IM es compatible con el Marie Curie reintegración subvención. Este trabajo fue apoyado por el Fondo de Ciencias de Israel no Grant. 1146-1108, por el Helen y Martin Kimmel Instituto para la Investigación de Células Madre en el Instituto Weizmann de la Ciencia y la Fundación Caritativa Leir.

1. La puesta de huevos <ol><li> Cinco días antes de la disección: permitir que las hembras apareadas para poner sus huevos durante 2-4 horas en los alimentos frescos complementado con la levadura. Para obtener larvas sincronizados y bien desarrollado, es importante no tener hacinamiento de cultivo (alrededor de 30 huevos / frasco de 25 mm). Por lo general, las mujeres se utilizan 7.16 por frasco, dependiendo de lo bien que estaba. </li></ol> 2. Selección de las larvas <ol><li> Prepare un plato de cristal de 9 y disección llena con un medio de Ringer (NaCl 128 mm, 2 mm KCl, CaCl2 1,8 mm, 4 mm de MgCl 2, 35.5mm de sacarosa, pH 5 mM Hepes 6,9). </li><li> Preparar filtros de células en una placa de seis pozos que contenían medio de Ringer y colocarlo sobre hielo. Por otra parte, se utilizan moldes hechos especialmente equipado con una malla de nylon. </li><li> Recoger las larvas de tiempo de las paredes del vial utilizando unas pinzas finas biológica (fórceps) y colóquelos en un plato que contiene la disección de la solución de Ringer. </li><li> Transferencia de una larva femenina a un pozo limpio. Se distinguen las hembras de los machos por las gónadas. Testículos masculinos son fácilmente identificables como grandes óvalos claros integrados en el tercio posterior de la grasa corporal. Ovarios femeninos, que se encuentra en la misma parte de la grasa corporal, se puede identificar como una mucho más pequeña, esferas claro, todo el año. </li></ol> 3. La disección de las larvas <ol><li> Mantenga la larva hasta justo por detrás del cerebro con las pinzas y retire la cabeza con un segundo par de pinzas. </li><li> Coloque la parte posterior restante en la parte dorsal, con la tráquea hacia abajo. </li><li> Mantenga la larva de los espiráculos posteriores con un par de pinzas y presionar hacia adentro lentamente mientras que el otro se desliza por detrás de la cutícula hasta la mitad de las larvas de grasa corporal emerge. </li><li> Sostenga firmemente el extremo posterior y utilizar el otro par de pinzas para sostener holgadamente la cutícula. Suave y lentamente alejarse del extremo posterior, para que la cutícula y la diapositiva adjunta intestino a través del hueco. Al final de este proceso, la grasa corporal deberá estar completamente separada del intestino y la cutícula. Desconecte el intestino de la parte anterior de la grasa corporal. Para realizar la tinción y el montaje más fácil, es importante que la grasa corporal se mantendrá intacto. </li><li> Moje una pipeta de pastos a fondo con medio de Ringer, preferiblemente de un pozo que contiene larvas disecadas. Esto ayuda a cubrir la pipeta y se evita que la grasa corporal se adhieran a ella. Use la pipeta para transferir los pastos de la grasa corporal en el medio Ringer fría en el filtro de la célula. </li></ol> 4. Fijación y tinción Todos los pasos se llevan a cabo a temperatura ambiente, a excepción de la incubación con el anticuerpo en primer lugar, a 4 ° C. <ol><li> Incubar la grasa corporal en un 5% de formaldehído en medio de Ringer. durante 20 minutos con agitación suave. </li><li> Lavar durante 5 minutos con un 1% PBT (1% Triton X-100 en PBS). Repita este paso durante 10 minutos y una tercera vez durante 45 minutos. 1% de Triton X-100 se requiere para perforar el ovario larval y permitir que los anticuerpos para penetrar en él. </li><li> Bloque con el 0,3% PBTB (0,3% Triton X-100 y el 1% de BSA en PBS) durante 1 hora con agitación suave </li><li> Incubar con el anticuerpo deseado º 1 diluido en el 0,3% PBTB durante la noche a 4 ° C con agitación suave. Este paso se realiza generalmente en tubos de 0,2 ml en un rodillo. </li><li> Transferencia de grasa en el cuerpo de vuelta a los tamices de la célula. </li><li> Lavar 3 veces, 30 minutos cada uno, con un 0,3% PBTB con agitación suave. </li><li> Bloque con el 0,3% PBTB suplementado con 5% de suero normal de burro durante 1 hora con agitación suave. </li><li> Se incuba con un anticuerpo secundario diluido apropiado (de acuerdo a las especificaciones del fabricante) en la solución de bloqueo (0,3% PBTB complementado con suero de burro 5% de lo normal en el 0,3% PBT) durante 2 horas con agitación suave. Si el anticuerpo es fluorescente, se incuban en la oscuridad, a partir de este punto. Este paso se realiza generalmente en tubos de 0,2 ml en un rodillo. </li><li> Lavar 3 veces durante 30 minutos cada uno con 0,3% de PBT con una suave agitación. </li></ol> 5. Montaje <ol><li> La transferencia de la grasa corporal a un tubo eppendorf limpio. Con mucho cuidado, eliminar todos los líquidos lejos y cubrir inmediatamente con los medios de comunicación Vectashield montaje. Usamos Vectashield rutinariamente, ya que no se endurece, mientras que los ovarios están siendo separados de la grasa corporal. Las muestras pueden ser almacenadas en un medio de montaje a 4 ° C durante un máximo de una semana. </li><li> Corte el extremo de una punta de la pipeta y utilizarlo para transferir cuidadosamente la grasa corporal con un volumen mínimo de medios de montaje (alrededor de 30 l para un cubreobjetos de 30 mm) en un portaobjetos de microscopio. </li><li> Utilice dos titulares niquelado pin, la celebración de pines 0,1 mm de diámetro para extender la grasa corporal. Los ovarios están ubicados en el tercio posterior de la grasa corporal. La grasa corporal que las rodea es por lo general en forma de &quot;flor&quot;. Esto ayuda a identificar la ubicación de los ovarios. Diseccionar las &#39;flores&#39; del resto de la grasa corporal y deseche el último. </li><li> Retire la grasa corporal Surroinanciamiento de la gónada, cruzando los dos pines con cuidado a su alrededor. Lugar de la gónada aislado en la diapositiva de distancia de los residuos de grasa corporal. </li><li> Cubrir con un cubreobjetos y sellar con esmalte de uñas. </li><li> Visualizar directamente a través de un microscopio confocal. Las muestras pueden ser almacenadas a 4 ° C durante un máximo de tres semanas. </li></ol> 6. Resultados representante Hemos utilizado el protocolo a seguir sobre el establecimiento de varios linajes de células somáticas en el ovario, incluyendo GSCS y sus nichos somáticas. Para ello se utilizan anticuerpos específicos y marcadores para distinguir entre los diferentes tipos de células en el desarrollo de la gónada. Aquí mostramos un ejemplo de dos ovarios LL3 teñidas con diferentes combinaciones de anticuerpos. Figura 1A destaca filamento terminal y las células de la PAC (verde), que en conjunto forman las células somáticas de los nichos. Figura 1 B, muestra que las células Mezclados (VA, magenta), que en contacto directo con las células germinales (azul). <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2537/2537fig1.jpg" alt="Figura 1" /> Figura 1. LL3 ovarios. (A) 1B1 anticuerpo monoclonal (magenta) se exponen las células somáticas y las manchas fusome, un orgánulo intracelular en PGCs (flechas). La trampa potenciador hh-lacZ (anti β-galactosidasa, verde) se expresa en los filamentos de la terminal. En la base de las células somáticas de filamentos cap (cabeza de flecha) se puede observar. (B) del anticuerpo 1B1 (verde) se exponen todas las células somáticas en el ovario. Anti-Vasa (azul) etiquetas de todos los PGCs. PGCs en contacto directo con las células Mezclados (VA, anti-atasco de tráfico, magenta). Bar (A y B) es de 20 micras.

<ol>
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C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Male+and+female+Drosophila+germline+stem+cells:+two+versions+of+immortality.">Male and female Drosophila germline stem cells: two versions of immortality.</a> Science. 316, 402-404 (2007).</li><li>Li, L., Xie, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stem+cell+niche:+structure+and+function.">Stem cell niche: structure and function.</a> Annual review of cell and developmental biology. 21, 605-631 (2005).</li><li>Chen, D., McKearin, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gene+circuitry+controlling+a+stem+cell+niche.">Gene circuitry controlling a stem cell niche.</a> Curr Biol. 15, 179-184 (2005).</li><li>Kai, T., Spradling, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+empty+Drosophila+stem+cell+niche+reactivates+the+proliferation+of+ectopic+cells.">An empty Drosophila stem cell niche reactivates the proliferation of ectopic cells.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 100, 4633-4638 (2003).</li><li>Kai, T., Spradling, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differentiating+germ+cells+can+revert+into+functional+stem+cells+in+Drosophila+melanogaster+ovaries.">Differentiating germ cells can revert into functional stem cells in Drosophila melanogaster ovaries.</a> Nature. 428, 564-569 (2004).</li><li>Lopez-Onieva, L., Fernandez-Minan, A., Gonzalez-Reyes, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Jak/Stat+signalling+in+niche+support+cells+regulates+dpp+transcription+to+control+germline+stem+cell+maintenance+in+the+Drosophila+ovary.">Jak/Stat signalling in niche support cells regulates dpp transcription to control germline stem cell maintenance in the Drosophila ovary.</a> Development. 135, 533-540 (2008).</li><li>Song, X., Zhu, C. H., Doan, C., Xie, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Germline+stem+cells+anchored+by+adherens+junctions+in+the+Drosophila+ovary+niches.">Germline stem cells anchored by adherens junctions in the Drosophila ovary niches.</a> Science. 296, 1855-1857 (2002).</li><li>Tazuke, S. I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+germline-specific+gap+junction+protein+required+for+survival+of+differentiating+early+germ+cells.">A germline-specific gap junction protein required for survival of differentiating early germ cells.</a> Development. 129, 2529-2539 (2002).</li><li>Xie, T., Spradling, A. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=decapentaplegic+is+essential+for+the+maintenance+and+division+of+germline+stem+cells+in+the+Drosophila+ovary.">decapentaplegic is essential for the maintenance and division of germline stem cells in the Drosophila ovary.</a> Cell. 94, 251-260 (1998).</li><li>Xie, T., Spradling, A. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+niche+maintaining+germ+line+stem+cells+in+the+Drosophila+ovary.">A niche maintaining germ line stem cells in the Drosophila ovary.</a> Science. , 290-328 (2000).</li><li>Guo, Z., Wang, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+glypican+Dally+is+required+in+the+niche+for+the+maintenance+of+germline+stem+cells+and+short-range+BMP+signaling+in+the+Drosophila+ovary.">The glypican Dally is required in the niche for the maintenance of germline stem cells and short-range BMP signaling in the Drosophila ovary.</a> Development. 136, 3627-3635 (2009).</li><li>Wang, X., Harris, R. E., Bayston, L. J., Ashe, H. 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L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Drosophila+ovary+morphogenesis:+analysis+of+terminal+filament+formation+and+identification+of+a+gene+required+for+this+process.">Drosophila ovary morphogenesis: analysis of terminal filament formation and identification of a gene required for this process.</a> Developmental biology. 170, 127-135 (1995).</li><li>Song, X., Call, G. B., Kirilly, D., Xie, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Notch+signaling+controls+germline+stem+cell+niche+formation+in+the+Drosophila+ovary.">Notch signaling controls germline stem cell niche formation in the Drosophila ovary.</a> 134, 1071-1080 (2007).</li><li>Zhu, C. 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Este vídeo demuestra un aislamiento y el protocolo de tinción de los ovarios a finales del tercer estadio larval. Para llevar a cabo este protocolo de forma rutinaria y segura, se debe prestar atención a los siguientes puntos: <ol><li> Para las larvas sincronizados y bien desarrollado, el hacinamiento se debe evitar. </li><li> Para evitar la pérdida de los ovarios translúcidos pequeños, asegúrese de analizar la grasa en el cuerpo intacto. Esto también le ayudará en la localización de los ovarios en la etap...

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<td>Jackson ImmunoResearch</td>
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dissection and staining of drosophila larval ovaries

Muchos órganos dependen de las células madre para su desarrollo durante la embriogénesis y para el mantenimiento o la reparación durante la vida adulta. La comprensión de cómo las células madre forman, y cómo interactúan con su medio ambiente es crucial para comprender el desarrollo, la homeostasis y las enfermedades. El ovario de la mosca de la fruta Drosophila melanogaster, ha servido como un influyente modelo para la interacción de las células germinales madre de línea (GSCS) con sus células de apoyo somáticas (nicho) 1, 2. La ubicación conocida del lugar y la GSCS, junto a la capacidad de manipularlos genéticamente, ha permitido a los investigadores para esclarecer una serie de interacciones entre las células madre y sus nichos 3-12. A pesar de la gran cantidad de información sobre los mecanismos de control de mantenimiento de la SGC y la diferenciación, se sabe relativamente poco sobre cómo GSCS y sus nichos de forma somática durante el desarrollo. Alrededor de 18 nichos somáticas, cuyos componentes celulares son filamentos de terminales y las células de la tapa (Figura 1), se forman durante el tercer estadio larval 13-17. GSCS originan de las células germinales primordiales (PGC). PGCs proliferan en las primeras etapas larvales, pero tras la formación del nicho de un subgrupo de PGCs se GSCS 7, 16, 18, ​​19. En conjunto, las células somáticas de nicho y la GSCS hacer una unidad funcional que produce óvulos durante la vida del organismo. Muchas preguntas sobre la formación de la unidad de GSC permanecen sin respuesta. Procesos tales como la coordinación entre las células precursoras de los nichos y los precursores de células madre, o la generación de la asimetría en PGCs a medida que se GSCS, mejor se pueden estudiar en la larva. Sin embargo, un estudio metódico de desarrollo del ovario larval es un reto físico. En primer lugar, los ovarios de las larvas son pequeñas. Incluso a finales de estadios larvarios son sólo 100μm de diámetro. Además, los ovarios son transparentes y están integrados en un cuerpo de grasa blanca. Aquí se describe un protocolo de paso a paso para el aislamiento de los ovarios de finales del tercer estadio (LL3) larvas de Drosophila, seguido de tinción con anticuerpos fluorescentes. Ofrecemos algunas soluciones técnicas a problemas como la localización de los ovarios, las manchas y el lavado de tejidos que no se hunden, y asegurarse de que los anticuerpos de penetrar en el tejido. Este protocolo se puede aplicar a las primeras etapas de larvas y larvas en los testículos también.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Dissection and Staining of Drosophila Larval Ovaries at JoVE.com

Dissection and Staining of Drosophila Larval Ovaries

¿Cómo los nichos y las células madre se forman durante el desarrollo es una cuestión importante con implicaciones prácticas. En el<em&gt; Drosophila</emOvario&gt;, el germen de las células madre de línea y sus nichos somáticos se forman durante el desarrollo larvario. Este video muestra la forma de analizar, las manchas y montaje de las gónadas femeninas a partir de finales del tercer estadio (LL3)<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Larvas.

La disección y la tinción de Drosophila Larvas Ovarios

Many organs depend on stem cells for their development during embryogenesis and for maintenance or repair during adult life. Understanding how stem cells ...

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Biology

Dissection and Staining of Drosophila Larval Ovaries

26.1K vistas.  Weizmann Institute of Science. ¿Cómo los nichos y las células madre se forman durante el desarrollo es una cuestión importante con implicaciones prácticas. En el Drosophila, el germen de las células madre de línea y sus nichos somáticos se forman durante el desarrollo larvario. Este video muestra la forma de analizar, las manchas y montaje de las gónadas femeninas a partir de finales del tercer estadio (LL3) Drosophila Larvas.

Video: Dissection and Staining of Drosophila Larval Ovaries

Dissection of Drosophila Ovaries

La disección de los ovarios Drosophila

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Biología

Dissection of Larval CNS in Drosophila Melanogaster

The central nervous system (CNS) of Drosophila larvae is complex and poorly understood.  One way to investigate the CNS is to use immunohistochemistry to examine the expression of various novel and marker proteins.  Staining of whole larvae is impractical because the tough cuticle prevents antibodies from penetrating inside the body cavity.  In order to stain these tissues it is necessary to dissect the animal prior to fixing and staining.  In this article we demonstrate how to dissect Drosophila larvae without damaging the CNS.  Begin by tearing the larva in half with a pair of fine forceps, and then turn the cuticle "inside-out" to expose the CNS.  If the dissection is performed carefully the CNS will remain attached to the cuticle.  We usually keep the CNS attached to the cuticle throughout the fixation and staining steps, and only completely remove the CNS from the cuticle just prior to mounting the samples on glass slides.  We also show some representative images of a larval CNS stained with Eve, a transcription factor expressed in a subset of neurons in the CNS.  The article concludes with a discussion of some of the practical uses of this technique and the potential difficulties that may arise.

In this article we demonstrate how to dissect the central nervous system from third instar Drosophila larvae.

La disección del sistema nervioso central de larvas de Drosophila melanogaster

The central nervous system (CNS) of Drosophila larvae is complex and poorly understood.  One way to investigate the CNS is to use immunohistochemistry to ...

Drosophila Larval NMJ Dissection

The Drosophila neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is an established model system used for the study of synaptic development and plasticity. The widespread use of the Drosophila motor system is due to its high accessibility. It can be analyzed with single-cell resolution. There are 30 muscles per hemisegment whose arrangement within the peripheral body wall are known. A total of 35 motor neurons attach to these muscles in a pattern that has high fidelity. Using molecular biology and genetics, one can create transgenic animals or mutants. Then, one can study the developmental consequences on the morphology and function of the NMJ. In order to access the NMJ for study, it is necessary to carefully dissect each larva. In this article we demonstrate how to properly dissect Drosophila larvae for study of the NMJ by removing all internal organs while leaving the body wall intact. This technique is suitable to prepare larvae for imaging, immunohistochemistry, or electrophysiology.

This protocol demonstrates how to dissect Drosophila larvae in preparation for immunohistochemistry and/or imaging of the neuromuscular junction.

Drosophila larval NMJ Disección

The Drosophila neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is an established model system used for the study of synaptic development and plasticity. The widespread use ...

Drosophila Larval NMJ Immunohistochemistry

The Drosophila neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is an established model system used for the study of synaptic development and plasticity. The widespread use of the Drosophila motor system is due to its high accessibility. It can be analyzed with single-cell resolution. There are 30 muscles per hemisegment whose arrangement within the peripheral body wall are known. A total of 31 motor neurons attach to these muscles in a pattern that has high fidelity. Using molecular biology and genetics, one can create transgenic animals or mutants. Then, one can study the developmental consequences on the morphology and function of the NMJ. Immunohistochemistry can be used to clearly image the components of the NMJ. In this article, we demonstrate how to use antibody staining to visualize the Drosophila larval NMJ.

Drosophila Larval NMJ Immunohistochemistry

This protocol demonstrates how to perform immunohistochemistry on dissected Drosophila larva.

Drosophila larval NMJ inmunohistoquímica

Live Dissection of Drosophila Embryos: Streamlined Methods for Screening Mutant Collections by Antibody Staining

Drosophila embryos between stages 14 and 17 of embryonic development can be readily dissected to generate "fillet" preparations. In these preparations, the central nervous system runs down the middle, and is flanked by the body walls. Many different phenotypes have been examined using such preparations. In most cases, the fillets were generated by dissection of antibody-stained fixed whole-mount embryos. These "fixed dissections" have some disadvantages, however. They are time-consuming to execute, and it is difficult to sort mutant (GFP-negative) embryos from stocks in which mutations are maintained over GFP balancer chromosomes. Since 2002, our group has been conducting deficiency and ectopic expression screens to identify ligands for orphan receptors. In order to do this, we developed streamlined protocols for live embryo dissection and antibody staining of collections containing hundreds of balanced lines. We have concluded that it is considerably more efficient to examine phenotypes in large collections of stocks by live dissection than by fixed dissection. Using the protocol described here, a single trained individual can screen up to 10 lines per day for phenotypes, examining 4-7 mutant embryos from each line under a compound microscope. This allows the identification of mutations conferring subtle, low-penetrance phenotypes, since up to 70 hemisegments per line are scored at high magnification with a 40X water-immersion lens.

Live Dissection of Drosophila Embryos: Streamlined Methods for Screening Mutant Collections by Antibody Staining

We describe a streamlined protocol for generating "fillet" preparations of Drosophila embryos of specific genotypes. This protocol allows efficient execution of a variety of genetic screens. It also allows excellent visualization of structures in the late embryo.

La disección en vivo de Drosophila Los embriones: métodos simplificados para la detección colecciones mutantes tinción con anticuerpos

Drosophila embryos between stages 14 and 17 of embryonic development can be readily dissected to generate "fillet" preparations.  In these preparations, ...

Dissection of Oenocytes from Adult Drosophila melanogaster

In Drosophila melanogaster, as in other insects, a waxy layer on the outer surface of the cuticle, composed primarily of hydrocarbon compounds, provides protection against desiccation and other environmental challenges. Several of these cuticular hydrocarbon (CHC) compounds also function as semiochemical signals, and as such mediate pheromonal communications between members of the same species, or in some instances between different species, and influence behavior. Specialized cells referred to as oenocytes are regarded as the primary site for CHC synthesis. However, relatively little is known regarding the involvement of the oenocytes in the regulation of the biosynthetic, transport, and deposition pathways contributing to CHC output. Given the significant role that CHCs play in several aspects of insect biology, including chemical communication, desiccation resistance, and immunity, it is important to gain a greater understanding of the molecular and genetic regulation of CHC production within these specialized cells. The adult oenocytes of D. melanogaster are located within the abdominal integument, and are metamerically arrayed in ribbon-like clusters radiating along the inner cuticular surface of each abdominal segment. In this video article we demonstrate a dissection technique used for the preparation of oenocytes from adult D. melanogaster. Specifically, we provide a detailed step-by-step demonstration of (1) how to fillet prepare an adult Drosophila abdomen, (2) how to identify the oenocytes and discern them from other tissues, and (3) how to remove intact oenocyte clusters from the abdominal integument. A brief experimental illustration of how this preparation can be used to examine the expression of genes involved in hydrocarbon synthesis is included. The dissected preparation demonstrated herein will allow for the detailed molecular and genetic analysis of oenocyte function in the adult fruit fly.

Dissection of Oenocytes from Adult Drosophila melanogaster

In insects, the oenocytes produce cuticular hydrocarbon compounds. These compounds protect against desiccation and facilitate chemical communication. Here we demonstrate a dissection technique used to isolate the oenocytes from adult Drosophila melanogaster, and illustrate how this preparation can be utilized to study genes involved in hydrocarbon synthesis.

La disección de Oenocytes de Adultos Drosophila melanogaster</em

In Drosophila melanogaster, as in other insects, a waxy layer on the outer surface of the cuticle, composed primarily of hydrocarbon compounds, provides ...

Heart Dissection in Larval, Juvenile and Adult Zebrafish, Danio rerio

Zebrafish have become a beneficial and practical model organism for the study of embryonic heart development (see recent reviews1-6), however, work examining post-embryonic through adult cardiac development has been limited7-10. Examining the changing morphology of the maturing and aging heart are restricted by the lack of techniques available for staging and isolating juvenile and adult hearts. In order to analyze heart development over the fish's lifespan, we dissect zebrafish hearts at numerous stages and photograph them for further analysis11. The morphological features of the heart can easily be quantified and individual hearts can be further analyzed by a host of standard methods. Zebrafish grow at variable rates and maturation correlates better with fish size than age, thus, post-fixation, we photograph and measure fish length as a gauge of fish maturation. This protocol explains two distinct, size dependent dissection techniques for zebrafish, ranging from larvae 3.5mm standard length (SL) with hearts of 100&mu;m ventricle length (VL), to adults, with SL of 30mm and VL 1mm or larger. Larval and adult fish have quite distinct body and organ morphology. Larvae are not only significantly smaller, they have less pigment and each organ is visually very difficult to identify. For this reason, we use distinct dissection techniques.
We used pre-dissection fixation procedures, as we discovered that hearts dissected directly after euthanization have a more variable morphology, with very loose and balloon like atria compared with hearts removed following fixation. The fish fixed prior to dissection, retain in vivo morphology and chamber position (data not shown). In addition, for demonstration purposes, we take advantage of the heart (myocardial) specific GFP transgenic Tg(myl7:GFP)twu34 (12), which allows us to visualize the entire heart and is particularly useful at early stages in development when the cardiac morphology is less distinct from surrounding tissues. Dissection of the heart makes further analysis of the cell and molecular biology underlying heart development and maturation using in situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry, RNA extraction or other analytical methods easier in post-embryonic zebrafish. This protocol will provide a valuable technique for the study of cardiac development maturation and aging.

Heart Dissection in Larval, Juvenile and Adult Zebrafish, Danio rerio

A clear, standardized method for dissection and isolation of the zebrafish heart at multiple developmental stages are described. Annotation and quantification techniques are also discussed.

La disección del corazón en las larvas, juveniles y adultos de pez cebra, Danio rerio</em

Zebrafish have become a beneficial and practical model organism for the study of embryonic heart development (see recent reviews1-6), however, work ...

Sonication-facilitated Immunofluorescence Staining of Late-stage Embryonic and Larval Drosophila Tissues In Situ

Studies performed in Drosophila melanogaster embryos and larvae provide crucial insight into developmental processes such as cell fate specification and organogenesis. Immunostaining allows for the visualization of developing tissues and organs. However, a protective cuticle that forms at the end of embryogenesis prevents permeation of antibodies into late-stage embryos and larvae. While dissection prior to immunostaining is regularly used to analyze Drosophila larval tissues, it proves inefficient for some analyses because small tissues may be difficult to locate and isolate. Sonication provides an alternative to dissection in larval Drosophila immunostaining protocols. It allows for quick, simultaneous processing of large numbers of late-stage embryos and larvae and maintains in situ morphology. After fixation in formaldehyde, a sample is sonicated. Sample is then subjected to immunostaining with antigen-specific primary antibodies and fluorescently labeled secondary antibodies to visualize target cell types and specific proteins via fluorescence microscopy. During the process of sonication, proper placement of a sonicating probe above the sample, as well as the duration and intensity of sonication, is critical. Additonal minor modifications to standard immunostaining protocols may be required for high quality stains. For antibodies with low signal to noise ratio, longer incubation times are typically necessary. As a proof of concept for this sonication-facilitated protocol, we show immunostains of three tissue types (testes, ovaries, and neural tissues) at a range of developmental stages.

Sonication-facilitated Immunofluorescence Staining of Late-stage Embryonic and Larval Drosophila Tissues In Situ

Immunostaining is an effective technique for visualizing specific cell types and proteins within tissues. By utilizing sonication, the protocol described here alleviates the need to dissect Drosophila melanogaster tissues from late-stage embryos and larvae before immunostaining. We provide an efficient methodology for the immunostaining of formaldehyde-fixed whole mount larvae.

La sonicación-facilitado Inmunofluorescencia tinción de etapa tardía embrionario y larval<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Tejidos<em&gt; In Situ</em

Studies performed in Drosophila melanogaster embryos and larvae provide crucial insight into developmental processes such as cell fate specification and ...

Dissection and Immunostaining of Imaginal Discs from Drosophila melanogaster

A significant portion of post-embryonic development in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, takes place within a set of sac-like structures called imaginal discs. These discs give rise to a high percentage of adult structures that are found within the adult fly. Here we describe a protocol that has been optimized to recover these discs and prepare them for analysis with antibodies, transcriptional reporters and protein traps. This procedure is best suited for thin tissues like imaginal discs, but can be easily modified for use with thicker tissues such as the larval brain and adult ovary. The written protocol and accompanying video will guide the reader/viewer through the dissection of third instar larvae, fixation of tissue, and treatment of imaginal discs with antibodies. The protocol can be used to dissect imaginal discs from younger first and second instar larvae as well. The advantage of this protocol is that it is relatively short and it has been optimized for the high quality preservation of the dissected tissue. Another advantage is that the fixation procedure that is employed works well with the overwhelming number of antibodies that recognize Drosophila proteins. In our experience, there is a very small number of sensitive antibodies that do not work well with this procedure. In these situations, the remedy appears to be to use an alternate fixation cocktail while continuing to follow the guidelines that we have set forth for the dissection steps and antibody incubations.

Dissection and Immunostaining of Imaginal Discs from Drosophila melanogaster

The adult structures of Drosophila are derived from sac-like structures called imaginal discs. Analysis of these discs provides insight into many developmental processes including tissue determination, compartment boundary establishment, cell proliferation, cell fate specification, and planar cell polarity. This protocol is used to prepare imaginal discs for light/fluorescent microscopy.

La disección y la inmunotinción de imaginal discos de<em&gt; Drosophila melanogaster</em

A significant portion of post-embryonic development in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, takes place within a set of sac-like structures called ...

Dissection and Mounting of Drosophila Pupal Eye Discs

The Drosophila melanogaster eye disc is a powerful system that can be used to study many different biological processes. It contains approximately 800 separate eye units, termed ommatidia1. Each ommatidium contains eight neuronal photoreceptors that develop from undifferentiated cells following the passage of the morphogenetic furrow in the third larval instar2. Following the sequential differentiation of the photoreceptors, non-neuronal cells develop, including cone and pigment cells, along with mechanosensory bristle cells3. Final differentiation processes, including the structured arrangement of all the ommatidial cell types, programmed cell death of undifferentiated cell types and rhodopsin expression, occurs through the pupal phase4-7. This technique focuses on manipulating the pupal eye disc, providing insight and instruction on how to dissect the eye disc during the pupal phase, which is inherently more difficult to perform than the commonly dissected third instar eye disc. This technique also provides details on immunostaining to allow the visualization of various proteins and other cell components.

Dissection and Mounting of Drosophila Pupal Eye Discs

The goal of this technique is to enable researchers to perform dissection, immunostaining and mounting of pupal eye discs from Drosophila melanogaster of any age.

Disección y montaje de<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Pupal discos Eye

The Drosophila melanogaster eye disc is a powerful system that can be used to study many different biological processes.  It contains approximately 800 ...