) in Drosophila. Bristles that cover the head, thorax, abdomen, legs and wings of the adult fly are individual mechanosensory organs, and have been studied as a model system for understanding mechanisms of Notch-dependent cell fate decisions. Sensory organ precursor (SOP) cells of the microchaetes (or small bristles), are distributed throughout the epithelium of the pupal thorax, and are specified during the first 12 hours after the onset of pupariation. After specification, the SOP cells begin to divide, segregating the cell fate determinant Numb to one daughter cell during mitosis. Numb functions as a cell-autonomous inhibitor of the Notch signaling pathway.
Here, we show a method to follow protein dynamics in SOP cell and its progeny within the intact pupal thorax using a combination of tissue-specific Gal4 drivers and GFP-tagged fusion proteins 1,2.This technique has the advantage over fixed tissue or cultured explants because it allows us to follow the entire development of an organ from specification of the neural precursor to growth and terminal differentiation of the organ. We can therefore directly correlate changes in cell behavior to changes in terminal differentiation. Moreover, we can combine the live imaging technique with mosaic analysis with a repressible cell marker (MARCM) system to assess the dynamics of tagged proteins in mitotic SOPs under mutant or wildtype conditions. Using this technique, we and others have revealed novel insights into regulation of asymmetric cell division and the control of Notch signaling activation in SOP cells (examples include references 1-6,7 ,8).

Live-cell Imaging of Sensory Organ Precursor Cells in Intact Drosophila Pupae

In this video, we describe a method for live cell imaging of asymmetrically dividing sensory organ progenitor cells and epidermal cells in intact Drosophila pupae

Live-Cell-Imaging von Sinnesorgan Vorläuferzellen im Intact Drosophila Puppen

Since the discovery of Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP), there has been a revolutionary change in the use of live-cell imaging as a tool for understanding ...

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Morphological Analysis of Drosophila Larval Peripheral Sensory Neuron Dendrites and Axons Using Genetic Mosaics

Nervous system development requires the correct specification of neuron position and identity, followed by accurate neuron class-specific dendritic development and axonal wiring. Recently the dendritic arborization (DA) sensory neurons of the Drosophila larval peripheral nervous system (PNS) have become powerful genetic models in which to elucidate both general and class-specific mechanisms of neuron differentiation.
There are four main DA neuron classes (I-IV)1. They are named in order of increasing dendrite arbor complexity, and have class-specific differences in the genetic control of their differentiation2-10. The DA sensory system is a practical model to investigate the molecular mechanisms behind the control of dendritic morphology11-13 because: 1) it can take advantage of the powerful genetic tools available in the fruit fly, 2) the DA neuron dendrite arbor spreads out in only 2 dimensions beneath an optically clear larval cuticle making it easy to visualize with high resolution in vivo, 3) the class-specific diversity in dendritic morphology facilitates a comparative analysis to find key elements controlling the formation of simple vs. highly branched dendritic trees, and 4) dendritic arbor stereotypical shapes of different DA neurons facilitate morphometric statistical analyses.
DA neuron activity modifies the output of a larval locomotion central pattern generator14-16. The different DA neuron classes have distinct sensory modalities, and their activation elicits different behavioral responses14,16-20. Furthermore different classes send axonal projections stereotypically into the Drosophila larval central nervous system in the ventral nerve cord (VNC)21. These projections terminate with topographic representations of both DA neuron sensory modality and the position in the body wall of the dendritic field7,22,23. Hence examination of DA axonal projections can be used to elucidate mechanisms underlying topographic mapping7,22,23, as well as the wiring of a simple circuit modulating larval locomotion14-17.
We present here a practical guide to generate and analyze genetic mosaics24 marking DA neurons via MARCM (Mosaic Analysis with a Repressible Cell Marker)1,10,25 and Flp-out22,26,27 techniques (summarized in Fig. 1).

Morphological Analysis of Drosophila Larval Peripheral Sensory Neuron Dendrites and Axons Using Genetic Mosaics

The dendritic arborization sensory neurons of the Drosophila larval peripheral nervous system are useful models to elucidate both general and neuron class-specific mechanisms of neuron differentiation. We present a practical guide to generate and analyze dendritic arborization neuron genetic mosaics.

Morphologische Analyse Drosophila Larven peripheren sensorischen Neuron Dendriten und Axone mit Genetic Mosaike

Nervous system development requires the correct specification of neuron position and identity, followed by accurate neuron class-specific dendritic ...

Dissection and Immunohistochemistry of Larval, Pupal and Adult Drosophila Retinas

The compound eye of Drosophila melanogaster consists of about 750 ommatidia (unit eyes). Each ommatidium is composed of about 20 cells, including lens-secreting cone cells, pigment cells, a bristle cell and eight photoreceptors (PRs) R1-R8 2. The PRs have specialized microvillar structures, the rhabdomeres, which contain light-sensitive pigments, the Rhodopsins (Rhs). The rhabdomeres of six PRs (R1-R6) form a trapezoid and contain Rh1 3 4. The rhabdomeres of R7 and R8 are positioned in tandem in the center of the trapezoid and share the same path of light. R7 and R8 PRs stochastically express different combinations of Rhs in two main subtypes5: In the 'p' subtype, Rh3 in pR7s is coupled with Rh5 in pR8s, whereas in the 'y' subtype, Rh4 in yR7s is associated with Rh6 in yR8s 6 7 8.
Early specification of PRs and development of ommatidia begins in the larval eye-antennal imaginal disc, a monolayer of epithelial cells. A wave of differentiation sweeps across the disc9 and initiates the assembly of undifferentiated cells into ommatidia10-11. The 'founder cell' R8 is specified first and recruits R1-6 and then R7 12-14. Subsequently, during pupal development, PR differentiation leads to extensive morphological changes 15, including rhabdomere formation, synaptogenesis and eventually rh expression.
In this protocol, we describe methods for retinal dissections and immunohistochemistry at three defined periods of retina development, which can be applied to address a variety of questions concerning retinal formation and developmental pathways. Here, we use these methods to visualize the stepwise PR differentiation at the single-cell level in whole mount larval, midpupal and adult retinas (Figure 1).

Dissection and Immunohistochemistry of Larval, Pupal and Adult Drosophila Retinas

The Drosophila retina is a crystal-like lattice composed of a small number of cell types that are generated in a stereotyped manner 1. Its amenability to sophisticated genetic analysis allows the study of complex developmental programs. This protocol describes dissections and immunohistochemistry of retinas at three discrete developmental stages, with a focus on photoreceptor differentiation.

Dissektion und Immunhistochemie von Larven, Puppen und Erwachsenenbildung<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Netzhäute

The compound eye of Drosophila melanogaster consists of about 750 ommatidia (unit eyes). Each ommatidium is composed of about 20 cells, including ...

Functional Analysis of the Larval Feeding Circuit in Drosophila

The serotonergic feeding circuit in Drosophila melanogaster larvae can be used to investigate neuronal substrates of critical importance during the development of the circuit. Using the functional output of the circuit, feeding, changes in the neuronal architecture of the stomatogastric system can be visualized. Feeding behavior can be recorded by observing the rate of retraction of the mouth hooks, which receive innervation from the brain. Locomotor behavior is used as a physiological control for feeding, since larvae use their mouth hooks to traverse across an agar substrate. Changes in feeding behavior can be correlated with the axonal architecture of the neurites innervating the gut. Using immunohistochemistry it is possible to visualize and quantitate these changes. Improper handling of the larvae during behavior paradigms can alter data as they are very sensitive to manipulations. Proper imaging of the neurite architecture innervating the gut is critical for precise quantitation of number and size of varicosities as well as the extent of branch nodes. Analysis of most circuits allow only for visualization of neurite architecture or behavioral effects; however, this model allows one to correlate the functional output of the circuit with the impairments in neuronal architecture.

Functional Analysis of the Larval Feeding Circuit in Drosophila

The feeding circuit in Drosophila melanogaster larvae serves a simple yet powerful model that allows changes in feeding rate to be correlated with alterations in the stomatogastric neural circuitry. This circuit is composed of central serotonergic neurons that send projections to the mouth hooks as well as the foregut.

Funktionelle Analyse der Larvenfütterung Circuit in Drosophila</i

The serotonergic  feeding circuit in Drosophila  melanogaster larvae can be used to investigate neuronal substrates of  critical importance during the ...

Whole Mount Immunolabeling of Olfactory Receptor Neurons in the Drosophila Antenna

Odorant molecules bind to their target receptors in a precise and coordinated manner. Each receptor recognizes a specific signal and relays this information to the brain. As such, determining how olfactory information is transferred to the brain, modifying both perception and behavior, merits investigation. Interestingly, there is emerging evidence that cellular transduction and transcriptional factors are involved in the diversification of olfactory receptor neuron. Here we provide a robust whole mount immunological labeling method to assay in vivo olfactory receptor neuron organization. Using this method, we identified all olfactory receptor neurons with anti-ELAV antibody, a known pan-neural marker and Or49a-mCD8::GFP, an olfactory receptor neuron specifically expressed in Nba neuron using anti-GFP antibody.

Whole Mount Immunolabeling of Olfactory Receptor Neurons in the Drosophila Antenna

Herein we describe the process of whole mount immunostaining of Drosophila antennae, which enables us to better understand the molecular mechanisms involved in the diversification of olfactory receptor neurons (ORN)s.

Ganze Berge Immunmarkierung der olfaktorischen Rezeptorneuronen in der<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Antennen

Odorant molecules bind to their target receptors in a precise and coordinated manner. Each receptor recognizes a specific signal and relays this ...

Live Imaging of Drosophila Larval Neuroblasts

Stem cells divide asymmetrically to generate two progeny cells with unequal fate potential: a self-renewing stem cell and a differentiating cell. Given their relevance to development and disease, understanding the mechanisms that govern asymmetric stem cell division has been a robust area of study. Because they are genetically tractable and undergo successive rounds of cell division about once every hour, the stem cells of the Drosophila central nervous system, or neuroblasts, are indispensable models for the study of stem cell division. About 100 neural stem cells are located near the surface of each of the two larval brain lobes, making this model system particularly useful for live imaging microscopy studies. In this work, we review several approaches widely used to visualize stem cell divisions, and we address the relative advantages and disadvantages of those techniques that employ dissociated versus intact brain tissues. We also detail our simplified protocol used to explant whole brains from third instar larvae for live cell imaging and fixed analysis applications.

Live Imaging of Drosophila Larval Neuroblasts

This protocol details a streamlined method used to conduct live cell imaging in the context of an intact larval brain. Live cell imaging approaches are invaluable for the study of asymmetric neural stem cell divisions as well as other neurogenic and developmental processes, consistently uncovering mechanisms that were previously overlooked.

Live-Imaging von<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Larven Neuroblasten

Stem cells divide asymmetrically to generate two progeny cells with unequal fate potential: a self-renewing stem cell and a differentiating cell. Given ...

Production and Isolation of Axons from Sensory Neurons for Biochemical Analysis Using Porous Filters

Neuronal axons use specific mechanisms to mediate extension, maintain integrity, and induce degeneration. An appropriate balance of these events is required to shape functional neuronal circuits. The protocol described here explains how to use cell culture inserts bearing a porous membrane (filter) to obtain large amounts of pure axonal preparations suitable for examination by conventional biochemical or immunocytochemical techniques. The functionality of these filter inserts will be demonstrated with models of developmental pruning and Wallerian degeneration, using explants of embryonic dorsal root ganglion. Axonal integrity and function is compromised in a wide variety of neurodegenerative pathologies. Indeed, it is now clear that axonal dysfunction appears much earlier in the course of the disease than neuronal soma loss in several neurodegenerative diseases, indicating that axonal-specific processes are primarily targeted in these disorders. By obtaining pure axonal samples for analysis by molecular and biochemical techniques, this technique has the potential to shed new light into mechanisms regulating the physiology and pathophysiology of axons. This in turn will have an impact in our understanding of the processes that drive degenerative diseases of the nervous system.

This article describes a neuronal culture system that can be used to obtain large quantities of pure axonal samples for biochemical and immunocytochemical analyses. This technique will allow an improved understanding of normal axonal physiology and signaling pathways leading to neurodegeneration.

Produktion und Isolierung der Axone von Sinneszellen für Biochemische Analyse mit Porous Filter

Neuronal axons use specific mechanisms to mediate extension, maintain integrity, and induce degeneration. An appropriate balance of these events is ...

Isolation and Culture of Dissociated Sensory Neurons From Chick Embryos

Neurons are multifaceted cells that carry information essential for a variety of functions including sensation, motor movement, learning, and memory. Studying neurons in vivo can be challenging due to their complexity, their varied and dynamic environments, and technical limitations. For these reasons, studying neurons in vitro can prove beneficial to unravel the complex mysteries of neurons. The well-defined nature of cell culture models provides detailed control over environmental conditions and variables. Here we describe how to isolate, dissociate, and culture primary neurons from chick embryos. This technique is rapid, inexpensive, and generates robustly growing sensory neurons. The procedure consistently produces cultures that are highly enriched for neurons and has very few non-neuronal cells (less than 5%). Primary neurons do not adhere well to untreated glass or tissue culture plastic, therefore detailed procedures to create two distinct, well-defined laminin-containing substrata for neuronal plating are described. Cultured neurons are highly amenable to multiple cellular and molecular techniques, including co-immunoprecipitation, live cell imagining, RNAi, and immunocytochemistry. Procedures for double immunocytochemistry on these cultured neurons have been optimized and described here.

Cell culture models provide detailed control over environmental conditions and thus provide a powerful platform to elucidate numerous aspects of neuronal cell biology. We describe a rapid, inexpensive, and reliable method to isolate, dissociate, and culture sensory neurons from chick embryos. Details of substrata preparation and immunocytochemistry are also provided.

Isolation und Kultur der Dissoziierte sensorischen Neuronen aus Hühnerembryonen

Neurons are multifaceted cells that carry information essential for a variety of functions including sensation, motor movement, learning, and memory. ...

Physiological Preparation of Hair Cells from the Sacculus of the American Bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana)

The study of hearing and balance rests upon insights drawn from biophysical studies of model systems. One such model, the sacculus of the American bullfrog, has become a mainstay of auditory and vestibular research. Studies of this organ have revealed how sensory cells hair can actively detect signals from the environment. Because of these studies, we now better understand the mechanical gating and localization of a hair cell&#39;s transduction channels, calcium&#39;s role in mechanical adaptation, and the identity of hair cell currents. This highly accessible organ continues to provide insight into the workings of hair cells. Here we describe the preparation of the bullfrog&#39;s sacculus for biophysical studies on its hair cells. We include the complete dissection procedure and provide specific protocols for the preparation of the sacculus in specific contexts. We additionally include representative results using this preparation, including the calculation of a hair bundle&#39;s instantaneous force-displacement relation and measurement of a bundle&#39;s spontaneous oscillation.

Physiological Preparation of Hair Cells from the Sacculus of the American Bullfrog Rana catesbeiana

The American bullfrog&#39;s (Rana catesbeiana) sacculus permits direct examination of hair-cell physiology. Here the dissection and preparation of the bullfrog&#39;s sacculus for biophysical studies is described. We show representative experiments from these hair cells, including the calculation of a bundle&#39;s force-displacement relation and measurement of its unforced motion.

Physiologische Herstellung von Haarzellen aus dem Sacculus der American Bullfrog (<em&gt; Rana catesbeiana</em&gt;)

The study of hearing and balance rests upon insights drawn from biophysical studies of model systems. One such model, the sacculus of the American ...

Tracking Drosophila Larval Behavior in Response to Optogenetic Stimulation of Olfactory Neurons

The ability of insects to navigate toward odor sources is based on the activities of their first-order olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). While a considerable amount of information has been generated regarding ORN responses to odorants, the role of specific ORNs in driving behavioral responses remains poorly understood. Complications in behavior analyses arise due to different volatilities of odorants that activate individual ORNs, multiple ORNs activated by single odorants, and the difficulty in replicating naturally observed temporal variations in olfactory stimuli using conventional odor-delivery methods in the laboratory. Here, we describe a protocol that analyzes Drosophila larval behavior in response to simultaneous optogenetic stimulation of its ORNs. The optogenetic technology used here allows for specificity of ORN activation and precise control of temporal patterns of ORN activation. Corresponding larval movement is tracked, digitally recorded, and analyzed using custom written software. By replacing odor stimuli with light stimuli, this method allows for a more precise control of individual ORN activation in order to study its impact on larval behavior. Our method could be further extended to study the impact of second-order projection neurons (PNs) as well as local neurons (LNs) on larval behavior. This method will thus enable a comprehensive dissection of olfactory circuit function and complement studies on how olfactory neuron activities translate in to behavior responses.

Tracking Drosophila Larval Behavior in Response to Optogenetic Stimulation of Olfactory Neurons

This protocol analyzes navigational behavior of Drosophila larva in response to simultaneous optogenetic stimulation of its olfactory neurons. Light of 630 nm wavelength is used to activate individual olfactory neurons expressing a red-shifted channel rhodopsin. Larval movement is simultaneously tracked, digitally recorded, and analyzed using custom-written software.

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