Wir danken Harold Varmus, Brian C. Lewis, Douglas Hanahan, Danny Huang, Sharon Pang, Megan Wong und Manasi M. Godbole. Y.C.N.D. stützt sich auf DOD Grant W81XWH-16-1-0619 und NIH Grant 1R01CA204916.

<ol>
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T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+PTEN-regulating+microRNA+miR-26a+is+amplified+in+high-grade+glioma+and+facilitates+gliomagenesis+in+vivo.">The PTEN-regulating microRNA miR-26a is amplified in high-grade glioma and facilitates gliomagenesis in vivo.</a> Genes Dev. 23 (11), 1327-1337 (2009).</li><li>Ahronian, L. G., Lewis, B. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Generation+of+high-titer+RCAS+virus+from+DF1+chicken+fibroblasts.">Generation of high-titer RCAS virus from DF1 chicken fibroblasts.</a> Cold Spring Harb Protoc. 2014 (11), 1161-1166 (2014).</li><li>Green, M. R., Sambrook, J., Sambrook, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Molecular cloning: a laboratory manual. , (2012).</li><li>Du, Y. C., Lewis, B. C., Hanahan, D., Varmus, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Assessing+tumor+progression+factors+by+somatic+gene+transfer+into+a+mouse+model:+Bcl-xL+promotes+islet+tumor+cell+invasion.">Assessing tumor progression factors by somatic gene transfer into a mouse model: Bcl-xL promotes islet tumor cell invasion.</a> PLoS Biol. 5 (10), 2255-2269 (2007).</li><li>Du, Y. C., Chou, C. K., Klimstra, D. S., Varmus, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Receptor+for+hyaluronan-mediated+motility+isoform+B+promotes+liver+metastasis+in+a+mouse+model+of+multistep+tumorigenesis+and+a+tail+vein+assay+for+metastasis.">Receptor for hyaluronan-mediated motility isoform B promotes liver metastasis in a mouse model of multistep tumorigenesis and a tail vein assay for metastasis.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 108 (40), 16753-16758 (2011).</li><li>Guernet, A., Grumolato, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=CRISPR/Cas9+editing+of+the+genome+for+cancer+modeling.">CRISPR/Cas9 editing of the genome for cancer modeling.</a> Methods. , (2017).</li></ol>

Die Autoren haben nichts preisgeben.

In dieser Studie haben wir eine mächtige Maus-Modell, RIP-Tag beschrieben; RIP-tva, , somatische Gentherapie Lieferung über Vogelgrippe Retroviren zur Identifizierung und Charakterisierung von metastasierendem Faktoren zu erreichen. Obwohl RIP-Tag; RIP-tva Mäuse entwickeln neuroendokrine Tumoren der Bauchspeicheldrüse, metastasierendem Faktoren identifiziert in diesem Mausmodell können auch Metastasen von anderen Krebsarten fördern.
Unser Ansatz hat den Vorteil der Einf...

Die meisten Krebsarten entstehen durch somatische Mutationen 1. Konventionelle gentechnisch veränderter Mausmodelle (GEMM) haben bedeutende Einblicke in den Beitrag von bestimmten genetischen Veränderungen, die auf Tumorgenese 2zur Verfügung gestellt. Sie haben jedoch mehrere Einschränkungen. Der größte Nachteil dieser Modelle ist, dass sie nicht die sporadische Natur der Tumorbildung im Menschen replizieren, in dem nur einige Zellen innerhalb eines Gewebes genetische Veränderungen erwerben. Die Mutationen in transgenen und Knockout-Mäuse sind auch Keimbahn mit auf die Entwicklung auswirken. Darüber hinaus ist erzeugen diese Maus-Modellen teuer und zeitaufwändig.
Metastasierung ist ein wichtiges Thema im Bereich der Krebs. Modellierung von Metastasen war schwierig in GEMM. Spontane Metastasierung ist selten in der Maus. Penetranz ist variabel und Latenz ist lang in GEMM Metastase 3. Experimentelle Metastasierung Modelle beschäftigen direkte Injektion von Zellen in den Blutkreislauf von Mäusen, so dass die ersten Schritte in der metastasierten Kaskade beseitigt werden.
Um einige der oben genannten Einschränkungen bei der Untersuchung von metastasierendem Faktoren in Mausmodellen zu überwinden, haben wir eine Bitransgenic-Maus-Modell, RIP-Tag entwickelt; RIP-tva4. Die Strategie basiert auf der Kombination der Verwendung von einem Mausmodell hoch synchronisiert Tumor Progression, RIP-Tag 5, und der Rezeptor für Vogelgrippe noch Untergruppe-A-Virus, tva 6,7. Dieses RIP-Tag; RIP-tvaMaus-Modell ermöglicht es Gene somatisch zu einem einzigen Bitransgenic Maus Stamm eingeführt werden. Mit dem SV40 T Antigen unterdrücken die Tumor unterdrückende Funktionen der Rb und p53 entwickeln Mäuse neuroendokrine Pankreastumoren in ähnlicher Weise zu menschlichen Tumorgenese mit Stufen einschließlich Hyperplasie, Adenom, Angiogenese und invasives Karzinom. Diese RIP-Tag -Modell wurde sehr lehrreich für unser Verständnis der Kennzeichen von Krebs, nicht beschränkt auf neuroendokrine Tumoren der Bauchspeicheldrüse. Es hat auch in präklinischen Studien 8eingesetzt.
Wir präsentieren ein Protokoll für somatische Gentransfer durch Injektion von Vogelgrippe Retroviren Intracardiacally in RIP-Tag; RIP-tva Mäuse. Erfolgreiche Infektion mit RCASBP-abgeleitete Geflügelpest Retroviren erfordert aktiv wuchernden Zielzellen. Daher wählten wir RIP-Tag; RIP-tva Mäuse 7 Wochen alt, wann Hyperplasie entwickelt sich bei etwa 50 % von den pankreatischen kleinen Inseln. Linke ventrikuläre intrakardiale Injektion von hohen Titer Viren ist erforderlich, um eine Infektion Wirkungsgrad von 10-20 % 4. Diese Lieferung Methode reduziert die signifikante Verdünnung der Viruspartikel im Umlauf bevor Viren pankreatische kleinen Inseln erreichen.
Mit diesem Ansatz haben wir bereits gezeigt, dass Bcl-xL Krebsmetastasen unabhängig von seinen Anti-Apoptotic Funktion 4,9 fördert. Diese Anti-apoptotische unabhängig metastasierendem Funktion wurde nicht beobachtet, wenn Bcl-xL über ein Transgen in allen pankreatische β-Zellen im gesamten tumorigenic Ontogenese in der RIP-Tag zum Ausdruck kam; RIP-Bcl-xL Maus Modell 10. Deshalb bietet unsere Maus-Modell eine einmalige Gelegenheit, zu identifizieren und zu charakterisieren, Gene Funktionen ausgedrückt in einem späteren Stadium der Tumorgenese. Denn 2-4 % der Inseln entwickeln sich zu Tumoren in der RIP-Tag; RIP-tva Bitransgenic Mäuse ohne Virusinfektion und nicht alle prämaligne Läsionen mit der RCASBP abgeleitete Geflügelpest Retroviren infiziert sind, nur die Faktoren, die einen selektiven Vorteil über den natürlichen Verlauf der Tumorgenese konferieren identifiziert werden können. Insbesondere werden metastasierendem Faktoren am leichtesten durch diese Methode erkannt werden, weil Metastasen in Pankreas Lymphknoten oder anderen Organen nicht normalerweise in RIP-Tag tritt; RIP-tva Mäuse.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="747">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:339px;">RCASBP-Y DV plasmid</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Addgene</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">11478</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">RCAS-RNAi plasmid</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Addgene</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">15182</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">DMEM</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Corning</td>
			<td>10-013-CV</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">fetal bovine serum</td>
			<td>Atlanta Biologicals</td>
			<td>25-005-CI</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">L-glutamine, 100x</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Corning</td>
			<td>25-005-CI</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Penicillin-Streptomycin solution, 100x</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Corning</td>
			<td>30-002-CI</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;">PBS-/-, 1X</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Corning</td>
			<td>21-040-CV</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Superfect</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>301305</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Polyallomer centrifuge tube</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td>326823</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:339px;">0.45 mm Nalgene 
			Syringe Filters with PES Membrane</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">194-2545</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:339px;">Insulin Syringes&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">BD</td>
			<td>329461</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">synaptophysin</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Vector Laboratories</td>
			<td>VP-S284</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">VECTASTAIN Elite ABC HRP Kit (Peroxidase, Rabbit IgG)&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Vector Laboratories</td>
			<td>PK-6101</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">AmpliTaq DNA Polymerase with Buffer II</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>N8080153</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">MyTaq DNA Polymerase</td>
			<td>Bioline</td>
			<td>BIO-21106</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

identification and characterization of metastatic factors by gene transfer into the novel rip-tag; rip-tva murine model

Metastasiertem Krebs entfallen 90 % der Todesfälle bei Patienten mit soliden Tumoren. Es ist dringend notwendig, die Treiber von Krebsmetastasen besser zu verstehen und neue therapeutische Targets zu identifizieren. Um molekularen Ereignisse zu untersuchen, die das Fortschreiten von primären Krebs, Metastasen zu fahren, haben wir eine Bitransgenic-Maus-Modell, RIP-Tag entwickelt; RIP-tva. In diesem Mausmodell treibt die Ratte Insulin Promotor (RIP) Ausdruck der SV40 T-Antigen (Tag) und der Rezeptor für Untergruppe ein Virus der Vogelgrippe noch (tva) in pankreatische β-Zellen. Die Mäuse entwickeln neuroendokrine Tumoren der Bauchspeicheldrüse mit 100 % Penetranz durch klar definierte Stadien, die ähnlich wie menschliche Tumorgenese mit Stufen einschließlich Hyperplasie, Adenom, Angiogenese und invasives Karzinom. Weil RIP-Tag; RIP-tva Mäuse entwickeln keine Metastasen, genetische Veränderung, die Metastasierung fördern leicht identifizierbar. Somatische Gentransfer in tva exprimierenden, wuchernden pankreatische β prämaligne Läsionen durch intrakardiale Injektion von Vogelgrippe Retroviren beherbergen die gewünschte genetische Veränderung erreicht wird. Ein Titer von &#62; 1 x 108 infektiösen Einheiten pro ml als angemessen für in-Vivo -Infektion angesehen. Darüber hinaus können Vogelgrippe Retroviren infizieren Zelllinien aus Tumoren in RIP-Tag; RIP-tva Mäuse mit hohem Wirkungsgrad. Die Zell-Linien können auch verwendet werden, metastasierendem Faktoren charakterisieren. Hier zeigen wir wie Sie nutzen dieses Mausmodell und Zell-Linien, um die Funktionen von Kandidatengenen im Tumor Metastasen zu beurteilen.

Die in Vivo und in Vitro Infektionsrate von RIP-Tag; RIP-tva Tumorzellen durch RCASBP-basierte Viren sind ~ 20 % ~ 80 % bzw. 20. Im RIP-Tag; RIP-tva Mausmodell, etwa 4 % der 400 Pankreas Inseln in jedem Mausklick entwickeln sich natürlich in Tumoren 20; Daher ist die ausreichende Menge an Tumorzellen in jeder Maus für histologische und phänotypische Analyse der möglichen Wirkung der Gene, die durch die...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Identification and Characterization of Metastatic Factors by Gene Transfer into the Novel RIP-Tag; RIP-tva Murine Model at JoVE.com

Identification and Characterization of Metastatic Factors by Gene Transfer into the Novel RIP-Tag; RIP-tva Murine Model

Wir präsentieren ein Protokoll, um eine neuartige somatische Gentherapie-Transfer-System unter Verwendung RIP-Tag zu demonstrieren; RIP-tva Maus-Modell für die Funktion von Genen in Metastasen zu untersuchen. Die Vogelgrippe Retroviren liefern wir Intracardiacally um Gentransfer in Pre-maligne, nicht-invasive Läsionen des Pankreas β-Zellen bei Erwachsenen Mäusen zu gewährleisten.

Identifizierung und Charakterisierung von metastasierendem Faktoren durch Gentransfer in die neuartige RIP-Tag; RIP-tva Mausmodell

Metastatic cancer accounts for 90% of deaths in patients with solid tumors. There is an urgent need to better understand the drivers of cancer metastasis ...

identification-characterization-metastatic-factors-gene-transfer-into

Research

JoVE Journal

Cancer Research

Identification and Characterization of Metastatic Factors by Gene Transfer into the Novel RIP-Tag; RIP-tva Murine Model

8.7K Aufrufe.  Weill Cornell Medicine. Wir präsentieren ein Protokoll, um eine neuartige somatische Gentherapie-Transfer-System unter Verwendung RIP-Tag zu demonstrieren; RIP-tva Maus-Modell für die Funktion von Genen in Metastasen zu untersuchen. Die Vogelgrippe Retroviren liefern wir Intracardiacally um Gentransfer in Pre-maligne, nicht-invasive Läsionen des Pankreas β-Zellen bei Erwachsenen Mäusen zu gewährleisten.

Serie: Identification and Characterization of Metastatic Factors by Gene Transfer into the Novel RIP-Tag; RIP-tva Murine Model

Advanced Animal Model of Colorectal Metastasis in Liver: Imaging Techniques and Properties of Metastatic Clones

Patients with a limited number of hepatic metastases and slow rates of progression can be successfully treated with local treatment approaches1,2. However, little is known about the heterogeneity of liver metastases, and animal models capable of evaluating the development of individual metastatic colonies are needed. Here, we present an advanced model of hepatic metastases that provides the ability to quantitatively visualize the development of individual tumor clones in the liver and estimate their growth kinetics and colonization efficiency. We generated a panel of monoclonal derivatives of HCT116 human colorectal cancer cells stably labeled with luciferase and tdTomato and possessing different growth properties. With a splenic injection followed by a splenectomy, the majority of these clones are able to generate hepatic metastases, but with different frequencies of colonization and varying growth rates. Using the In Vivo&#160;Imaging System (IVIS), it is possible to visualize and quantify metastasis development with in vivo luminescent and ex vivo fluorescent imaging. In addition, Diffuse Luminescent Imaging Tomography (DLIT) provides a 3D distribution of liver metastases in vivo. Ex vivo fluorescent imaging of harvested livers provides quantitative measurements of individual hepatic metastatic colonies, allowing for the evaluation of the frequency of liver colonization and the growth kinetics of metastases. Since the model is similar to clinically observed liver metastases, it can serve as a modality for detecting genes associated with liver metastasis and for testing potential ablative or adjuvant treatments for liver metastatic disease.

The ability of metastatic clones to colonize distant sites depends on their proliferation capacity and/or their ability to survive in the host microenvironment without significant proliferation. Here, we present an animal model that allows quantitative visualization of both types of liver colonization by metastatic clones.

Erweiterte Tiermodell für Colorectal Metastase in der Leber: Imaging-Techniken und Eigenschaften des metastasierten Clones

Patients with a limited number of hepatic metastases and slow rates of progression can be successfully treated with local treatment approaches1,2. ...

Forschung

Krebsforschung

A Syngeneic Mouse Model of Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma for Quantitative and Longitudinal Assessment of Preclinical Therapies

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) affects &#62; 60,000 people in the United States annually, and ~ 30% of RCC patients have multiple metastases at the time of diagnosis. Metastatic RCC (mRCC) is incurable, with a median survival time of only 18 months. Immune-based interventions (e.g., interferon (IFN) and interleukin (IL)-2) induce durable responses in a fraction of mRCC patients, and multikinase inhibitors (e.g., sunitinib or sorafenib) or anti-VEGF receptor monoclonal antibodies (mAb) are largely palliative, as complete remissions are rare. Such shortcomings in current therapies for mRCC patients provide the rationale for the development of novel treatment protocols. A key component in the preclinical testing of new therapies for mRCC is a suitable animal model. Beneficial features that recapitulate the human condition include a primary renal tumor, renal tumor metastases, and an intact immune system to investigate any therapy-driven immune effector responses and the formation of tumor-induced immunosuppressive factors. This report describes an orthotopic mRCC mouse model that has all of these features. We describe an intrarenal implantation technique using the mouse renal adenocarcinoma cell line Renca, followed by the assessment of tumor growth in the kidney (primary site) and lungs (metastatic site).

Implementation of an orthotopic model of renal cell carcinoma in immunocompetent mice affords the investigator a clinically-relevant system defined by the presence of a primary renal tumor and lung metastases in the same animal. This system can be used to preclinically test a variety of treatments in vivo.

Ein Syngenetische Maus-Modell von metastasierendem Nierenzellkarzinom für Quantitative und Longitudinal Beurteilung der vorklinischen Therapien

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) affects &#62; 60,000 people in the United States annually, and ~ 30% of RCC patients have multiple metastases at the time of ...

A Mouse Model of Fatigue Induced by Peripheral Irradiation

Cancer-related fatigue (CRF) is a distressing and costly condition that often affects patients receiving cancer treatments, including radiation therapy. Here we describe a method using targeted peripheral irradiation to induce fatigue-like behavior in mice. With appropriate shielding, the irradiation targets the lower abdominal/pelvic region of the mouse, sparing the brain, in an effort to model radiation treatment received by individuals with pelvic cancers. We deliver an irradiation dose that is sufficient to induce fatigue-like behavior in mice, measured by voluntary wheel-running activity (VWRA), without causing obvious morbidity. Since wheel running is a normal, voluntary behavior in mice, its use should have little confounding effect on other behavioral tests or biological measures. Hence, wheel running can be used as a feasible outcome measure in understanding the behavioral and biological correlates of fatigue. CRF is a complex condition with frequent comorbidities, and likely has causes related both to cancer and its various treatments. The methods described in this paper are useful for investigating radiation-induced changes that contribute to the development of CRF and, more generally, to explore the biological networks that can explain the development and persistence of a peripherally-triggered but centrally-driven behavior like fatigue.

We describe a method using targeted peripheral irradiation to induce fatigue-like behavior in mice. The selected non-lethal irradiation dose leads to a week-long reduction in voluntary wheel-running activity.

Ein Maus-Modell der Fatigue, induziert durch Peripheral Bestrahlung

Cancer-related fatigue (CRF) is a distressing and costly condition that often affects patients receiving cancer treatments, including radiation therapy. ...

Fabrication of Tongue Extracellular Matrix and Reconstitution of Tongue Squamous Cell Carcinoma In Vitro

In order to construct an effective and realistic model for tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC) in vitro, the methods were created to produce decellularized tongue extracellular matrix (TEM) which provides functional scaffolds for TSCC construction. TEM provides an in vitro niche for cell growth, differentiation, and cell migration. The microstructures of native extracellular matrix (ECM) and biochemical compositions retained in the decellularized matrix provide tissue-specific niches for anchoring cells. The fabrication of TEM can be realized by deoxyribonuclease (DNase) digestion accompanied with a serious of organic or inorganic pretreatment. This protocol is easy to operate and ensures high efficiency for the decellularization. The TEM showed favorable cytocompatibility for TSCC cells under static or stirred culture conditions, which enables the construction of the TSCC model. A self-made bioreactor was also used for the persistent stirred condition for cell culture. Reconstructed TSCC using TEM showed the characteristics and properties resembling clinical TSCC histopathology, suggesting the potential in TSCC research.

Fabrication of Tongue Extracellular Matrix and Reconstitution of Tongue Squamous Cell Carcinoma In Vitro

A method is shown here for the preparation of the tongue extracellular matrix (TEM) with efficient decellularization. The TEM can be used as functional scaffolds for the reconstruction of a tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC) model under static or stirred culture conditions.

Herstellung von Zunge extrazellulären Matrix und Rekonstitution der Zunge Squamous Zelle Krebsgeschwür In-vitro-

In order to construct an effective and realistic model for tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC) in vitro, the methods were created to produce ...

A Bioluminescent and Fluorescent Orthotopic Syngeneic Murine Model of Androgen-dependent and Castration-resistant Prostate Cancer

Orthotopic tumor modeling is a valuable tool for pre-clinical prostate cancer research, as it has multiple advantages over both subcutaneous and transgenic genetically engineered mouse models. Unlike subcutaneous tumors, orthotopic tumors contain more clinically accurate vasculature, tumor microenvironment, and responses to multiple therapies. In contrast to genetically engineered mouse models, orthotopic models can be performed with lower cost and in less time, involve the use of highly complex and heterogeneous mouse or human cancer cell lines, rather that single genetic alterations, and these cell lines can be genetically modified, such as to express imaging agents. Here, we present a protocol to surgically injecting a luciferase- and mCherry-expressing murine prostate cancer cell line into the anterior prostate lobe of mice. These mice developed orthotopic tumors that were non-invasively monitored in vivo and further analyzed for tumor volume, weight, mouse survival, and immune infiltration. Further, orthotopic tumor-bearing mice were surgically castrated, leading to immediate tumor regression and subsequent recurrence, representing castration-resistant prostate cancer. Although technical skill is required to carry out this procedure, this syngeneic orthotopic model of both androgen-dependent and castration-resistant prostate cancer is of great use to all investigators in the field.

The goal of this protocol is to demonstrate the intra-prostatic injection of prostate cancer cells, with subsequent castration. Orthotopic pre-clinical models of androgen-dependent and castration-resistant prostate cancer are critical to study the disease in the context of a clinically relevant tumor microenvironment and an immunocompetent host.

Eine Fluoreszenz und Biolumineszenz orthotopen Phänomen Mausmodell der Androgen-abhängige und Kastration-resistenten Prostatakrebs

Orthotopic tumor modeling is a valuable tool for pre-clinical prostate cancer research, as it has multiple advantages over both subcutaneous and ...

Virus Delivery of CRISPR Guides to the Murine Prostate for Gene Alteration

With an increasing incidence of prostate cancer, identification of new tumor drivers or modulators is crucial. Genetically engineered mouse models (GEMM) for prostate cancer are hampered by tumor heterogeneity and its complex microevolution dynamics. Traditional prostate cancer mouse models include, amongst others, germline and conditional knockouts, transgenic expression of oncogenes, and xenograft models. Generation of de novo mutations in these models is complex, time-consuming, and costly. In addition, most of traditional models target the majority of the prostate epithelium, whereas human prostate cancer is well known to evolve as an isolated event in only a small subset of cells. Valuable models need to simulate not only prostate cancer initiation, but also progression to advanced disease.
Here we describe a method to target a few cells in the prostate epithelium by transducing cells by viral particles. The delivery of an engineered virus to the murine prostate allows alteration of gene expression in the prostate epithelia. Virus type and quantity will hereby define the number of targeted cells for gene alteration by transducing a few cells for cancer initiation and many cells for gene therapy. Through surgery-based injection in the anterior lobe, distal from the urinary track, the tumor in this model can expand without impairing the urinary function of the animal. Furthermore, by targeting only a subset of prostate epithelial cells the technique enables clonal expansion of the tumor, and therefore mimics human tumor initiation, progression, as well as invasion through the basal membrane.
This novel technique provides a powerful prostate cancer model with improved physiological relevance. Animal suffering is limited, and since no additional breeding is required, overall animal count is reduced. At the same time, analysis of new candidate genes and pathways is accelerated, which in turn is more cost efficient.

This protocol describes a newly established method for virus delivery to the murine prostate. Using either CRISPR/Cas9 technology, gene overexpression, or Cre recombinase delivery, the technique allows orthotopic alteration of gene expression and implements a novel mouse model for prostate cancer.

Virus-Lieferung von CRISPR führt zu der murinen Prostata für gen-Änderung

With an increasing incidence of prostate cancer, identification of new tumor drivers or modulators is crucial. Genetically engineered mouse models (GEMM) ...

Enrichment and Characterization of the Tumor Immune and Non-immune Microenvironments in Established Subcutaneous Murine Tumors

The tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) has recently been recognized as a critical mediator of treatment response in solid tumors, especially for immunotherapies. Recent clinical advances in immunotherapy highlight the need for reproducible methods to accurately and thoroughly characterize the tumor and its associated immune infiltrate. Tumor enzymatic digestion and flow cytometric analysis allow broad characterization of numerous immune cell subsets and phenotypes; however, depth of analysis is often limited by fluorophore restrictions on panel design and the need to acquire large tumor samples to observe rare immune populations of interest. Thus, we have developed an effective and high throughput method for separating and enriching the tumor immune infiltrate from the non-immune tumor components. The described tumor digestion and centrifugal density-based separation technique allows separate characterization of tumor and tumor immune infiltrate fractions and preserves cellular viability, and thus, provides a broad characterization of the tumor immunologic state. This method was used to characterize the extensive spatial immune heterogeneity in solid tumors, which further demonstrates the need for consistent whole tumor immunologic profiling techniques. Overall, this method provides an effective and adaptable technique for the immunologic characterization of subcutaneous solid murine tumors; as such, this tool can be used to better characterize the tumoral immunologic features and in the preclinical evaluation of novel immunotherapeutic strategies.

Here we describe a method to separate and enrich components of the tumor immune and non-immune microenvironment in established subcutaneous tumors. This technique allows for the separate analysis of tumor immune infiltrate and non-immune tumor fractions which can permit comprehensive characterization of the tumor immune microenvironment.

Bereicherung und Charakterisierung von dem Tumor immun und nicht-immunen Mikroumgebungen in etablierte subkutane murinen Tumoren

The tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) has recently been recognized as a critical mediator of treatment response in solid tumors, especially for ...

Identification, Histological Characterization, and Dissection of Mouse Prostate Lobes for In Vitro 3D Spheroid Culture Models

Genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) serve as effective pre-clinical models for investigating most types of human cancers, including prostate cancer (PCa). Understanding the anatomy and histology of the mouse prostate is important for the efficient use and proper characterization of such animal models. The mouse prostate has four distinct pairs of lobes, each with their own characteristics. This article demonstrates the proper method of dissection and identification of mouse prostate lobes for disease analysis. Post-dissection, the prostate cells can be further cultured in vitro for mechanistic understanding. Since mouse prostate primary cells tend to lose their normal characteristics when cultured in vitro, we outline here a method for isolating the cells and growing them as 3D spheroid cultures, which is effective for preserving the physiological characteristics of the cells. These 3D cultures can be used for analyzing cell morphology and behavior in near-physiological conditions, investigating altered levels and localizations of key proteins and pathways involved in the development and progression of a disease, and looking at responses to drug treatments.

Genetically engineered mice are useful models for investigating prostate cancer mechanisms. Here we present a protocol to identify and dissect prostate lobes from a mouse urogenital system, differentiate them based on histology, and isolate and culture the primary prostate cells in vitro as spheroids for downstream analyses.

Identifikation, histologische Charakterisierung und Dissektion der Maus Prostata Lappen für In-vitro-3D Sphäroid Kultur Modelle

Genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) serve as effective pre-clinical models for investigating most types of human cancers, including prostate ...

Three-Dimensional Bone Extracellular Matrix Model for Osteosarcoma

Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common and a highly aggressive primary bone tumor. It is characterized with anatomic and histologic variations along with diagnostic or prognostic difficulties. OS comprises genotypically and phenotypically heterogeneous cancer cells. Bone microenvironment elements are proved to account for tumor heterogeneity and disease progression. Bone extracellular matrix (BEM) retains the microstructural matrices and biochemical components of native extracellular matrix. This tissue-specific niche provides a favorable and long-term scaffold for OS cell seeding and proliferation. This article provides a protocol for the preparation of BEM model and its further experimental application. OS cells can grow and differentiate into multiple phenotypes consistent with the histopathological complexity of OS clinical specimens. The model also allows visualization of diverse morphologies and their association with genetic alterations and underlying regulatory mechanisms. As homologous to human OS, this BEM-OS model can be developed and applied to the pathology and clinical research of OS.

The bone extracellular matrix (BEM) model for osteosarcoma (OS) is well established and shown here. It can be used as a suitable scaffold for mimicking primary tumor growth in vitro and providing an ideal model for studying the histologic and cytogenic heterogeneity of OS.

Dreidimensionale extrazelluläre Matrix Knochenmodell für Osteosarkom

Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common and a highly aggressive primary bone tumor. It is characterized with anatomic and histologic variations along with ...

Murine Model of Metastatic Liver Tumors in the Setting of Ischemia Reperfusion Injury

Liver ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) injury, a common clinical challenge, remains an inevitable pathophysiological process that has been shown to induce multiple tissue and organ damage. Despite recent advances and therapeutic approaches, the overall morbidity has remained unsatisfactory especially in patients with underlying parenchymal abnormalities. In the context of aggressive cancer growth and metastasis, surgical I/R is suspected to be the promoter regulating tumor recurrence. This article aims to describe a clinically relevant murine model of liver I/R and colorectal liver metastasis. In doing so, we aim to assist other investigators in establishing and perfecting this model for their routine research practice to better understand the effects of liver I/R on promoting liver metastases.

We describe in detail a clinically relevant colorectal cancer liver metastases (CRLM) tumor model and the influence of liver ischemia reperfusion (I/R) in tumor growth and metastasis. This model can help to better understand the mechanisms underlying surgery-induced promotion of liver metastatic growth.

Murine Modell der metastasierenden Lebertumoren in der Einstellung der Ischämie Reperfusionsverletzung

Liver ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) injury, a common clinical challenge, remains an inevitable pathophysiological process that has been shown to induce ...