Wir danken besonders Dr. Stefan Tschöke und Luisa Steib für wissenschaftliche Beratung und Unterstützung bei der Rekrutierung von klinischen Teilnehmer sowie alle Teilnehmer, die es uns ermöglicht, die Studie durchzuführen und daraus zu lernen.

Die Autoren erklären keinen Interessenskonflikt.

Dieses Protokoll beschreibt eine integrierte Bewertung der periphere physiologische Reaktion, Berichte, und klinische Assessments für die Studie des Trauma-bezogenen Dissoziation in BPD. Für die Realisierung dieses Verfahrens ist es wichtig, Kontrolle für Confounder physiologische Aktivität, um funktionelle Aufnahmen physiologischer Daten vor Messungen zu gewährleisten und klinische Daten von erfahrenen Ermittlern zu sammeln.
Grenzen eines solchen integrierten Protokolle die Sensitivität...

Bei der Wahrnehmung von Gefahr, Menschen erleben Angst und der Körper reagiert schnell innerhalb der Verteidigung Kaskade zur Minimierung von Verletzungen und überleben zu gewährleisten. Abwehrreaktionen sind Anfangsphase zunehmender Erregung und sympathische Aktivierung und im Fall der unausweichliche Bedrohungen (zB., Kindesmissbrauch, Vergewaltigung, Folter), parasympathetically moduliert "Shut-Down" dissoziative Reaktionen (zB., Bradykardie, Vasodilatation, sensorische Deafferentation, Änderungen des Bewusstseins und Rede1,2) vorherrschend geworden. Nach den Theorien der Reaktivierung des assoziativen Gedächtnisses Trauma-bezogenen Netzwerken3,4würde die vorherrschende Art der peritraumatische psychophysiologische Reaktionen (Erregung vs. Dissoziation) in eines der zwei wichtigsten führen. Subtypen der klinischen Profile und Reaktionsmuster auf Trauma-bezogenen Reize2. Angesichts der Heterogenität der Antworten zu einer Aktivierung des Trauma-bezogenen Speicher in verschiedenen PTBS Neuroimaging Studien Lanius Et Al. (2006) 5 argumentiert, dass "alle PTSD Themen, unabhängig davon ihre verschiedenen Symptom-Muster in der gleichen diagnostischen Kategorie gruppieren mit unserem Verständnis von posttrauma Psychopathologie beeinträchtigen". Der Einfluss der dissoziativen Reaktion auf die Psychopathologie und Psychophysiologie der traumatisierten Personen wurde im Bereich der PTSD untersucht. Zum Beispiel, Schalinski, Elbert & Schauer (2011)6 zeigten, dass die Abschaltung Dissoziation PTSD und andere Appetenzstörung prognostiziert Störungen. Die Verwendung von psychophysiologischen Bewertungen wies auf Änderungen der Verteidigung Kaskade7,8Bedrohung für einen schnellen Flug Reaktion ermöglichen. Schalinski Et Al. (2013) 8 ergab, dass der Typ von traumatischen Ereignissen scheint Einfluss auf die kardiale Schreckreaktion. Eine weitere Studie9 angegeben eine Muster von "abgestumpften" Reaktivität — eine Erregung-Dissoziation-Mischung zeichnet sich durch gleichzeitige Aktivierung der beiden autonomen Nervensystems Verzweigungen – bei mehr schwer traumatisierten Personen. Bisher keine Studien in diesem Zusammenhang wurden durchgeführt, auf anderen klinischen Populationen betroffen oft psychische Traumatisierung und dissoziative Symptome (z.B.., BPD).
In der Erforschung der menschlichen Emotionen und Verhalten, ist es besonders wichtig zu prüfen und Integration von Informationen aus mehreren Ebenen: subjektive (mündlicher Ausdruck, Prosodie), Verhaltensstörungen (Motor, Gesichtsausdruck, etc.), physiologische (Zittern, Schwitzen, Herzfrequenz, etc..). Mit dem Argument, dass Tests, die eine oder mehrere dieser drei Modi des emotionalen Ausdrucks weglassen können sehr irreführend sein, Lang (1998)10 betont die Relevanz der multimodalen Bewertung, das Verfahren der Beobachtung des Verhaltens geht, self-report / klinische Maßnahmen und psychophysiologische Messung.
Extreme Zustände von Angst und ausgeprägte physiologische Erregung sind charakteristisch für Angst, Trauma und Stressor-Erkrankungen. Nach dem Konzept der psychophysiologischen können diese Störungen als ein Ergebnis der veränderten autonomer Reaktivität auf negative Reize (in der Regel höher) konzipiert. Diese messbare psychophysiologische Reaktion Indizes als Bestandteil der diagnostischen Kriterien machte sie offensichtliche Ziele für die psychophysiologischen Forschung. Insbesondere PTSD, als eine psychische Störung mit einem bestimmten Ereignis Kriterium (i.e., lebensbedrohlichen Erlebnisse, wie Unfälle, körperliche und sexuelle Übergriffe, Naturkatastrophen, Inhaftierung, militärischen Kampf und Folter), bot eine wertvolle Gelegenheit für psychophysiologische Bewertungen.
Verschiedenen Bewertung Designs mit unterschiedlichen Paradigmen, wurden Reize und physiologische Parameter für die Untersuchung von PTBS eingesetzt. Monitoring periphere physiologische Parameter bieten zuverlässige Maßnahmen Veränderungen im autonomen Aktivität im Zusammenhang mit emotionalen und kognitiven Zuständen. Unter diesen Hautleitwert ist eine gemeinsame Maßnahme mit einer langen Geschichte in der psychophysiologischen Forschung und gilt als eine hochsensible Index11. Die Überwachung wird oft mit der Aufzeichnung der Herzfrequenz, eine weitere autonom abhängige Variable kombiniert.
Für die Messung der peripheren physiologische Parameter war die Verwendung von skriptgesteuerte Bilder Experimente eine große Paradigma zur Untersuchung der emotionalen und physiologischen Reaktionen auf die Aktivierung der Trauma-bezogenen Speicher. Innerhalb der skriptgesteuerte Bilder Paradigma12werden die Teilnehmer gebeten, aversive Situationen ausgelöst durch kurze verbale Skripte13,14,15,16lebhaft vorstellen. Das Thema wird gebeten, um eine Situation vorstellen, als ob er/sie real natürlich Veranstaltungen, Aktionen, Personen, darunter Wiedererleben und Emotionen zu, während die reale Situation war präsentieren (siehe Abbildung 1 ein Beispiel für eine traumatische Skript). Die traumatische Situation vorstellen wird in der Regel mit anderen Arten von nicht-traumatische Szenen verglichen.
Skriptgesteuerte Bilder arbeitete hauptsächlich in verschiedenen Populationen von PTSD, z.B.betroffen. Vietnam-Veteranen15,17, Opfer von Unfällen18und ehemaligen politischen Gefangenen19. Eine verbesserte Reaktionsfähigkeit auf traumatische Hinweise fand man in der Regel, aber es gibt auch mehrere Funde von fehlender eine höhere Reaktivität auf Trauma-bezogenen Reize (zB., Orr & Roth, 2000; Davis Et Al., 1996)15,20. Wachsenden Kenntnisse über die Psychophysiologie der PTBS eine höhere Masse der psychophysiologischen Forschung auf dem Gebiet der Trauma-bezogenen und anderen psychischen Erkrankungen folgte. Inzwischen wurden jedoch skriptgesteuerte Bilder Paradigmen erfolgreich angewendet um dissoziative Prozesse in BPD 21,22zu studieren.
Dieser Beitrag stellt ein Protokoll zu untersuchen, ob Personen mit BPD Berichterstattung hohe PD überwiegend dissoziative Reaktionen mit Unterdrückung der autonomen Antworten während der Trauma-bezogenen Bilder skriptgesteuerte23, weisen 24. Darüber hinaus unsere Studie zur beweisen, ob es klinisch verschiedene BPD Untergruppen als geprüft durch strukturierte klinische Interviews und Symptom-Skalen gibt. Dieses Protokoll kombiniert umfassende, standardisierte klinische Bewertungen mit der Messung physiologischer (HR und SC) und subjektiven Reaktionen innerhalb eines Paradigmas skriptgesteuerte Bilder. Reaktionen auf Trauma-bezogenen persönlichen Skripte im Vergleich zu Skripten porträtiert alltägliche Ereignisse wurden analysiert. Das Protokoll stellt ein Modell für die Untersuchung von dissoziativen Prozessen und deren Auswirkungen auf psychopathologische und psychophysiologische Merkmale der BPD.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Experimental Runtime System (ERTS) Version 3.32</td>
			<td>BeriSoft Cooperation, Frankfurt/Main, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>We used a scripting language based computer programme wich sends simultanously auditory stimuli to a headphone and marker signals to a psychophysiological recording device at millisecond accuracy.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Biopac MP150 system</td>
			<td>Biopac Systems, Inc., Goleta, CA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>We recorded the physiological data by using this hardware .</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>AcqKnowledge software</td>
			<td>Biopac Systems, Inc.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>We recorded the physiological data by using this software.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>VOC</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Format for the auditory files for instructions and script, compatibele with the stimulus presentation software.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

use of a psychophysiological script-driven imagery experiment to study trauma-related dissociation in borderline personality disorder

Dieses Protokoll bietet eine detaillierte Beschreibung eines psychophysiologischen Experiment mit skriptgesteuerte Trauma-bezogenen Bildern und standardisierte klinische Instrumente innerhalb eines vergleichenden Designs Beurteilung physiologischer und psychopathologischen Merkmale der Personen mit BPD. Diese Methode zielt auf die psychologische und physiologische Wirkung von Trauma-bezogenen Dissoziation. Da die psychodiagnostische Klassifizierung der Trauma-bedingten Erkrankungen stützt sich auf die Beobachtung der evolutionär bestimmt Antworten auf Lebens-Gefahr, schlägt vor, eine integrierte Bewertung Paradigma für die Untersuchung von Reaktionen auf traumatische Erinnerungen eine sehr geeigneten methodischen Ansatz.
Erwerbstätigen skriptgesteuerte Bilder Paradigma verwendet einzelne Rückruf Anweisungen, um Trauma-bezogenen Speicher, Netzwerke und Prompt verbundenen emotionalen und physiologische Reaktionen zu aktivieren. Diese Antworten werden mittels Self rating-Skalen und physiologischen Bewertungen gemessen. Während der einzelnen erinnern werden die Teilnehmer gebeten, lebhaft vorstellen, traumatische und alltäglichen Erfahrungen und andere Situationen ausgelöst durch kurzen personalisierten verbale Skripts, die sie vorher zusammen mit der Experimentatoren verfasst. Eine Vielzahl von affektiven Reaktionen und verschiedene physiologische Parameter kann gemessen werden. Wir nutzten dieses Paradigma zu untersuchen, dissoziative Zustände in BPD und physiologischen und affektive Korrelate des dissoziativen Staaten zu finden. Einige der Teilnehmer hatten schwere traumatische Vorgeschichte.
Um unterschiedliche Reaktionsmuster innerhalb der gleichen diagnostischen Gruppe zu untersuchen, sollten Teilnehmer mit verschiedenen Ebenen der traumatischen Geschichte, Symptom Schweregrade und Komorbiditäten aufgenommen werden. Mithilfe von kurzen verbalen Skripts wird das Maß an Stress induziert, um die Teilnehmer so gering wie möglich gehalten, ohne Auswirkungen auf die Gültigkeit der Gegenstand der Untersuchung.

Es gibt viele Verhaltensweisen spiegeln sich in emotionalen und physiologischen Reaktionen, die durch skriptgesteuerte Bilder Paradigmen studiert werden können. Zum Beispiel eignet sich das Design, Muster der emotionalen und physiologischen Reaktion auf Trauma-bezogenen Speicher zu untersuchen. Wir waren besonders daran interessiert, prüfen, ob es eine ausgeprägte BPD Untergruppe zeichnet sich vor allem durch eine dissoziative Reaktionsmuster.
<p class="jove_content" fo:keep-togeth...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Use of a Psychophysiological Script-driven Imagery Experiment to Study Trauma-related Dissociation in Borderline Personality Disorder at JoVE.com

Use of a Psychophysiological Script-driven Imagery Experiment to Study Trauma-related Dissociation in Borderline Personality Disorder

Wir präsentieren ein Protokoll von personalisierten skriptgesteuerte Trauma-bezogenen Bildmaterial und klinische Bewertungen innerhalb eines Vergleich-Designs für die Untersuchung von peritraumatische Dissoziation (PD), psychophysiologische Reaktionen, d.h. Herzfrequenz (HR) und Hautleitwert (SC) , und psychologische Merkmale der oft schwer traumatisierten Personen mit borderline-Persönlichkeitsstörung (BPD).

Verwendung eines psychophysiologischen skriptgesteuerte Bilder-Experiments, Trauma-bezogenen Dissoziation in Borderline-Persönlichkeitsstörung zu studieren

This protocol offers a detailed description of a psychophysiological experiment using script-driven trauma-related imagery and standardized clinical ...

use-psychophysiological-script-driven-imagery-experiment-to-study

Research

Education

JoVE Core

JoVE Journal

Introduction to Psychology

Behavior

Unit 1

Personality

SCIENTISTS IN ACTION

12.2K Aufrufe.  Ulm University. Wir präsentieren ein Protokoll von personalisierten skriptgesteuerte Trauma-bezogenen Bildmaterial und klinische Bewertungen innerhalb eines Vergleich-Designs für die Untersuchung von peritraumatische Dissoziation (PD), psychophysiologische Reaktionen, d.h. Herzfrequenz (HR) und Hautleitwert (SC) , und psychologische Merkmale der oft schwer traumatisierten Personen mit borderline-Persönlichkeitsstörung (BPD).

Serie: Use of a Psychophysiological Script-driven Imagery Experiment to Study Trauma-related Dissociation in Borderline Personality Disorder

Use of the Operant Orofacial Pain Assessment Device (OPAD) to Measure Changes in Nociceptive Behavior

We present an operant system for the detection of pain in awake, conscious rodents. The Orofacial Pain Assessment Device (OPAD) assesses pain behaviors in a more clinically relevant way by not relying on reflex-based measures of nociception. Food fasted, hairless (or shaved) rodents are placed into a Plexiglas chamber which has two Peltier-based thermodes that can be programmed to any temperature between 7 &deg;C and 60 &deg;C. The rodent is trained to make contact with these in order to access a reward bottle. During a session, a number of behavioral pain outcomes are automatically recorded and saved. These measures include the number of reward bottle activations (licks) and facial contact stimuli (face contacts), but custom measures like the lick/face ratio (total number of licks per session/total number of contacts) can also be created. The stimulus temperature can be set to a single temperature or multiple temperatures within a session. The OPAD is a high-throughput, easy to use operant assay which will lead to better translation of pain research in the future as it includes cortical input instead of relying on spinal reflex-based nociceptive assays.

Use of the Operant Orofacial Pain Assessment Device OPAD to Measure Changes in Nociceptive Behavior

We present a user-friendly, high-throughput operant system for the evaluation of pain behaviors in awake, conscious rodents. The Orofacial Pain Assessment Device (OPAD) can assess pain through a reward/conflict paradigm thus providing a more humane way of testing. This protocol will yield more clinically relevant and translational data from rodents.

Die Nutzung der Operante Orofaziale Schmerzbeurteilung Gerät (opad) zu Veränderungen in Nozizeptive Verhalten messen

We present an operant  system for the detection of pain in awake, conscious rodents. The Orofacial  Pain Assessment Device (OPAD) assesses pain behaviors ...

Forschung

Verhalten

A Procedure to Study the Effect of Prolonged Food Restriction on Heroin Seeking in Abstinent Rats

In human drug addicts, exposure to drug-associated cues or environments that were previously associated with drug taking can trigger relapse during abstinence. Moreover, various environmental challenges can exacerbate this effect, as well as increase ongoing drug intake.
The procedure we describe here highlights the impact of a common environmental challenge, food restriction, on drug craving that is expressed as an augmentation of drug seeking in abstinent rats.
Rats are implanted with chronic intravenous i.v. catheters, and then trained to press a lever for i.v. heroin over a period of 10-12 days. Following the heroin self-administration phase the rats are removed from the operant conditioning chambers and housed in the animal care facility for a period of at least 14 days. While one group is maintained under unrestricted access to food (sated group), a second group (FDR group) is exposed to a mild food restriction regimen that results in their body weights maintained at 90% of their nonrestricted body weight. On day 14 of food restriction the rats are transferred back to the drug-training environment, and a drug-seeking test is run under extinction conditions (i.e.&#160;lever presses do not result in heroin delivery).
The procedure presented here results in a highly robust augmentation of heroin seeking on test day in the food restricted rats. In addition, compared to the acute food deprivation manipulations we have used before, the current procedure is a more clinically relevant model for the impact of caloric restriction on drug seeking. Moreover, it might be closer to the human condition as the rats are not required to go through an extinction-training phase before the drug-seeking test, which is an integral component of the popular reinstatement procedure.

A procedure that allows a demonstration of robust augmentation of drug seeking in food-restricted rats is described. Following heroin self-administration training, rats go through an abstinence period, in a drug-free environment, during which they are mildly food restricted. Drug seeking is then tested in the drug-associated environment.

Eine Vorgehensweise, um die Wirkung von Längerer Essen Beschränkung Heroin suche in abstinent Ratten untersucht

In human drug addicts, exposure to drug-associated cues or environments that were previously associated with drug taking can trigger relapse during ...

Uncovering Beat Deafness: Detecting Rhythm Disorders with Synchronized Finger Tapping and Perceptual Timing Tasks

A set of behavioral tasks for assessing perceptual and sensorimotor timing abilities in the general population (i.e., non-musicians) is presented here with the goal of uncovering rhythm disorders, such as beat deafness. Beat deafness is characterized by poor performance in perceiving durations in auditory rhythmic patterns or poor synchronization of movement with auditory rhythms (e.g., with musical beats). These tasks include the synchronization of finger tapping to the beat of simple and complex auditory stimuli and the detection of rhythmic irregularities (anisochrony detection task) embedded in the same stimuli. These tests, which are easy to administer, include an assessment of both perceptual and sensorimotor timing abilities under different conditions (e.g., beat rates and types of auditory material) and are based on the same auditory stimuli, ranging from a simple metronome to a complex musical excerpt. The analysis of synchronized tapping data is performed with circular statistics, which provide reliable measures of synchronization accuracy (e.g., the difference between the timing of the taps and the timing of the pacing stimuli) and consistency. Circular statistics on tapping data are particularly well-suited for detecting individual differences in the general population. Synchronized tapping and anisochrony detection are sensitive measures for identifying profiles of rhythm disorders and have been used with success to uncover cases of poor synchronization with spared perceptual timing. This systematic assessment of perceptual and sensorimotor timing can be extended to populations of patients with brain damage, neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., Parkinson&#8217;s disease), and developmental disorders (e.g., Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder).

Behavioral tasks that allow for the assessment of perceptual and sensorimotor timing abilities in the general population (i.e., non-musicians) are presented. Synchronization of finger tapping to the beat of an auditory stimuli and detecting rhythmic irregularities provides a means of uncovering rhythm disorders.

Aufdecken Schlag Taubheit: Entdecken Rhythmusstörungen mit Synchronized Finger Tapping und Wahrnehmungszeit Aufgaben

A set of behavioral tasks for assessing perceptual and sensorimotor timing abilities in the general population (i.e., non-musicians) is presented here ...

Signal Attenuation as a Rat Model of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

In the signal attenuation rat model of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), lever-pressing for food is followed by the presentation of a compound stimulus which serves as a feedback cue. This feedback is later attenuated by repeated presentations of the stimulus without food (without the rat emitting the lever-press response). In the next stage, lever-pressing is assessed under extinction conditions (i.e., no food is delivered). At this stage rats display two types of lever-presses, those that are followed by an attempt to collect a reward, and those that are not. The latter are the measure of compulsive-like behavior in the model. A control procedure in which rats do not experience the attenuation of the feedback cue serves to distinguish between the effects of signal attenuation and of extinction. The signal attenuation model is a highly validated model of OCD and differentiates between compulsive-like behaviors and behaviors that are repetitive but not compulsive. In addition the measures collected during the procedure eliminate alternative explanations for differences between the groups being tested, and are quantitative, unbiased and unaffected by inter-experimenter variability. The major disadvantages of this model are the costly equipment, the fact that it requires some technical know-how and the fact that it is time-consuming compared to other models of OCD (11 days). The model may be used for detecting the anti- or pro-compulsive effects of pharmacological and non-pharmacological manipulations and for studying the neural substrate of compulsive behavior.

The goal of the protocol described in this paper is to induce compulsive-like behavior in rats for the study of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). This behavior is precipitated by attenuating a signal indicating that a lever-press response was effective in producing food.

Signaldämpfung als Rattenmodell der Zwangsstörung

In the signal attenuation rat model of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), lever-pressing for food is followed by the presentation of a compound stimulus ...

Testing Sensory and Multisensory Function in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

In addition to impairments in social communication and the presence of restricted interests and repetitive behaviors, deficits in sensory processing are now recognized as a core symptom in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Our ability to perceive and interact with the external world is rooted in sensory processing. For example, listening to a conversation entails processing the auditory cues coming from the speaker (speech content, prosody, syntax) as well as the associated visual information (facial expressions, gestures). Collectively, the &#8220;integration&#8221; of these multisensory (i.e., combined audiovisual) pieces of information results in better comprehension. Such multisensory integration has been shown to be strongly dependent upon the temporal relationship of the paired stimuli. Thus, stimuli that occur in close temporal proximity are highly likely to result in behavioral and perceptual benefits &#8211; gains believed to be reflective of the perceptual system&#39;s judgment of the likelihood that these two stimuli came from the same source. Changes in this temporal integration are expected to strongly alter perceptual processes, and are likely to diminish the ability to accurately perceive and interact with our world. Here, a battery of tasks designed to characterize various aspects of sensory and multisensory temporal processing in children with ASD is described. In addition to its utility in autism, this battery has great potential for characterizing changes in sensory function in other clinical populations, as well as being used to examine changes in these processes across the lifespan.

We describe how to implement a battery of behavioral tasks to examine the processing and integration of sensory stimuli in children with ASD. The goal is to characterize individual differences in temporal processing of simple auditory and visual stimuli and relate these to higher order perceptual skills like speech perception.

Testen Sensorische und multisensorische Funktion bei Kindern mit Asperger-Syndrom

In addition to impairments in social communication and the presence of restricted interests and repetitive behaviors, deficits in sensory processing are ...

Event-related Potentials During Target-response Tasks to Study Cognitive Processes of Upper Limb Use in Children with Unilateral Cerebral Palsy

Unilateral Cerebral Palsy (CP) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that is a very common cause of disability in childhood. It is characterized by unilateral motor impairments that are frequently dominated in the upper limb. In addition to a reduced movement capacity of the affected upper limb, several children with unilateral CP show a reduced awareness of the remaining movement capacity of that limb. This phenomenon of disregarding the preserved capacity of the affected upper limb is regularly referred to as Developmental Disregard (DD). Different theories have been postulated to explain DD, each suggesting slightly different guidelines for therapy. Still, cognitive processes that might additionally contribute to DD in children with unilateral CP have never been directly studied. The current protocol was developed to study cognitive aspects involved in upper limb control in children with unilateral CP with and without DD. This was done by recording event-related potentials (ERPs) extracted from the ongoing EEG during target-response tasks asking for a hand-movement response. ERPs consist of several components, each of them associated with a well-defined cognitive process (e.g., the N1 with early attention processes, the N2 with cognitive control and the P3 with cognitive load and mental effort). Due to its excellent temporal resolution, the ERP technique enables to study several covert cognitive processes preceding overt motor responses and thus allows insight into the cognitive processes that might contribute to the phenomenon of DD. Using this protocol adds a new level of explanation to existing behavioral studies and opens new avenues to the broader implementation of research on cognitive aspects of developmental movement restrictions in children.

Several children with unilateral Cerebral Palsy seem to disregard the preserved capacity of their affected upper limb. This Developmental Disregard is extensively described in the literature but the involved cognitive processes have not been studied. To study underlying cognitive factors of upper limb control, an event-related potential protocol was developed.

Ereignis-korrelierte Potenziale Während Ziel-Response Aufgaben zur kognitiven Prozesse der oberen Extremität die Anwendung bei Kindern mit einseitigem Cerebralparese Studieren

Unilateral Cerebral Palsy (CP) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that is a very common cause of disability in childhood. It is characterized by unilateral ...

Psychophysiological Assessment of the Effectiveness of Emotion Regulation Strategies in Childhood

Effective regulation of emotion is one of the most important skills that develops in childhood. Research interest in this area is expanding, but empirical work has been limited by predominantly correlational investigations of children's skills. Relatedly, a key conceptual challenge for emotion scientists is to distinguish between emotion responding and emotion regulatory processes. This paper presents a novel method to address these conceptual and methodological issues in child samples. An experimental paradigm that assesses the effectiveness with which children regulate emotion is described. Children are randomly assigned to use specific emotion regulation strategies, negative emotions are elicited with film clips, and changes in subsequent psychophysiology index the extent to which emotion regulation is effective. Children are instructed to simply watch the emotion-eliciting film (control), distract themselves from negative emotions (cognitive distraction), or reframe the situation in a way that downplays the importance of the emotional event (cognitive reappraisal). Cardiac physiology, continuously acquired before and during the emotional task, serves as an objective measure of children's unfolding emotional responding while viewing evocative films. Key comparisons in patterns of obtained physiological reactivity are between the control and emotion regulation strategy conditions. Representative results from this approach are described, and discussion focuses on the contribution of this methodological approach to developmental science.

A detailed protocol for an experimental paradigm to assess the effectiveness with which children regulate emotion is described. Children are randomly assigned to use specific emotion regulation strategies, negative emotions are elicited with film clips, and changes in subsequent psychophysiology index the extent to which emotion regulation is effective.

Psychophysiologische Bewertung der Wirksamkeit von Emotionsregulationsstrategien im Kindesalter

Effective regulation of emotion is one of the most important skills that develops in childhood. Research interest in this area is expanding, but empirical ...

Reversible Cooling-induced Deactivations to Study Cortical Contributions to Obstacle Memory in the Walking Cat

On complex, naturalistic terrain, sensory information about an environmental obstacle can be used to rapidly adjust locomotor movements for avoidance. For example, in the cat, visual information about an impending obstacle can modulate stepping for avoidance. Locomotor adaptation can also occur independent of vision, as sudden tactile inputs to the leg by an expected obstacle can modify the stepping of all four legs for avoidance. Such complex locomotor coordination involves supraspinal structures, such as the parietal cortex. This protocol describes the use of reversible, cooling-induced cortical deactivation to assess parietal cortex contributions to memory-guided obstacle locomotion in the cat. Small cooling loops, known as cryoloops, are specially shaped to deactivate discrete regions of interest to assess their contributions to an overt behavior. Such methods have been used to elucidate the role of parietal area 5 in memory-guided obstacle avoidance in the cat.

Complex locomotion in naturalistic environments requiring careful coordination of the limbs involves regions of the parietal cortex. The following protocol describes the use of reversible cooling-induced deactivation to demonstrate the role of parietal area 5 in memory-guided obstacle avoidance in the walking cat.

Reversible Kühlung-induzierte Deaktivierungen kortikalen Beiträge zum Hindernis Speicher in der zu Fuß Katze zu studieren

On complex, naturalistic terrain, sensory information about an environmental obstacle can be used to rapidly adjust locomotor movements for avoidance. For ...

A Semantic Priming Event-related Potential (ERP) Task to Study Lexico-semantic and Visuo-semantic Processing in Autism Spectrum Disorder

Individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have characteristic deficits in understanding the meaning of language, or semantic processing. However, some evidence indicates that semantic processing of non-linguistic stimuli is intact, suggesting that semantic deficits may be language-specific. To appropriately characterize semantic processing deficits in individuals with ASD, comparison of within-modality linguistic (e.g., written words) and non-linguistic (e.g., pictures) stimuli is required. This paper describes such a methodology that makes use of a semantic priming paradigm during concurrent recording of electroencephalographic (EEG) data. EEG provides a dynamic measure of brain activity that is well-suited to characterize subtle differences in semantic processing that may not be observable at the behavioral level. The semantic priming paradigm presents a prime picture or word (e.g., dog) followed by a target picture or word that is either related (e.g., cat) or unrelated (e.g., pencil) to the prime. This paradigm can thus be used to evaluate semantic processing across different modalities, and to compare lexico-semantic and visuo-semantic processing abilities in individuals with ASD and how they might differ from TD individuals. The specific steps involved in creating the stimuli, performing the EEG testing, and analyzing the EEG data are discussed. Representative results illustrate how the N400 component of the event-related potential (ERP) is reduced following semantically-related prime-target pairs compared to unrelated pairs. Comparisons of the N400 between conditions, modalities, and groups can provide estimates of the success of semantic processing, and can thereby be used to characterize semantic deficits in individuals with ASD or other clinical populations.

A Semantic Priming Event-related Potential ERP Task to Study Lexico-semantic and Visuo-semantic Processing in Autism Spectrum Disorder

This paper describes a semantic priming ERP task using within-modality pairs of pictures and words to investigate semantic processing in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD).

Ein semantisches Priming veranstaltungsbezogenen potenzielle (ERP) Aufgabe, lexikalisch-semantische und Visuo-semantische Verarbeitung im Autismus-Spektrum-Störung zu studieren

Individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have characteristic deficits in understanding the meaning of language, or semantic processing. However, ...

Using a Classroom-Based Deese Roediger McDermott Paradigm to Assess the Effects of Imagery on False Memories

Associated word list procedures can elicit false memories in predictable ways by inducing associative processing, thus making it harder to monitor the accuracy of memories. The purpose of the method presented here was to induce false memories using lists of either semantically or phonologically related words and to assess the effects of imagery instructions on the recall and recognition of those false memories. To do this, we used a modified version of the Deese Roediger McDermott (DRM) paradigm. We adapted word lists from previous DRM studies to suit imagery procedures and created an automated presentation to present the word lists in classroom settings. We then recruited undergraduate classes and instructed some of the classes to create mental images of the list words as they were being presented, while instructing the other classes to simply remember the words. The automated presentation presented word lists to participants, one word at a time, alternating between phonologically and semantically related lists. Participants used paper-pencil recall packets to immediately recall list items, complete a distractor activity, and take a subsequent final recognition test. Often, participants immediately recalled and later recognized words that were related to the list items but were not actually presented; these are known as critical lures and indicate a false memory. The protocol detailed here describes a four-step procedure - list presentation, immediate recall, distractor phase, and final recognition - that can assess the effects of list type and imagery instruction within the DRM paradigm on memory. The automated nature of the list presentation provides the ability to systematically vary variables of interest, and the paper and pencil method of data collection affords an easily accessible method for collecting data in classroom settings. The protocol also offers options to modify the procedure to a more traditional DRM paradigm without imagery and/or list type manipulations. The use of this protocol can provide results relevant to both classroom learning and cognitive science principles.

The method presented here induced false memories using lists of related words and also assessed the effects of imagery instructions on the recall and recognition of those false memories. This protocol details a modified version of the Deese Roediger McDermott (DRM) paradigm.

Ein Klassenzimmer-basierte Pseudoerinnerungen Roediger McDermott Paradigma bei der Beurteilung der Auswirkungen von Bilddaten auf falsche Erinnerungen

Associated word list procedures can elicit false memories in predictable ways by inducing associative processing, thus making it harder to monitor the ...