Agradecemos el apoyo de la HRB a través de una beca de descubrimiento, así como herramientas de investigación y subvención de instrumentos de las Ciencias Naturales e Ingeniería de Investigación de Canadá (NSERC). También reconocemos H. Oda y el Bloomington Drosophila Stock Center para proporcionar materiales genéticos que se utilizaron en las secuencias de imágenes en vivo ejemplo.

Preparación <ol><li> Recoger los embriones en el estándar placas de agar jugo de uva-4. Es conveniente utilizar un sistema automatizado de Drosophila huevo Collector (flymax Scientific Equipment Ltd.). El uso sincrónico realizaron colecciones embrión reducir el número de dechorionations que se deben realizar a fin de obtener un número suficiente de embriones en la etapa de desarrollo deseado. </li><li> Prepare una diapositiva dechorionation uniendo un pedazo de cinta de doble cara a un portaobjetos de microscopio, retire el papel protector de la cinta. </li><li> Prepare la cámara de imágenes en vivo cortando un pedazo de tejido para que quepa en el pozo de la cámara. Coloque el tejido en el pozo y mojado con agua destilada. </li><li> Mezcle el aceite de halocarbonos (halocarbonos Products Corp.) la viscosidad de la serie 700 y serie 56 en una proporción de 1:1. La mezcla puede ser almacenada y utilizada de forma indefinida. </li><li> Coloque varias gotas de aceite de halocarbonos en la superficie de un cubreobjetos (22 x 40 mm, n º 2). El volumen no es crítica, pero debe ser del orden de l 20-40. </li></ol> Procedimiento <ol><li> Con la ayuda de un microscopio estereoscópico, recoger los embriones de la uva agar jugo de placas utilizando un par de pinzas de joyero (N º 5) o un pincel muy fino. Embriones tienden a pegarse entre sí y con puntas de la pinza &quot;, fácilmente se reunieron en grupos. </li><li> Con la ayuda de un microscopio estereoscópico, baje suavemente las acumulaciones de embriones que se han adherido a las puntas de la pinza sobre la superficie de la cinta en la diapositiva dechorionation. </li><li> Una vez más utilizando el microscopio estereoscópico, suavemente empujón o un accidente cerebrovascular que los embriones con el lado de la pinza con el fin de romper el corion cerosa exterior sin romper la membrana vitelina interna (el embrión va a estallar si la membrana vitelina se rompe). </li><li> Una vez que el corion exterior se ha roto, se burlan de el embrión del corion, el embrión dechorionated tiende a adherirse a la superficie de las pinzas. Tenga cuidado de no tocar el embrión dechorionated a la superficie de la cinta. </li><li> Tan pronto como un embrión es dechorionated, rápidamente se traslado a la caída previamente preparado de aceite de halocarbonos en el cubreobjetos. Toque la punta de la pinza que lleva el embrión dechorionated a la superficie de la gota de aceite de halocarbonos - esto desplaza el embrión de la pinza en el aceite. </li><li> Confirmar la transferencia del embrión a la gota de aceite. Esto se puede hacer a simple vista, siempre que se trabaja sobre un fondo negro y el uso de una fuente de iluminación de fibra óptica en un ángulo oblicuo. </li><li> Antes de intentar dechorionate otro embrión, limpie el aceite de la pinza. Pinzas recubiertas de aceite tienen menos de compra en la superficie del corion, por lo que dechorionation más difícil. </li><li> Dechorionated embriones son flotantes en el aceite de halocarbonos. Con unas pinzas o un pincel, y mientras se visualiza a través de un microscopio estereoscópico, empuje el embrión a la parte inferior de la gota de aceite y disponerla en la posición deseada. </li><li> Rápidamente invertir el cubreobjetos sobre el pozo de la cámara de imágenes en vivo. Confirmar que los embriones están descansando contra el cubreobjetos en la orientación deseada. Debido a su flotabilidad en el aceite, los embriones ahora flotan en la superficie inferior del cubreobjetos. Fijar el cubreobjetos a la cámara de imágenes en vivo con cinta adhesiva. Ventilar la cámara haciendo agujeros en la cinta en la zona donde la cinta se extiende la brecha entre el final del cubreobjetos y el final del pozo de la cámara de imágenes en vivo. </li><li> Un microscopio de fluorescencia en posición vertical o un microscopio estereoscópico de fluorescencia se puede utilizar ahora a la imagen de los embriones. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Kiehart, D. P., Galbraith, C. G., Edwards, K. A., Rickoll, W. L., Montague, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multiple+forces+contribute+to+cell+sheet+morphogenesis+for+dorsal+closure+in+Drosophila.">Multiple forces contribute to cell sheet morphogenesis for dorsal closure in Drosophila.</a> J. Cell Biol. 149, 471-490 (2000).</li><li>Schock, F., Perrimon, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cellular+processes+associated+with+germ+band+retraction+in.">Cellular processes associated with germ band retraction in.</a> , 248-2429 (2002).</li><li>Reed, B. H., Wilk, R., Schock, F., Lipshitz, H. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Integrin-dependent+apposition+of+Drosophila+extraembryonic+membranes+promotes+morphogenesis+and+prevents+anoikis.">Integrin-dependent apposition of Drosophila extraembryonic membranes promotes morphogenesis and prevents anoikis.</a> Curr. Biol. 14, 372-380 (2004).</li><li>Wieschaus, E. p., Nusslein-Volhard, C., Roberts, D. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Drosophila: a practical approach. , 199-227 (1986).</li></ol>

Se describe un nuevo método de preparación de los embriones de Drosophila para el análisis de imágenes en vivo, lo que llamamos el protocolo de gota. Por desgracia, no es posible utilizar el protocolo de gota si se trabaja con un microscopio invertido. En este caso la técnica de sándwich (como se describe en el resumen anterior) debe ser utilizado y la compresión de los embriones sigue siendo una preocupación. En experimentos donde se mide la forma y el tamaño de la celda con el fin...

Equipamiento de serie y los materiales necesarios para preparar a los embriones para vivir de imágenes utilizando el protocolo de gota incluyen los siguientes elementos: portaobjetos, cubreobjetos (22 x 40 mm, n º 2), cinta de doble cara, pinzas de joyero (Dumont estilo N º 5 ), halocarbonos aceite serie 56 y serie 700 (halocarbonos Products Corp.), un cuchillo o una hoja de un solo filo de la navaja, un pañuelo de papel, tijeras, agua destilada, la cinta de uso general, y una pipeta adecuada para la entrega de l 20-40. El protocolo de imágenes en vivo también se requiere una cámara de medida de imagen en vivo. Este es preparado por el corte de 5 mm que placa de policarbonato de plástico para las dimensiones de un portaobjetos de microscopio estándar (75 x 25 mm) y el uso de un rotor para crear una profunda depresión en la diapositiva 3 mm (20 x 55 mm). El acceso a un microscopio estereoscópico (microscopio de disección) y una fuente de iluminación de fibra óptica es también necesaria.

the preparation of drosophila embryos for live-imaging using the hanging drop protocol

La proteína verde fluorescente (GFP) basado en timelapse en vivo de imágenes es una técnica poderosa para el estudio de la regulación genética de procesos dinámicos, como la morfogénesis de tejidos, la adhesión célula-célula, o muerte celular. Embriones de Drosophila que expresan GFP son fácilmente imágenes utilizando microscopía estereoscópica o confocal. Uno de los objetivos del protocolo en vivo de imágenes es reducir al mínimo los efectos perjudiciales tales como la deshidratación y la hipoxia. Protocolos anteriores para la preparación de los embriones de Drosophila para vivir de imágenes de análisis que consistía en colocar los embriones dechorionated en el aceite de halocarbonos y intercalando entre ellos una halocarbonos permeables al gas de membrana y un cubreobjetos<sup&gt; 3.1</sup&gt;. La introducción de compresión a través de embriones de montaje de esta manera representa una complicación indeseable para cualquier análisis biomecánico basado en la morfogénesis. Nuestro método, que llamamos el protocolo de gota, los resultados de la viabilidad de los embriones durante excelentes imágenes en vivo y no requiere que los embriones se comprime. En pocas palabras, el protocolo de gota consiste en la colocación de los embriones en una gota de aceite de halocarbonos que se suspende de un cubreobjetos, que es, a su vez, en una posición fija en una cámara húmeda. Además de proporcionar el intercambio gaseoso y prevención de la deshidratación, este sistema se aprovecha de la flotabilidad de los embriones en el aceite de halocarbonos para evitar que se deriva de su posición durante la adquisición de timelapse. Este vídeo describe en detalle cómo recoger y preparar los embriones de Drosophila para imágenes en vivo a través del protocolo de gota. Este protocolo es adecuado para los embriones de imágenes dechorionated utilizando microscopía estereoscópica o cualquier microscopio de fluorescencia compuesto en posición vertical.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about The Preparation of Drosophila Embryos for Live-Imaging Using the Hanging Drop Protocol at JoVE.com

The Preparation of Drosophila Embryos for Live-Imaging Using the Hanging Drop Protocol

Un método simple, barato y eficaz de la preparación de los embriones de Drosophila para vivir de imágenes de análisis se presenta. El protocolo proporciona la humedad y el intercambio de gases y no comprime el embrión de Drosophila. Este método es adecuado para las buenas prácticas agrarias basadas en imágenes en vivo de embriones de Drosophila utilizando un microscopio estereoscópico o el microscopio compuesto en posición vertical.

La preparación de los Drosophila Los embriones para Live-Imaging utilizando el protocolo de gota

Green fluorescent protein (GFP)-based timelapse live-imaging is a powerful technique for studying the genetic regulation of dynamic processes such as ...

the-preparation-drosophila-embryos-for-live-imaging-using-hanging

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

The Preparation of Drosophila Embryos for Live-Imaging Using the Hanging Drop Protocol

15.0K vistas.  University of Waterloo. Un método simple, barato y eficaz de la preparación de los embriones de Drosophila para vivir de imágenes de análisis se presenta. El protocolo proporciona la humedad y el intercambio de gases y no comprime el embrión de Drosophila. Este método es adecuado para las buenas prácticas agrarias basadas en imágenes en vivo de embriones de Drosophila utilizando un microscopio estereoscópico o el microscopio compuesto en posición vertical.

Video: The Preparation of Drosophila Embryos for Live-Imaging Using the Hanging Drop Protocol

Preparation of Neuronal Cultures from Midgastrula Stage Drosophila Embryos

This video illustrates the procedure for making primary neuronal cultures from midgastrula stage Drosophila embryos. The methods for collecting embryos and their dechorionation using bleach are demonstrated. Using a glass pipet attached to a mouth suction tube, we illustrate the removal of all cells from single embryos. The method for dispersing cells from each embyro into a small (5 l) drop of medium on an uncoated glass coverslip is demonstrated. A view through the microscope at 1 hour after plating illustrates the preferred cell density. Most of the cells that survive when grown in defined medium are neuroblasts that divide one or more times in culture before extending neuritic processes by 12-24 hours. A view through the microscope illustrates the level of neurite outgrowth and branching expected in a healthy culture at 2 days in vitro. The cultures are grown in a simple bicarbonate based defined medium, in a 5% CO2 incubator at 22-24&deg;C. Neuritic processes continue to elaborate over the first week in culture and when they make contact with neurites from neighboring cells they often form functional synaptic connections. Neurons in these cultures express voltage-gated sodium, calcium, and potassium channels and are electrically excitable. This culture system is useful for studying molecular genetic and environmental factors that regulate neuronal differentiation, excitability, and synapse formation/function.

This video demonstrates the preparation of primary neuronal cultures from midgastrula stage Drosophila embryos. Views of live cultures show cells 1 hour after plating and differentiated neurons after 2 days of growth in a bicarbonate-based defined medium. The neurons are electrically excitable and form synaptic connections.

Preparación de cultivos neuronales a partir de embriones de Drosophila Midgastrula Etapa

This video illustrates the procedure for making primary neuronal cultures from midgastrula stage Drosophila embryos. The methods for collecting embryos ...

Investigación

Biología

In vitro Differentiation of Mouse Embryonic Stem (mES) Cells Using the Hanging Drop Method

Stem cells have the remarkable potential to develop into many different cell types. When a stem cell divides, each new cell has the potential to either remain a stem cell or become another type of cell with a more specialized function, This promising of science is leading scientists to investigate the possibility of cell-based therapies to treat disease.

When culture in suspension without antidifferentiation factors, embryonic stem cells spontaneously differentiate and form three-dimensional multicellular aggregates. These cell aggregates are called embryoid bodies(EB). Hanging drop culture is a widely used EB formation induction method. The rounded bottom of hanging drop allows the aggregation of ES cells which can provide mES cells a good environment for forming EBs. The number of ES cells aggregatied in a hanging drop can be controlled by varying the number of cells in the initial cell suspension to be hung as a drop from the lid of Petri dish. Using this method we can reproducibly form homogeneous EBs from a predetermined number of ES cells. 

In vitro Differentiation of Mouse Embryonic Stem mES Cells Using the Hanging Drop Method

This video demonstrates how to conduct in vitro differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells to embryoid bodies using the hanging drop method.

En la diferenciación in vitro de la madre embrionarias de ratón (MES), las células con el método de gota

Stem cells have the remarkable potential to develop into many different cell types. When a stem cell divides, each new cell has the potential to either ...

Live Imaging of Glial Cell Migration in the Drosophila Eye Imaginal Disc

Glial cells of both vertebrate and invertebrate organisms must migrate to final target regions in order to ensheath and support associated neurons. While recent progress has been made to describe the live migration of glial cells in the developing pupal wing (1), studies of Drosophila glial cell migration have typically involved the examination of fixed tissue. Live microscopic analysis of motile cells offers the ability to examine cellular behavior throughout the migratory process, including determining the rate of and changes in direction of growth. Paired with use of genetic tools, live imaging can be used to determine more precise roles for specific genes in the process of development. Previous work by Silies et al. (2) has described the migration of glia originating from the optic stalk, a structure that connects the developing eye and brain, into the eye imaginal disc in fixed tissue. Here we outline a protocol for examining the live migration of glial cells into the Drosophila eye imaginal disc. We take advantage of a Drosophila line that expresses GFP in developing glia to follow glial cell progression in wild type and in mutant animals.

Here we describe a protocol to examine the migration of glial cells into the developing Drosophila eye using live microscopic analysis paired with GFP tagged glial cells.

Imágenes en directo de la migración de células gliales en el ojo del disco imaginal de Drosophila

Glial cells of both vertebrate and invertebrate organisms must migrate to final target regions in order to ensheath and support associated neurons.  While ...

Live Imaging of the Zebrafish Embryonic Brain by Confocal Microscopy

In this video, we demonstrate the method our lab has developed to analyze the cell shape changes and rearrangements required to bend and fold the developing zebrafish brain (Gutzman et al, 2008). Such analysis affords a new understanding of the underlying cell biology required for development of the 3D structure of the vertebrate brain, and significantly increases our ability to study neural tube morphogenesis. The embryonic zebrafish brain is shaped beginning at 18 hours post fertilization (hpf) as the ventricles within the neuroepithelium inflate. By 24 hpf, the initial steps of neural tube morphogenesis are complete. Using the method described here, embryos at the one cell stage are injected with mRNA encoding membrane-targeted green fluorescent protein (memGFP). After injection and incubation, the embryo, now between 18 and 24 hpf, is mounted, inverted, in agarose and imaged by confocal microscopy. Notably, the zebrafish embryo is transparent making it an ideal system for fluorescent imaging. While our analyses have focused on the midbrain-hindbrain boundary and the hindbrain, this method could be extended for analysis of any region in the zebrafish to a depth of 
80-100 &mu;m.

In this video, we demonstrate a method by which to analyze the developing vertebrate brain in live zebrafish embryos at single cell resolution by confocal microscopy. This includes the method by which we inject the single-cell zebrafish embryo and subsequently mount and image the developing brain.

Imágenes en vivo del cerebro del embrión de pez cebra mediante microscopía confocal

In this video, we demonstrate the method our lab has developed to analyze the cell shape changes and rearrangements required to bend and fold the ...

Preparation of embryos for Electron Microscopy of the Drosophila embryonic heart tube

The morphogenesis of the Drosophila embryonic heart tube has emerged as a valuable model system for studying cell migration, cell-cell adhesion and cell shape changes during embryonic development. One of the challenges faced in studying this structure is that the lumen of the heart tube, as well as the membrane features that are crucial to heart tube formation, are difficult to visualize in whole mount embryos, due to the small size of the heart tube and intra-lumenal space relative to the embryo. The use of transmission electron microscopy allows for higher magnification of these structures and gives the advantage of examining the embryos in cross section, which easily reveals the size and shape of the lumen. In this video, we detail the process for reliable fixation, embedding, and sectioning of late stage Drosophila embryos in order to visualize the heart tube lumen as well as important cellular structures including cell-cell junctions and the basement membrane.

Preparation of embryos for Electron Microscopy of the Drosophila embryonic heart tube

We describe a process for fixation, embedding, sectioning, and imaging of late stage Drosophila embryos for Trasmission Electron Microscopy of the embryonic heart tube. This technique allows for the visualization of the heart tube lumen as well as the basement membrane, which lines the lumen of the heart.

Preparación de embriones para Microscopía Electrónica de la Drosophila Tubo cardíaco embrionario

The morphogenesis of the Drosophila  embryonic heart tube has emerged as a valuable model system for studying cell migration, cell-cell adhesion and cell ...

Live Imaging Of Drosophila melanogaster Embryonic Hemocyte Migrations

Many studies address cell migration using in vitro methods, whereas the physiologically relevant environment is that of the organism itself. Here we present a protocol for the mounting of Drosophila melanogaster embryos and subsequent live imaging of fluorescently labeled hemocytes, the embryonic macrophages of this organism. Using the Gal4-uas system1 we drive the expression of a variety of genetically encoded, fluorescently tagged markers in hemocytes to follow their developmental dispersal throughout the embryo. Following collection of embryos at the desired stage of development, the outer chorion is removed and the embryos are then mounted in halocarbon oil between a hydrophobic, gas-permeable membrane and a glass coverslip for live imaging. In addition to gross migratory parameters such as speed and directionality, higher resolution imaging coupled with the use of fluorescent reporters of F-actin and microtubules can provide more detailed information concerning the dynamics of these cytoskeletal components.

Live Imaging Of Drosophila melanogaster Embryonic Hemocyte Migrations

Drosophila hemocytes disperse over the entirety of the developing embryo. This protocol demonstrates how to mount and image these migrations using embryos with fluorescently labelled hemocytes.

Imágenes en directo de Drosophila melanogaster Migraciones hemocitos embrionarias

Many studies address cell migration using in vitro methods, whereas the physiologically relevant environment is that of the organism itself. Here we ...

Preparation of Developing and Adult Drosophila Brains and Retinae for Live Imaging

The Drosophila brain and visual system are widely utilized model systems to study neuronal development, function and degeneration. Here we show three preparations of the brain and visual system that cover the range from the developing eye disc-brain complex in the developing pupae to individual eye and brain dissection from adult flies. All protocols are optimized for the live culture of the preparations. However, we also present the conditions for fixed tissue immunohistochemistry where applicable. Finally, we show live imaging conditions for these preparations using conventional and resonant 4D confocal live imaging in a perfusion chamber. Together, these protocols provide a basis for live imaging on different time scales ranging from functional intracellular assays on the scale of minutes to developmental or degenerative processes on the scale of many hours.

Preparation of Developing and Adult Drosophila Brains and Retinae for Live Imaging

This protocol describes three Drosophila preparations: 1) adult brain dissection, 2) adult retina dissection and 3) developing eye disc- brain complexes dissection. Emphasis is laid on special preparation techniques and conditions for live imaging, although all preparations can be used for fixed tissue immunohistochemistry.

Preparación de desarrollo y de adultos Drosophila Los cerebros y retinas de imágenes en vivo

The Drosophila brain and visual system are widely utilized model systems to study neuronal development, function and degeneration. Here we show three ...

Preparing Individual Drosophila Egg Chambers for Live Imaging

Live cell imaging is an important technique applied to a number of Drosophila tissues used as models to investigate topics such as axis specification, cell differentiation and organogenesis 1. Correct preparation of the experimental samples is a crucial, often neglected, step. The goal of preparation is to ensure physiological relevance and to establish optimal imaging conditions. To maintain tissue viability, it is critical to avoid dehydration, hypoxia, overheating or medium deterioration 2. 
 The Drosophila egg chamber is a well established system for examining questions relating, but not limited, to body patterning, mRNA localization and cytoskeletal organization 3,4. For early- and mid-stage egg chambers, mounting in halocarbon oil is good for survival in that it allows free diffusion of oxygen, prevents dehydration and hypoxia and has superb optical properties for microscopy. Imaging of fluorescent proteins is possible through the introduction of transgenes into the egg chamber or physical injection of labeled RNA, protein or antibodies 5-7. For example, addition of MS2 constructs to the genome of animals enables real time observation of mRNAs in the oocyte 8. These constructs allow for in vivo labeling of mRNA through utilization of the MS2 bacteriophage RNA stem loop interaction with its coat protein 9. 
 Here, we present a protocol for the extraction of ovaries as well as isolating individual ovarioles and egg chambers from the female Drosophila. For a detailed description of Drosophila oogenesis see Allan C. Spradling (1993, reprinted 2009) 10.

Preparing Individual Drosophila Egg Chambers for Live Imaging

The Drosophila egg chamber is an excellent model for studying the mechanisms of mRNA localization. In order to capture the dynamic events that underpin the processes of localization, rapid high resolution imaging of live tissue is required. Here, we present a protocol for dissection and imaging of live samples with minimal disruption.

Preparación Individual Drosophila Huevos Cámaras de Imágenes en directo

Live cell imaging is an important technique applied to a number of Drosophila tissues used as models to investigate topics such as axis specification, ...

Live Imaging of Apoptotic Cell Clearance during Drosophila Embryogenesis

The proper elimination of unwanted or aberrant cells through apoptosis and subsequent phagocytosis (apoptotic cell clearance) is crucial for normal development in all metazoan organisms. Apoptotic cell clearance is a highly dynamic process intimately associated with cell death; unengulfed apoptotic cells are barely seen in vivo under normal conditions. In order to understand the different steps of apoptotic cell clearance and to compare 'professional' phagocytes - macrophages and dendritic cells to 'non-professional' - tissue-resident neighboring cells, in vivo live imaging of the process is extremely valuable. Here we describe a protocol for studying apoptotic cell clearance in live Drosophila embryos. To follow the dynamics of different steps in phagocytosis we use specific markers for apoptotic cells and phagocytes. In addition, we can monitor two phagocyte systems in parallel: 'professional' macrophages and 'semi-professional' glia in the developing central nervous system (CNS). The method described here employs the Drosophila embryo as an excellent model for real time studies of apoptotic cell clearance.

Live Imaging of Apoptotic Cell Clearance during Drosophila Embryogenesis

Here we describe an effective method for studying dynamics of apoptotic cell clearance in vivo. This method employs live Drosophila embryos as a powerful model for monitoring phagocytosis of apoptotic cells using specific labeling of apoptotic cells and phagocytes.

Imágenes de Apoptotic Liquidación de células vivas durante<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Embriogénesis

The  proper elimination of unwanted or aberrant cells through apoptosis and  subsequent phagocytosis (apoptotic cell clearance) is crucial for normal  ...

The Tomato/GFP-FLP/FRT Method for Live Imaging of Mosaic Adult Drosophila Photoreceptor Cells

The Drosophila eye is widely used as a model for studies of development and neuronal degeneration. With the powerful mitotic recombination technique, elegant genetic screens based on clonal analysis have led to the identification of signaling pathways involved in eye development and photoreceptor (PR) differentiation at larval stages. We describe here the Tomato/GFP-FLP/FRT method, which can be used for rapid clonal analysis in the eye of living adult Drosophila. Fluorescent photoreceptor cells are imaged with the cornea neutralization technique, on retinas with mosaic clones generated by flipase-mediated recombination. This method has several major advantages over classical histological sectioning of the retina: it can be used for high-throughput screening and has proved an effective method for identifying the factors regulating PR survival and function. It can be used for kinetic analyses of PR degeneration in the same living animal over several weeks, to demonstrate the requirement for specific genes for PR survival or function in the adult fly. This method is also useful for addressing cell autonomy issues in developmental mutants, such as those in which the establishment of planar cell polarity is affected.

The Tomato/GFP-FLP/FRT Method for Live Imaging of Mosaic Adult Drosophila Photoreceptor Cells

The Tomato/GFP-FLP/FRT method involves visualizing mosaic photoreceptor cells in living Drosophila. It can be used to follow individual photoreceptor cell fates in the retina for days or weeks. This method is ideal for studies of retinal degeneration and neurodegenerative diseases or photoreceptor cell development.

El tomate / GFP-FLP / FRT Método para imágenes en vivo del mosaico adultos<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Las células fotorreceptoras

The Drosophila eye is widely used as a model  for studies of development and neuronal degeneration. With the powerful mitotic  recombination technique, ...