Diese Studie wurde unterstützt durch das Korea Institute of Science and Technology intramuralen Forschungsstipendium (2E27513) und die hohe Mehrwertsteuer Food Technologie Entwicklung Programm (IPET) gefördert durch das Ministerium für Landwirtschaft, Food and Rural Affairs (315067-03).

Hinweis: das gesamte Experiment muss in einem sauberen isolierten Labor gehalten bei 20 ° C mit staubarme und Minimierung der Kontamination während der Wurm und bakterielle Behandlung durchgeführt werden. Zu diesem Zweck Experimente unter die Flamme eine Alkohol-Lampe oder mit einem sauberen Werkbank durchgeführt werden müssen.
 1. Wartung von C. Elegans und Ei-Vorbereitung auf die chemische Prüfung <ol><li>pflegen C. Elegans N2 (var. Bristol) weiterleben einer NGM Nährbodenplatte gefüttert mit E. Coli OP50 bei 20 ° C 12 , 13.</li>
	<li>Vorbereiten Alter synchronisiert Eiern entweder Bleichen Lösung Behandlung 5 oder die Zeit Ei Verlegung Methode 6 , 14 , 15. 
	Hinweis: vor dem Ei Zubereitung, Mantel die Etoposid-haltigen NGM-Platte mit Hitze-E. Coli OP50 wie unten beschrieben inaktivierten. Hitze-inaktivierten E coli OP50 wird verwendet, um die metabolische Aktivität von E. Coli 6 , 16 minimieren.</li>
</ol> 2. Vorbereitung von Hitze-inaktivierten e.coli OP50 Feed C. Elegans während Toxizitätstest <ol><li>500 mL doppelte Hefe Tryptone (DYT) Medium vorzubereiten, wie in Tabelle 1 beschrieben, und eine einzige Kolonie von E. Coli OP50 kultiviert auf impfen ein Luria-Bertani (LB) Agar Platte 5.</li>
	<li>E. Coli OP50 in einem schütteln Inkubator für 14 h bei 37 ° C und 150 u/min inkubieren.</li>
	<li>Nach Zentrifugation für 30 min bei 3.220 x g und 20 ° C, alle überstehenden DYT Medium zu entfernen, und fügen Sie eine Pre-Mischung von 25 mL S-Puffer, 250 µL 1 M MgSO 4 und 25 µL 5 mg/mL Cholesterin (gelöst in Ethanol). Alle diese Lösungen sind steril.</li>
	<li>Die Bakterien aufzuwirbeln und übertragen Sie sie auf eine 50 mL Einweg-Kunststoff-Rohr.</li>
	<li>Für die Hitzeinaktivierung brüten die resuspendierte E. Coli OP50 in einem Wasserbad für 30 min bei 65 ° c</li>
	<li>Abkühlen auf Raumtemperatur und Store bei 4 ° C bis zur Verwendung. Dies kann bis zu einem Monat gelagert werden.</li>
</ol> 3. Vorbereitung der NGM Platten enthält entweder 1 % DMSO oder 750 µM Etoposid <ol><li>bereiten zwei saubere 200 mL Glasflaschen. Eine Flasche 0,6 g NaCl, 0,5 g Pepton, 3,4 g Agar, 195 mL destilliertem Wasser und einem Magnetrührer hinzufügen. Die leere Flasche ein Magnetrührer hinzufügen.</li>
	<li>Autoklaven diese beiden Flaschen für 15 min bei 121 ° C, und dann abkühlen die Flaschen in einem Wasserbad für 30 min bei 55 ° c</li>
	<li>0,2 mL 1 M CaCl 2, 0,2 mL von 5 mg/mL Cholesterin, 0,2 mL 1 M MgSO 4 und 5 mL 1 M KPO-4 (alle diese Lösungen sind steril) hinzufügen und mischen sie dann durch magnetische rühren auf einer heißen Platte bei 55 ° c</li>
	<li>Unterteilen das gemischte NGM-Medium in zwei Flaschen mit dem gleichen Volumen (100 mL). Anschließend eine Flasche fügen Sie 1 mL DMSO hinzu, mischen Sie es erneut mit der magnetischen rühren. Speichern Sie die andere Flasche in einem Wasserbad bei 55 ° C erst im nächsten Schritt. Aliquoten 3 mL DMSO-haltige Mittel-bis jeweils 35 x 10 mm 2 Petrischale. Ca. 33 DMSO-haltige NGM Platten können von diesem Schritt gemacht werden.</li>
	<li>Mischen die andere Flasche mit der magnetischen rühren, fügen Sie 1 mL 75 mM Etoposid (bestand in DMSO gelöst) nochmals mixen und die aliquoten wiederholen (Schritt 3.4). Ca. 33 Etoposid (750 µM)-mit NGM Platten von diesem Schritt gemacht werden kann. 
	Hinweis: In der korrelierten zurück Papier 6 testeten wir 0, 250, 500 und 1.000 µM von Etoposid. Basierend auf diesen Daten, wir entschieden uns für die 750 µM Etoposid Dosis in diesem Papier.</li>
	<li>Cool hinunter die Chemikalie-haltigen NGM Platten auf Raumtemperatur durch verlassen sie bei Raumtemperatur für ca. 3 h und bei 4 ° C bis zur Verwendung aufbewahren. 
	Hinweis: Im Falle von lichtempfindlichen Chemikalien zu blockieren, Licht, Licht-induzierten Zersetzung zu minimieren. 
	Hinweis: Stellen Sie optional eine normale NGM-Platte ohne Chemikalien für die Eiablage Assay, die mit zwei verschiedenen chemischen Behandlungsbedingungen wie unten beschrieben durchgeführt werden kann.</li>
	<li>Hinzufügen 100 µL der Hitze-inaktivierten e.coli OP50 (wie beschrieben in Abschnitt 2) und auf jeder NGM Platte verteilen. Lassen Sie über Nacht trocknen in einem C. Elegans Inkubator bei 20 ° C für die chemischen Test</li>
</ol> 4. Messung von C. Elegans Wachstum <ol><li>Übertragung Alter synchronisiert C. Elegans Eiern auf der NGM-Platte ergänzt mit 1 % DMSO oder 750 µM Etoposid.</li>
	<li>Inkubieren C. Elegans in einem Inkubator bei 20 ° C für 4 Tage. Beobachtet die Würmer mit einem Stereo-Mikroskop, und mikroskopische Bilder jeden Tag. 20 X Vergrößerung (1 X Objektiv, 2 X Zoom-Vergrößerung und 10 X Okular) eignet sich in der Regel für die Beobachtung des Wachstums von C. Elegans. Auch eine mikroskopische Bild Mikroskop Bühne Mikrometer für die Kalibrierung Wurm Größe nehmen. 
	Hinweis: Hunger betrifft die Toxizitätstest. Daher füttern mit ausreichend Bakterien oder passen Sie die übertragenen C. Elegans Ei Zahlen am Anfang. Bis 3 Tage Hunger auszuschließen beobachten.</li>
	<li>Messen die Körperlänge von C. Elegans mit DMSO oder Etoposid zu jedem Zeitpunkt mit ImageJ-Software behandelt. 
	Hinweis: Für jede Probenmessung reichen 50 Würmer für die statistische Auswertung.
	<ol><li>In ImageJ, öffnen Sie das Mikroskopbild Bühne Mikrometer (&#39; Datei &#39; &#8594; &#39; öffnen &#39;). 
		Hinweis: Die Mikrometer Bild und Wurm Bilder (Schritt 4.2) müssen die gleiche Vergrößerung.</li>
		<li>Ziehen Sie eine Linie von 1.000 µm Mikrometer Kalibrierung Bild mit &#39; geraden &#39; Tool.</li>
		<li>Klicken Sie &#39; Analyze &#39; &#8594; &#39; Skala eingestellt &#39; und geben Sie 1.000 und µm in der &#39; Entfernung bekannt &#39; Feld und &#39; Längeneinheit &#39; box, bzw.. Überprüfen Sie &#39; Global &#39; und klicken Sie auf &#39; OK &#39;.</li>
		<li>Öffnen Sie die Wurm-Bilder (&#39; Datei &#39; &#8594; &#39; offene &#39;). Zeichnen Sie eine Linie entlang des Features jeder Wurm mit &#39; Freihandlinie &#39; Werkzeug. Der Körper Längendaten zu erhalten, indem Sie auf &#39; Analyse &#39; &#8594; &#39; Maßnahme &#39;.</li>
		<li>Wiederholen Sie diese Schritte für 50 Würmer.</li>
	</ol></li></ol> 5. C. Elegans Ei Verlegung Assay <ol><li>Inkubation der Alter-synchronisierte Eiern auf der NGM Platte mit DMSO oder Etoposid für 64 h (vor der Geburt des ersten Kindes) bis zum jungen Erwachsenen Stadium bei 20 ° c 
	Hinweis: Es ist optional, die Würmer aus dem Wachstumsversuchen Messung zu verwenden. Es ist bequem, die Messung von Wachstum und Ei Verlegung Assay zusammen.</li>
	<li>Transfer 5 Erwachsenen Würmer, die neue NGM Platten ohne Chemikalien (Bedingung 1, chemische Behandlung innerhalb einer bestimmten Frist Zeit, aus den Eiern zu jungen Erwachsenen Stadium) oder neue NGM Platte enthält die gleiche chemische Vorbehandlung (Bedingung 2, kontinuierliche Exposition des Chemikalien durch die insgesamt experimentelle Periode), und dann inkubieren sie 24 Std. 
	Hinweis: Es empfiehlt sich, Wiederholungen mit 3-5 NGM Platten für jede Behandlung zu machen; Diese Wiederholungen können für statistische Auswertungen verwendet werden.</li>
	<li>Auf die neue NGM-Platte zu übertragen, wie oben beschrieben, und die Anzahl von Eiern täglich. Zählen Sie die Würmer, die aus kroch, starben und wurden intern LukeHg.</li>
	<li>Wiederholen Sie diese Schritte, bis die Würmer nicht mehr, in der Regel innerhalb von 5 Tagen Eiablage.</li>
	<li>Berechnen Sie die Anzahl von Eiern pro Wurm aus jeder Platte gelegt, und addieren Sie diese Werte jeden Tag für 5 Tage, um die Gesamtzahl der Eiablage festzustellen. 
	Anmerkung: Ohne die Anzahl der Würmer, die gecrawlt aus- und intern aus der Berechnung geschlüpft.</li>
</ol>

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In diesem Artikel beschreiben wir die Toxizität Bewertung von Chemikalien in C. Elegans, ein Boden-Nematoden mit Etoposid als vergiftendes Beispiel. Zu diesem Zweck haben wir zwei Versuchsbedingungen verwendet. In der ersten Reihe C. Elegans auf Etoposid mit Platten aus Eiern, die jungen Erwachsenen Stadium angebaut wurden, und dann durften die Würmer zur Eiablage auf normalen NGM-Platten ohne Chemikalien. In der zweiten experimentellen Gruppe wurden C. Elegans kontinuierlich mit Etoposid wä...

Toxikologische Bewertung ist wichtig für die Entwicklung von Arzneimitteln, Nutraceuticals, und Cosmeceuticals, sowie die Risikobewertung von verschiedenen Umweltgiften. Das Nagetiere Modell ist eines der beliebtesten in Vivo experimentelle Systeme für Toxikologie Studie; nicht-Säugetier-Organismen wie C. Elegans sind alternativ auch am meisten benutzt. Toxikologische Bewertung nicht-Säugetier-Modelle sind vorteilhaft, weil nicht nur tierische ethische Fragen aber auch ihre Komfort und Nützlichkeit unter Berücksichtigung von Wirtschaftlichkeit, Wartbarkeit, Schnelligkeit und Reproduzierbarkeit1,2 ,3,4.
C. Elegans, einen Boden runden Wurm, hat als Modell Tier in verschiedenen Grundlagen- und angewandter Biologie und Chemie Forschung ausgenutzt worden. Es ist ein 1 mm lang, transparente Nematoden, die einfach in fester oder flüssiger Nematoden Wachstum Medien (NGM) gefüttert mit den Bakterienstamm Escherichia coli OP50 beibehalten wird. C. Elegans hat einen kurzen Lebenszyklus und Wildtyp N2 C. Elegans legt ca. 300 Eiern. Daher ist es leicht propagiert, um als experimentelle Materialien3,4,5verwendet werden. C. Elegans hat auch in den toxikologischen Studien vieler Medikamente und Umweltgifte6,7,8,9verbreitet.
Weil viele Krebsmedikamente schnell teilenden Krebszellen richten, können sie auch Schaden, sich schnell teilenden normale Zellen wie Knochenmark, Darmepithel und Haarfollikelzellen. Zum Beispiel gezielt Topoisomerase hemmenden Krebsmedikamente der DNA-Replikation werden von Krebszellen; Daher hemmen sie auch, sich schnell teilenden normale Zellen. Jeder lebende Organismus hat Adenin und diese Topoisomerase-Hemmer am ehesten Einfluss Umwelt Ökosysteme6,10,11. Somit ist eine Droge toxikologische Bewertung Plattform mit einem Modell Tier wertvoll für die Entwicklung von Arzneimitteln und Umweltverträglichkeitsprüfung.
In diesem Artikel beschreiben wir die detaillierte Protokolle, um der Toxizität von Etoposid, die einen klinischen Anti-Krebs-Agent ist, dass Ziele Topoisomerase II, als Modell giftige Chemikalie in C. Eleganszu testen. Zu diesem Zweck beschreiben wir die Messmethode von Körpergröße und die Gesamtzahl der Eiablage in C. Elegans mit Etoposid behandelt.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Agar</td>
			<td>Affymetrix, USA</td>
			<td>10906</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Caenorhabditis elegans N2</td>
			<td>Caenorhabditis Genetics Center (CGC)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Wild type</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cholesterol</td>
			<td>Sigma, USA</td>
			<td>C3045</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dimethyl sulfoxide</td>
			<td>Sigma, USA</td>
			<td>D2650</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Escherichia coli OP50</td>
			<td>Caenorhabditis Genetics Center (CGC)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Etoposide</td>
			<td>Sigma, USA</td>
			<td>E1383</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Image J software (ver 1.4)</td>
			<td>Natinoal Institute of Health, USA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>https://imagej.nih.gov/ij/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microscope camera</td>
			<td>Jenopitk, Progress Gryphax, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Peptone</td>
			<td>Merck, USA</td>
			<td>107213</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>35 &#215; 10 mm Petri dish</td>
			<td>SPL Life Sciences, South Korea</td>
			<td>10035</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>90 &#215; 15 mm Petri dish</td>
			<td>SPL Life Sciences, South Korea</td>
			<td>10090</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stereo microscope</td>
			<td>Nikon, Japan</td>
			<td>SMZ800N</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Yeast extract</td>
			<td>Becton Dickinson, USA</td>
			<td>212750</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

measuring the effect of chemicals on the growth and reproduction of caenorhabditis elegans

Toxikologische Bewertung ist entscheidend für das Verständnis der Auswirkungen von Chemikalien auf lebende Organismen in Grundlagen- und angewandter Biologie Felder. Ein nicht-Säugetier-Boden runden Wurm Caenorhabditis Elegansist eine wertvolle Modellorganismus für die toxikologischen Untersuchungen wegen seiner Bequemlichkeit und Mangel an tierethische Probleme im Vergleich zu Säugetieren tierischen Systemen. In diesem Protokoll wird ein detailliertes Verfahren der toxikologischen Bewertung von Chemikalien in C. Elegans beschrieben. Eine klinische Krebsmedikament, Etoposid, die Ziele menschlichen Topoisomerase II und DNA-Replikation von menschlichen Krebszellen hemmt, wurde als Modell chemische Tests ausgewählt. Alter-synchronisierte C. Elegans Eiern Dimethyl Sulfoxid (DMSO) oder Etoposid ausgesetzt waren, und dann wurde das Wachstum von C. Elegans durch die Stereo-Mikroskop-Beobachtung jeden Tag für 4 Tage überwacht. Die Gesamtzahl von Eiern gelegt von C. Elegans mit DMSO behandelt oder Etoposid war auch durch das Stereo-Mikroskop gezählt. Etoposid Behandlung beeinflusst wesentlich das Wachstum und die Vermehrung von C. Elegans. Im Vergleich dazu kann die Gesamtzahl der Eiablage aus Worms mit verschiedenen Behandlungsdauer von Chemikalien, entschieden, dass die reproduktive Toxizität von Chemikalien auf die Reproduktion von C. Elegans reversibel oder irreversibel ist. Diese Protokolle möglicherweise hilfreich für die Entwicklung der verschiedenen Drogen und Risikobewertung der Umweltgifte.

Die Behandlung von Etoposid (24-96 h) verzögert deutlich das Wachstum von C. Elegans. Nach 96 h Inkubation wuchs Etoposid behandelt Würmer auf 0,86 mm Körperlänge, während das Fahrzeug behandelt Würmer bis 1,04 mm (Abbildung 1) wuchs. Retardiertes Wachstum wurde offenbar auch unter Stereomikroskop Beobachtung (Abbildung 2) beobachtet. Wir begannen zu Eiern aus dem Fahrzeug behandelt Worms bei 72 h Inkubationszeit z...

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Measuring the Effect of Chemicals on the Growth and Reproduction of Caenorhabditis elegans

Ein einfachen Protokolls zur Bewertung der Toxizität von Chemikalien in einem Modell Tier, Caenorhabditis Elegans, wird beschrieben. Die Methode ist praktisch und nützlich für die Entwicklung von Arzneimitteln sowie für die Risikobewertung von verschiedenen Umweltschadstoffe.

Messung der Wirkung von Chemikalien auf das Wachstum und die Vermehrung von Caenorhabditis elegans

Toxicological evaluation is crucial for understanding the effects of chemicals on living organisms in basic and applied biological science fields. A ...

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Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

Measuring the Effect of Chemicals on the Growth and Reproduction of Caenorhabditis elegans

16.8K Aufrufe.  Korea Institute of Science and Technology. Ein einfachen Protokolls zur Bewertung der Toxizität von Chemikalien in einem Modell Tier, Caenorhabditis Elegans, wird beschrieben. Die Methode ist praktisch und nützlich für die Entwicklung von Arzneimitteln sowie für die Risikobewertung von verschiedenen Umweltschadstoffe.

Serie: Measuring the Effect of Chemicals on the Growth and Reproduction of Caenorhabditis elegans

Measuring the Strength of Mice

Kondziela7 devised the inverted screen test and published it in 1964. It is a test of muscle strength using all four limbs. Most normal mice easily score maximum on this task; it is a quick but insensitive gross screen, and the weights test described in this article will provide a finer measure of muscular strength.
There are also several strain gauge-based pieces of apparatus available commercially that will provide more graded data than the inverted screen test, but their cost may put them beyond the reach of many laboratories which do not specialize in strength testing. Hence in 2000 a cheap and simple apparatus was devised by the author. It consists of a series of chain links of increasing length, attached to a "fur collector" a ball of fine wire mesh sold for preventing limescale build up in hard water areas. An accidental observation revealed that mice could grip these very tightly, so they proved ideal as a grip point for a weight-lifting apparatus. A common fault with commercial strength meters is that the bar or other grip feature is not thin enough for mice to exert a maximum grip. As a general rule, the thinner the wire or bar, the better a mouse can grip with its small claws.
This is a pure test of strength, although as for any test motivational factors could potentially play a role. The use of scale collectors, however, seems to minimize motivational problems as the motivation appears to be very high for most normal young adult mice.

Deficits in muscular strength occur in many clinical conditions such as motor neuron disease. The inverted screen and weight lifting tests described here measure strength in mice almost exclusively, with minimal influence of factors such as coordination.

Messung der Stärke von Mäusen

Kondziela7 devised the inverted screen test and published it in 1964. It is a test of muscle strength using all four limbs. Most normal mice easily score ...

Forschung

Medizin

Immunohistochemical Staining of B7-H1 (PD-L1) on Paraffin-embedded Slides of Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma Tissue

B7-H1/PD-L1, a member of the B7 family of immune-regulatory cell-surface proteins, plays an important role in the negative regulation of cell-mediated immune responses through its interaction with its receptor, programmed death-1 (PD-1) 1,2. Overexpression of B7-H1 by tumor cells has been noted in a number of human cancers, including melanoma, glioblastoma, and carcinomas of the lung, breast, colon, ovary, and renal cells, and has been shown to impair anti-tumor T-cell immunity3-8.
Recently, B7-H1 expression by pancreatic adenocarcinoma tissues has been identified as a potential prognostic marker9,10. Additionally, blockade of B7-H1 in a mouse model of pancreatic cancer has been shown to produce an anti-tumor response11. These data suggest the importance of B7-H1 as a potential therapeutic target. Anti-B7-H1 blockade antibodies are therefore being tested in clinical trials for multiple human solid tumors including melanoma and cancers of lung, colon, kidney, stomach and pancreas12.
In order to eventually be able to identify the patients who will benefit from B7-H1 targeting therapies, it is critical to investigate the correlation between expression and localization of B7-H1 and patient response to treatment with B7-H1 blockade antibodies. Examining the expression of B7-H1 in human pancreatic adenocarcinoma tissues through immunohistochemistry will give a better understanding of how this co-inhibitory signaling molecule contributes to the suppression of antitumor immunity in the tumor's microenvironment. The anti-B7-H1 monoclonal antibody (clone 5H1) developed by Chen and coworkers has been shown to produce reliable staining results in cryosections of multiple types of human neoplastic tissues4,8, but staining on paraffin-embedded slides had been a challenge until recently13-18. We have developed the B7-H1 staining protocol for paraffin-embedded slides of pancreatic adenocarcinoma tissues. The B7-H1 staining protocol described here produces consistent membranous and cytoplasmic staining of B7-H1 with little background.

Immunohistochemical Staining of B7-H1 PD-L1 on Paraffin-embedded Slides of Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma Tissue

B7-H1 (PD-L1) and its binding to PD-1 provide a major tumor-induced immunosuppressive signal in the tumor&#x2019;s microenvironment. An immunohistochemical staining technique to characterize the expression and localization of B7-H1 in pancreatic adenocarcinoma is described here.

Immunhistochemische Färbung von B7-H1 (PD-L1) auf Paraffin-embedded Slides der Pankreaskarzinom Tissue

B7-H1/PD-L1, a member  of the B7 family of immune-regulatory cell-surface proteins, plays an important  role in the negative regulation of cell-mediated ...

Measuring Frailty in HIV-infected Individuals. Identification of Frail Patients is the First Step to Amelioration and Reversal of Frailty

A simple, validated protocol consisting of a battery of tests is available to identify elderly patients with frailty syndrome. This syndrome of decreased reserve and resistance to stressors increases in incidence with increasing age. In the elderly, frailty may pursue a step-wise loss of function from non-frail to pre-frail to frail. We studied frailty in HIV-infected patients and found that ~20% are frail using the Fried phenotype using stringent criteria developed for the elderly1,2. In HIV infection the syndrome occurs at a younger age.
HIV patients were checked for 1) unintentional weight loss; 2) slowness as determined by walking speed; 3) weakness as measured by a grip dynamometer; 4) exhaustion by responses to a depression scale; and 5) low physical activity was determined by assessing kilocalories expended in a week's time. Pre-frailty was present with any two of five criteria and frailty was present if any three of the five criteria were abnormal.
The tests take approximately 10-15 min to complete and they can be performed by medical assistants during routine clinic visits. Test results are scored by referring to standard tables. Understanding which of the five components contribute to frailty in an individual patient can allow the clinician to address relevant underlying problems, many of which are not evident in routine HIV clinic visits.

Frailty syndrome is commonly seen in the aged and reflects multi-system physiological change. However, with reduced functional reserve and resilience frailty is also known to be common in the HIV infected population. This study outlined an easily administered screening test to identify HIV patients with frailty. When significant components of frailty are identified, clinicians will be able to focus on amelioration of the problem and promote reversion to the pre-frail state.

Messen Frailty in HIV-infizierten Personen. Bezeichnung des gebrechlichen Patienten ist der erste Schritt zur Besserung und Umkehr der Frailty

A simple, validated protocol consisting of a battery of tests is available to identify elderly patients with frailty syndrome. This syndrome of decreased ...

The Influence of Liver Resection on Intrahepatic Tumor Growth

The high incidence of tumor recurrence after resection of metastatic liver lesions remains an unsolved problem. Small tumor cell deposits, which are not detectable by routine clinical imaging, may be stimulated by hepatic regeneration factors after liver resection. It is not entirely clear, however, which factors are crucial for tumor recurrence.
The presented mouse model may be useful to explore the mechanisms that play a role in the development of recurrent malignant lesions after liver resection. The model combines the easy-to-perform and reproducible techniques of defined amounts of liver tissue removal and tumor induction (by injection) in mice. The animals were treated with either a single laparotomy, a 30% liver resection, or a 70% liver resection. All animals subsequently received a tumor cell injection into the remaining liver tissue. After two weeks of observation, the livers and tumors were evaluated for size and weight and examined by immunohistochemistry.
After a 70% liver resection, the tumor volume and weight were significantly increased compared to a laparotomy alone (p &#60;0.05). In addition, immunohistochemistry (Ki67) showed an increased tumor proliferation rate in the resection group (p &#60;0.05).
These findings demonstrate the influence of hepatic regeneration mechanisms on intrahepatic tumor growth. Combined with methods like histological workup or RNA analysis, the described mouse model could serve as foundation for a close examination of different factors involved in tumor growth and metastatic disease recurrence within the liver. A considerable number of variables like the length of postoperative observation, the cell line used for injection or the timing of injection and liver resection offer multiple angles when exploring a specific question in the context of post-hepatectomy metastases. The limitations of this procedure are the authorization to perform the procedure on animals, access to an appropriate animal testing facility and acquisition of certain equipment.

A high incidence of tumor recurrence after resection of liver metastases remains an unsolved problem. The illustrated mouse model may be useful to investigate the reasons for such recurrences. It combines a liver resection model with intrahepatic tumor cell injection for the first time.

Der Einfluss von Leberresektion auf Intrahepatische Tumorwachstum

The high incidence of tumor recurrence after resection of metastatic liver lesions remains an unsolved problem. Small tumor cell deposits, which are not ...

Phosphorus-31 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: A Tool for Measuring In Vivo Mitochondrial Oxidative Phosphorylation Capacity in Human Skeletal Muscle

Skeletal muscle mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) capacity, which is critically important in health and disease, can be measured in vivo and noninvasively in humans via phosphorus-31 magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31PMRS). However, the approach has not been widely adopted in translational and clinical research, with variations in methodology and limited guidance from the literature. Increased optimization, standardization, and dissemination of methods for in vivo 31PMRS would facilitate the development of targeted therapies to improve OXPHOS capacity and could ultimately favorably impact cardiovascular health. 31PMRS produces a noninvasive, in vivo measure of OXPHOS capacity in human skeletal muscle, as opposed to alternative measures obtained from explanted and potentially altered mitochondria via muscle biopsy. It relies upon only modest additional instrumentation beyond what is already in place on magnetic resonance scanners available for clinical and translational research at most institutions. In this work, we outline a method to measure in vivo skeletal muscle OXPHOS. The technique is demonstrated using a 1.5 Tesla whole-body MR scanner equipped with the suitable hardware and software for 31PMRS, and we explain a simple and robust protocol for in-magnet resistive exercise to rapidly fatigue the quadriceps muscle. Reproducibility and feasibility are demonstrated in volunteers as well as subjects over a wide range of functional capacities.

Phosphorus-31 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: A Tool for Measuring In Vivo Mitochondrial Oxidative Phosphorylation Capacity in Human Skeletal Muscle

This work demonstrates the feasibility of an in vivo phosphorus-31 magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31PMRS) technique to quantify mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) capacity in human skeletal muscle.

Phosphor-31 Magnet-Resonanz-Spektroskopie: Ein Werkzeug zur Messung<em&gt; In Vivo</em&gt; Mitochondrial Oxidative Phosphorylierung Kapazität im menschlichen Skelettmuskel

Skeletal muscle mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) capacity, which is critically important in health and disease, can be measured in vivo ...

Turbidimetry on Human Washed Platelets: The Effect of the Pannexin1-inhibitor Brilliant Blue FCF on Collagen-induced Aggregation

Turbidimetry is a laboratory technique that is applied to measure the aggregation of platelets suspended in either plasma (platelet-rich plasma, PRP) or in buffer (washed platelets), by the use of one or a combination of agonists. The use of washed platelets separated from their plasma environment and in the absence of anticoagulants allows for studying intrinsic platelet properties. Among the large panel of agonists, arachidonic acid (AA), adenosine di-phosphate (ADP), thrombin and collagen are the most frequently used. The aggregation response is quantified by measuring the relative optical density (OD) over time of platelet suspension under continuous stirring. Platelets in homogeneous suspension limit the passage of light after the addition of an agonist, platelet shape change occurs producing a small transitory increase in OD. Following this initial activation step, platelet clots form gradually, allowing the passage of light through the suspension as a result of decreased OD. The aggregation process is ultimately expressed as a percentage, compared to the OD of platelet-poor plasma or buffer. Rigorous calibration is thus essential at the beginning of each experiment. As a general rule: calibration to 0% is set by measuring the OD of a non-stimulated platelet suspension while measuring the OD of the suspension medium containing no platelets represents a value of 100%. Platelet aggregation is generally visualized as a real-time aggregation curve. Turbidimetry is one of the most commonly used laboratory techniques for the investigation of platelet function and is considered as the historical gold standard and used for the development of new pharmaceutical agents aimed at inhibiting platelet aggregation. Here, we describe detailed protocols for 1) preparation of human washed platelets and 2) turbidimetric analysis of collagen-induced aggregation of human washed platelets pretreated with the food dye Brilliant Blue FCF that was recently identified as an inhibitor of Pannexin1 (Panx1) channels.

We describe a straightforward method for the isolation of washed platelets from human blood followed by agonist-induced platelet aggregation measurements by turbidimetry. As an example we apply this method for studying the aggregation response of human platelets to collagen after a pre-incubation with the Pannexin1 channel inhibitor Brilliant Blue FCF.

Turbidimetrie Menschen Gewaschene Thrombozyten: Die Wirkung des Pannexin1-Inhibitor Brilliant Blue FCF auf Collagen-induzierte Aggregation

Turbidimetry is a laboratory technique that is applied to measure the aggregation of platelets suspended in either plasma (platelet-rich plasma, PRP) or ...

A Primary Human Trophoblast Model to Study the Effect of Inflammation Associated with Maternal Obesity on Regulation of Autophagy in the Placenta

Maternal obesity is associated with an increased risk of adverse perinatal outcomes that are likely mediated by compromised placental function that can be attributed to, in part, the dysregulation of autophagy. Aberrant changes in the expression of autophagy regulators in the placentas from obese pregnancies may be regulated by inflammatory processes associated with both obesity and pregnancy. Described here is a protocol for sampling of villous tissue and isolation of villous cytotrophoblasts from the term human placenta for primary cell culture. This is followed by a method for simulating the inflammatory milieu in the obese intrauterine environment by treating primary trophoblasts from lean pregnancies with tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF&#945;), a proinflammatory cytokine that is elevated in obesity and in pregnancy. Through the implementation of the protocol described here, it is found that exposure to exogenous TNF&#945; regulates the expression of Rubicon, a negative regulator of autophagy, in trophoblasts from lean pregnancies with female fetuses. While a variety of biological factors in the obese intrauterine environment maintain the potential to modulate critical pathways in trophoblasts, this ex vivo system is especially useful for determining if expression patterns observed in vivo in human placentas with maternal obesity are a direct result of TNF&#945; signaling. Ultimately, this approach affords the opportunity to parse out the regulatory and molecular implications of inflammation associated with maternal obesity on autophagy and other critical cellular pathways in trophoblasts that have the potential to impact placental function.

Presented here is a protocol for sampling of human placental villous tissue followed by isolation of cytotrophoblasts for primary cell culture. Treatment of trophoblasts with TNF&#945; recapitulates inflammation in the obese intrauterine environment and facilitates the discovery of molecular targets regulated by inflammation in placentas with maternal obesity.

Eine primäre menschlichen Trophoblast-Modell, die Wirkung der Entzündung mit mütterlichen Fettleibigkeit auf Verordnung der Autophagie in der Plazenta zu studieren

Maternal obesity is associated with an increased risk of adverse perinatal outcomes that are likely mediated by compromised placental function that can be ...

Measuring the Effects of Bacteria and Chemicals on the Intestinal Permeability of Caenorhabditis elegans

In living organisms, intestinal hyperpermeability is a serious symptom that leads to many inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs). Caenorhabditis elegans is a nonmammalian animal model that is widely used as an assay system due to its short lifespan, transparency, cost-effectiveness, and lack of animal ethics issues. In this study, a method was developed to investigate the effects of different bacteria and 3,3'-diindolylmethane (DIM) on the intestinal permeability of C. elegans with a high-throughput image analysis system. The worms were infected with different gut bacteria or cotreated with DIM for 48 h and fed with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-dextran overnight. Then, the intestinal permeability was examined by comparing the fluorescence images and the fluorescence intensity inside the worm bodies. This method may also have the potential to identify probiotic and pathogenic intestinal bacteria that affect intestinal permeability in the animal model and is effective for examining the effects of harmful or health-promoting chemicals on intestinal permeability and intestinal health. However, this protocol also has some considerable limitations at the genetic level, especially for determining which genes are altered to control illness, because this method is mostly used for phenotypic determination. In addition, this method is limited to determining exactly which pathogenic substrates cause inflammation or increase the permeability of the worms' intestines during infection. Therefore, further in-depth studies, including investigation of the molecular genetic mechanism using mutant bacteria and nematodes as well as chemical component analysis of bacteria, are required to fully evaluate the function of bacteria and chemicals in determining intestinal permeability.

Measuring the Effects of Bacteria and Chemicals on the Intestinal Permeability of Caenorhabditis elegans

This protocol describes how to measure intestinal permeability of Caenorhabditis elegans. This method is helpful for basic biological research on intestinal health related to the interaction between intestinal bacteria and their host and for screening to identify probiotic and chemical agents to cure leaky gut syndrome and inflammatory bowel diseases.

Messung der Auswirkungen von Bakterien und Chemikalien auf die Darmdurchlässigkeit von Caenorhabditis elegans

In living organisms, intestinal hyperpermeability is a serious symptom that leads to many inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs). Caenorhabditis elegans is a ...

Effect of Artificial Tear Formulations on the Metabolic Activity of Human Corneal Epithelial Cells after Exposure to Desiccation

Artificial lipid-containing tear formulations are developed to reduce tear evaporation by the restoration of a deficient tear lipid layer. Artificial tear formulations that prevent cell desiccation will result in ocular surface protection and the maintenance of cell metabolic activity. During dehydration, cells undergo the process of loss of metabolic activity and subsequently cell death. This work describes a method for assessing the efficacy of artificial tear formulations. The metabolic dye (i.e., alamarBlue) changes from a low fluorescent molecule resazurin to a fluorescent molecule resorufin in viable cells. The biological performance of an artificial tear formulation is measured as the ability of the formulation to (a) maintain cell viability and (b) provide cell protection from desiccation. Growth media and saline are used as controls for the cell viability/desiccation tests. Cells are incubated with test solutions for 30 min and then desiccated for 0 or 5 min at 37 &#176;C and 45% relative humidity. Cell metabolic activity after initial exposure and after cell desiccation is then determined. The results show the comparative effects of eye drop formulations on cell metabolic activity and desiccation protection. This method can be used to test dry eye formulations that are designed to treat individuals with evaporative dry eye.

The purpose of this protocol is to evaluate if different artificial tear formulations can protect human corneal epithelial cells from desiccation using an in vitro model. After exposure to artificial tear formulations and desiccation, human corneal epithelial cells are assessed for metabolic activity.

Wirkung künstlicher Tränenformulierungen auf die Metabolische Aktivität menschlicher Hornhautepithelzellen nach Exposition gegenüber Dericcation

Artificial lipid-containing tear formulations are developed to reduce tear evaporation by the restoration of a deficient tear lipid layer. Artificial tear ...

Quantification of Optic Nerve Cross Sectional Area on MRI: A Novel Protocol using Fiji Software

Optic nerve assessment is an important aspect of glaucoma diagnosis and follow-up. This project describes a protocol for a unified methodology of optic nerve cross-sectional assessment and quantification using 3 T MRI for image acquisition and ImageJ's Fiji software for image processing quantification. Image acquisition was performed using 3 T MRI, with proper instructions for the patient to ensure straight fixation during imaging. A T2-weighted fat suppressed sequence was used. A coronal cut taken 3 mm behind the globe and perpendicular to the optic nerve axis should be uploaded to the software. Using the threshold function, the white matter area of the optic nerve is selected and quantified, thus, eliminating inter-individual measurement bias. We also described the normal limits for the optic nerve cross-sectional area according to age, based on previously published literature. We used the described protocol to assess optic nerve of a suspected glaucoma patient. The optic nerve cross-sectional area was found to be within the normal limits, a finding further confirmed via optical coherence tomography of the optic nerve.

We provided a detailed protocol for a standardized method of optic nerve assessment and quantification using MRI, utilizing a widely available imaging sequence, and open access software for image analysis. Following this standardized protocol would provide meaningful data for comparison between different patients and different studies.

Quantifizierung der Querschnittsfläche des Sehnervs in der MRT: Ein neuartiges Protokoll mit Fidschi-Software

Optic nerve assessment is an important aspect of glaucoma diagnosis and follow-up. This project describes a protocol for a unified methodology of optic ...