Wir danken Lisa Kretsge für das kritische Feedback und die Bearbeitung des Manuskripts. Wir danken allen wissenschaftlichen Assistenten im Cruz-Martin-Labor, die bei der Perfusion und Zellzählung von Verhaltensgehirnen von unschätzbarem Wert waren. Wir danken Andrzej Cwetsch für den Einsatz des tripolaren Elektrodens und Todd Blute und dem Boston University Biology Imaging Core für den Einsatz des konfokalen Mikroskops. Diese Arbeit wurde unterstützt durch ein NARSAD Young Investigator Grant (AC-M, #27202), den Brenton R. Lutz Award (ALC), den I. Alden Macchi Award (ALC), das NSF NRT UtB: Neurophotonics National Research Fellowship (ALC, #DGE1633516) und das Boston University Undergraduate Research Opportunities Program (WWY). Die Geldgeber spielten keine Rolle bei der Studiengestaltung, Datenerhebung und -analyse, der Entscheidung zur Veröffentlichung oder der Vorbereitung des Manuskripts.

<ol>
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L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Increased+expression+of+schizophrenia-associated+gene+C4+leads+to+hypoconnectivity+of+prefrontal+cortex+and+reduced+social+interaction.">Increased expression of schizophrenia-associated gene C4 leads to hypoconnectivity of prefrontal cortex and reduced social interaction.</a> PLoS Biology. 18 (1), 3000604 (2020).</li><li>Chini, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Resolving+and+Rescuing+Developmental+Miswiring+in+a+Mouse+Model+of+Cognitive+Impairment.">Resolving and Rescuing Developmental Miswiring in a Mouse Model of Cognitive Impairment.</a> Neuron. 105 (1), 60-74 (2020).</li><li>Clifton, N. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dynamic+expression+of+genes+associated+with+schizophrenia+and+bipolar+disorder+across+development.">Dynamic expression of genes associated with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder across development.</a> Translational Psychiatry. 9 (1), 74 (2019).</li><li>Oberlander, V. C., Xu, X., Chini, M., Hanganu-Opatz, I. 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M., Svoboda, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genetic+Dissection+of+Neural+Circuits:+A+Decade+of+Progress.">Genetic Dissection of Neural Circuits: A Decade of Progress.</a> Neuron. 98 (2), 256-281 (2018).</li><li>DeNardo, L., Luo, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genetic+strategies+to+access+activated+neurons.">Genetic strategies to access activated neurons.</a> Current Opinion in Neurobiology. 45, 121-129 (2017).</li><li>Huang, Z. 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H., Adikaram, P., Pandey, M., Genis, A., Simonds, W. 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J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spatiotemporal+Molecular+Approach+of+in+utero+Electroporation+to+Functionally+Decipher+Endophenotypes+in+Neurodevelopmental+Disorders.">Spatiotemporal Molecular Approach of in utero Electroporation to Functionally Decipher Endophenotypes in Neurodevelopmental Disorders.</a> Frontiers in Molecular Neurosciences. 4, 37 (2011).</li><li>Szczurkowska, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Targeted+in+vivo+genetic+manipulation+of+the+mouse+or+rat+brain+by+in+utero+electroporation+with+a+triple-electrode+probe.">Targeted in vivo genetic manipulation of the mouse or rat brain by in utero electroporation with a triple-electrode probe.</a> Nature Protocols. 11 (3), 399-412 (2016).</li><li>dal Maschio, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-performance+and+site-directed+in+utero+electroporation+by+a+triple-electrode+probe.">High-performance and site-directed in utero electroporation by a triple-electrode probe.</a> Nature Communications. 3, 960 (2012).</li><li>Zhan, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Deficient+neuron-microglia+signaling+results+in+impaired+functional+brain+connectivity+and+social+behavior.">Deficient neuron-microglia signaling results in impaired functional brain connectivity and social behavior.</a> Nature Neurosciences. 17 (3), 400-406 (2014).</li><li>Mathis, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=DeepLabCut:+markerless+pose+estimation+of+user-defined+body+parts+with+deep+learning.">DeepLabCut: markerless pose estimation of user-defined body parts with deep learning.</a> Nature Neurosciences. 21 (9), 1281-1289 (2018).</li><li>Bullmann, T., Arendt, T., Frey, U., Hanashima, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+transportable,+inexpensive+electroporator+for+in+utero+electroporation.">A transportable, inexpensive electroporator for in utero electroporation.</a> Development Growth and Differentiation. 57 (5), 369-377 (2015).</li><li>Li, Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genome-wide+association+analysis+identifies+30+new+susceptibility+loci+for+schizophrenia.">Genome-wide association analysis identifies 30 new susceptibility loci for schizophrenia.</a> Nature Genetics. 49 (11), 1576-1583 (2017).</li><li>Ripke, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genome-wide+association+analysis+identifies+13+new+risk+loci+for+schizophrenia.">Genome-wide association analysis identifies 13 new risk loci for schizophrenia.</a> Nature Genetics. 45 (10), 1150-1159 (2013).</li><li>De Marco Garcia, N. 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Die Autoren erklären keine konkurrierenden Interessen.

Hierin wird eine Pipeline beschrieben, die die Manipulation neuartiger Gene von Interesse in großen Populationen von frontalkortikalen Neuronen mit Verhaltenstests bei Mäusen kombiniert. Darüber hinaus ermöglicht diese Pipeline die Längsuntersuchung des Verhaltens bei denselben Mäusen sowohl während der frühen postnatalen Entwicklung als auch im Erwachsenenalter. Diese Technik umgeht die Notwendigkeit, sich auf genetische Tiermodelle zu verlassen, die in Bezug auf Zeit und Kosten teuer sein können. Die Stärke d...

Genomweite Assoziationsstudien (GWAS) haben die Entdeckung neuartiger Kandidatengene vorangetrieben, die mit Hirnpathologienverbundensind 1,2,3,4. Diese Studien waren besonders nützlich beim Verständnis verheerender neuropsychiatrischer Störungen wie Schizophrenie (SCZ), wo die Untersuchung neuartiger Gene als Ausgangspunkt für neue Forschungslinien und therapeutischeInterventionendiente 5,6. Gene, die ein Risiko für SCZ bergen, zeigen eine voreingenommene Expression im präfrontalen Kortex (PFC) während der pränatalen und frühen postnatalen Entwicklung, einer Region, die in die Pathologie mehrerer neuropsychiatrischer Erkrankungen verwickelt ist7. Zusätzlich weisen Mausmodelle psychiatrischer Störungen eine abnormale Aktivität in PFC-Netzwerken6,8,9auf. Diese Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass SZC-assoziierte Gene eine Rolle bei der Entwicklungsverdrahtung dieser Region spielen könnten. Weitere Untersuchungen mit Tiermodellen sind erforderlich, um den Beitrag dieser Kandidatengene zur Etablierung von Verbindungen im PFC zu verstehen und festzustellen, ob diese Gene eine ursächliche Rolle bei der Pathogenese neuropsychiatrischer Störungen spielen. Genetische Manipulationstechniken bei Mäusen, die die Untersuchung von Genexpressionsänderungen an bestimmten neuronalen Schaltkreisen während der pränatalen und frühen postnatalen Entwicklung ermöglichen, sind eine vielversprechende Methode, um die molekularen Mechanismen zu verstehen, die Genexpressionsänderungen mit PFC-Dysfunktion verknüpfen.
Genetische Mauslinien bieten eine Methode, um die Auswirkungen bestimmter Gene auf die Entwicklung und Funktion des Gehirns zu untersuchen. Die Abhängigkeit von transgenen Mäusen kann jedoch einschränkend sein, da es nicht immer kommerziell verfügbare Linien gibt, um die Auswirkungen bestimmter Gene auf die Entwicklung neuronaler Schaltkreise zu untersuchen. Darüber hinaus kann es extrem teuer und zeitaufwändig sein, benutzerdefinierte Mauslinien zu entwickeln. Die Verwendung von intersektionalen genetischen Manipulationsstrategien, die transgene Mäuse mit viralen Ansätzen kombinieren, hat das Verständnis des Gehirns revolutioniert10,11,12. Trotz vieler Fortschritte haben virale Strategien je nach viralem Vektortyp gewisse Einschränkungen, einschließlich Beschränkungen der Verpackungskapazität, die die virale Expression13 einschränken können, und die Zelltoxizität im Zusammenhang mit der viralen Expression14. Darüber hinaus erfordert eine robuste Genexpression mit Adeno-assoziierten Viren (AAVs) unter den meisten experimentellen Bedingungen etwa 2 bis 4 Wochen15, was routinemäßige virale Strategien unmöglich macht, um Gene während der frühen postnatalen Entwicklung zu manipulieren.
In der Utero-Elektroporation (IUE) ist ein alternativer Ansatz, der einen schnellen und kostengünstigen Gentransfer16,17 ermöglicht, der in Verbindung mit fluoreszierender Etikettierung und pharmakogenetischen oder optogenetischen Ansätzen eine leistungsstarke Plattform bietet, um die Funktion neuronaler Schaltkreise zu sezieren. Darüber hinaus können mit der Entwicklung von CRISPR-Cas9 Genom-Editing-Genen überexprimiert oder präzise verändert werden, indem zelltypspezifische Knock-down oder Knock-out von bestimmten Genen oder durch die Modulation der Promotoren18,19. Genmanipulationsansätze mit IUE sind besonders vorteilhaft, wenn die Wirkung von Genen auf neuronale Schaltkreise während schmaler Entwicklungsfenster getestet werden muss20. IUE ist eine vielseitige Technik und Überexpression kann leicht erreicht werden, indem ein Gen in einen Expressionsvektor unter einem bestimmten Promotor eingefügt wird. Eine zusätzliche Kontrolle der Genexpression kann erreicht werden, indem die Expression mit Promotoren unterschiedlicher Stärken angetrieben wird oder induzierbare Promotoren verwendet werden, die in der Lage sind, die Genexpression zeitlich zu kontrollieren21,22. Darüber hinaus ermöglicht IUE die Ausrichtung von Zellen innerhalb bestimmter kortikaler Schichten, Zelltypen und Hirnregionen, was nicht immer mit anderen Ansätzen möglich ist5,17. Jüngste Fortschritte in der IUE-Konfiguration auf der Grundlage der Verwendung von drei Elektroden, die eine effizientere Verteilung des elektrischen Feldes erzeugen, haben das funktionelle Repertoire dieser Methode erweitert und es Wissenschaftlern ermöglicht, neue Zelltypen anzusprechen und die Effizienz, Genauigkeit und Anzahl der Zellen zu erhöhen, die zielgerichtet sein können23,24. Diese Technik wurde vor kurzem verwendet, um die ursächliche Rolle der Komplementkomponente 4A (C4A), ein Gen, das mit SCZ verbunden ist, in der PFC-Funktion und frühen Kognition zu bestimmen5.
Präsentiert wird hier eine experimentelle Pipeline, die Gentransferansätze kombiniert, um große Populationen von exzitatorischen Neuronen im frontalen Kortex, einschließlich der PFC, mit Verhaltensparadigmen zu erreichen, die nicht nur die Untersuchung von Zell- und Schaltkreis-Änderungen ermöglichen, sondern auch die Überwachung des Verhaltens während der frühen postnatalen Entwicklung und des Erwachsenenalters ermöglicht. Zuerst beschrieben ist eine Methode, um große Populationen von Schicht (L) 2/3 pyramidalen Neuronen in frontalen kortikalen Regionen bilateral zu transfekieren. Als nächstes werden Aufgaben zur Assay-Sozialverhalten bei jugendlichen und erwachsenen Mäusen skizziert. Zellzählungen können nach Abschluss von Verhaltensaufgaben ermittelt werden, um das Ausmaß und die Position der Zelltransfektion zu quantifizieren. Darüber hinaus kann die Anzahl der transfizierten Zellen mit Verhaltensdaten korreliert werden, um festzustellen, ob eine größere Anzahl transfizierter Zellen zu größeren Verhaltensstörungen führt.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:664px;" width="663">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">13mm Silk Black Braided Suture</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">Havel&#39;s</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">SB77D</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Suture skin</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Adson Forceps</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">F.S.T.</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">11006-12</td>
			<td>IUE</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">C270 Webcam</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">Logitech</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">N/A</td>
			<td>Record behavior</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">Electroporator</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">Custom-built</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">N/A</td>
			<td>See Figure 1 and 2 and Bullmann et al, 2015</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">EZ-500 Spin Column Plasmid DNA Maxi-preps Kit, 20preps</td>
			<td>Bio Basic Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">BS466</td>
			<td>Pladmid preparation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">Fast Green FCF</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">Sigma</td>
			<td>F7252-5G</td>
			<td>Dye for DNA solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">Fine scissors- sharp</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">F.S.T.</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">14060-09</td>
			<td>IUE</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Fisherbrand Gauze Sponges</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>1376152</td>
			<td>IUE</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Gaymar Heating/Cooling</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">Braintree</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">TP-700</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Heating Pad</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">Glass pipette puller</td>
			<td>Sutter Instrument,</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">P-97</td>
			<td>IUE</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">Glass pipettes</td>
			<td>Sutter Instrument,</td>
			<td>BF150-117-10</td>
			<td>IUE</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">Hair Removal Lotion</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">Nair</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">N/A</td>
			<td>Hair removal</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Hartman Hemostats</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">F.S.T.</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">13002-10</td>
			<td>IUE</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:215px;">Open field maze- homemade acrylic arena</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">Custom-built</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">N/A</td>
			<td>50 &#215; 50 &#215; 30 cm length-width-height</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">pCAG-GFP</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">Addgene</td>
			<td>11150</td>
			<td>Mammalian expression vector for expression of GFP</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">Picospritzer III</td>
			<td>Parker Hannifin</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">N/A</td>
			<td>pressure injector</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Retractor - 2 Pronged Blunt</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">F.S.T.</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">17023-13</td>
			<td>IUE</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">Ring forceps</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">F.S.T.</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">11103-09</td>
			<td>IUE</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">Sterilizer, dry bead</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">Sigma</td>
			<td>Z378569</td>
			<td>sterelize surgical tools</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">SUTURE, 3/0 PGA, FS-2, VIOLET FOR VET USE ONLY</td>
			<td>Havel&#39;s</td>
			<td>HJ398</td>
			<td>Suture muscle</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">Water bath</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">Cole-Parmer</td>
			<td>EW-12105-84</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">warming sterile saline</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a pipeline using bilateral in utero electroporation to interrogate genetic influences on rodent behavior

Da genomweite Assoziationsstudien die heterogenen genetischen Grundlagen vieler neurologischer Erkrankungen beleuchten, steigt die Notwendigkeit, den Beitrag bestimmter Gene zur Entwicklung und Funktion des Gehirns zu untersuchen. Sich auf Mausmodelle zu verlassen, um die Rolle spezifischer genetischer Manipulationen zu untersuchen, ist nicht immer möglich, da transgene Mauslinien recht teuer sind und viele neuartige krankheitsassoziierte Gene noch keine kommerziell verfügbaren genetischen Linien haben. Darüber hinaus kann es Jahre der Entwicklung und Validierung dauern, um eine Mauslinie zu erstellen. In der Gebärmutter bietet die Elektroporation eine relativ schnelle und einfache Methode, die Genexpression in einer zelltypspezifischen Weise in vivo zu manipulieren, die nur die Entwicklung eines DNA-Plasmids erfordert, um eine bestimmte genetische Manipulation zu erreichen. Bilateral ein utero Elektroporation kann verwendet werden, um große Populationen von frontalen Kortex pyramidalen Neuronen zu zielen. Die Kombination dieser Gentransfermethode mit Verhaltensansätzen ermöglicht es, die Auswirkungen genetischer Manipulationen auf die Funktion präfrontaler Kortexnetzwerke und das soziale Verhalten von jugendlichen und erwachsenen Mäusen zu untersuchen.

Erfolgreiche Entwicklung und Implementierung eines kundenspezifischen Elektroporators und einer dreier Prong-Elektrode. Für IUEs wurde ein kostengünstiger, kundenspezifischer Elektroporator auf der Grundlage eines zuvor beschriebenen Entwurfs27 (Abbildung 1A und Abbildung 2) gebaut. Eine Drei-Zange-Elektrode wurde23,24 mit Kunststoffzangen mit 2 negativen Ele...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Pipeline using Bilateral In Utero Electroporation to Interrogate Genetic Influences on Rodent Behavior at JoVE.com

A Pipeline using Bilateral In Utero Electroporation to Interrogate Genetic Influences on Rodent Behavior

Die Rolle der kürzlich entdeckten krankheitsassoziierten Gene bei der Pathogenese neuropsychiatrischer Störungen bleibt unklar. Eine modifizierte bilaterale in utero Elektroporation Technik ermöglicht den Gentransfer in großen Populationen von Neuronen und Untersuchung der ursächlichen Auswirkungen von Genexpressionsänderungen auf das Sozialverhalten.

Eine Pipeline mit bilateraler Utero-Elektroporation zur Vernehmung genetischer Einflüsse auf das Nagetierverhalten

As genome-wide association studies shed light on the heterogeneous genetic underpinnings of many neurological diseases, the need to study the contribution ...

a-pipeline-using-bilateral-utero-electroporation-to-interrogate

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

3.9K Aufrufe.  Boston University. Die Rolle der kürzlich entdeckten krankheitsassoziierten Gene bei der Pathogenese neuropsychiatrischer Störungen bleibt unklar. Eine modifizierte bilaterale in utero Elektroporation Technik ermöglicht den Gentransfer in großen Populationen von Neuronen und Untersuchung der ursächlichen Auswirkungen von Genexpressionsänderungen auf das Sozialverhalten.

Serie: A Pipeline using Bilateral In Utero Electroporation to Interrogate Genetic Influences on Rodent Behavior

In Utero Intraventricular Injection and Electroporation of E16 Rat Embryos

In-utero in-vivo injection and electroporation of the embryonic rat neocortex provides a powerful tool for the manipulation of individual progenitors lining the walls of the lateral ventricle. This technique is now widely used to study the processes involved in corticogenesis by over-expressing or knocking down genes and observing the effects on cellular proliferation, migration, and differentiation. In comparison to traditional knockout strategies, in-utero electroporation provides a rapid means to manipulate a population of cells during a specific temporal window. In this video protocol, we outline the experimental methodology for preparing rats for surgery, exposing the uterine horns through laporatomy, injecting DNA into the lateral ventricles of the developing embryo, electroporating DNA into the progenitors lining the lateral wall, and caring for animals post-surgery. Our laboratory uses this protocol for surgeries on E15-E21 rats, however it is most commonly performed at E16 as shown in this video.

In Utero intraventrikuläre Injektion und Elektroporation von E16 Rattenembryonen

In-utero in-vivo injection and electroporation of the embryonic rat neocortex provides a powerful tool for the manipulation of individual progenitors ...

Forschung

Biologie

In Utero Intraventricular Injection and Electroporation of E15 Mouse Embryos

In-utero in-vivo injection and electroporation of the embryonic mouse neocortex provides a powerful tool for the manipulation of individual progenitors lining the walls of the lateral ventricle. This technique is now widely used to study the processes involved in corticogenesis by over-expressing or knocking down genes and observing the effects on cellular proliferation, migration, and differentiation. In comparison to traditional knockout strategies, in-utero electroporation provides a rapid means to manipulate a population of cells during a specific temporal window. In this video protocol we outline the experimental methodology for preparing mice for surgery, exposing the uterine horns through laporatomy, injecting DNA into the lateral ventricles of the developing embryo, electroporating DNA into the progenitors lining the lateral wall, and caring for animals post-surgery. Our laboratory uses this protocol for surgeries on E13-E16 mice, however, it is most commonly performed at E15, as shown in this video. 

In Utero intraventrikuläre Injektion und Elektroporation von E15 muriner Embryonen

In-utero in-vivo injection and electroporation of the embryonic mouse neocortex provides a powerful tool for the manipulation of individual progenitors ...

Method for Culture of Early Chick Embryos ex vivo (New Culture)

The chick embryo is a valuable tool in the study of early embryonic development. Its transparency, accessibility and ease of manipulation, make it an ideal tool for studying  the formation and patterning of brain, neural tube, somite and heart primordia. Applications of chick embryo culture include electroporation of DNA or RNA constructs in order to analyze gene function, grafts of growth factor coated beads such as FGFs and BMPs , as well as whole mount in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. This video demonstrates the different steps in chick embryo culture; First, the embryo is explanted in saline. Then, the embryo is centered on a glass ring. The membranes surrounding the embryo are lifted along the walls of the ring. The ring is then placed in a culture dish containing a pool of albumine. The culture dish is sealed and placed in a humid chamber, where the embryo is cultured for up to 24 hrs. Finally, the embryo is removed from the ring, fixed and processed for further applications. A troubleshooting guide is also presented.

Method for Culture of Early Chick Embryos ex vivo New Culture

This video demonstrates New culture, a method by which chick embryos are cultured outside the egg for up to 24 hr. This method enables one to study early development (primitive streak to 14 som.), a period corresponding to E7-9 in mouse. Applications of this technique include electroporation, in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry.

Method for Culture of Early Hühnerembryonen ex vivo (New Culture)

The chick embryo is a valuable tool in the study of early embryonic development. Its transparency, accessibility and ease of manipulation, make it an ...

Double Whole Mount in situ Hybridization of Early Chick Embryos

The chick embryo is a valuable tool in the study of early embryonic development. Its transparency, accessibility and ease of manipulation, make it an ideal tool for studying  gene expression in brain, neural tube, somite and heart primordia formation. This video demonstrates the different steps in 2-color whole mount in situ hybridization; First, the embryo is dissected from the egg and fixed in paraformaldehyde. Second, the embryo is processed for prehybridization. The embryo is then hybridized with two different probes, one coupled to DIG, and one coupled to FITC.  Following overnight hybridization, the embryo is incubated with DIG coupled antibody. Color reaction for DIG substrate is performed, and the region of interest appears blue. The embryo is then incubated with FITC coupled antibody. The embryo is processed for color reaction with FITC, and the region of interest appears red. Finally, the embryo is fixed and processed for phtograph and sectioning. A troubleshooting guide is also presented.

This video demonstrates 2-color whole mount in situ hybridization, a method by which the spatial and temporal expression pattern of 2 different genes can be visualized in young chick embryos. This method was originally introduced by David Wilkinson, Domingos Henrique, Phil Ingham and David Ish -Horowicz.

Doppel Whole Mount in situ Hybridisierung von Anfang Hühnerembryonen

Method for Whole Mount Antibody Staining in Chick

The chick embryo is a valuable tool in the study of early embryonic development. Its transparency, accessibility and ease of manipulation, make it an ideal tool for studying antibody expression in developing brain, neural tube and somite. This video demonstrates the different steps in whole-mount antibody staining using HRP conjugated secondary antibodies; First, the embryo is dissected from the egg and fixed in paraformaldehyde. Second, endogenous peroxidase is inactivated; The embryo is then exposed to primary antibody. After several washes, the embryo is incubated with secondary antibody conjugated to HRP. Peroxidase activity is revealed using reaction with diaminobenzidine substrate. Finally, the embryo is fixed and processed for photography and sectioning. The advantage of this method over the use of fluorescent antibodies is that embryos can be processed for wax sectioning, thus enabling the study of antigen sites in cross section. This method was originally introduced by Jane Dodd and Tom Jessell 1.

This video demonstrates whole mount immunohistochemistry, a method by which the spatial and temporal expression pattern of an antigen can be visualized in young chick embryos. This method was originally introduced by Jane Dodd and Tom Jessell.

Verfahren zur Whole Mount Antikörper-Färbung in Küken

Assay for Neural Induction in the Chick Embryo

The chick embryo is a valuable tool in the study of early embryonic development. Its transparency, accessibility and ease of manipulation, make it an ideal tool for studying the formation and initial patterning of the nervous system. This video demonstrates how to graft organizer tissue into a host, a method by which Hensen s node (the organizer in the chick embryo) is grafted to a host competent ectoderm. The organizer graft instructs overlying na ve tissue to adopt a neural fate via neural inducing signals. This mechanism is referred to as neural induction, and constitutes the initial step in the formation of brain and spinal cord in amniotes. This method is essentially used for the characterization of putative neural inducing molecules in chick. This video demonstrates the different steps in the assay for neural induction; First, the donnor embryo is explanted and pinned on a dish. Then, the host embryo is prepared for New culture. The graft is excised and transplanted to the host area pellucida margin. The host is cultured for 18-22 hrs. The assembly is fixed and processed for further applications (e.g. in situ hybridization). This method was originally devised by Waddington 1,2 and Gallera 3,4.

Neural induction is the first step in the formation of the brain. It is a mechanism by which Hensen's node (organizer), instructs adjacent tissue to adopt a neural fate, i.e. to give rise to the nervous system. This video demonstrates an assay for neural induction in chick embryo.

Assay für Neural Induction im Hühnerembryo

In utero and ex vivo Electroporation for Gene Expression in Mouse Retinal Ganglion Cells

The retina and its sole output neuron, the retinal ganglion cell (RGC), comprise an excellent model in which to examine biological questions such as cell differentiation, axon guidance, retinotopic organization and synapse formation[1]. One drawback is the inability to efficiently and reliably manipulate gene expression in RGCs in vivo, especially in the otherwise accessible murine visual pathways. Transgenic mice can be used to manipulate gene expression, but this approach is often expensive, time consuming, and can produce unwanted side effects. In chick, in ovo electroporation is used to manipulate gene expression in RGCs for examining retina and RGC development. Although similar electroporation techniques have been developed in neonatal mouse pups[2], adult rats[3], and embryonic murine retinae in vitro[4], none of these strategies allow full characterization of RGC development and axon projections in vivo. To this end, we have developed two applications of electroporation, one in utero and the other ex vivo, to specifically target embryonic murine RGCs[5, 6]. 
With in utero retinal electroporation, we can misexpress or downregulate specific genes in RGCs and follow their axon projections through the visual pathways in vivo, allowing examination of guidance decisions at intermediate targets, such as the optic chiasm, or at target regions, such as the lateral geniculate nucleus. Perturbing gene expression in a subset of RGCs in an otherwise wild-type background facilitates an understanding of gene function throughout the retinal pathway. Additionally, we have developed a companion technique for analyzing RGC axon growth in vitro. We electroporate embryonic heads ex vivo, collect and incubate the whole retina, then prepare explants from these retinae several days later. Retinal explants can be used in a variety of in vitro assays in order to examine the response of electroporated RGC axons to guidance cues or other factors. In sum, this set of techniques enhances our ability to misexpress or downregulate genes in RGCs and should greatly aid studies examining RGC development and axon projections.

In utero and ex vivo Electroporation for Gene Expression in Mouse Retinal Ganglion Cells

Here we present two techniques for manipulating gene expression in murine retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) by in utero and ex vivo electroporation. These techniques enable one to examine how alterations in gene expression affect RGC development, axon guidance, and functional properties.

In utero und ex vivo Elektroporation für die Genexpression in Maus retinalen Ganglienzellen

The retina and its sole output neuron, the retinal ganglion cell (RGC), comprise an excellent model in which to examine biological questions such as cell ...

Genetic Studies of Human DNA Repair Proteins Using Yeast as a Model System 

Understanding the roles of human DNA repair proteins in genetic pathways is a formidable challenge to many researchers. Genetic studies in mammalian systems have been limited due to the lack of readily available tools including defined mutant genetic cell lines, regulatory expression systems, and appropriate selectable markers. To circumvent these difficulties, model genetic systems in lower eukaryotes have become an attractive choice for the study of functionally conserved DNA repair proteins and pathways. We have developed a model yeast system to study the poorly defined genetic functions of the Werner syndrome helicase-nuclease (WRN) in nucleic acid metabolism. Cellular phenotypes associated with defined genetic mutant backgrounds can be investigated to clarify the cellular and molecular functions of WRN through its catalytic activities and protein interactions. The human WRN gene and associated variants, cloned into DNA plasmids for expression in yeast, can be placed under the control of a regulatory plasmid element. The expression construct can then be transformed into the appropriate yeast mutant background, and genetic function assayed by a variety of methodologies. Using this approach, we determined that WRN, like its related RecQ family members BLM and Sgs1, operates in a Top3-dependent pathway that is likely to be important for genomic stability. This is described in our recent publication [1] at <a href="http://www.impactaging.com">www.impactaging.com</a>. Detailed methods of specific assays for genetic complementation studies in yeast are provided in this paper.

Genetic Studies of Human DNA Repair Proteins Using Yeast as a Model System

Genetic studies in yeast can be employed to investigate the molecular and cellular functions of human genes in cellular DNA metabolism. Methods are described for the genetic characterization of the human WRN gene product defective in the premature aging disorder Werner syndrome in functionally conserved pathways using yeast as a tractable model system.

Genetic Studies of Human DNA-Reparatur-Proteinen unter Verwendung von Hefe als Modellsystem

Understanding the roles of human DNA repair proteins in genetic pathways is a formidable challenge to many researchers.  Genetic studies in mammalian ...

Using the Gene Pulser MXcell Electroporation System to Transfect Primary Cells with High Efficiency

It is becoming increasingly apparent that electroporation is the most effective way to introduce plasmid DNA or siRNA into primary cells. The Gene Pulser MXcell electroporation system and Gene Pulser electroporation buffer (Bio-Rad) were specifically developed to easily transfect nucleic acids into mammalian cells and difficult-to-transfect cells, such as primary and stem cells. We will demonstrate how to perform a simple experiment to quickly identify the best electroporation conditions. We will demonstrate how to run several samples through a range of electroporation conditions so that an experiment can be conducted at the same time as optimization is performed. We will also show how optimal conditions identified using 96-well electroporation plates can be used with standard electroporation cuvettes, facilitating the switch from electroporation plates to electroporation cuvettes while maintaining the same electroporation efficiency. In the video, we will also discuss some of the key factors that can lead to the success or failure of electroporation experiments.

This procedure shows how to use the Gene Pulser MXcell electroporation system to rapidly and easily identify the best electroporation conditions for mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) or other primary cells. Considerations for troubleshooting are also discussed in the associated video.

Mit dem Gene Pulser MXcell Elektroporation System zur Primary Cells mit hohem Wirkungsgrad zu transfizieren

It is becoming increasingly apparent that electroporation is the most effective way to introduce plasmid DNA or siRNA into primary cells. The Gene Pulser ...

Measurement and Analysis of Extracellular Acid Production to Determine Glycolytic Rate

Extracellular measurement of oxygen consumption and acid production is a simple and powerful way to monitor rates of respiration and glycolysis1. Both mitochondrial (respiration) and non-mitochondrial (other redox) reactions consume oxygen, but these reactions can be easily distinguished by chemical inhibition of mitochondrial respiration. However, while mitochondrial oxygen consumption is an unambiguous and direct measurement of respiration rate2, the same is not true for extracellular acid production and its relationship to glycolytic rate 3-6. Extracellular acid produced by cells is derived from both lactate, produced by anaerobic glycolysis, and CO2, produced in the citric acid cycle during respiration. For glycolysis, the conversion of glucose to lactate- + H+ and the export of products into the assay medium is the source of glycolytic acidification. For respiration, the export of CO2, hydration to H2CO3 and dissociation to HCO3- + H+ is the source of respiratory acidification. The proportions of glycolytic and respiratory acidification depend on the experimental conditions, including cell type and substrate(s) provided, and can range from nearly 100% glycolytic acidification to nearly 100% respiratory acidification 6. Here, we demonstrate the data collection and calculation methods needed to determine respiratory and glycolytic contributions to total extracellular acidification by whole cells in culture using C2C12 myoblast cells as a model.

Glycolysis is a defining metabolic marker in multiple biological systems. Monitoring glycolysis by measuring the extracellular flux of H+ is common, but requires correction to be quantitative and unambiguous. Here, we demonstrate how to gather and correct extracellular flux data to distinguish between respiratory and glycolytic sources of extracellular acidification.

Messung und Analyse von extrazellulären Säureproduktion zu ermitteln glykolytischen Rate

Extracellular measurement of oxygen consumption and acid production is a simple and powerful way to monitor rates of respiration and glycolysis1. Both ...