Die in diesem Beitrag beschriebene Forschung wurde in der BMIT-Anlage der Canadian Light Source durchgeführt, die von der Canada Foundation for Innovation, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, der University of Saskatchewan, der Regierung von Saskatchewan, Western Economic Diversification Canada, dem National Research Council Canada und den Canadian Institutes of Health Research unterstützt wird. Die Autoren danken den Beamline-Wissenschaftlern der kanadischen Lichtquelle, insbesondere Adam Webb, Denise Miller, Sergey Gasilov und Ning Zu für die Unterstützung beim Aufbau und der Fehlerbehebung der SkyScan SR-CT- und Weißstrahlmikroskopsysteme. Wir danken auch Beth Dalzell vom University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences und Dr. Jeffrey Wenstrup von der Northeast Ohio Medical University für den Zugang zu kadaverischen Proben für diese Studie. JM Andronowski wird durch Start-up-Forschungsfonds der University of Akron und eines Stipendiums des National Institute of Justice Research and Development in Forensic Science for Criminal Justice Purposes (2018-DU-BX-0188) unterstützt. RA Davis wird von einer Graduiertenassistenz der University of Akron unterstützt. Ausrüstungundzubehör, die zum Kornieren und Sägen verwendet wurden, wurden durch Start-up-Fonds der Universität Akron und nSF-Zuschuss EAR-1624242 an CW Holyoke erworben.

<ol>
	<li>Andronowski, J. M., Crowder, C., Soto Martinez, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Recent+advancements+in+the+analysis+of+bone+microstructure:+New+dimensions+in+forensic+anthropology.">Recent advancements in the analysis of bone microstructure: New dimensions in forensic anthropology.</a> Forensic Sciences Research. 3 (4), 278-293 (2018).</li><li>Wysokinski, T. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Beamlines+of+the+biomedical+imaging+and+therapy+facility+at+the+Canadian+light+source+-+part+3.">Beamlines of the biomedical imaging and therapy facility at the Canadian light source - part 3.</a> Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment. 775, 1-4 (2015).</li><li>Carter, Y., Suchorab, J. L., Thomas, C. D. L., Clement, J. G., Cooper, D. M. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Normal+variation+in+cortical+osteocyte+lacunar+parameters+in+healthy+young+males.">Normal variation in cortical osteocyte lacunar parameters in healthy young males.</a> Journal of Anatomy. 225 (3), 328-336 (2014).</li><li>Carter, Y., Thomas, C. D. L., Clement, J. G., Cooper, D. M. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Femoral+osteocyte+lacunar+density,+volume+and+morphology+in+women+across+the+lifespan.">Femoral osteocyte lacunar density, volume and morphology in women across the lifespan.</a> Journal of Structural Biology. 183 (3), 519-526 (2013).</li><li>Langer, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=X-Ray+Phase+Nanotomography+Resolves+the+3D+Human+Bone+Ultrastructure.">X-Ray Phase Nanotomography Resolves the 3D Human Bone Ultrastructure.</a> PLoS ONE. 7 (8), 35691 (2012).</li><li>Peyrin, F., Dong, P., Pacureanu, A., Langer, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Micro-+and+Nano-CT+for+the+Study+of+Bone+Ultrastructure.">Micro- and Nano-CT for the Study of Bone Ultrastructure.</a> Current Osteoporosis Reports. 12 (4), 465-474 (2014).</li><li>Dong, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=3D+osteocyte+lacunar+morphometric+properties+and+distributions+in+human+femoral+cortical+bone+using+synchrotron+radiation+micro-CT+images.">3D osteocyte lacunar morphometric properties and distributions in human femoral cortical bone using synchrotron radiation micro-CT images.</a> Bone. 60, 172-185 (2014).</li><li>Gauthier, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=3D+micro+structural+analysis+of+human+cortical+bone+in+paired+femoral+diaphysis,+femoral+neck+and+radial+diaphysis.">3D micro structural analysis of human cortical bone in paired femoral diaphysis, femoral neck and radial diaphysis.</a> Journal of Structural Biology. 204 (2), 182-190 (2018).</li><li>Giuliani, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bisphosphonate-related+osteonecrosis+of+the+human+jaw:+A+combined+3D+assessment+of+bone+descriptors+by+histology+and+synchrotron+radiation-based+microtomography.">Bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the human jaw: A combined 3D assessment of bone descriptors by histology and synchrotron radiation-based microtomography.</a> Oral Oncology. 82, 200-202 (2018).</li><li>Andronowski, J. M., Pratt, I. V., Cooper, D. M. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Occurrence+of+osteon+banding+in+adult+human+cortical+bone.">Occurrence of osteon banding in adult human cortical bone.</a> American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 164 (3), 635-642 (2017).</li><li>Andronowski, J. M., Mundorff, A. Z., Pratt, I. V., Davoren, J. M., Cooper, D. M. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluating+differential+nuclear+DNA+yield+rates+and+osteocyte+numbers+among+human+bone+tissue+types:+A+synchrotron+radiation+micro-CT+approach.">Evaluating differential nuclear DNA yield rates and osteocyte numbers among human bone tissue types: A synchrotron radiation micro-CT approach.</a> Forensic Science International: Genetics. 28, 211-218 (2017).</li><li>Britz, H. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Prolonged+unloading+in+growing+rats+reduces+cortical+osteocyte+lacunar+density+and+volume+in+the+distal+tibia.">Prolonged unloading in growing rats reduces cortical osteocyte lacunar density and volume in the distal tibia.</a> Bone. 51 (5), 913-919 (2012).</li><li>Maggiano, I. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Three-dimensional+reconstruction+of+Haversian+systems+in+human+cortical+bone+using+synchrotron+radiation-based+micro-CT:+morphology+and+quantification+of+branching+and+transverse+connections+across+age.">Three-dimensional reconstruction of Haversian systems in human cortical bone using synchrotron radiation-based micro-CT: morphology and quantification of branching and transverse connections across age.</a> Journal of Anatomy. 228 (5), 719-732 (2016).</li><li>Cooper, D. M. L., Thomas, C. D. L., Clement, J. G., Hallgr&#237;msson, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Three-dimensional+microcomputed+tomography+imaging+of+basic+multicellular+unit-related+resorption+spaces+in+human+cortical+bone.">Three-dimensional microcomputed tomography imaging of basic multicellular unit-related resorption spaces in human cortical bone.</a> The Anatomical Record Part A: Discoveries in Molecular, Cellular, and Evolutionary Biology. 228 (7), 806-816 (2006).</li><li>Holyoke, C. W., Kronenberg, A. K., Newman, J., Ulrich, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rheology+of+magnesite:+Rheology+of+Magnesite.">Rheology of magnesite: Rheology of Magnesite.</a> Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 119 (8), 6534-6557 (2014).</li><li>Holyoke, C. W., Kronenberg, A. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reversible+water+weakening+of+quartz.">Reversible water weakening of quartz.</a> Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 374, 185-190 (2013).</li><li>Holyoke, C. W., Kronenberg, A. K., Newman, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dislocation+creep+of+polycrystalline+dolomite.">Dislocation creep of polycrystalline dolomite.</a> Tectonophysics. 590, 72-82 (2013).</li><li>Raterron, P., Fraysse, G., Girard, J., Holyoke, C. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Strength+of+orthoenstatite+single+crystals+at+mantle+pressure+and+temperature+and+comparison+with+olivine.">Strength of orthoenstatite single crystals at mantle pressure and temperature and comparison with olivine.</a> Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 450, 326-336 (2016).</li><li>Millard, J. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pressure+Dependence+of+Magnesite+Creep.">Pressure Dependence of Magnesite Creep.</a> Geosciences. 9 (10), 420 (2019).</li><li>Thomas, C. D. L., Feik, S. A., Clement, J. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regional+variation+of+intracortical+porosity+in+the+midshaft+of+the+human+femur:+age+and+sex+differences.">Regional variation of intracortical porosity in the midshaft of the human femur: age and sex differences.</a> Journal of Anatomy. 206 (2), 115-125 (2005).</li><li>Jowsey, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Age+Changes+in+Human+Bone.">Age Changes in Human Bone.</a> Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 17, 210 (1960).</li><li>Martin, R. B., Pickett, J. C., Zinaich, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Studies+of+skeletal+remodeling+in+aging+men.">Studies of skeletal remodeling in aging men.</a> Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. (149), 268-282 (1980).</li><li>Martin, R. B., Burr, D. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanical+implications+of+porosity+distribution+in+bone+of+the+appendicular+skeleton.">Mechanical implications of porosity distribution in bone of the appendicular skeleton.</a> Orthopedic Transactions. 8, 342-343 (1984).</li><li>Bousson, V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Distribution+of+Intracortical+Porosity+in+Human+Midfemoral+Cortex+by+Age+and+Gender.">Distribution of Intracortical Porosity in Human Midfemoral Cortex by Age and Gender.</a> Journal of Bone and Mineral Research. 16 (7), 1308-1317 (2001).</li><li>Goldman, H. M., Thomas, C. D. L., Clement, J. G., Bromage, T. 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The use of formaldehyde imbedded human remains in experimental procedures Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://capa-acap.net/sites/default/files/basic-page/capa_2017_program_final_no_cover.pdf">https://capa-acap.net/sites/default/files/basic-page/capa_2017_program_final_no_cover.pdf</a> (2017)</li><li>Currey, J. D., Brear, K., Zioupos, P., Reilly, G. 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Die Autoren haben nichts zu verraten.

Es gibt kein umfassendes, standardisiertes Protokoll zur Beschaffung einheitlicher und zylindrischer kortikaler Knochenkernproben für hochauflösende SR-CT-Bildgebung mit begrenzten FOV-Setups. Das hier beschriebene Protokoll füllt diese Lücke, indem es ein umfassendes Tutorial zur Beschaffung von konsistent dimensionierten kortikalen Knochenkernproben für die SR-CT-Bildgebung und die anschließende genaue Visualisierung und Extraktion von mikroarchitektonischen Daten bereitstellt. Wir haben gezeigt, dass unser Proto...

Mit den jüngsten Fortschritten in der Bildgebungstechnologie ist es nun möglich, Röntgenbilddaten mit sehr hoher Auflösung zu erfassen. Desktop-Mikro-CT-Systeme sind aufgrund ihrer zerstörungsfreien Natur der aktuelle Standard für die Bildgebung von Cancellous-Knochen1. Bei der Abbildung der mikrostrukturellen Merkmale des kortikalen Knochens war die Verwendung von CT jedoch begrenzter. Aufgrund von Lösungseinschränkungen können Desktop-Systeme nicht die Auflösung erreichen, die erforderlich ist, um mikrostrukturelle Merkmale abzubilden, die kleiner sind als kortikale Poren, wie z. B. Osteozyten-Lücken. Für diese Anwendung ist SR-CT ideal aufgrund der höheren Auflösung dieser Systeme1. Experimente an der Canadian Light Source (CLS) an den Beamlines2 der BioMedical Imaging and Therapy (BMIT) haben beispielsweise Bilder mit Voxeln von bis zu 0,9 m erzeugt. Frühere Studien1,3,4,5 haben diese Auflösung verwendet, um Projektionen und nachfolgende dreidimensionale (3D) Renderungen von kortikalen Knochenproben von menschlichen langen Knochen ( Abbildung1) zu quantifizieren Osteozyten-Lückendichte4,6,7,8,9 und Variation in der lacunar Form und Größe3 über die menschliche Lebensdauer und zwischen den Geschlechtern. Weitere Studien haben das Vorhandensein von Osteon-Banding beim Menschen10gezeigt, ein Phänomen, das bisher als nur mit nichtmenschlichen Säugetieren in der forensischen anthropologischen Literatur in Verbindung gebracht wurde.
Um eine außergewöhnliche Auflösung zu erreichen, muss der Röntgenstrahl im Sichtfeld (FOV) fein fokussiert sein, was die maximale Probengröße oft auf wenige Millimeter Durchmesser begrenzt. Derzeit gibt es keine umfassenden, standardisierten Verfahren, die in der Literatur beschrieben sind und die Beschaffung von Knochenproben skizzieren, die diese Einschränkungen erfüllen. Das Zentrieren von Proben innerhalb des FOV ist entscheidend, um sicherzustellen, dass 1) die Probe zentriert bleibt, während sie sich während der Bildgebung um 180° dreht, und 2) Scan-Artefakte sind begrenzt, da es keine Bildkürzung gibt. Mit anderen Worten, keine Teile der Probe außerhalb des FOV stören den Strahl, der in seinen Brennpunkt innerhalb des FOV eintritt. In diesem Fall wird dem Rekonstruktionsalgorithmus ein Teil der Dämpfungsdaten entzogen, die für eine vollständig korrekte Rekonstruktion benötigt werden. Es ist ferner erwähnenswert, dass 360°-Scans (Vollrotation) die Auswirkungen der Strahlhärtung minimieren, aber Artefakte erhöhen, die durch Fehlausrichtung und Probenbewegungen während der Bildgebung verursacht werden. Während also ein 360°-Scan in der Regel sauberere Daten generiert, wird die Bildzeit verdoppelt, so dass ein Kompromiss zwischen experimentellen Kosten und Datenqualität angegangen werden muss.
Ein wichtiger und oft übersehener Aspekt von Knochenbildversuchen ist die genaue und reproduzierbare Probenvorbereitungstechnik, die vor dem Scannen durchgeführt wird. In Studien, die die SR-CT-Methoden in ihre Experimente einbeziehen, wird kurz ihr Probenahmeprotokoll erwähnt, aber die Autoren geben wenig bis gar keine Details über die jeweilige Methodik an, die zum Sammeln ihrer Proben verwendet wird. Viele solcher Studien erwähnen das Schneiden geradliniger Knochenblöcke beliebiger Dimensionen, geben aber im Allgemeinen keine weiteren Informationen über die verwendeten Werkzeuge oder Einbettmaterialien3,4,10,11,12,13,14. Einige Forscher verwenden häufig Hand-Drehwerkzeuge (z.B. Dremel), um geradlinige Knochenblöcke aus einem Bereich von Interesse (ROI)3,4,10,11,12,13,14. Diese Methode führt zu Proben mit ungleichmäßiger Größe, die größer als die FOV sein können, was die Wahrscheinlichkeit von Scanartefakten und Bildabschneidungen erhöht. Solche Proben erfordern oft eine weitere Verfeinerung mit einer Präzisions-Diamant-Wafer-Säge (z.B. Bühler Isomet). Die Beschaffung von Stichproben mit konsistenten Abmessungen (bis zu zwei Hundertstel/mm) ist entscheidend, um sicherzustellen, dass die erfassten Datensätze von höchster Qualität sind und die nachfolgenden Ergebnisse reproduzierbar sind.
Die begrenzte Berichterstattung über die Stichprobenbeschaffungsmethodik fügt eine zusätzliche Schwierigkeitsschicht bei dem Versuch hinzu, Methoden einzusetzen und/oder zu validieren, die in einer früheren Studie durchgeführt wurden. Derzeit müssen sich die Forscher direkt an die Autoren wenden, um weitere Informationen zu ihren Probenahmeverfahren zu erhalten. Das hier beschriebene Protokoll bietet biomedizinischen Forschern eine gründlich dokumentierte, reproduzierbare und kosteneffiziente Probenahmetechnik. Das primäre Ziel dieses Artikels ist es, ein umfassendes Tutorial zur Beschaffung konsistent dimensionierter kortikaler Knochenkernproben mit einer Fräsbohrmaschine und einem Diamant-Coring-Bit für die genaue Visualisierung und Extraktion von mikroarchitektonischen Daten bereitzustellen. Diese Methode wird von Verfahren geändert, die verwendet werden, um routinemäßig einheitliche,1-5 mm Zylinder mit kleinem Durchmesser (1-5 mm) aus Blöcken harter Materialien in der Hochdruckgesteinsmechanik15,16,17,18,19zu sammeln.

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			<td style="width:120px;">Jet Mill/Drill</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">350017</td>
			<td>Model: JMD-15, benchtop drill presses are suitable substites, but typically lack a translatable machine table for positioning samples beneath the drill stem</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">Fine-tipped forceps</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">22-327379</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:215px;">Fixturing clamps for XY machine table for mill/drill</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">MSC Industrial Supply</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">#04804571</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">Glass microscope slides</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">Ted Pella</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">26005</td>
			<td>75x50mm slides, 1mm thick</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">Glass slide chuck</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">Buehler</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">#112488</td>
			<td>Large enough to hold 75x50mm glass slides</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:215px;">Hot plate capable of reaching 140 &#176;C</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">ThermoScientific</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">HP88850105</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">Incubator</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">NAPCO</td>
			<td>Model 4200</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">Isocut Fluid</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">Buehler</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">111193032</td>
			<td>Lubricant; 30mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">Jeweler&#39;s diamond coring drill bit</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">Otto Frei</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">#119.050</td>
			<td>2mm inner diameter hollow stem coring bit</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">NRecon</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">Bruker microCT</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">v.1.6.10.2</td>
			<td>Download and install at https://www.bruker.com/products/microtomography.html</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">Oscillating saw</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">Harbor Freight</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">62866</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">Oven-safe glass dishes</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">Pyrex</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">1117715</td>
			<td>Glass food storage container</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:215px;">Precision slow-speed saw (Isomet 1000)</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">Buehler</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">111280160</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">Razor blades</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">Amazon</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">25181</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">Shallow aluminum tins</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">Amazon</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">B01MRWLD0R</td>
			<td>~8cm diameter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:215px;">Specimen cups</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">Amazon</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">616784425436 885334344729</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">Tergazyme detergent</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">Alconox</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">1304-1</td>
			<td>1.8kg box</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">Ultrasonic cleaner</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">MTI Corporation</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">KJ201508006</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a sectioning, coring, and image processing guide for high-throughput cortical bone sample procurement and analysis for synchrotron micro-ct

Knochen ist ein dynamisches und mechanisch aktives Gewebe, das sich im Laufe der menschlichen Lebensdauer in der Struktur verändert. Die Produkte des Knochenumbauprozesses wurden im Wesentlichen mit traditionellen zweidimensionalen Techniken untersucht. Jüngste Fortschritte in der Röntgenbildgebungstechnologie durch Desktop-Mikrocomputertomographie (CT) und Synchrotronstrahlung Mikrocomputertomographie (SR-CT) haben die Erfassung von hochauflösenden dreidimensionalen (3D) Scans eines größeren Sichtfeldes (FOV) als andere 3D-Bildgebungstechniken (z. B. SEM) ermöglicht, die ein vollständigeres Bild der mikroskopischen Strukturen innerhalb des menschlichen Kortikalknochens liefern. Die Probe sollte jedoch innerhalb des FOV genau zentriert sein, um das Auftreten von Streifenartefakten zu begrenzen, von denen bekannt ist, dass sie Datenanalysen beeinflussen. Frühere Studien haben die Beschaffung von unregelmäßig geformten geradlinigen Knochenblöcken berichtet, die aufgrund ungleichmäßiger Kanten oder Bildabschneide zu bildgebenden Artefakten führen. Wir haben ein geologisches Probenahmeprotokoll (Coring) angewendet, um konsistent ekortikale Knochenkernproben für SR-CT-Experimente aus dem vorderen Aspekt der menschlichen Femora zu beschaffen. Diese Coring-Methode ist effizient und minimal destruktiv für Gewebe. Es werden einheitliche zylindrische Proben erstellt, die bildgebende Artefakte von Der Art, die während der Rotation isometrisch ist, verringern und eine gleichmäßige Pfadlänge für Röntgenstrahlen während des Scannens bereitstellen. Die Bildverarbeitung von röntgentomographischen Daten von entkernten und unregelmäßig geformten Proben bestätigt das Potenzial der Technik, die Visualisierung und Analyse der kortikalen Knochenmikroarchitektur zu verbessern. Ein Ziel dieses Protokolls ist es, eine zuverlässige und wiederholbare Methode für die Extraktion von kortikalen Knochenkernen zu liefern, die für verschiedene Arten von hochauflösenden Knochenbildgebungsexperimenten anpassungsfähig ist. Ein übergeordnetes Ziel der Arbeit ist es, eine standardisierte kortikale Knochenbeschaffung für SR-CT zu schaffen, die erschwinglich, konsistent und unkompliziert ist. Dieses Verfahren kann von Forschern in verwandten Bereichen, die häufig harte Verbundwerkstoffe wie in der biologischen Anthropologie, Geowissenschaften oder Materialwissenschaften bewerten, weiter angepasst werden.

Die beschriebene Methode der Kernprobenahme erwies sich als äußerst effektiv und effizient. Die Mithilfe für Proben, die dieses Protokoll verwenden, ermöglichte die Beschaffung von Proben in konstanter Größe von >300 für Experimente an der CLS BMIT-BM-Beamline2, mit einem FOV von 2 mm bei einer Voxelgröße von 1,49 m. Um die Konsistenz des Kerndurchmessers zu validieren, wurden entlang der Länge (oben, Mitte, Unten) einer Teilmenge menschlicher vorderer Femoralkerne (n=69) drei M...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Sectioning, Coring, and Image Processing Guide for High-Throughput Cortical Bone Sample Procurement and Analysis for Synchrotron Micro-CT at JoVE.com

A Sectioning, Coring, and Image Processing Guide for High-Throughput Cortical Bone Sample Procurement and Analysis for Synchrotron Micro-CT

Wir verwendeten ein geologisches (Coring) Probenahmeprotokoll, um kortikale Knochenproben von einheitlicher Größe für SR-CT-Experimente aus dem vorderen Aspekt der menschlichen Femora zu beschaffen. Diese Methode ist minimal destruktiv, effizient, führt zu zylindrischen Proben, die bildgebende Artefakte aus unregelmäßigen Probenformen minimieren und die mikroarchitektonische Visualisierung und Analyse verbessern.

Bone is a dynamic and mechanically active tissue that changes in structure over the human lifespan. The products of the bone remodeling process have been ...

a-sectioning-coring-image-processing-guide-for-high-throughput

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

5.0K Aufrufe.  The University of Akron. Wir verwendeten ein geologisches (Coring) Probenahmeprotokoll, um kortikale Knochenproben von einheitlicher Größe für SR-CT-Experimente aus dem vorderen Aspekt der menschlichen Femora zu beschaffen. Diese Methode ist minimal destruktiv, effizient, führt zu zylindrischen Proben, die bildgebende Artefakte aus unregelmäßigen Probenformen minimieren und die mikroarchitektonische Visualisierung und Analyse verbessern.

Serie: A Sectioning, Coring, and Image Processing Guide for High-Throughput Cortical Bone Sample Procurement and Analysis for Synchrotron Micro-CT

A Practical Guide to Phylogenetics for Nonexperts

Many researchers, across incredibly diverse foci, are applying phylogenetics to their research question(s). However, many researchers are new to this topic and so it presents inherent problems. Here we compile a practical introduction to phylogenetics for nonexperts.&#160;We outline in a step-by-step manner, a pipeline for generating reliable phylogenies from gene sequence datasets. We begin with a user-guide for similarity search tools via online interfaces as well as local executables. Next, we explore programs for generating multiple sequence alignments followed by protocols for using software to determine best-fit models of evolution. We then outline protocols for reconstructing phylogenetic relationships via maximum likelihood and Bayesian criteria&#160;and finally describe tools for visualizing phylogenetic trees. While this is not by any means an exhaustive description of phylogenetic approaches, it does provide the reader with practical starting information on key software applications commonly utilized by phylogeneticists. The vision for this article would be that it could serve as a practical training tool for researchers embarking on phylogenetic studies&#160;and also serve as an educational resource that could be incorporated into a classroom or teaching-lab.

Here we describe a step-by-step pipeline for generating reliable phylogenies from nucleotide or amino acid sequence datasets. This guide aims to serve researchers or students new to phylogenetic analysis.&#160;

A Practical Guide to Phylogenetics für Nichtexperten

Many researchers, across incredibly diverse foci, are applying phylogenetics to their research question(s). However, many researchers are new to this ...

Forschung

Biologie

A High Throughput MHC II Binding Assay for Quantitative Analysis of Peptide Epitopes

Biochemical assays with recombinant human MHC II molecules can provide rapid, quantitative insights into immunogenic epitope identification, deletion, or design1,2. Here, a peptide-MHC II binding assay is scaled to 384-well format. The scaled down protocol reduces reagent costs by 75% and is higher throughput than previously described 96-well protocols1,3-5. Specifically, the experimental design permits robust and reproducible analysis of up to 15 peptides against one MHC II allele per 384-well ELISA plate. Using a single liquid handling robot, this method allows one researcher to analyze approximately ninety test peptides in triplicate over a range of eight concentrations and four MHC II allele types in less than 48 hr. Others working in the fields of protein deimmunization or vaccine design and development may find the protocol to be useful in facilitating their own work. In particular, the step-by-step instructions and the visual format of JoVE should allow other users to quickly and easily establish this methodology in their own labs.

Biochemical assays with recombinant human MHC II molecules can provide rapid, quantitative insights into immunogenic epitope identification, deletion, or design. &#160;Here, a peptide-MHC II binding assay scaled to 384-well plates is described. This cost effective format should prove useful in the fields of protein deimmunization and vaccine design and development.

Ein hoher Durchsatz MHC II-Bindungsassay für die quantitative Analyse von Peptid-Epitope

Biochemical assays with recombinant human MHC II molecules can provide rapid, quantitative insights into immunogenic epitope identification, deletion, or ...

High-throughput Image Analysis of Tumor Spheroids: A User-friendly Software Application to Measure the Size of Spheroids Automatically and Accurately

The increasing number of applications of three-dimensional (3D) tumor spheroids as an in vitro model for drug discovery requires their adaptation to large-scale screening formats in every step of a drug screen, including large-scale image analysis. Currently there is no ready-to-use and free image analysis software to meet this large-scale format. Most existing methods involve manually drawing the length and width of the imaged 3D spheroids, which is a tedious and time-consuming process. This study presents a high-throughput image analysis software application &#8211; SpheroidSizer, which measures the major and minor axial length of the imaged 3D tumor spheroids automatically and accurately; calculates the volume of each individual 3D tumor spheroid; then outputs the results in two different forms in spreadsheets for easy manipulations in the subsequent data analysis. The main advantage of this software is its powerful image analysis application that is adapted for large numbers of images. It provides high-throughput computation and quality-control workflow. The estimated time to process 1,000 images is about 15 min&#160;on a minimally configured laptop, or around 1 min&#160;on a multi-core performance workstation. The graphical user interface (GUI) is also designed for easy quality control, and users can manually override the computer results. The key method used in this software is adapted from the active contour algorithm, also known as Snakes, which is especially suitable for images with uneven illumination and noisy background that often plagues automated imaging processing in high-throughput screens. The complimentary &#8220;Manual Initialize&#8221; and &#8220;Hand Draw&#8221; tools provide the flexibility to SpheroidSizer in dealing with various types of spheroids and diverse quality images. This high-throughput image analysis software remarkably reduces labor and speeds up the analysis process. Implementing this software is beneficial for 3D tumor spheroids to become a routine in vitro model for drug screens in industry and academia.

We present a high-throughput image analysis software application to measure the size of three-dimensional tumor spheroids imaged with bright-field microscopy. This application provides a fast and effective way to examine the effects of therapeutic drugs on spheroids, which is beneficial for researchers who wish to use spheroids in drug screens.

Hochdurchsatz-Analyse von Bild Tumorsphäroide: Eine benutzerfreundliche Software-Anwendung, um die Größe der Sphäroide automatisch und präzise messen

The increasing number of applications of three-dimensional (3D) tumor spheroids as an in vitro model for drug discovery requires their adaptation to ...

High-throughput Screening for Chemical Modulators of Post-transcriptionally Regulated Genes

Both transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation have a profound impact on genes expression. However, commonly adopted cell-based screening assays focus on transcriptional regulation, being essentially aimed at the identification of promoter-targeting molecules. As a result, post-transcriptional mechanisms are largely uncovered by gene expression targeted drug development. Here we describe a cell-based assay aimed at investigating the role of the 3&#39; untranslated region (3&#8217; UTR) in the modulation of the fate of its mRNA, and at identifying compounds able to modify it. The assay is based on the use of a luciferase reporter construct containing the 3&#8217; UTR of a gene of interest stably integrated into a disease-relevant cell line. The protocol is divided into two parts, with the initial focus on the primary screening aimed at the identification of molecules affecting luciferase activity after 24 hr of treatment. The second part of the protocol describes the counter-screening necessary to discriminate compounds modulating luciferase activity specifically through the 3&#8217; UTR. In addition to the detailed protocol and representative results, we provide important considerations about the assay development and the validation of the hit(s) on the endogenous target. The described cell-based reporter gene assay will allow scientists to identify molecules modulating protein levels via post-transcriptional mechanisms dependent on a 3&#8217; UTR.

Here we describe a cell-based reporter gene assay as a valuable tool to screen chemical libraries for compounds modulating post-transcriptional control mechanisms exerted through 3&#8217; UTR.

Hochdurchsatz-Screening für Chemische Modulatoren der Post-transkriptionell regulierten Genen

Both transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation have a profound impact on genes expression. However, commonly adopted cell-based screening assays ...

qPCRTag Analysis - A High Throughput, Real Time PCR Assay for Sc2.0 Genotyping

The Synthetic Yeast Genome Project (Sc2.0) aims to build 16 designer yeast chromosomes and combine them into a single yeast cell. To date one synthetic chromosome, synIII1, and one synthetic chromosome arm, synIXR2, have been constructed and their in vivo function validated in the absence of the corresponding wild type chromosomes. An important design feature of Sc2.0 chromosomes is the introduction of PCRTags, which are short, re-coded sequences within open reading frames (ORFs) that enable differentiation of synthetic chromosomes from their wild type counterparts. PCRTag primers anneal selectively to either synthetic or wild type chromosomes and the presence/absence of each type of DNA can be tested using a simple PCR assay. The standard readout of the PCRTag assay is to assess presence/absence of amplicons by agarose gel electrophoresis. However, with an average PCRTag amplicon density of one per 1.5 kb and a genome size of ~12 Mb, the completed Sc2.0 genome will encode roughly 8,000 PCRTags. To improve throughput, we have developed a real time PCR-based detection assay for PCRTag genotyping that we call qPCRTag analysis. The workflow specifies 500 nl reactions in a 1,536 multiwell plate, allowing us to test up to 768 PCRTags with both synthetic and wild type primer pairs in a single experiment.

Designer chromosomes of the Synthetic Yeast Genome project, Sc2.0, can be distinguished from their native counterparts using a PCR-based genotyping assay called PCRTagging, which has a presence/absence endpoint. Here we describe a high-throughput real time PCR detection method for PCRTag genotyping.

qPCRTag Analyse - ein hoher Durchsatz, Echtzeit-PCR-Assay für Sc2.0 Genotyping

The Synthetic Yeast Genome Project (Sc2.0) aims to build 16 designer yeast chromosomes and combine them into a single yeast cell. To date one synthetic ...

High-Throughput, Multi-Image Cryohistology of Mineralized Tissues

There is an increasing need for efficient phenotyping and histopathology of a variety of tissues. This phenotyping need is evident with the ambitious projects to disrupt every gene in the mouse genome. The research community needs rapid and inexpensive means to phenotype tissues via histology. Histological analyses of skeletal tissues are often time consuming and semi-quantitative at best, regularly requiring subjective interpretation of slides from trained individuals. Here, we present a cryohistological paradigm for efficient and inexpensive phenotyping of mineralized tissues. First, we present a novel method of tape-stabilized cryosectioning that preserves the morphology of mineralized tissues. These sections are then adhered rigidly to glass slides and imaged repeatedly over several rounds of staining. The resultant images are then aligned either manually or via computer software to yield composite stacks of several layered images. The protocol allows for co-localization of numerous molecular signals to specific cells within a given section. In addition, these fluorescent signals can be quantified objectively via computer software. This protocol overcomes many of the shortcomings associated with histology of mineralized tissues and can serve as a platform for high-throughput, high-content phenotyping of musculoskeletal tissues moving forward.

In this manuscript, we present a high-throughput, semi-automated cryohistology platform to produce aligned composite images of multiple response measures from several rounds of fluorescent imaging on frozen sections of mineralized tissues.

Hochdurchsatz, Multi-Bild Cryohistology von mineralisiertem Gewebe

There is an increasing need for efficient phenotyping and histopathology of a variety of tissues. This phenotyping need is evident with the ambitious ...

Isolation, Purification, and Differentiation of Osteoclast Precursors from Rat Bone Marrow

Osteoclasts are large, multinucleated, and bone-resorbing cells of the monocyte-macrophage lineage that are formed by the fusion of monocytes or macrophage precursors. Excessive bone resorption is one the most significant cellular mechanisms leading to osteolytic diseases, including osteoporosis, periodontitis, and periprosthetic osteolysis. The main physiological function of osteoclasts is to absorb both the hydroxyapatite mineral component and the organic matrix of bone, generating the characteristic resorption appearance on the surface of bones. There are relatively few osteoclasts compared to other cells in the body, especially in adult bones. Recent studies have focused on how to obtain more mature osteoclasts in less time, which has always been a problem. Several improvements in the isolation and culture techniques have developed in laboratories in order to obtain more mature osteoclasts. Here, we introduce a method that isolates bone marrow in less time and with less effort compared to the traditional procedure, using a special and simple device. With the use of density gradient centrifugation, we obtain large amounts of fully differentiated osteoclasts from rat bone marrow, which are identified by classical methods.

Osteoclasts are tissue-specific macrophage polykaryons derived from the monocyte-macrophage lineage of hematopoietic stem cells. This protocol describes how to isolate bone marrow cells so that large quantities of osteoclasts are obtained while reducing the risk of accidents found in traditional methods.

Isolierung, Reinigung und Differenzierung von Osteoclast-Laufläufern aus der Rattenmarkierung

Osteoclasts are large, multinucleated, and bone-resorbing cells of the monocyte-macrophage lineage that are formed by the fusion of monocytes or ...

Assessment of Global Ocular Structure Following Spaceflight Using a Micro-Computed Tomography (Micro-CT) Imaging Method

Reports show that prolonged exposure to a spaceflight environment produces morphologic and functional ophthalmic changes in astronauts during and after an International Space Station (ISS) mission. However, the underlying mechanisms of these spaceflight-induced changes are currently unknown. The purpose of the present study was to determine the impact of the spaceflight environment on ocular structures by evaluating the thickness of the mouse retina, the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), the choroid and the sclera layer using micro-CT imaging. Ten-week-old C57BL/6 male mice were housed aboard the ISS for a 35-day mission and then returned to Earth alive for tissue analysis. For comparison, ground control (GC) mice on Earth were maintained in identical environmental conditions and hardware. Ocular tissue samples were collected for micro-CT analysis within 38(&#177;4) hours after splashdown. The images of the cross-section of the retina, the RPE, the choroid, and the sclera layer of the fixed eye was recorded in an axial and sagittal view using a micro-CT imaging acquisition method. The micro-CT analysis showed that the cross-section areas of the retina, RPE, and choroid layer thickness were changed in spaceflight samples compared to GC, with spaceflight samples showing significantly thinner cross-sections and layers compared to controls. The findings from this study indicate that micro-CT evaluation is a sensitive and reliable method to characterize ocular structure changes. These results are expected to improve the understanding of the impact of environmental stress on global ocular structures.

Assessment of Global Ocular Structure Following Spaceflight Using a Micro-Computed Tomography Micro-CT Imaging Method

We present a protocol using high-resolution micro-computed tomography imaging to determine whether spaceflight induced damage on ocular structures. The protocol shows the micro-CT-derived measurement of ex vivo rodent ocular structures. We demonstrate the ability to assess ocular morphological changes following spaceflight using a non-destructive tridimensional technique to evaluate ocular damage.

Bewertung der globalen Augenstruktur nach der Raumfahrt mit einer mikroberechneten Tomographie (Micro-CT) Imaging-Methode

Reports show that prolonged exposure to a spaceflight environment produces morphologic and functional ophthalmic changes in astronauts during and after an ...

A High-Throughput Platform for Culture and 3D Imaging of Organoids

The characterization of a large number of three-dimensional (3D) organotypic cultures (organoids) at different resolution scales is currently limited by standard imaging approaches. This protocol describes a way to prepare microfabricated organoid culture chips, which enable multiscale, 3D live imaging on a user-friendly instrument requiring minimal manipulations and capable of up to 300 organoids/h imaging throughput. These culture chips are compatible with both air and immersion objectives (air, water, oil, and silicone) and a wide range of common microscopes (e.g., spinning disk, point scanner confocal, wide field, and brightfield). Moreover, they can be used with light-sheet modalities such as the single-objective, single-plane illumination microscopy (SPIM) technology (soSPIM). 
The protocol described here gives detailed steps for the preparation of the microfabricated culture chips and the culture and staining of organoids. Only a short length of time is required to become familiar with, and consumables and equipment can be easily found in normal biolabs. Here, the 3D imaging capabilities will be demonstrated only with commercial standard microscopes (e.g., spinning disk for 3D reconstruction and wide field microscopy for routine monitoring).

This paper presents a fabrication protocol for a new type of culture substrate with hundreds of microcontainers per mm2, in which organoids can be cultured and observed using high-resolution microscopy. The cell seeding and immunostaining protocols are also detailed.

Eine Hochdurchsatzplattform für Kultur und 3D-Bildgebung von Organoiden

The characterization of a large number of three-dimensional (3D) organotypic cultures (organoids) at different resolution scales is currently limited by ...

Aufklärung der Glykanstruktur und des Vorkommens mittels Microarray-Polymer-Profiling

Microarray Polymer Profiling (MAPP) for High-Throughput Glycan Analysis

Microarray polymer profiling (MAPP) is a robust and reproducible approach to systematically determine the composition and relative abundance of glycans and glycoconjugates within a variety of biological samples, including plant and algal tissues, food materials, and human, animal, and microbial samples. Microarray technology underpins the efficacy of this method by providing a miniaturized, high-throughput screening platform, allowing thousands of interactions between glycans and highly specific glycan-directed molecular probes to be characterized concomitantly, using only small amounts of analytes. Constituent glycans are chemically and enzymatically fractionated, before being sequentially extracted from the sample and directly immobilized onto nitrocellulose membranes. The glycan composition is determined by the attachment of specific glycan-recognizing molecular probes to the extorted and printed molecules. MAPP is complementary to conventional glycan analysis techniques, such as monosaccharide and linkage analysis and mass spectrometry. However, glycan-recognizing molecular probes provide insight into the structural configurations of glycans, which can aid in elucidating biological interactions and functional roles.

Autor im Rampenlicht: MAPP-Protokoll – Weiterentwicklung der Glykananalyse 

Microarray polymer profiling (MAPP) is a high-throughput technique for compositional analysis of glycans in biological samples.

Microarray-Polymer-Profiling (MAPP) für die Hochdurchsatz-Glykananalyse

Microarray polymer profiling (MAPP) is a robust and reproducible approach to systematically determine the composition and relative abundance of glycans ...