Este estudio fue apoyado por FMMU nueva búsqueda de fundación y en parte la financiación del NIH.

1. Cultivo de células glía Las células gliales pueden ser cultivadas de diferentes regiones del sistema nervioso central. Todo el proceso se muestra en la figura del proceso. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2111/2111process.jpg" alt="Un proceso de" /> Día 1 de recubrimiento placa de cultivo y cubreobjetos <ol><li> Seco ronda esterilizados cubreobjetos de vidrio para microscopio en un autoclave. </li><li> La placa cubreobjetos esterilizados en la placa esterilizada cultivo de 24 pocillos. </li><li> Cubra el cubreobjetos con poli-lisina y se incuba durante 2 horas a temperatura de la raíz. </li><li> Escudo de 6 y placas de cultivo de la misma manera que en el paso 3. </li><li> Lave el cubreobjetos y 6-así placa de cultivo de dos veces con agua destilada y secar al aire en el capó cultura. </li><li> Añadir 200 l medio DMEM (con 10% de SFB) en cada pocillo de 24 y placa y 2 mL en cada pocillo de 6 pocillos y ponerlos en la incubadora por debajo de 37 grados con 5% de CO 2 </li></ol> Día 2 corteza de aislamiento y cultivo de células gliales <ol><li> Esterilizar la campana de flujo positivo de disección. </li><li> Encienda la luz UV durante 20 minutos. </li><li> Rocíe todas las superficies con alcohol al 70% y esperar 15 minutos antes de su uso. </li><li> cambian de tiempo: las crías de rata Anestesie (P2-P6) por hipotermia, y decapitar a la base de la magna framen con unas tijeras de operación. </li><li> Abrir el cráneo a lo largo de la sutura sagital con una tijera iris y se desprenda del cráneo. </li><li> Quitar el cerebro anterior y ponerlos en frío L15, bajo microscopio estereoscópico, limpiar cuidadosamente la membrana dura y pia con los vasos sanguíneos, aislar la corteza y lavar varias veces con medio L15. </li><li> Cortar la corteza en trozos pequeños con tijeras de microcirugía. </li><li> Agregar 0,125% de tripsina-EDTA preparada con medio L15 en pedazos la corteza y se incuban en 37 grados durante 15 minutos. </li><li> Transferencia de bloques de tejido en 20 ml de medio DMEM con FBS al 20% en 50 ml de tubo, agregar la solución de DNasa acciones a 10ug/mL concentración final, se aspira la solución de los tejidos arriba y hacia abajo durante 20 horas con el fuego cristal pulido Pasteure pipeta, recoger la suspensión de células individuales. </li><li> Lave la suspensión de células una vez con medio DMEM, volver a suspender las células en DMEM con FBS al 10%, recuento de células bajo el microscopio de las células de las semillas con un hemocitómetro, en 5000-10000/cm 2. Mantener las células en un incubador de grado 37 5%, el cambio de la mitad de la media dos veces por semana. </li></ol> 2. Ganglios dorsales neuronas raíz Aislamiento, cultivo y purificación Día 1 Prepare Cultura Material <ol><li> Cubra el cubreobjetos esterilizados con poli-lisina cubreobjetos de lavado, dos veces con destilar el agua y el aire seco, ponerlos en placas de 24 pocillos. </li><li> Añadir medio Neurobasal 100μL con un 2% B27 y 2.5S NGF (50 ng / ml), se puso la placa en 37 grados de CO 2 al 5%. </li></ol> Día 2 Aislar GRD a partir de embriones <ol><li> Esterilizar la campana de flujo en la misma forma que el cultivo de células gliales. </li><li> La eutanasia a una rata preñada (E15) por sobredosis de CO 2, el abdomen esterilizados en un 70% de etanol, los embriones fueron aisladas de útero y la puesta en frío L15. </li><li> Aislar a la médula espinal con los ganglios de la raíz dorsal conectada en microscopio estereoscópico y la transferencia a los platos refrigerados de 35 mm con medio L15. </li><li> Recoger única suspensión de células y lavar una vez con NBF medio (medio Neurobasal contiene 2% de B27 y 2.5S NGF (50 ng / ml)). </li></ol> Día 3 Purificar neuronas DRG <ol><li> 18h-24h después de la siembra de neuronas, añadir un 1 mM de solución concentrada de acciones FUDR a la cultura de las neuronas a una concentración final de 20 my un volumen final de 200 mL. </li><li> 72 horas más tarde, reemplace la mitad de la media con medio Neurobasal contiene 2% de B27 y 2.5S NGF (50ng/mL) sin FUDR. Después de eso, el cambio del medio día por medio. </li></ol> 3. Cocultivo neuronas DRG con las células gliales <ol><li> Cuando el cultivo de células gliales llegó a la confluencia (alrededor de 20 días después de la siembra), que estaban listos para co-cultivo con las neuronas. </li><li> 24 horas antes de la adición de las neuronas purificadas, las células gliales medio se cambió a medio Neurobasal contiene 2% de B27 y 2.5S NGF (50 ng / mL). </li><li> Neuronas purificada fueron recolectadas en pozos cultura, la suspensión células individuales se obtiene al pasar a través de una pipeta mecánica Pasteure pulidas al fuego. </li><li> Después de contar el número, las neuronas se sembraron a 500/cm 2 en las células gliales confluentes en un medio de Neurobasal contiene 2% de B27 y 2.5S NGF (50ng/mL). </li><li> Adhesión de las neuronas y el crecimiento de las neuritas en las células gliales pueden ser registrados y analizados en diferentes momentos por el software de análisis de imagen y inmunocitoquímica, utilizando anticuerpos tipo de células específicas. </li></ol> 4. Resultados representante <ol><li> Cultivo de células gliales: Después de la siembra, las células gliales que confluyen alrededor de 20 días. Bajo microsc de contraste de faseopa, que se puede identificar fácilmente que las diferentes subpoblaciones de células gliales forman morfológicas diferentes subestructuras patrón de crecimiento y los astrocitos GFAP positivos representaron más del 90%, como se muestra mediante la técnica de immuocytochemisty (Figura 1, Figura 2). </li><li> DRG neuronas cultura: En este método, después de 72 horas de tratamiento FUDR, la pureza de las neuronas DRG llegará tan alto como 99% en los 6 días, las neuronas DRG mostró sus morfologías únicas y con un alto crecimiento de neuritas densidad (Figura 3, Figura 4). </li><li> Co-cultivo de células gliales y las neuronas: las neuronas DRG adherencia y crecimiento de las neuritas se produjo con facilidad en las células gliales en las 4 horas después de la siembra, la observación cuidadosa mostró que la adhesión neuronal y el crecimiento de las neuritas se vieron influidos por las subpoblaciones de células gliales, que forman especiales subestructuras patrón de crecimiento, esto podría ser fácilmente identificados bajo el microscopio de contraste de fase y por inmunocitoquímica (Figura 5, Figura 6). </li></ol><img src="/files/ftp_upload/2111/2111fig1.jpg" alt="Figura 1" /> Figura 1. Morfología de las células gliales confluentes. Cortical células gliales se chapada en cubreobjetos recubiertos polilisina y se cultivaron durante 20 días, tenga en cuenta el patrón de crecimiento diferente de las células gliales, las células en la parte izquierda dispuestos en forma radiada. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2111/2111fig2.jpg" alt="Figura 2" /> Figura 2. Confluente células gliales marcado por proteína ácida glial fibrilar (GFAP) de anticuerpos. Tenga en cuenta la disposición emitida por GFAP (rojo) células positivas en el lado derecho. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2111/2111fig3.jpg" alt="Figura 3" /> Figura 3. Neuronas dorsales ganglios de la raíz crecieron in vitro sin necesidad de tratamiento FUDR. La contaminación de las células formadas DRG fondo de las neuronas. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2111/2111fig4.jpg" alt="Figura 4" /> Figura 4. Neuronas dorsales ganglios de la raíz crecieron in vitro después del tratamiento FUDR. Las células de fondo contaminantes se había eliminado por completo. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2111/2111fig5.jpg" alt="Figura 5" /> Figura 5. Neuronas dorsales ganglios de la raíz cultivada en células gliales. Adherencia y crecimiento de las neuritas neuronas se inhibieron en las células radiadas organizado y limitado en las células gliales lado derecho. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2111/2111fig6.jpg" alt="Figura 6" /> Figura 6. Neuronas dorsales ganglios de la raíz que crece en las células gliales marcado por anticuerpos neurofilamentos. El neuritas (verde) se inhibió en la radiación dispuestos células gliales lado izquierdo y limitada en el lado derecho, todas las células gliales se marcaron con anticuerpos GFAP (rojo).

<ol>
	<li>Rossignol, S., Schwab, M., Schwartz, M., Fehlings, M. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spinal+cord+injury:+time+to+move?.">Spinal cord injury: time to move?.</a> J Neurosci. 27 (44), 11782-11792 (2007).</li><li>Yiu, G., He, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Glial+inhibition+of+CNS+axon+regeneration.">Glial inhibition of CNS axon regeneration.</a> Nat Rev Neurosci. 7 (8), 617-627 (2006).</li><li>Barres, B. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+mystery+and+magic+of+glia:+a+perspective+on+their+roles+in+health+and+disease.">The mystery and magic of glia: a perspective on their roles in health and disease.</a> Neuron. 60 (3), 430-440 (2008).</li><li>Matyash, V., Kettenmann, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Heterogeneity+in+astrocyte+morphology+and+physiology.">Heterogeneity in astrocyte morphology and physiology.</a> Brain Res Rev. , (2009).</li><li>Wanner, I. B., Deik, A., Torres, M., Rosendahl, A., Neary, J. T., Lemmon, V. P., Bixby, J. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+new+in+vitro+model+of+the+glial+scar+inhibits+axon+growth.+Glia.">A new in vitro model of the glial scar inhibits axon growth. Glia.</a> 56 (15), 1691-1709 (2008).</li><li>Kuffler, D. P., Sosa, I. J., Reyes, O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Schwann+cell+chondroitin+sulfate+proteoglycan+inhibits+dorsal+root+ganglion+neuron+neurite+outgrowth+and+substrate+specificity+via+a+soma+and+not+a+growth+cone+mechanism.">Schwann cell chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan inhibits dorsal root ganglion neuron neurite outgrowth and substrate specificity via a soma and not a growth cone mechanism.</a> J Neurosci Res. 87 (13), 2863-2871 (2009).</li><li>Kleitman, N., Wood, P. M., Bunge, R. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tissue+culture+method+for+the+study+of+myelination.">Tissue culture method for the study of myelination.</a> Culturing nerve cells. , P559-P559 (1998).</li></ol>

Este protocolo experimento fue diseñado para alcanzar dos metas para estudiar las células gliales, la influencia de la heterogeneidad, especialmente los astrocitos en la adhesión neuronal y el crecimiento de las neuritas. El primer objetivo era mantener la heterogeneidad de los astrocitos en lo posible, en este experimento, la confluencia de las células gliales cultura astrocitos enriquecido se mezcla la cultura primaria sin ningún tipo de tratamiento químico y la propagación de la digestión, lo cual puede daña...

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		<div>
		<table border="1">
		<thead>
		<tr>
		<th>Material Name</th>
		<th>Type</th>
		<th>Company</th>
		<th>Catalogue Number</th>
		<th>Comment</th>
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<tr>
<td>DMEM(high glucose)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Invitrogen</td>
<td>10313-039</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>L15 medium</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Invitrogen</td>
<td>11415-114</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>FBS</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Invitrogen</td>
<td>10437-077</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Neurobasal Medium</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Invitrogen</td>
<td>21103-049</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>poly-lysine</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>P4832</td>
<td>culture grade</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>NGF(2.5S)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Invitrogen</td>
<td>13257-019</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>B27 supplyment</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Invitrogen</td>
<td>17504-044</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>0.25% trypsin-EDTA</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Invitrogen</td>
<td>25200-056</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>FUDR</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>F0503</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>neurofilament antibody</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Abcam</td>
<td>ab24575</td>
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study glial cell heterogeneity influence on axon growth using a new coculture method

En el sistema nervioso central de los mamíferos, axones dañados después de una lesión no son capaces de regenerar a sus objetivos originales y la recuperación funcional es muy pobre 1. El fracaso de la regeneración axonal es el resultado combinado de varios factores, incluyendo el ambiente hostil de células gliales, las moléculas inhibidoras de mielina y disminución de la relación intrínseca capacidad de regeneración de las neuronas 2. Los astrocitos son el tipo de células gliales más predominante en el sistema nervioso central y desempeñan un papel importante en las funciones del axón en la fisiología y la patología de condiciones 3. A diferencia de los oligodendrocitos homólogos, los astrocitos son una población celular heterogénea compuesta por diferentes sub-poblaciones de astrocitos con diversas morfologías y la expresión génica 4. La importancia funcional de esta heterogeneidad, como su influencia en el crecimiento axonal, es prácticamente desconocida. Para el estudio de las células gliales, especialmente la función de la heterogeneidad de los astrocitos en el comportamiento de las neuronas, que estableció un nuevo método de cultivo de alta co-purificado neuronas raíz dorsal ganglios con células gliales obtenido de la corteza cerebral de rata. Mediante esta técnica, hemos sido capaces de comparar directamente la adhesión neuronal y el crecimiento de los axones en las subpoblaciones astrocitos diferentes en las mismas condiciones. En este informe, le damos el protocolo detallado de este método para el aislamiento de los astrocitos y la cultura, los ganglios de la raíz dorsal neuronas aislamiento y purificación, y el co-cultivo de neuronas DRG con los astrocitos. Este método también podría extenderse a otras regiones del cerebro para estudiar la interacción celular específica o regionales entre las neuronas y células gliales.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Study Glial Cell Heterogeneity Influence on Axon Growth Using a New Coculture Method at JoVE.com

Study Glial Cell Heterogeneity Influence on Axon Growth Using a New Coculture Method

En este protocolo, que describe un nuevo método para estudiar la influencia de la heterogeneidad de las células gliales en el crecimiento del axón con una<em&gt; In vitro</em&gt; Co-cultura del sistema. Rata células gliales corticales se cultivaron hasta la confluencia con cocultured y altamente purificado rata dorsal neuronas de los ganglios de la raíz. Influencia de diferentes células de la glía en la adhesión de las neuronas y crecimiento de los axones se comparó directamente en la misma cultura. Este método proporciona una nueva forma de estudiar directamente la influencia de células gliales heterogeneidad en la adhesión neuronal y el crecimiento del axón.

Estudio de células gliales Influencia heterogeneidad de crecimiento de los axones se utiliza un método co-cultivo de Nueva

In the central nervous system of all mammals, severed axons after injury are unable to regenerate to their original targets and functional recovery is ...

study-glial-cell-heterogeneity-influence-on-axon-growth-using-new

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

17.2K vistas.  Cedars Sinai Medical Center, UCLA. En este protocolo, que describe un nuevo método para estudiar la influencia de la heterogeneidad de las células gliales en el crecimiento del axón con una In vitro Co-cultura del sistema. Rata células gliales corticales se cultivaron hasta la confluencia con cocultured y altamente purificado rata dorsal neuronas de los ganglios de la raíz. Influencia de diferentes células de la glía en la adhesión de las neuronas y crecimiento de los axones se compa...

Video: Study Glial Cell Heterogeneity Influence on Axon Growth Using a New Coculture Method

Genetic Study of Axon Regeneration with Cultured Adult Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurons

It is well known that mature neurons in the central nervous system (CNS) cannot regenerate their axons after injuries due to diminished intrinsic ability to support axon growth and a hostile environment in the mature CNS1,2. In contrast, mature neurons in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) regenerate readily after injuries3. Adult dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons are well known to regenerate robustly after peripheral nerve injuries. Each DRG neuron grows one axon from the cell soma, which branches into two axonal branches: a peripheral branch innervating peripheral targets and a central branch extending into the spinal cord. Injury of the DRG peripheral axons results in substantial axon regeneration, whereas central axons in the spinal cord regenerate poorly after the injury. However, if the peripheral axonal injury occurs prior to the spinal cord injury (a process called the conditioning lesion), regeneration of central axons is greatly improved4. Moreover, the central axons of DRG neurons share the same hostile environment as descending corticospinal axons in the spinal cord. Together, it is hypothesized that the molecular mechanisms controlling axon regeneration of adult DRG neurons can be harnessed to enhance CNS axon regeneration. As a result, adult DRG neurons are now widely used as a model system to study regenerative axon growth5-7.
Here we describe a method of adult DRG neuron culture that can be used for genetic study of axon regeneration in vitro. In this model adult DRG neurons are genetically manipulated via electroporation-mediated gene transfection6,8. By transfecting neurons with DNA plasmid or si/shRNA, this approach enables both gain- and loss-of-function experiments to investigate the role of any gene-of-interest in axon growth from adult DRG neurons. When neurons are transfected with si/shRNA, the targeted endogenous protein is usually depleted after 3-4 days in culture, during which time robust axon growth has already occurred, making the loss-of-function studies less effective. To solve this problem, the method described here includes a re-suspension and re-plating step after transfection, which allows axons to re-grow from neurons in the absence of the targeted protein. Finally, we provide an example of using this in vitro model to study the role of an axon regeneration-associated gene, c-Jun, in mediating axon growth from adult DRG neurons9.

An in vitro model for genetic study of axon regeneration using cultured adult mouse dorsal root ganglion neurons is described. The method includes a re-suspension/re-plating step to allow axon re-growth from neurons undergoing genetic manipulation. This approach is especially useful for loss-of-function studies of axon regeneration using RNAi-based protein knockdown.

Estudio genético de la regeneración axonal en neuronas cultivadas de Adultos ganglio de la raíz dorsal

It is well known that mature neurons in the central nervous system (CNS) cannot regenerate their axons after injuries due to diminished intrinsic ability ...

Investigación

Neurociencias

A Caenorhabditis elegans Model System for Amylopathy Study

Amylopathy is a term that describes abnormal synthesis and accumulation of amyloid beta (A&beta;) in tissues with time. A&beta; is a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and is found in Lewy body dementia, inclusion body myositis and cerebral amyloid angiopathy 1-4. Amylopathies progressively develop with time. For this reason simple organisms with short lifespans may help to elucidate molecular aspects of these conditions. Here, we describe experimental protocols to study A&beta;-mediated neurodegeneration using the worm Caenorhabditis elegans. Thus, we construct transgenic worms by injecting DNA encoding human A&beta;42 into the syncytial gonads of adult hermaphrodites. Transformant lines are stabilized by a mutagenesis-induced integration. Nematodes are age synchronized by collecting and seeding their eggs. The function of neurons expressing A&beta;42 is tested in opportune behavioral assays (chemotaxis assays). Primary neuronal cultures obtained from embryos are used to complement behavioral data and to test the neuroprotective effects of anti-apoptotic compounds.

A Caenorhabditis elegans Model System for Amylopathy Study

We describe methods to study aspects of amylopathies in the worm C. elegans. We show how to construct worms expressing human A&beta;42 in neurons and how to test their function in behavioral assays. We further show how to obtain primary neuronal cultures that can be used for pharmacological testing.

La<em&gt; Caenorhabditis elegans</em&gt; Sistema Modelo para el Estudio Amylopathy

Amylopathy is a term that describes abnormal synthesis and accumulation of amyloid beta (A&beta;) in tissues with time. A&beta; is a hallmark of ...

A Method to Make a Craniotomy on the Ventral Skull of Neonate Rodents

The use of a craniotomy for in vivo experiments provides an opportunity to investigate the dynamics of diverse cellular processes in the mammalian brain in adulthood and during development. Although most in vivo approaches use a craniotomy to study brain regions located on the dorsal side, brainstem regions such as the pons, located on the ventral side remain relatively understudied. The main goal of this protocol is to facilitate access to ventral brainstem structures so that they can be studied in vivo using electrophysiological and imaging methods. This approach allows study of structural changes in long-range axons, patterns of electrical activity in single and ensembles of cells, and changes in blood brain barrier permeability in neonate animals. Although this protocol has been used mostly to study the auditory brainstem in neonate rats, it can easily be adapted for studies in other rodent species such as neonate mice, adult rodents and other brainstem regions.

A surgical method is described to expose the ventral skull in neonate rats. Using this approach it is possible to open a craniotomy to perform acute electrophysiology and two-photon microscopy experiments in the brainstem of anesthetized pups.

Un método para hacer una craneotomía en el cráneo ventral del Neonato Roedores

The use of a craniotomy for in vivo experiments provides an opportunity to investigate the dynamics of diverse cellular processes in the mammalian brain ...

Inducing Plasticity of Astrocytic Receptors by Manipulation of Neuronal Firing Rates

Close to two decades of research has established that astrocytes in situ and in vivo express numerous G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that can be stimulated by neuronally-released transmitter. However, the ability of astrocytic receptors to exhibit plasticity in response to changes in neuronal activity has received little attention. Here we describe a model system that can be used to globally scale up or down astrocytic group I metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) in acute brain slices. Included are methods on how to prepare parasagittal hippocampal slices, construct chambers suitable for long-term slice incubation, bidirectionally manipulate neuronal action potential frequency, load astrocytes and astrocyte processes with fluorescent Ca2+ indicator, and measure changes in astrocytic Gq GPCR activity by recording spontaneous and evoked astrocyte Ca2+ events using confocal microscopy. In essence, a &#8220;calcium roadmap&#8221; is provided for how to measure plasticity of astrocytic Gq GPCRs. Applications of the technique for study of astrocytes are discussed. Having an understanding of how astrocytic receptor signaling is affected by changes in neuronal activity has important implications for both normal synaptic function as well as processes underlying neurological disorders and neurodegenerative disease.

Here we describe an adaptation of protocols used to induce homeostatic plasticity in neurons for the study of plasticity of astrocytic G protein-coupled receptors. Recently used to examine changes in astrocytic group I mGluRs in juvenile mice, the method can be applied to measure scaling of various astrocytic GPCRs, in tissue from adult mice in situ and in vivo, and to gain a better appreciation of the sensitivity of astrocytic receptors to changes in neuronal activity.

La inducción de la plasticidad de astrocítico Receptores por manipulación de Neuronales cocción Precios

Close to two decades of research has established that astrocytes in situ and in vivo express numerous G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that can be ...

Preparation of Primary Mixed Glial Cultures from Adult Mouse Spinal Cord Tissue

It has been well-accepted that spinal cord glial responses contribute significantly to the development of neuropathic pain. Tremendous information regarding glial activities at the cellular and molecular levels has been obtained through in vitro cell culture systems. The in vitro systems utilized, mainly include primary glia derived from neonatal brain cortical tissue and immortalized cell lines. However, these systems may not reflect the characteristics of spinal cord glial cells in vivo. In order to further investigate the roles of spinal cord glial cells in the development of peripheral nerve injury-induced neuropathic pain using a culture system that better reflects the in vivo condition, our laboratory has developed a method to establish primary spinal cord mixed glial cultures from adult mice. Briefly, spinal cords are collected from adult mice and processed through papain digestion followed by myelin removal with a density-gradient medium. Single cell suspensions are cultured in complete Dulbecco&#39;s modified Eagle media (cDMEM) supplemented with 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME) at 35.9 oC. These culture conditions were optimized specifically for the growth of mixed glial cells. Under these conditions, cells are ready to be used for experimentation between 12 - 14 d&#160;(cells are usually in log phase during this time) after the establishment of the culture (D 0) and can be kept in culture conditions up to D 21. This culture system can be used to investigate the responses of spinal cord glial cells upon stimulation with various substances and agents. Besides neuropathic pain, this system can be used to study glial responses in other diseases that involve pathological changes of spinal cord glial cells.

The development of neuropathic pain involves pathological changes of spinal cord glial cells. A reliable glial culture system derived from adult spinal cord tissue and designed for studying these cells in vitro is lacking. Therefore, we show here how&#160;to establish primary mixed glial cultures from adult mouse spinal cord tissue.

Preparación de mezcla de culturas gliales primarios de ratón adulto espinal tejido del cordón

It has been well-accepted that spinal cord glial responses contribute significantly to the development of neuropathic pain. Tremendous information ...

Using Linear Agarose Channels to Study Drosophila Larval Crawling Behavior

Drosophila larval crawling is emerging as a powerful model to study neural control of sensorimotor behavior. However, larval crawling behavior on flat open surfaces is complex,&#160;including: pausing, turning, and meandering. This complexity in the repertoire of movement hinders detailed analysis of the events occurring during a single crawl stride cycle. To overcome this obstacle, linear agarose channels were made that constrain larval behavior to straight, sustained, rhythmic crawling. In principle, because agarose channels and the Drosophila larval body are both optically clear, the movement of larval structures labeled by genetically-encoded fluorescent probes can be monitored in intact, freely-moving larvae. In the past, larvae were placed in linear channels and crawling at the level of whole organism, segment, and muscle were analyzed1. In the future, larvae crawling in channels can be used for calcium imaging to monitor neuronal activity. Moreover, these methods can be used with larvae of any genotype and with any researcher-designed channel. Thus the protocol presented below is widely applicable for studies using the Drosophila larva as a model to understand motor control.

Using Linear Agarose Channels to Study Drosophila Larval Crawling Behavior

The Drosophila larva is a powerful model system to study neural control of behavior. This publication describes the use of linear agarose channels to elicit sustained bouts of linear crawling and methods to quantify the dynamics of larval structures during repetitive crawling behavior.

Uso de los canales lineales de agarosa para estudiar<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Comportamiento de las larvas de arrastre

Drosophila larval crawling is emerging as a powerful model to study neural control of sensorimotor behavior. However, larval crawling behavior on flat ...

New Methods to Study Gustatory Coding

The sense of taste allows animals to detect chemicals in the environment, giving rise to behaviors critical for survival. When Gustatory Receptor Neurons (GRNs) detect tastant molecules, they encode information about the identity and concentration of the tastant as patterns of electrical activity that then propagate to follower neurons in the brain. These patterns constitute internal representations of the tastant, which then allow the animal to select actions and form memories. The use of relatively simple animal models has been a powerful tool to study basic principles in sensory coding. Here, we propose three new methods to study gustatory coding using the moth Manduca sexta. First, we present a dissection procedure for exposing the maxillary nerves and the subesophageal zone (SEZ), allowing recording of the activity of GRNs from their axons. Second, we describe the use of extracellular electrodes to record the activity of multiple GRNs by placing tetrode wires directly into the maxillary nerve. Third, we present a new system for delivering and monitoring, with high temporal precision, pulses of different tastants. These methods allow the characterization of neuronal responses in vivo directly from GRNs before, during and after tastants are delivered. We provide examples of voltage traces recorded from multiple GRNs, and present an example of how a spike sorting technique can be applied to the data to identify the responses of individual neurons. Finally, to validate our recording approach, we compare extracellular recordings obtained from GRNs with tetrodes to intracellular recordings obtained with sharp glass electrodes.

We present three new methods to study gustatory coding. Using a simple animal, the moth Manduca sexta (Manduca), we describe a dissection protocol, the use of extracellular tetrodes to record the activity of multiple gustatory receptor neurons, and a system for delivering and monitoring precisely timed pulses of tastants.

Nuevos Métodos para Estudiar la Codificación Gustatoria

The sense of taste allows animals to detect chemicals in the environment, giving rise to behaviors critical for survival. When Gustatory Receptor Neurons ...

Visualization of Motor Axon Navigation and Quantification of Axon Arborization In Mouse Embryos Using Light Sheet Fluorescence Microscopy

Spinal motor neurons (MNs) extend their axons to communicate with their innervating targets, thereby controlling movement and complex tasks in vertebrates. Thus, it is critical to uncover the molecular mechanisms of how motor axons navigate to, arborize, and innervate their peripheral muscle targets during development and degeneration. Although transgenic Hb9::GFP mouse lines have long served to visualize motor axon trajectories during embryonic development, detailed descriptions of the full spectrum of axon terminal arborization remain incomplete due to the pattern complexity and limitations of current optical microscopy. Here, we describe an improved protocol that combines light sheet fluorescence microscopy (LSFM) and robust image analysis to qualitatively and quantitatively visualize developing motor axons. This system can be easily adopted to cross genetic mutants or MN disease models with Hb9::GFP lines, revealing novel molecular mechanisms that lead to defects in motor axon navigation and arborization.

Here, we describe a protocol for visualizing motor neuron projection and axon arborization in transgenic Hb9::GFP mouse embryos. After immunostaining for motor neurons, we used light sheet fluorescence microscopy to image embryos for subsequent quantitative analysis. This protocol is applicable to other neuron navigation processes in the central nervous system.

Visualización de la navegación del axón Motor y cuantificación de arborización de Axon en embriones de ratón utilizando microscopía de fluorescencia de la ficha técnica de iluminación

Spinal motor neurons (MNs) extend their axons to communicate with their innervating targets, thereby controlling movement and complex tasks in ...

Using Optical Coherence Tomography and Optokinetic Response As Structural and Functional Visual System Readouts in Mice and Rats

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a fast, non-invasive, interferometric technique allowing high-resolution retinal imaging. It is an ideal tool for the investigation of processes of neurodegeneration, neuroprotection and neuro-repair involving the visual system, as these often correlate well with retinal changes. As a functional readout, visually evoked compensatory eye and head movements are commonly used in experimental models involving the visual function. Combining both techniques allows a quantitative in vivo investigation of structure and function, which can be used to investigate the pathological conditions or to evaluate the potential of novel therapeutics. A great benefit of the presented techniques is the possibility to perform longitudinal analyses allowing the investigation of dynamic processes, reducing variability and cuts down the number of animals needed for the experiments. The protocol described aims to provide a manual for acquisition and analysis of high quality retinal scans of mice and rats using a low cost customized holder with an option to deliver inhalational anesthesia. Additionally, the proposed guide is intended as an instructional manual for researchers using optokinetic response (OKR) analysis in rodents, which can be adapted to their specific needs and interests.

A detailed protocol for the assessment of structural and visual readouts in rodents by optical coherence tomography and optokinetic response is presented. The results provide valuable insights for ophthalmologic as well as neurologic research.

Utilizando tomografía de coherencia óptica y respuesta Optokinetic como lecturas de sistema Visual estructural y funcional en ratones y ratas

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a fast, non-invasive, interferometric technique allowing high-resolution retinal imaging. It is an ideal tool for ...

A Method for 3D Reconstruction and Virtual Reality Analysis of Glial and Neuronal Cells

Serial sectioning and subsequent high-resolution imaging of biological tissue using electron microscopy (EM) allow for the segmentation and reconstruction of high-resolution imaged stacks to reveal ultrastructural patterns that could not be resolved using 2D images. Indeed, the latter might lead to a misinterpretation of morphologies, like in the case of mitochondria; the use of 3D models is, therefore, more and more common and applied to the formulation of morphology-based functional hypotheses. To date, the use of 3D models generated from light or electron image stacks makes qualitative, visual assessments, as well as quantification, more convenient to be performed directly in 3D. As these models are often extremely complex, a virtual reality environment is also important to be set up to overcome occlusion and to take full advantage of the 3D structure. Here, a step-by-step guide from image segmentation to reconstruction and analysis is described in detail.

The described pipeline is designed for the segmentation of electron microscopy datasets larger than gigabytes, to extract whole-cell morphologies. Once the cells are reconstructed in 3D, customized software designed around individual needs can be used to perform a qualitative and quantitative analysis directly in 3D, also using virtual reality to overcome view occlusion.

Un método para la reconstrucción 3D y el análisis de realidad virtual de células gliales y neuronales

Serial sectioning and subsequent high-resolution imaging of biological tissue using electron microscopy (EM) allow for the segmentation and reconstruction ...